Cheap hydrogen and fuel from water by capillary electroosmosis

Experimentally discovered and investigated a new effect of "cold" high-voltage evaporation electromotive and low-cost high-voltage dissociation of liquids. On the basis of this discovery, the author has proposed and patented a new highly efficient low-cost technology for producing fuel gas from certain aqueous solutions based on high-voltage capillary electromoses.

INTRODUCTION

This article is about a new promising scientific and technical direction of hydrogen energy. It informs that in Russia a new electrophysical effect of intensive "cold" evaporation and dissociation of liquids and aqueous solutions into fuel gases has been discovered and experimentally tested without any power consumption - high-voltage capillary electroosmosis. Vivid examples of the manifestation of this important effect in Living Nature are given. The open effect is the physical basis of many new "breakthrough" technologies in hydrogen energy and industrial electrochemistry. On its basis, the author has developed, patented and is actively investigating a new high-performance and energy-efficient technology for producing combustible fuel gases and hydrogen from water, various aqueous solutions and water-organic compounds. The article reveals their physical essence, and the technique of their implementation in practice, gives a technical and economic assessment of the prospects of new gas generators. The article also provides an analysis of the main problems of hydrogen energy and its individual technologies.

Briefly about the history of the discovery of capillary electroosmosis and the dissociation of liquids into gases and the formation of a new technology. The discovery of the effect was carried out by me in 1985. Experiments and experiments on capillary electroosmotic "cold" evaporation and decomposition of liquids to obtain fuel gas without power consumption have been carried out by me since 1986 -96 yy. For the first time about the natural natural process of "cold" evaporation of water in plants, I wrote in 1988 an article "Plants - natural electric pumps" / 1 /. I reported about a new highly efficient technology for obtaining fuel gases from liquids and obtaining hydrogen from water on the basis of this effect in 1997 in my article "New electric fire technology" (section "Is it possible to burn water") / 2 /. The article is provided with numerous illustrations (Fig. 1-4) with graphs, block diagrams of experimental installations, revealing the main elements of structures and electrical service devices (sources of electric field) of the capillary electroosmotic fuel gas generators proposed by me. The devices are original converters of liquids into fuel gases. They are depicted in Fig. 1-3 in a simplified manner, with sufficient detail to explain the essence of the new technology for obtaining fuel gas from liquids.

A list of illustrations and brief explanations to them are given below. In fig. 1 shows the simplest experimental setup for "cold" gasification and dissociation of liquids with their transfer to fuel gas by means of one electric field. Figure 2 shows the simplest experimental setup for "cold" gasification and dissociation of liquids with two sources of an electric field (a constant electric field for "cold" electroosmosis evaporation of any liquid and a second pulsed (alternating) field for crushing the molecules of the evaporated liquid and converting it into a fuel Fig. 3 shows a simplified block diagram of a combined device, which, in contrast to devices (Fig. 1, 2), also provides additional electrical activation of the evaporated liquid. pump-evaporator of liquids (generator of combustible gas) on the main parameters of the devices. It, in particular, shows the relationship between the performance of the device on the strength of the electric field and on the area of the capillary evaporated surface. A description of the relationship between the elements of devices and the very operation of devices in dynamics is given below in the text in the relevant sections of the article.

PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

The efficient production of hydrogen from water is a tempting old dream of civilization. Because there is a lot of water on the planet, and hydrogen energy promises to humanity "clean" energy from water in unlimited quantities. Moreover, the very process of burning hydrogen in an environment of oxygen obtained from water provides combustion that is ideal in terms of calorific value and purity.

Therefore, the creation and industrial development of a highly efficient electrolysis technology for the splitting of water into H2 and O2 has long been one of the urgent and priority tasks of energy, ecology and transport. An even more pressing and urgent problem in the energy sector is the gasification of solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuels, more specifically, the creation and implementation of energy-efficient technologies for producing combustible fuel gases from any hydrocarbons, including organic waste. Nevertheless, despite the urgency and simplicity of the energy and environmental problems of civilization, they have not yet been effectively resolved. So what are the reasons for the high energy consumption and low productivity of the known technologies of hydrogen energy? More on this below.

BRIEF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEN FUEL ENERGY

The priority of the invention for obtaining hydrogen from water by electrolysis of water belongs to the Russian scientist D.A.Lachinov (1888). I have reviewed hundreds of articles and patents in this scientific and technical area. There are various methods of producing hydrogen during the decomposition of water: thermal, electrolytic, catalytic, thermochemical, thermogravitational, electric pulse and others / 3-12 /. From the standpoint of energy consumption, the most energy-intensive is the thermal method / 3 /, and the least energy-intensive is the electric pulse method by the American Stanley Mayer / 6 /. Meyer's technology / 6 / is based on a discrete electrolysis method of decomposition of water by high-voltage electrical pulses at resonant frequencies of vibrations of water molecules (Meyer's electric cell). It is the most, in my opinion, progressive and promising both in terms of the applied physical effects and in terms of energy consumption, but its performance is still low and is constrained by the need to overcome the intermolecular bonds of the liquid and the absence of a mechanism for removing the generated fuel gas from the working zone of liquid electrolysis.

Conclusion: All these and other well-known methods and devices for the production of hydrogen and other fuel gases are still of low productivity due to the lack of a truly highly efficient technology for the evaporation and splitting of liquid molecules. This is discussed below in the next section.

ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF HIGH ENERGY CAPACITY AND LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF THE KNOWN TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCING FUEL GASES FROM WATER

Obtaining fuel gases from liquids with minimal energy consumption is a very difficult scientific and technical problem. Significant energy consumption in obtaining fuel gas from water in known technologies is spent on overcoming the intermolecular bonds of water in its liquid aggregate state. Because water is very complex in structure and composition. Moreover, it is paradoxical that, despite its amazing prevalence in nature, the structure and properties of water and its compounds have not been studied in many respects / 14 /.

Composition and latent energy of intermolecular bonds of structures and compounds in liquids.

The physicochemical composition of even ordinary tap water is quite complex, since water contains numerous intermolecular bonds, chains and other structures of water molecules. In particular, in ordinary tap water there are various chains of specially connected and oriented water molecules with ions of impurities (cluster formations), various colloidal compounds and isotopes, mineral substances, as well as many dissolved gases and impurities / 14 /.

Explanation of problems and energy consumption for "hot" evaporation of water using known technologies.

That is why, in the known methods of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, it is necessary to spend a lot of electricity to weaken and completely break the intermolecular and then molecular bonds of water. To reduce the energy costs for the electrochemical decomposition of water, additional thermal heating (up to the formation of steam) is often used, as well as the introduction of additional electrolytes, for example, weak solutions of alkalis, acids. However, these well-known improvements still do not allow to significantly intensify the process of dissociation of liquids (in particular the decomposition of water) from its liquid state of aggregation. The use of known technologies of thermal evaporation is associated with a huge expenditure of thermal energy. And the use of expensive catalysts for the intensification of this process in the process of producing hydrogen from aqueous solutions is very expensive and ineffective. The main reason for the high energy consumption when using traditional technologies for dissociation of liquids is now clear, they are spent on breaking the intermolecular bonds of liquids.

Criticism of the most advanced electrical technology for producing hydrogen from water S. Meyer / 6 /

By far the most economical known and the most advanced in physics work is Stanley Mayer's electrohydrogen technology. But his famous electric cell / 6 / is also of low productivity, because after all there is no mechanism in it for the effective removal of gas molecules from the electrodes. In addition, this process of dissociation of water in the Mayer method is slowed down due to the fact that during the electrostatic separation of water molecules from the liquid itself, one has to spend time and energy to overcome the huge latent potential energy of intermolecular bonds and structures of water and other liquids.

ANALYSIS SUMMARY

Therefore, it is quite clear that without a new original approach to the problem of dissociation and conversion of liquids into fuel gases, this problem of intensification of gas formation cannot be solved by scientists and technologists. The actual implementation of other well-known technologies in practice is still "stalled", since all of them are much more energy-intensive than Mayer's technology. And therefore they are ineffective in practice.

BRIEF FORMULATION OF THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

The central scientific and technical problem of hydrogen energy consists, in my opinion, precisely in the unresolved nature and the need to search for and implement in practice a new technology for multiple intensification of the process of obtaining hydrogen and fuel gas from any aqueous solutions and emulsions with a sharp simultaneous decrease in energy consumption. A sharp intensification of the processes of splitting liquids with a decrease in energy consumption in known technologies is still impossible in principle, since until recently the main problem of effective evaporation of aqueous solutions without the supply of thermal and electrical energy was not solved. The main way to improve hydrogen technologies is clear. It is necessary to learn how to effectively vaporize and gasify liquids. Moreover, as intensively as possible and with the lowest energy consumption.

METHODOLOGY AND FEATURES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

Why is steam better than ice for producing hydrogen from water? Because in it water molecules move much more freely than in water solutions.

a) Change in the state of aggregation of liquids.

It is obvious that the intermolecular bonds of water vapor are weaker than those of water in the form of a liquid, and even more so of water in the form of ice. The gaseous state of water further facilitates the work of the electric field for the subsequent splitting of the water molecules themselves into H2 and O2. Therefore, the methods of effective conversion of the aggregate state of water into water gas (steam, fog) are a promising main path for the development of electrohydrogen energy. Because by transferring the liquid phase of water to the gaseous phase, weakening and (or) complete rupture and intermolecular cluster and other bonds and structures existing inside the liquid of water are achieved.

b) Electric water boiler - anachronism of hydrogen energy, or again about the paradoxes of energy in the evaporation of liquids.

But not everything is so simple. With the conversion of water into a gaseous state. But what about the required energy required for the evaporation of water. The classic way of its intensive evaporation is thermal heating of water. But it is also very energy consuming. From the school desk we were taught that the process of evaporation of water, and even its boiling, requires a very significant amount of thermal energy. Information about the required amount of energy for evaporation of 1m³ of water can be found in any physical reference book. These are many kilojoules of thermal energy. Or many kilowatt-hours of electricity, if the evaporation is carried out by heating water from an electric current. Where is the way out of the energy impasse?

CAPILLARY ELECTROOSMOSIS OF WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS FOR "COLD EVAPORATION" AND DISSOCIATION OF LIQUIDS INTO FUEL GASES (description of a new effect, and its manifestation in Nature)

I have been looking for such new physical effects and low-cost methods of evaporation and dissociation of liquids for a long time, I experimented a lot and still found a way to effectively "cold" evaporation and dissociation of water into a combustible gas. This amazingly beautiful and perfect effect was suggested to me by Nature itself.

Nature is our wise teacher. Paradoxically, it turns out that living nature has long existed, independently of us, an effective way of electrocapillary pumping and "cold" evaporation of a liquid with its transfer to a gaseous state without any supply of thermal energy and electricity at all. And this natural effect is realized by the action of the permanent sign of the Earth's electric field on the liquid (water) placed in the capillaries, precisely by means of capillary electroosmosis.

Plants are natural, energetically perfect, electrostatic and ionic pumps-evaporators of aqueous solutions My first experiments on the implementation of capillary electroosmosis for "cold" evaporation and dissociation of water, which I did on simple experimental installations back in 1986, did not immediately become clear to me, but I began to stubbornly seek its analogy and the manifestation of this phenomenon in Living Nature. After all, Nature is our eternal and wise Teacher. And I found it in the first place in plants!

a) The paradox and perfection of the energy of natural pumps-evaporators of plants.

Simplified quantitative estimates show that the mechanism of operation of natural pumps-evaporators of moisture in plants, and especially in tall trees, is unique in its energy efficiency. Indeed, it is already known, and it is easy to calculate, that a natural pump of a tall tree (with a crown height of about 40 m and a trunk diameter of about 2 m) pumps and evaporates cubic meters of moisture per day. Moreover, without any external supply of heat and electrical energy. The equivalent energy power of such a natural electric pump-evaporator of water, in this ordinary tree, by analogy with the traditional devices used by us in technology, pumps and electric heaters-evaporators of water for the same work, is tens of kilowatts. Such an energetic perfection of Nature is still difficult for us to even understand, and so far we cannot immediately copy it. And plants and trees learned how to effectively do this work millions of years ago without any supply and waste of electricity we use everywhere.

b) Description of the physics and energetics of a natural pump-evaporator of plant liquid.

So how does a natural pump-evaporator of water in trees and plants work and what is the mechanism of its energy? It turns out that all plants have long and skillfully used this effect of capillary electroosmosis discovered by me as an energy mechanism for pumping water solutions feeding them with their natural ionic and electrostatic capillary pumps to supply water from the roots to their crown without any energy supply and without human intervention. Nature uses the potential energy of the Earth's electric field wisely. Moreover, in plants and trees, natural thinnest fibers-capillaries of plant origin, a natural aqueous solution - a weak electrolyte, the natural electric potential of the planet and the potential energy of the electric field of the planet - are used to lift the liquid from the roots to the leaves inside the trunks of plants and the cold evaporation of juices through the capillaries inside the plants. Simultaneously with the growth of the plant (increase in its height), the productivity of this natural pump also increases, because the difference in natural electrical potentials between the root and the top of the crown of the plant increases.

c) Why have needles at the tree - so that its electric pump works in winter.

You will say that the nutrient juices move into the plants due to the usual thermal evaporation of moisture from the leaves. Yes, this process is also there, but it is not the main one. But what is most surprising, many needle trees (pine, spruce, fir) are frost-resistant and grow even in winter. The fact is that in plants with needle-like leaves or thorns (such as pine, cacti, etc.), the electrostatic pump-evaporator works at any ambient temperature, since the needles concentrate the maximum tension of the natural electric potential at the tips of these needles. Therefore, simultaneously with the electrostatic and ionic movement of nutrient aqueous solutions through their capillaries, they also intensively split and effectively emit (inject, shoot into the atmosphere from these natural devices from their natural needle-like natural ozonator electrodes, moisture molecules, successfully converting the molecules of aqueous solutions into gases Therefore, the work of these natural electrostatic and ionic pumps of water antifreeze solutions occurs in drought and cold.

d) My observations and electrophysical experiments with plants.

Through many years of observations on plants in the natural environment and experiments with plants in an environment placed in an artificial electric field, I have comprehensively investigated this effective mechanism of a natural pump and moisture evaporator. The dependences of the intensity of movement of natural juices along the trunk of plants on the parameters of the electric field and the type of capillaries and electrodes were also revealed. The plant growth in experiments increased significantly with a multiple increase in this potential because the productivity of its natural electrostatic and ionic pump increased. Back in 1988, I described my observations and experiments with plants in my popular science article "Plants are natural ion pumps" / 1 /.

e) We learn from plants to create a perfect technique of pumps - evaporators. It is quite clear that this natural energetically perfect technology is quite applicable in the technique of converting liquids into fuel gases. And I created such experimental installations for holon electrocapillary evaporation of liquids (Fig. 1-3) in the likeness of electric pumps of trees.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMPLE PILOT INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CAPILLARY PUMP - LIQUID EVAPORATOR

The simplest operating device for the experimental implementation of the effect of high-voltage capillary electroosmosis for "cold" evaporation and dissociation of water molecules is shown in Fig. 1. The simplest device (Fig. 1) for implementing the proposed method for producing a combustible gas consists of a dielectric container 1, with liquid 2 poured into it (water-fuel emulsion or ordinary water), from a fine-porous capillary material, for example, a fibrous wick 3, immersed into this liquid and pre-wetted in it, from the upper evaporator 4, in the form of a capillary evaporating surface with a variable area in the form of an impermeable screen (not shown in Fig. 1). This device also includes high-voltage electrodes 5, 5-1, electrically connected to the opposite terminals of a high-voltage regulated source of a constant-sign electric field 6, and one of the electrodes 5 is made in the form of a perforated-needle plate, and is positioned movably above the evaporator 4, for example, in parallel him at a distance sufficient to prevent electrical breakdown to the wetted wick 3, mechanically connected to the evaporator 4.

Another high-voltage electrode (5-1), electrically connected at the input, for example, to the "+" terminal of the field source 6, is mechanically and electrically connected by its output to the lower end of the porous material, wick 3, almost at the bottom of the container 1. For reliable electrical insulation, the electrode protected from the container body 1 by a bushing electrical insulator 5-2 Note that the vector of intensity of this electric field supplied to the wick 3 from the block 6 is directed along the axis of the wick-evaporator 3. The device is also supplemented with a prefabricated gas collector 7. Essentially, a device containing blocks 3 , 4, 5, 6, is a combined device of an electroosmotic pump and an electrostatic evaporator of liquid 2 from tank 1. Unit 6 allows you to regulate the intensity of a constant sign ("+", "-") electric field from 0 to 30 kV / cm. The electrode 5 is made perforated or porous to allow the generated vapor to pass through. The device (Fig. 1) also provides for the technical possibility of changing the distance and position of the electrode 5 relative to the surface of the evaporator 4. In principle, to create the required electric field strength, instead of the electric unit 6 and electrode 5, you can use polymer monoelectrets / 13 /. In this non-current version of the hydrogen generator device, its electrodes 5 and 5-1 are made in the form of monoelectrets having opposite electrical signs. Then, in the case of using such device-electrodes 5 and placing them, as explained above, the need for a special electrical unit 6 generally disappears.

DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATION OF THE SIMPLE ELECTRIC CAPILLARY PUMP-EVAPORATOR (FIG. 1)

The first experiments on the electrocapillary dissociation of liquids were carried out using both plain water and its various solutions and water-fuel emulsions of various concentrations as liquids. And in all these cases, fuel gases have been successfully produced. True, these gases were very different in composition and heat capacity.

For the first time I observed a new electrophysical effect of "cold" evaporation of a liquid without energy consumption under the action of an electric field in a simple device (Fig. 1)

a) Description of the first simplest experimental setup.

The experiment is implemented as follows: first, a water-fuel mixture (emulsion) 2 is poured into the container 1, the wick 3 and the porous evaporator are preliminarily moistened with it. from the edges of the capillaries (wick 3-evaporator 4) the source of the electric field is connected through the electrodes 5-1 and 5, and the plate-like perforated electrode 5 is placed above the surface of the evaporator 4 at a distance sufficient to prevent electrical breakdown between the electrodes 5 and 5-1.

b) How the device works

As a result, along the capillaries of the wick 3 and the evaporator 4 under the action of the electrostatic forces of the longitudinal electric field, the dipole polarized liquid molecules moved from the container towards the opposite electric potential of the electrode 5 (electroosmosis), are torn off by these electric field forces from the surface of the evaporator 4 and turn into a visible fog , i.e. the liquid passes into another state of aggregation with minimal energy consumption of the source of the electric field (6), and the electroosmotic rise of this liquid begins along them. In the process of separation and collision of evaporated liquid molecules with air and ozone molecules, electrons in the ionization zone between the evaporator 4 and the upper electrode 5, partial dissociation occurs with the formation of a combustible gas. Further, this gas enters through the gas collector 7, for example, into the combustion chambers of a motor vehicle.

C) Some results of quantitative measurements

The composition of this combustible fuel gas includes molecules of hydrogen (H2) -35%, oxygen (O2) -35% water molecules (20%) and the remaining 10% are molecules of impurities of other gases, organic fuel molecules, etc. that the intensity of the process of evaporation and dissociation of molecules of its vapor changes from a change in the distance of the electrode 5 from the evaporator 4, from the change in the area of the evaporator, from the type of liquid, the quality of the capillary material of the wick 3 and the evaporator 4 and the parameters of the electric field from the source 6. (intensity, power). The temperature of the fuel gas and the rate of its formation were measured (flow meter). And the performance of the device depending on the design parameters. By heating and measuring the control volume of water while burning a certain volume of this fuel gas, the heat capacity of the resulting gas was calculated depending on the change in the parameters of the experimental setup.

SIMPLIFIED EXPLANATION OF PROCESSES AND EFFECTS FIXED IN EXPERIMENTS ON MY FIRST UNITS

Already my first experiments on this simplest installation in 1986 showed that "cold" water mist (gas) arises from liquid (water) in capillaries during high-voltage electroosmosis without any visible energy consumption at all, namely using only the potential energy of the electric field. This conclusion is obvious, because in the course of the experiments, the electric current consumption of the field source was the same and was equal to the no-load current of the source. Moreover, this current did not change at all, regardless of whether the liquid was evaporated or not. But there is no miracle in my experiments described below of "cold" evaporation and dissociation of water and aqueous solutions into fuel gases. I just managed to see and understand a similar process taking place in Living Nature itself. And it was quite useful to use it in practice for effective "cold" evaporation of water and obtaining fuel gas from it.

Experiments show that in 10 minutes with a capillary cylinder diameter of 10 cm, the capillary electromosis evaporated a sufficiently large volume of water (1 liter) without any energy consumption at all. Because the consumed input electrical power (10 watts). Used in the experiments, the source of the electric field, a high-voltage voltage converter (20 kV), is unchanged from the mode of its operation. It has been experimentally found that all this power consumed from the network is scanty in comparison with the energy of evaporation of the liquid, the power was spent precisely on creating an electric field. And this power did not increase with capillary evaporation of the liquid due to the operation of the ion and polarization pumps. Therefore, the effect of cold liquid evaporation is amazing. After all, it happens without any visible energy costs!

A jet of water gas (steam) was sometimes visible, especially at the beginning of the process. She broke away from the edge of the capillaries with acceleration. The movement and evaporation of a liquid is explained, in my opinion, precisely due to the appearance in the capillary under the action of an electric field of enormous electrostatic forces and a huge electroosmotic pressure on a column of polarized water (liquid) in each capillary, which are the driving force of the solution through the capillaries.

Experiments prove that in each of the capillaries with a liquid under the action of an electric field, a powerful currentless electrostatic and at the same time an ion pump operates, which raise a column of a polarized and partially ionized field in a capillary of a micron-diameter column of liquid (water) from one potential of an electric field applied to the liquid itself and the lower end of the capillary to the opposite electric potential, located with a gap relative to the opposite end of this capillary. As a result, such an electrostatic ion pump intensively breaks the intermolecular bonds of water, actively moves polarized water molecules and their radicals along the capillary with pressure, and then injects these molecules together with the torn electrically charged radicals of water molecules outside the capillary to the opposite potential of the electric field. Experiments show that simultaneously with the injection of molecules from the capillaries, partial dissociation (rupture) of water molecules also occurs. Moreover, the more, the higher the electric field strength. In all these complex and simultaneously occurring processes of capillary electroosmosis of a liquid, it is the potential energy of the electric field that is used.

Since the process of such a transformation of liquid into water mist and water gas occurs by analogy with plants, without any energy supply at all and is not accompanied by heating of water and water gas. Therefore, I called this natural and then technical process of electroosmosis of liquids - "cold" evaporation. In experiments, the transformation of an aqueous liquid into a cold gaseous phase (fog) occurs quickly and without any apparent energy consumption. At the same time, at the exit from the capillaries, gaseous water molecules are torn apart by electrostatic forces of the electric field into H2 and O2. Since this process of the phase transition of a liquid water into a water mist (gas) and the dissociation of water molecules proceeds in the experiment without any visible consumption of energy (heat and trivial electricity), it is probably the potential energy of the electric field that is consumed in some way.

SECTION SUMMARY

Despite the fact that the energetics of this process is still not completely clear, it is already quite clear that the “cold evaporation” and dissociation of water is carried out by the potential energy of the electric field. More precisely, the visible process of evaporation and splitting of water into H2 and O2 during capillary electroosmosis is carried out precisely by the powerful electrostatic Coulomb forces of this strong electric field. In principle, such an unusual electroosmotic pump-evaporator-splitting liquid molecules is an example of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. Thus, high-voltage capillary electroosmosis of an aqueous liquid provides, by using the potential energy of an electric field, a really intense and energy-efficient evaporation and splitting of water molecules into fuel gas (H2, O2, H2O).

PHYSICAL ESSENCE OF CAPILLARY ELECTROSMOSE OF LIQUIDS

So far, his theory has not yet been developed, but is only in its infancy. And the author hopes that this publication will attract the attention of theorists and practitioners and help create a powerful creative team of like-minded people. But it is already clear that, despite the relative simplicity of the technical implementation of the technology itself, the real physics and energetics of the processes in the implementation of this effect is very complex and not yet fully understood. Let's note their main characteristic properties:

A) Simultaneous flow of several electrophysical processes in liquids in an electrocapillary

Since during capillary electromotic evaporation and dissociation of liquids, many different electrochemical, electrophysical, electromechanical and other processes occur simultaneously and alternately, especially when an aqueous solution moves along the capillary of injection of molecules from the edge of the capillary in the direction of the electric field.

B) the energy phenomenon of "cold" evaporation of liquid

Simply put, the physical essence of the new effect and new technology consists in converting the potential energy of the electric field into the kinetic energy of the movement of liquid molecules and structures along the capillary and outside it. At the same time, in the process of evaporation and dissociation of the liquid, no electric current is consumed at all, because in some unknown way it is the potential energy of the electric field that is consumed. It is the electric field in capillary electroosmosis that triggers and maintains the emergence and simultaneous flow in a liquid in the process of converting its fractions and states of aggregation to the device at once of many useful effects of converting the molecular structures and molecules of the liquid into a combustible gas. Namely: high-voltage capillary electroosmosis simultaneously provides powerful polarization of water molecules and its structures with simultaneous partial rupture of intermolecular bonds of water in an electrified capillary, fragmentation of polarized water molecules and clusters into charged radicals in the capillary itself by means of the potential energy of an electric field. The same potential energy of the field intensively triggers the mechanisms of formation and movement along the capillaries lined up "in rows" electrically interconnected in chains of polarized water molecules and their formations (electrostatic pump), the operation of the ion pump with the creation of a huge electroosmotic pressure on the liquid column for accelerated movement along the the capillary and the final injection from the capillary of incomplete molecules and clusters of liquid (water) already partially broken by the field (split into radicals). Therefore, at the output of even the simplest capillary electroosmosis device, a combustible gas is already obtained (more precisely, a mixture of gases H2, O2 and H2O).

C) Applicability and features of the operation of an alternating electric field

But for a more complete dissociation of water molecules into a fuel gas, it is necessary to force the surviving water molecules to collide with each other and split into H2 and O2 molecules in an additional transverse alternating field (Fig. 2). Therefore, to increase the intensification of the process of evaporation and dissociation of water (any organic liquid) into a fuel gas, it is better to use two sources of an electric field (Fig. 2). In them, for the evaporation of water (liquid) and for the production of fuel gas, the potential energy of a strong electric field (with a strength of at least 1 kV / cm) is used separately: first, the first electric field is used to transfer molecules that form a liquid from a sedentary liquid state by electroosmosis through capillaries into a gaseous state (cold gas is obtained) from a liquid with partial splitting of water molecules, and then, at the second stage, use the energy of the second electric field, more specifically, powerful electrostatic forces to intensify the vibrational resonant process of "collision-repulsion" of electrified water molecules in the form of water gas between each other for the complete rupture of liquid molecules and the formation of combustible gas molecules.

D) Controllability of the processes of dissociation of liquids in the new technology

The regulation of the intensity of the formation of water fog (the intensity of cold evaporation) is achieved by changing the parameters of the electric field directed along the capillary evaporator and (or) changing the distance between the outer surface of the capillary material and the accelerating electrode, which creates an electric field in the capillaries. Regulation of the productivity of obtaining hydrogen from water is carried out by changing (regulating) the magnitude and shape of the electric field, the area and diameter of the capillaries, changing the composition and properties of water. These conditions for optimal dissociation of a liquid are different depending on the type of liquid, on the properties of capillaries, and on the parameters of the field, and are dictated by the required performance of the dissociation process of a particular liquid. Experiments show that the most effective production of H2 from water is achieved when the molecules of the water mist obtained by electroosmosis are split by a second electric field, the rational parameters of which were selected mainly experimentally. In particular, the expediency of the final splitting of water fog molecules to produce exactly a pulsed sign-constant electric field with a field vector perpendicular to the vector of the first field used in water electroosmosis was found out. The influence of an electric field on a liquid in the process of its transformation into fog and further in the process of splitting liquid molecules can be carried out simultaneously or alternately.

SECTION SUMMARY

Thanks to these described mechanisms, with combined electroosmosis and the action of two electric fields on the liquid (water) in the capillary, it is possible to achieve the maximum productivity of the process of obtaining a combustible gas and practically eliminate the electrical and thermal energy consumption when obtaining this gas from water from any water-fuel liquids. This technology is, in principle, applicable for the production of fuel gas from any liquid fuel or its aqueous emulsions.

Other general aspects of the implementation of the new technology Let us consider some more aspects of the implementation of the proposed new revolutionary technology of water decomposition, its other possible effective options for the development of the basic scheme for the implementation of the new technology, as well as some additional explanations, technological recommendations and technological "tricks" and "KNOW-HOW" useful in its implementation.

a) Pre-activation of water (liquid)

To increase the intensity of obtaining fuel gas, it is advisable to first activate the liquid (water) (preliminary heating, preliminary separation into acid and alkaline fractions, electrification and polarization, etc.). Preliminary electroactivation of water (and any water emulsion) with its separation into acid and alkaline fractions is carried out by partial electrolysis by means of additional electrodes placed in special semi-permeable diaphragms for their subsequent separate evaporation (Fig. 3).

In the case of preliminary separation of initially chemically neutral water into chemically active (acidic and alkaline) fractions, the implementation of the technology for obtaining combustible gas from water becomes possible even at subzero temperatures (up to –30 degrees Celsius), which is very important and useful in winter for vehicles. Because such "fractional" electroactivated water does not freeze at all during frost. This means that the installation for producing hydrogen from such activated water will also be able to operate at subzero ambient temperatures and in frosts.

b) Sources of electric field

Various devices may well be used as a source of an electric field for the implementation of this technology. For example, such as the well-known magneto-electronic high-voltage converters of direct and impulse voltage, electrostatic generators, various voltage multipliers, pre-charged high-voltage capacitors, as well as generally completely currentless sources of an electric field - dielectric monoelectrets.

c) Adsorption of the resulting gases

Hydrogen and oxygen in the process of producing a combustible gas can be accumulated separately from each other by placing special adsorbents in the combustible gas stream. It is quite possible to use this method for the dissociation of any water-fuel emulsion.

d) Obtaining fuel gas by electroosmosis from organic liquid waste

This technology makes it possible to effectively use any liquid organic solutions (for example, liquid waste of human and animal life) as a raw material for the production of fuel gas. Paradoxical as this idea sounds, but the use of organic solutions for the production of fuel gas, in particular from liquid feces, from the standpoint of energy consumption and ecology, is even more profitable and simpler than the dissociation of simple water, which is technically much more difficult to decompose into molecules.

In addition, this organic waste hybrid fuel gas is less explosive. Therefore, in fact, this new technology allows you to effectively convert any organic liquids (including liquid waste) into useful fuel gas. Thus, the present technology is effectively applicable for the beneficial processing and disposal of liquid organic waste.

OTHER TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS DESCRIPTION OF DESIGNS AND PRINCIPLES OF THEIR WORK

The proposed technology can be implemented using various devices. The simplest device of an electroosmotic fuel gas generator from liquids has already been shown and disclosed in the text and in Fig. 1. Some other more advanced versions of these devices, tested by the author experimentally, are presented in a simplified form in Fig. 2-3. One of the simple options for the combined method of producing a combustible gas from a water-fuel mixture or water can be implemented in a device (Fig. 2), which essentially consists of a combination of a device (Fig. 1) with an additional device containing flat transverse electrodes 8,8- 1 connected to a source of a strong alternating electric field 9.

Figure 2 also shows in more detail the functional structure and composition of the source 9 of the second (alternating) electric field, namely, it is shown that it consists of a primary source of electricity 14 connected at the power input to the second high-voltage voltage converter 15 of adjustable frequency and amplitude (block 15 can be made in the form of an inductive-transistor circuit of the Royer autogenerator type) connected at the output to the flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. The device is also equipped with a thermal heater 10, located, for example, under the bottom of the tank 1. In vehicles, this can be the exhaust manifold of hot exhaust gases, the side walls of the engine housing itself.

In the block diagram (Fig. 2), the sources of the electric field 6 and 9 are deciphered in more detail. So, in particular, it is shown that the source 6 of a constant sign, but regulated by the magnitude of the electric field strength, consists of a primary source of electricity 11, for example, an on-board storage battery connected through the primary power supply circuit to a high-voltage adjustable voltage converter 12, for example, of the Royer autogenerator type , with a built-in high-voltage output rectifier (included in block 12) connected at the output to high-voltage electrodes 5, and the power converter 12 is connected to the control system 13 via the control input, which allows to control the operating mode of this electric field source., more specifically, the performance of Blocks 3, 4, 5, 6 make up a combined device of an electroosmotic pump and an electrostatic liquid evaporator. Block 6 allows you to regulate the electric field strength from 1 kV / cm to 30 kV / cm. The device (Fig. 2) also provides for the technical possibility of changing the distance and position of the plate mesh or porous electrode 5 relative to the evaporator 4, as well as the distance between the flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. Description of the hybrid combined device in statics (Fig. 3)

This device, in contrast to those described above, is supplemented with an electrochemical activator of the liquid, two pairs of electrodes 5,5-1. The device contains a container 1 with a liquid 2, for example, water, two porous capillary wicks 3 with evaporators 4, two pairs of electrodes 5,5-1. The source of the electric field 6, the electric potentials of which are connected to the electrodes 5,5-1. The device also contains a gas-gathering pipeline 7, a separating filter barrier-diaphragm 19, dividing the container 1 in two. An additional block of variable-value constant voltage 17, the outputs of which are introduced through the electrodes 18 into the liquid 2 inside the container 1 on both sides of the diaphragm 19. Note that the features of this devices also consist in the fact that opposite in sign electrical potentials from a high-voltage source 6 are connected to the upper two electrodes 5 due to the opposite electrochemical properties of the liquid, separated by a diaphragm 19. Description of the devices operation (Fig. 1-3)

OPERATION OF COMBINED FUEL GENERATORS

Let's consider in more detail the implementation of the proposed method using the example of simple devices (Fig. 2-3).

The device (Fig. 2) works as follows: evaporation of liquid 2 from container 1 is carried out mainly by thermal heating of liquid from unit 10, for example, using significant thermal energy from the exhaust manifold of a motor vehicle. The dissociation of the molecules of the evaporated liquid, for example, water, into hydrogen and oxygen molecules is carried out by forceful action on them with an alternating electric field from a high-voltage source 9 in the gap between two flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. Capillary wick 3, evaporator 4, electrodes 5,5-1 and source of electric field 6, as already described above, convert liquid into vapor, and other elements together provide electrical dissociation of molecules of evaporated liquid 2 in the gap between electrodes 8.8-1 under the action of an alternating electric field from a source 9, and by changing the frequency of oscillations and the strength of the electric field in the gap between 8.8-1 along the control system circuit 16, taking into account information from the gas composition sensor, the intensity of collision and fragmentation of these molecules (i.e. the degree dissociation of molecules). By adjusting the strength of the longitudinal electric field between the electrodes 5,5-1 from the voltage converter unit 12 through its control system 13, a change in the performance of the mechanism for lifting and evaporating the liquid 2 is achieved.

The device (Fig. 3) works as follows: first, the liquid (water) 2 in the container 1 under the action of the electric potential difference from the voltage source 17 applied to the electrodes 18 is divided through the porous diaphragm 19 into "live" - alkaline and "dead" - acidic fractions of liquid (water), which are then converted into a vaporous state by electroosmosis and crushed its mobile molecules by an alternating electric field from block 9 in the space between flat electrodes 8,8-1 to form a combustible gas. If electrodes 5,8 are made porous from special adsorbents, it becomes possible to accumulate, accumulate reserves of hydrogen and oxygen in them. Then it is possible to carry out the reverse process of separating these gases from them, for example, by heating them, and it is advisable to place these electrodes themselves in this mode directly in a fuel container, connected, for example, with a fuel line of a motor transport. We also note that electrodes 5,8 can also serve as adsorbents of individual components of a combustible gas, for example, hydrogen. The material of such porous solid hydrogen adsorbents has already been described in the scientific and technical literature.

WORKING CAPACITY OF THE METHOD AND POSITIVE EFFECT FROM ITS IMPLEMENTATION

The efficiency of the method has already been proven by me by numerous experiments. And the device designs given in the article (Fig. 1-3) are working models on which the experiments were carried out. To prove the effect of producing a combustible gas, we set it on fire at the outlet of the gas collector (7) and measured the thermal and environmental characteristics of the combustion process. There are test reports that confirm the efficiency of the method and the high environmental characteristics of the obtained gaseous fuel and the off-gaseous products of its combustion. Experiments have shown that the new electroosmotic method of dissociation of liquids is efficient and suitable for cold evaporation and dissociation in electric fields of very different liquids (water-fuel mixtures, water, aqueous ionized solutions, water-oil emulsions, and even aqueous solutions of fecal organic waste, which, by the way, after their molecular dissociation according to this method, they form an efficient environmentally friendly combustible gas practically odorless and colorless.

The main positive effect of the invention consists in a multiple reduction in energy consumption (thermal, electrical) for the implementation of the mechanism of evaporation and molecular dissociation of liquids in comparison with all known analogous methods.

A sharp decrease in energy consumption when obtaining a combustible gas from a liquid, for example, water-fuel emulsions, by electric field evaporation and crushing of its molecules into gas molecules, is achieved due to the powerful electric forces of the action of an electric field on molecules both in the liquid itself and on the evaporated molecules. As a result, the process of liquid evaporation and the process of fragmentation of its molecules in the vapor state is sharply intensified with practically minimal power of the sources of the electric field. Naturally, by regulating the strength of these fields in the working zone of evaporation and dissociation of liquid molecules, either electrically, or by moving the electrodes 5, 8, 8-1, the force interaction of the fields with liquid molecules changes, which leads to the regulation of the evaporation rate and the degree of dissociation of the evaporated molecules. liquids. The operability and high efficiency of dissociation of the evaporated vapor by a transverse alternating electric field in the gap between the electrodes 8, 8-1 from the source 9 is also experimentally shown (Figs. 2, 3, 4). It was found that for each liquid in its vaporized state there is a certain frequency of electric oscillations of a given field and its intensity, at which the process of splitting of liquid molecules occurs most intensively. It was also experimentally established that additional electrochemical activation of a liquid, for example, ordinary water, which is its partial electrolysis, carried out in the device (Fig. 3), also increases the performance of the ion pump (wick 3-accelerating electrode 5) and increases the intensity of electroosmotic evaporation of the liquid ... Thermal heating of a liquid, for example, by the heat of the exhaust hot gases of transport engines (Fig. 2) promotes its evaporation, which also leads to an increase in the productivity of obtaining hydrogen from water and combustible fuel gas from any water-fuel emulsions.

COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

THE ADVANTAGE OF ELECTROSMOTIC TECHNOLOGY IN COMPARISON WITH MAYER'S ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Compared to the performance of the well-known and lowest-cost progressive electric technology of Stanley Mayer for the production of fuel gas from water (and the Mayer cell) / 6 /, our technology is more advanced and efficient, because the electroosmotic effect of evaporation and dissociation of liquid used by us in combination with the mechanism of electrostatic and the ion pump provides not only intensive evaporation and dissociation of the liquid with minimal and identical energy consumption, but also the effective separation of gas molecules from the dissociation zone, and with acceleration from the upper edge of the capillaries. Therefore, in our case, the effect of screening the working zone of electrical dissociation of molecules is not formed at all. And the process of generating fuel gas does not slow down in time, as with Mayer. Therefore, the gas productivity of our method at the same energy consumption is an order of magnitude higher than this progressive analogue / 6 /.

Some technical and economic aspects and commercial benefits and prospects for the implementation of the new technology The proposed new technology may well be brought in a short time to the serial production of such highly efficient electroosmotic fuel gas generators from virtually any liquid, including tap water. It is especially simple and economically feasible to implement a variant of an installation for converting water-fuel emulsions into fuel gas at the first stage of mastering the technology. The prime cost of a serial installation for producing fuel gas from water with a capacity of about 1000 m³ / hour will be approximately 1 thousand US dollars. The consumed electric power of such a fuel gas generator will be no more than 50-100 watts. Therefore, such compact and efficient fuel electrolyzers can be successfully installed on almost any car. As a result, heat engines will be able to operate on virtually any hydrocarbon liquid and even plain water. The massive introduction of these devices in vehicles will lead to dramatic energy and environmental improvements in vehicles. And will lead to the rapid creation of an environmentally friendly and economical heat engine. Estimated financial costs for the development, creation, and fine-tuning the study of the first pilot plant for obtaining fuel gas from water with a capacity of 100 m³ per second to a pilot industrial sample is about 450-500 thousand US dollars. These costs include the costs of design and research, the cost of the experimental installation itself and the stand for its approbation and fine-tuning.

CONCLUSIONS:

A new electrophysical effect of capillary electroosmosis of liquids - a "cold" energetically low-cost mechanism of evaporation and dissociation of molecules of any liquids, was discovered and experimentally investigated in Russia.

This effect exists independently in nature and is the main mechanism of the electrostatic and ionic pump for pumping feed solutions (juices) from the roots to the leaves of all plants of the present, followed by electrostatic gasification.

A new effective way of dissociation of any liquid by weakening and breaking of its intermolecular and molecular bonds by high-voltage capillary electroosmosis has been experimentally discovered and investigated.

On the basis of the new effect, a new highly efficient technology for producing fuel gases from any liquids has been created and tested.

Specific devices for low-energy production of fuel gases from water and its compounds are proposed.

The technology is applicable for efficient production of fuel gas from any liquid fuels and water-fuel emulsions, including liquid waste.

The technology is especially promising for use in transport in the power industry and. And also in cities for the disposal and useful use of hydrocarbon waste.

The author is interested in business and creative cooperation with firms that are willing and able to create the necessary conditions for the author by their investments to bring it to pilot-industrial samples and introduce this promising technology into practice.

Cited LITERATURE:

Dudyshev V.D. "Plants - natural ion pumps" - in the magazine "Young technician" No. 1/88
Dudyshev V.D. "New electric fire technology - an effective way to solve energy and environmental problems" - journal "Ecology and Industry of Russia" №3 / 97
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Electrohydrogen generator (international application under the PCT-RU98 / 00190 system dated 07.10.97)
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Dudyshev Valery Dmitrievich Professor of Samara Technical University, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Ecological Academy