Morphemic analysis of the adjective word. How to do and what is morphological analysis of a word Morphological analysis of a word in Russian adjective

Morphology is a section of grammar that studies the word as a part of speech. In the Russian language there are ten parts of speech, which are usually divided into independent, auxiliary and interjections.

Morphological analysis of words is carried out according to a certain scheme in a strict order. In order to parse a word into parts of speech, you need to determine:

1. general grammatical meaning;
2. morphological characteristics (or grammatical meanings);
3. syntactic role.

Analysis of a word as a part of speech is both a capacious and complete description of a separate word form, taking into account the grammatical features of its use. Each part of speech has constant and variable characteristics. When parsing, you need to be able to determine which part of speech a word belongs to, find its initial form, and identify morphological features.

Morphological analysis, an example of which is presented on our website, will help improve analysis skills.

In order to perform correctly morphological analysis words, you should remember the sequence and principle of analysis. So, first we should highlight general signs parts of speech, and then find specific features of this word form.

General scheme for parsing parts of speech

The plan for morphological analysis of the word is as follows:

1. Indicate the part of speech and its meaning, what question the word answers.
2. Put the word in the initial form: Im.p., singular. - for nouns, noun, singular, m.r. - for adjectives, indefinite form- for verbs (what (to) do?).
3. Determine constant features: common noun or proper noun, animate or inanimate, gender and declension of nouns; aspect, reflexivity, transitivity and conjugation of the verb; rank by value, degree of comparison, complete or short form at adjectives.
4. Characterize the form in which the word is used: for nouns, determine the number and case, for adjectives - the degree of comparison, short or full form, number, case and gender; for verbs - mood, tense, number, gender or person, if any.
5. The role in the sentence is to show which member the word is in the sentence: secondary or main. Sometimes it is necessary to write out a phrase and show its syntactic role graphically.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun:

There was a jug of milk on the table.

1. With milk - noun, with what?; subject
2. The initial form is milk.
3. Common noun, inanimate, neuter, 2nd declension
4. In the singular, in the instrumental case
5. Addition.

Our service uses the most modern technologies analysis of morphology and will be useful to those who want to learn how to do morphological analysis correctly.

Basic rules of morphological analysis

It's important to remember that inconsistent symptoms for an adjective, they are determined by the word to which it obeys. It should also be taken into account that the gender of verbs can only be determined in the past tense singular, and the face - in the present and future tense.

To determine the syntactic role, it is necessary to know the context related to the word. Thus, a noun can act as a subject, object or circumstance. An adjective attached to a noun is a modifier, and in short form it can be a predicate. The verb is always predicate. The letter е can change the meaning of the word, and the morphological analysis will be different. For example, glass (noun, plural) and glass (verb, pr.v.).

Morphological analysis of a word online will help not only to correctly analyze the word form, but also to prepare for the Unified State Exam or Unified State Exam in the Russian language.

Parsing order:

1.Part of speech, general meaning, question
2. Initial form (singular, gender, nominal case)
3.Morphological features: constant (category - qualitative, relative or possessive); inconsistent (only for high-quality ones - full or short form, degree of comparison; for all - gender (singular), number, case)
4.What is in the sentence.

She was the most beautiful girl in the camp.

1. The most beautiful (which one?) - adjective name, denotes a characteristic of an object;
2. N.f. - handsome;
3. Permanent signs: qualitative; non-post signs: in full form, in superlative degree, in female form, in singular, in etc.;
4. In a sentence it is a definition.

It was a wooden box.

1.Wooden (which one?) - adjective name, denotes a feature of an object;
2.N.f. - wooden;
3.Post.signs: relative; non-constant signs: in g.r., in singular, in I.p.

Dad's jacket fit me well.

Papin (whose?) - adjective name, denotes a characteristic of an object;
2.N.f. - daddy;
3. Post.signs: possessive; non-constant signs: in m.r., in singular, in I.p.
4. In a sentence it is a definition.

Morphological analysis of adjectives usually does not raise any special questions or difficulties. Adjectives have only one constant morphological feature - category, although it is not always easy to determine it, and several non-constant ones (number, gender, case).

Before we begin the analysis, let's remember the properties of adjective categories. Excluding lexical meaning It is possible to determine the category with an error, because many adjectives in context acquire a figurative meaning.

For example: qualitative ones become relative (light fluff - athletics), relative ones become qualitative (silver spoon - silver voice), and possessive ones become qualitative and relative (dog kennel - dog fur coat, dog cold).

Each category of adjective has its own distinctive features. Let's look at the characteristics of qualitative adjectives. They denote a feature of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent, form degrees of comparison, have a short form (close - closer, closer, closest, nearest; close, close, close, close), synonyms and antonyms. They are recognized by combinations with adverbs of measure and degree (too close, very close), by the presence of the prefix NE- (not close), by education difficult words by repetition (close-close).

Not all of these characteristics may appear immediately; some are absent, for example, adjectives denoting colors (yellow, brown) do not have forms of comparison. Even if an adjective does not have all these properties, it is considered qualitative.

We must not forget that some qualitative adjectives do not have either a full or a short form, and then this feature is constant (alien, glad). There is also a group of inflexible words: mocha coffee, retro music, tsunami wave, beige skirt. Let us recall that adjectives briefly answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and perform the function of a compound nominal predicate.

Relative adjectives, like qualitative ones, answer the questions which? which? which? which?. They indicate the material from which the object is made, spatial and temporal characteristics (teddy bear, tracksuit, school site, winter day).

Collocations with relative adjectives have synonyms: teddy bear, sports suit, school site, winter day. You can recognize relative adjectives by the suffixes -AN-, -YAN-, -ONN-, -ENN-, -N-, -SK- (leather sofa, silver vase, aviation regiment, ceremonial meeting, drumbeat, Moscow courtyard). There is no degree of comparison or short form for relative adjectives.

It can be difficult to distinguish between the categories of adjectives with the suffixes -SK-. You need to think like this: “Pushkin’s places” are related to the life and work of A.S. Pushkin, this is a relative adjective, “Pushkin’s novel” was written by A.S. Pushkin and belongs only to him, this is a possessive adjective.

Possessive adjectives denote belonging to a person or animal, answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose?, have recognizable suffixes -OV-, -EV-, -IN-, -IY, -Y- (father’s office, father-in-law’s character, cat’s house, chicken liver, fish tail, hare’s ears). This group of adjectives can have a short form: moose tracks - father's flour, walrus - crocodile tears. By the way, qualitative ones are not inflected in the short form, but possessive ones, on the contrary, have a case category: Pleshcheyevo Lake (Im.p.) - at Pleshcheyevo Lake (R.p.).

It is not difficult to determine the degree of comparison: the original form is called positive, the simple form of the comparative and superlative degrees has the suffixes -EE-, -EY-, -E-, -SHE- (weaker, bolder, sweeter, thinner) and -AYSH-, -EYSH- (closest, fastest), as well as the prefix NAI- (best). For the compound comparative and superlative, particles of adverbial origin are used: more or less (higher, less strong), most, most-least (highest, most high, least strong).

Do not forget that the simple comparative form does not change in gender, number, case and does not agree with the noun or pronoun being defined. It is always part of a compound nominal predicate, in special cases inconsistent definition. The compound comparative and superlative degree can be used in both full and short forms (stronger - stronger, stronger - stronger).

Let's start analyzing adjectives. First, we note that any adjective always denotes a characteristic of an object. We write down the adjective with the word on which it depends or with which it is connected in meaning and grammatically. Secondly, the initial form is the nominative singular masculine. Thirdly, adjectives can serve as an agreed definition (full forms, compound comparative and superlative degrees) and a nominal part of the predicate.

PLAN FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ADJECTIVE

1. Part of speech and general grammatical meaning.

2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.) and morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- rank.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full or short form (only for qualitative and some possessives),
- comparative or superlative degree (only for high-quality ones),
- number (not in simple comparative form),
- gender (not in the plural and in the simple comparative form),
- case (not in short form for qualitative ones, in simple comparative form).

3. Syntactic role of the adjective (agreed definition, compound nominal predicate).

Let’s select adjectives for morphological analysis from Vera Inber’s story “How I Was Little.” First, let's look at qualitative adjectives, then relative and finally possessive.

Examples of parsing adjectives

On the sides of the road green ears of corn whisper: they will not turn yellow soon.

1. Green (ears) - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): green
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- positive degree,
- plural,
- Im.p.
3. ears (what?) green (agreed definition).

The violinist’s face was thin, restless, his eyes were dark.

1. (There was) a thin (face) - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): thin
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- positive degree,
- units,
- s.r.,
- Im.p.
3. The face was (what?) thin (compound nominal predicate).

We were very dressed up.

1. (We were) smart - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): elegant
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- positive degree,
- plural
3. They were (what?) dressed up (compound nominal predicate).

Snow!.. How lovely it is!

1. (He) is charming - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): lovely
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- positive degree,
- units,
- m.r.
3. He (what?) is charming (compound nominal predicate).

Now Aunt Natasha is lonely.

1. (Aunt Natasha) lonely - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): lonely
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- positive degree,
- units,
- f.r.
3. Aunt Natasha (what?) is lonely (compound nominal predicate).

Uncle Oscar had a similar face to Aunt Nasha, but only he was younger.

1. (He was) younger - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): young
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,

3. Was (what?) younger (compound predicate).

You look at it and see that it has the finest pattern.

1. (Pattern) finest - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): thin
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- simple superlative degree,
- units,
- m.r.,
- V.p.
3. The pattern (what?) is the finest (agreed definition).

Reflected in it, the most beautiful things seemed ugly.

1. (Things) are the most beautiful - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): beautiful
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,

- plural,
- I.p.
3. Things (what?) are the most beautiful (agreed definition).

Fingers the most ordinary.

1. (Fingers) the most ordinary - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): ordinary
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- compound superlative degree,
- plural,
- I.p.
3. Fingers (which ones?) are the most ordinary (compound nominal predicate).

And here is grandma’s low house with a clay pile, with hollyhocks by the porch.

1. (With a heap) clay - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Name, singular, m.r.): clay
Constants (P.p.):
- relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- unit h,
- f.r.,
- etc.
3. With a pile of (what?) clay (agreed definition).

The sand poured from one glass bottle into another, which took half an hour.

1. (From a bottle) glass - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Name, singular, m.r.): glass
Constants (P.p.):
- relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units,
- m.r.,
- R.p.
3. From a (what?) glass bottle (agreed upon definition).

And here is grandma’s low house with a clay pile, with hollyhocks by the porch.

1. (House) grandma's - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): babushkin
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- units,
- m.r.,
- I.p.
3. Grandma’s (what?) house (agreed upon definition).

We drive calmly and for so long that we manage to take a nap, leaning right and left on my mother’s shoulder.

1. (Towards) mother’s shoulder - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): mother’s
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- s.r.,
- D.p.
3. To (what?) Mom’s shoulder (agreed upon definition).

He grabbed a napkin from the table, folded the tip like a hare's ear, slipped it under the needle and deftly turned the handle of the wheel.

1. (Ear) hare - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): hare
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- s.r.,
- I.p.
3. Ear (what?) hare (included in isolated circumstance, expressed by comparative turnover).

In addition to rags, I also had a broom made of chicken feathers.

1. (From feathers) chicken - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): chicken
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- plural,
- R.p.
3. From (what?) chicken feathers (agreed upon definition).

We looked at the most common forms of adjectives. Now it's time to move on to more complex examples. Perform a morphological analysis of the indicated adjectives. If you have questions, use the self-test.

I'm happy 3 with everything I see.

How simpler word, especially since it is exactly 3.

All horses in the regiment were black 3.

He put on a khaki shirt 3.

You won't find tastier jam anywhere 3.

Duck 3 broods stay together even after the young ones begin to fly.

I liked her bronze 3 tan.

I always have a ravenous appetite from excitement.

The pouring rain didn't scare me.

Most attentive 3 was Petya.

He soon arrived at his native airfield 3.

She chose the more difficult 3 case.

SELF-CHECK

I'm happy 3 with everything I see.

1. (I'm) glad - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): rad
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- short form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units,
- m.roda.
3. I am (what?) glad (compound nominal predicate).

The word “rad” has no degrees of comparison and does not change by case.

The simpler the word, the more accurate it is 3.

1. (It) is more precise - an adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): exact
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- compound comparative degree,
- units,
- middle class
3. It (what?) is more precise (compound nominal predicate).

The form “more precisely” does not change according to cases.

All horses in the regiment were black 3.

1. (The horses were) black - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): black
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- plural numbers,
- T. case.
3. The horses were (what?) black (compound nominal predicate).

The word “voronoi” is always in its full form and has no degrees of comparison.

He put on a khaki shirt 3.

1. (Colors) khaki - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): khaki
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
- an unchangeable word.
3. Color (what?) khaki (inconsistent definition).

You won't find tastier jam anywhere 3.

1. (Jam) tastes better - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): delicious
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- simple comparative degree.
3. Jam (which one?) tastes better (inconsistent definition).

The word “tastier” does not have a full or short form, as well as number, gender and case.

Duck 3 broods stay together even after the young ones begin to fly.

1. (Brood) duck - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): duck
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive in the meaning of relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- I.p.
3. Brood (what?) duck (agreed definition).

I liked her bronze 3 tan.

1. (Tan) bronze - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Name, singular, m.r.): bronze
Constants (P.p.):
- relative in the sense of qualitative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- V.p.
3. Tan (what?) bronze (agreed definition).

I always get a ravenous appetite from excitement.

1. (Appetite) wolfish - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): wolf
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive in the sense of quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- V.p.
3. Appetite (what?) wolfish (agreed definition).

The heavy rain didn't scare me.

1. (Rain) torrential - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): torrential
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- I.p.
3. Rain (what kind?) torrential (agreed definition).

Most attentive 3 was Petya.

1. (Petya was) most attentive - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): attentive
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- compound superlative degree,
- units number,
- m.kind.
3. Petya was (what?) the most attentive (compound nominal predicate).

He soon arrived at his home airfield 3.

1. (To the airfield) native - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): native
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- V.p.
3. To (which?) home airfield (agreed upon definition).

She chose the more difficult 3 case.

1. (The matter) is more difficult - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): difficult
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- compound superlative degree,
- units number,
- middle class,
- V.p.
3. The matter (which?) is more difficult (agreed definition).

Suddenly he saw a red fox's tail flash in the bushes ahead.

1. (Tail) fox - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): fox
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- m.r.,
- I.p.
3. The tail (what?) is fox (agreed upon definition).

Literature

1. Voronichev O.E. About the logical basis morphological analysis significant words / Russian language at school and at home. - 2008. - No. 1.

2. Ilyushina L.A. On the morphological analysis of adjectives, numerals, pronouns / Russian language at school. - 2002. - No. 4.

3. Shirokova L.N., Eroshkina N.A. The transition of adjectives from one category to another (grade VI) / Russian language at school. - 2009. - No. 10.

Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out as follows: scheme:

1. Adjective. Initial form.

2. Morphological characteristics:

a) constant:

Rank by value

Degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this feature is constant),

Full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is constant);

b) non-permanent:

Degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this sign is not constant),

Full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is not constant),

Genus (singular number),

Case (for complete ones).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence.

Let's give comment for analysis.

The adjective is written out from the text in the form in which it appears. If an adjective modifies a noun with a preposition ( in a big house), it would be a mistake to write down the adjective together with the preposition, since the preposition is a component of the prepositional case form of the noun and does not belong to the adjective.

It must be remembered that an adjective, unlike a noun, can have a compound form (for example, taller, least comfortable). In this case, all components of the form are written out.

The initial form of the adjective is the masculine singular form for adjectives that have a full form, and the masculine singular form for adjectives that have only a short form.

The constant features of an adjective are its belonging to a certain category in meaning (qualitative, relative or possessive) and its declension. The definition of adjective declension is not accepted in school grammar. The definition of a rank by value is made according to the value used in the text.

Some qualitative adjectives, as already mentioned, do not have degrees of comparison and/or a short form. In this case, completeness/brevity should be placed in permanent attributes.

The positive degree of comparison can also be a constant feature (i.e., a qualitative adjective may not change in degrees of comparison, for example the word special), however, in the textbooks of all three complexes, degrees of comparison of adjectives are indicated only if the adjective is in the comparative or superlative degree, and no indication of the positive degree of comparison is made. This approach has the disadvantage that it does not allow an adjective in the positive degree of comparison to indicate whether this form is a constant or inconstant feature.

The invariability of indeclinable adjectives is also their constant feature. Invariable adjectives have no inconstant features.

The inconstant features of an adjective are number, gender (singular), and case. For most qualitative adjectives, non-constant features are also completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison.

It must be remembered that only complete adjectives have a case marker.

If the adjective is in the form of a simple comparative degree, then it is not characterized in terms of completeness/brevity and does not have signs of gender, number and case.

When analyzing, one must keep in mind that the object of a morphological description is the word in its specific meaning. Different meanings of one word (its lexico-grammatical variants) may have different morphological characteristics. In an adjective, this difference can manifest itself primarily in relation to the signs of completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison. So, adjective alive as an antonym for the word dead changes in completeness/brevity, but does not change in degrees of comparison, i.e. it has a constant sign of a positive degree of comparison, alive in the meaning of “movable,” on the contrary, it does not have a short form, but varies according to degrees of comparison. The word is subject to morphological analysis in the meaning in which it is used in the text.

Let's bring sample morphological analysis of the adjective.

And indeed, she was beautiful: tall, thin, black eyes, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).

good good(V given value);

constant signs: qualitative, brief;

inconsistent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus;

high- adjective, initial form - high;

inconsistent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.;

syntactic role: part of the predicate.

thin- adjective, initial form - thin;

constant signs: high quality, complete;

inconsistent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.;

syntactic role: part of the predicate.

black- adjective, initial form - black;

constant signs: quality;

inconsistent features: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural. number, I. p.;

syntactic role: definition.

mountain- adjective, initial form - mountain;

constant signs: relative;

inconsistent signs: units. number, female Rod, R. p.;

syntactic role: part of the adverbial.

Numeral

A numeral is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that denote numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer the question How many? or Which?.

The numeral is a part of speech into which words are combined based on the commonality of their meaning - their relationship to number. The grammatical features of numerals are heterogeneous and depend on which category of meaning the numeral belongs to.

Adjective- a significant part of speech, denoting a sign of an object and answering
to the questions “which?”, “whose?”, “what?”(country cottage, mother’s beads, reaction is lightning fast).

Adjectives vary by gender, number and case, but these categories depend on the noun. This allows adjectives to agree with the noun, for example:
in a small holiday village, with a large kitchen.There are no plural forms of gender:modern houses, dresses, buildings.The initial form is considered to be the nominative case of the masculine singular; it is this form that is given in dictionaries.

Adjectives have a short form(beauty is unique)and degree of comparison(the deepest, the most fun of all) . All forms, except the simple comparative and analytical superlative degrees of comparison, agree with the noun. The simple comparative and analytical superlatives are adjacent.

Adjectives in a sentence can serve as a definition and a nominal part of the predicate.It seemed that nature had molded him from a single piece of rock, he was beautiful with that rare and meager beauty, external, but more internal, which is characteristic of the inhabitants of the highlands
(N. Abgaryan. Manyunya). In poetic speech, short adjectives can be used as a separate definition:The air vibrates, transparent and clean(N. Zabolotsky. Morning).

There is an indeclinable group of adjectives of foreign origin(Bordeaux, beige, khaki, mini, maxi, raglan, luxury, modern).Such words can perform the function and definitions(Komi language), and the nominal part of the predicate(rush hour) . Many of the indeclinable words are also used as adjectives(flared skirt, internet presentation),and as a noun(wide flares, mobile Internet).

Adjectives can be substantivized, that is, transformed into nouns. This happens when an adjective is used not as part of a phrase, where it depends on a noun, but independently (as if replacing such a phrase). In this case, the word ceases to denote a characteristic and begins to name an object - the bearer of this characteristic:frozen fruit - creamy ice cream; the best is the enemy of the good. The word loses the characteristics of an adjective and acquires the characteristics of a noun (gender, sometimes number).

Adjectives play big role in language. By defining a noun, they characterize the object: they specify or evaluate it. For example,cool dew, alpine grasses- specification;ascetic home decoration, incredible happiness- evaluation characteristic.

Nominative case endings for full adjectives

Masculine the only thing number	Feminine the only thing number	Neuter the only thing number	Plural number for everyone childbirth
Which?	Which?	Which?	Which?
Oh, oh, oh	Aya, -aya	Oh, -ee	Eh, -e
iron (hoop) Bosphorus (marble) native (father)	triumphant (arch) autumn (weather)	big (space) its greatest (splendor)	underwater (worlds) not expensive (stones)

Generic endings short adjectives

Masculine the only thing number	Feminine the only thing number	Neuter the only thing number	Plural number for everyone childbirth
What?	What?	What's it like?	What are they?
zero ending		Oh, oh	Y, -i
(tea) is strong	red (maiden)	(matter) is important (face) looks like e	(winter) snowy

singular declension of adjectives

masculine

them. p.	native (father)	iron (hoop)	Bosphorus (marble)
r. p.	dear (father)	iron (hoop)	Bosphorus (marble)
d.p.	native (father)	iron (hoop)	Bosphorus (marble)
V. p.	dear (father)	iron (hoop)	Bosphorus (marble)
TV p.	relatives (father)	iron (hoop)	Bosphorus (marble)
p.p.	about the native (father)	about the iron (hoop)	about Bosphorus (marble)

neuter

them. p.	large (space)	greatest (splendor)
r. p.	large (space)	greatest (splendor)
d.p.	large (space)	greatest (splendor)
V. p.	large (space)	greatest (splendor)
TV p.	large (space)	greatest (splendor)
p.p.	about big (space)	about the greatest (splendor)

The endings of full adjectives in the masculine and neuter gender in declension coincide in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative.

The accusative case of masculine adjectives is the same in form as the nominative case if the adjective refers to an inanimate noun, and with the genitive case if the adjective refers to an animate noun.

Masculine adjectives ending in -ой(bay, gray) decline in the same way as with endings in-th, but always have stressed endings.

feminine

them. p.	triumphal (arch)	autumn (weather)
r. p.	triumphal (arch)	autumn (weather)
d.p.	triumphal (arch)	autumn (weather)
V. p.	triumphal (arch)	autumn (weather)
TV p.	triumphal (arch)	autumn (weather)
p.p.	about the triumphal (arch)	about autumn (weather)

Declension of full adjectives in the plural

them. p.	underwater (worlds)	expensive (stones)
r. p.	underwater (worlds)	expensive (stones)
d.p.	underwater (worlds)	dear (stones)
V. p.	underwater (worlds)	expensive (stones)
TV p.	underwater (worlds)	expensive (stones)
p.p.	about underwater (worlds)	about expensive (stones)

Accusative case of adjectives plural coincides in form with the nominative if the adjective refers to an inanimate noun, and with the genitive if the adjective refers to an animate noun.

Declension of possessive adjectives into-y, -ye, -ya, -y

	Masculine the only thing number	Feminine the only thing number	Neuter the only thing number	Plural number for everyone childbirth
them. p.	foxy (bark)	foxhole)	fox (ear)	fox (footprints)
r. p.	fox (bark)	fox hole	fox (ear)	fox (footprints)
d.p.	fox (barking)	fox hole	fox (ear)	fox (footprints)
V. p.	foxy (bark)	fox hole	fox (ear)	fox (footprints)
TV p.	foxy (bark)	fox (hole)	fox (ear)	fox (footprints)
p.p.	about the fox (bark)	about the fox (hole)	about fox (ear)	about fox (traces)

The accusative case of masculine singular and plural possessive adjectives coincides in form with the nominative, if the adjective refers to an inanimate noun, and with the genitive, if the adjective refers to an animate noun.

Last names of people (Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov),formed from proper namesIvan, Peter, Sidorusing suffixes-ov, -in inflected like possessive adjectives.

Names of cities and settlements on-ov, -ev, -ov(o), -ev(o)(Khokhlovo, Kamyshin)in the masculine and neuter gender they are declined in all cases as possessive adjectives with these suffixes, but in the instrumental case they have noun endings-ohm (near Khokhlov, Borodin, Kamyshin).

According to meaning and grammatical features, all adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Quality adjectives denote the characteristics of an object directly(light, sonorous).Signs can be perceived by the senses: color, size, size, shape and position in space, properties and qualities, internal and external qualities(fresh milk, high mountains, blue sky, clear air, fast doe, slow reading, sudden movements).

Qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can be expressed in an object to one degree or another. Let's saythe train is fast and the plane is faster; one shirt may be darker than the other. This is expressed in degrees of comparison and compatibility with adverbs of degree(extremely small drawing).Change in degree of intensity is the most important feature of qualitative adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives have the ability to form forms of subjective assessment
using suffixes(weak, red).

Word-formation, grammatical and lexical features of qualitative adjectives:

• may have degrees of comparison(long - longer - longest);
• may have short forms(high - high, high, high);
• combine with adverbs of degree or other words with the meaning of degree(very touching, very bright, extremely shy);
• forms of subjective evaluation are formed, that is, words with a diminutive or augmentative meaning, using suffixes, prefixes or repetition(short, huge, pale-pale, pure-pure);
• adverbs are formed on-o, -e (sincerely, loudly);
• abstract nouns are formed (liquid - liquid, white - whiteness, blue - blue, melodious - melodiousness, dark - darkness, welcoming - cordiality);
• verbs are formed with the meaning of manifestation of a characteristic(solid - harden, adult - grow up);
• can form antonymous pairs(fresh - stale, young - old, smart - stupid);
• may have synonyms.

Not all quality adjectives have these features. For example, in wordsbarefoot, alive, blind, hunchbacked, furious, naked, nakedthe characteristic denoted by these qualitative adjectives is one that cannot be manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

Relative adjectives denote a characteristic not directly, but through an action or relationship to a substance(copper bell, wooden wall), to the place (hazelnut, southern port, capital guest), by time (annual course, one-year-old child, tomorrow’s event, primitive system), to action (reading room, preparatory department), to the face (teacher's tone, pedagogical advice), to the number (double somersault, ternary system, primary production), to the sign (former regime, Olympic bear).

Relative adjectives contain suffixes-an- (leather sofa), -yang- (oil drop, hydrochloric acid), -sk- (Moscow guest), -esk- (infant), -ov- (currant leaf, plaster cast), -ev- (combat horse), -n- (inflatable ring, confidential conversation), -l- (fluent sound, rotten potatoes).If the suffix is ​​not expressed in the composition, then they speak of a zero suffix. The zero suffix is, for example, in the following adjectives:golden ring, weekday, lard.

Relative adjectives can be interpreted using a construction that includes a productive stem. The general meaning of these adjectives is related to or characteristic of something that is named by the generating word. Example:morning cool - the coolness characteristic of the morning.The meaning is specified and varies depending on the meaning of the generating stem, the main word in the phrase and lexical compatibility.(Garden bench is a bench located in a garden. Garden tree is a tree grown in a garden, often fruiting.)

We can distinguish a number of relations expressed by relative adjectives:

• made from something(clay toy);
• contained in something(seaweed);
• intended for something(children's book, sports club);
• received from something.

The simplest way to interpret relatives is a construction that includes the genitive case
with prepositions from, for, from (golden key - a key made of gold), accusative case with a pretext on (annual plan - plan for the year),genitive case without preposition(chemical products - chemical products)or other designs.

The close connection with the noun is expressed by word order: heterogeneous definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives; relative adjectives stand next to the noun(a good children's doctor).

A common property of relative adjectives is their derivativeness: they are all formed from other words. Relative adjectives denote constant characteristics and do not have qualitative characteristics, are not combined with adverbs, and do not have a subjective assessment.

However, the boundaries between qualitative and relative adjectives are fluid: relative ones easily acquire a qualitative meaning(iron detail - iron will, golden domes - golden hands).Therefore, the ways of interpreting adjectives change. Quality ones are easy to interpret
using synonyms and comparisons. By acquiring a qualitative meaning, relative adjectives can receive the grammatical features of qualitative adjectives. For example,cardiac muscle (relative) - cardiac relationships (qualitative) - heartily, more heartily, heartily, cordiality of feelings.Sometimes when passing relatives with suffixes-sk-, -esk-, -ov-, -ev-Not all properties of qualitative appear in qualitative ones. For example, the adjective business no short form.(Business circles are relative, business mood is qualitative.)

Qualitative adjectives in terms lose their properties, for example:voiceless consonants, flat, round and tapeworms, white birch.

Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and answers the question “whose?”(dad's car, father's house).

Possessive adjectives have special morphological and word-formation features:
1) possessive declension;

2) possessive suffixes:-ov- (Achilles' heel), -ev- (testev's dacha), -in- (mother's perfume, Matryonin's yard), -yn- (Tsaritsyn's palace), -nin- (brother's gift), -iy- (wolf tail, widow's dress, shepherd's horns), -ovii- (filial duty), -ichii- (landowner's garden), -achii- (girl talk), -echii- (boys' toys).

Possessive adjectives are often colloquial in nature, in neutral
style, belonging is better expressed using genitive forms without prepositions(the teacher’s bag is the teacher’s bag, the cook’s son is the cook’s son).

In the history of the literary language, possessive adjectives played an important role: Russian surnames and the names of many settlements came from possessive adjectives.
Previously, these adjectives could be formed from both animate and inanimate adjectives. In modern Russian, adjectives formed from inanimate nouns are author’s neologisms or occasionalisms, for examplecar carriage
(V. Mayakovsky. “Give me a car”).

There is a modest birch tree,
The rain pan tailors:
Already cut from the buds
Berezkin sundress.(N. Somoniy.)

Without stylistic coloring possessive adjectives live in phraseological units, geographical names and terms, this speaks of their former widespread prevalence.

Possessive adjectives can go both into the category of qualitative and into the category of relative:bear den(possessive) - bear coat (relative) - bearish character, bearish gait(quality). Possessive and relative adjectives are easily mixed in meaning. Relative adjectives, formed from the same stem as possessives, can be used with a possessive meaning. For example,father's house - father's house.

Most qualitative adjectives have two forms: full and short(strong - strong, strong - strong, strong - strong, strong - strong).

The full form of adjectives changes according to cases, numbers and genders.

Short adjectives differ from full ones in grammatical and stylistic features.

In the history of the Russian language, the grammatical relations of full and short adjectives are different from the relations in modern Russian. The short forms are considered more ancient, while the full ones were formed from the first ones by adding case forms to them demonstrative pronouns. Initially, both forms, short and full, were declined and changed according to gender and number. The only difference was that short feminine adjectives were declined like nouns
1st declension, this is evidenced by some phraseological units, which contain old case forms of short adjectives, for example:on bare feet, from young to old, in broad daylight, throughout the world.Full adjectives were declined as demonstrative pronouns that, that, that or all, all, all.

Both forms of adjectives were used as modifiers, that is, they agreed with nouns in gender, number and case. But only short forms could act as a nominal form of the predicate; full forms in this function began to be found around the 15th century.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are inflected by number and gender, but not declined by case:fast - fast (units h.m.r.) - fast (units h.r.r.) - quickly (units h.m.r.) - fast (plural).

Full adjectives in a sentence perform the function of definitions and the nominal part of the predicate:There was a pine table in front of the fireplace. The bag was my mother's.Short adjectives act only as a predicate:That young man was so obliging that he put his hands in his pockets. We are very glad to meet you(According to Charles Dickens). The use of short adjectives as definitions is stylization of folk speech, reflected in phraseological units(throughout the world) and in geographical names likeNovgorod, Stargorod, Belgorod.

When forming short forms of masculine adjectives, a fluent vowel appears in their stems o or e, if the basis full form has two consonants at the end:narrow - narrow, reasonable - reasonable.Exception: adjective worthy has a short masculine form hon.

From some adjectives with a suffix-enn- short forms of the masculine gender are formed in-en-
and -enen-, however in modern language forms on-enen- are actively replaced by forms on-en-: essential - with public preferablesignificant; painful - painfulpreferablepainful, related - relatedpreferable related. Only in some cases is the correct form on-enen-: sincere - sincere, unchanging - unchangeable, frank - frank.

Some short adjectives do not have a masculine form(pregnant) less often - feminine, even less often - plural forms.

There is a significant group of qualitative adjectives that do not form a short form:

• adjectives big, senior, junior;

• names of colors and colors of horses(brown, blue, coffee, cream, burgundy, lilac, pistachio, chocolate; gray, piebald, brown, black, dun, etc.);
• adjective with suffixes-sk-, -ichesk-, -ensk-, -ov-, -n- (brotherly, cosmic, beggarly, ordinary, efficient, ancient, etc.);
• verbal formations(runaway, future, moldy, mature, etc.);
• quality grade forms(thin, healthy, etc.);
• some common adjectives(mischievous, elder, cursed).

In full adjectives, the stress is fixed and falls on the stem or ending. Less commonly used and literary words often have a stressed base, while common, stylistically neutral and colloquial words often have an ending. Many common adjectives in the short form retain the stress of the full form. A small number of adjectives in full and short form have movable stress:stupid - stupid - stupid - stupid - stupid, right - right - right - right - right.

Some qualitative adjectives do not have a full form(glad, love, much)or the full and short forms differ in shades of meaning or in the entire meaning:imperious (strong, striving to fix himself) - powerful (free in something), necessary (valuable) - needed (necessary), ready - ready, willing - agree, prominent - visible, right - right, capable - capable, due - must).

If the long and short forms do not have differences in meaning, then they may have stylistic differences: the long form is stylistically neutral, the short form has a connotation of bookishness:A complex, rich, peace-loving, talented Slavic soul. - Complex, rich, peace-loving, talented Slavic soul(A. Tolstoy).

Short forms of adjectives can differ in a high degree of categoricalness: He's stupid. - He's stupid.

Short adjectives can denote a large measure of a characteristic, while full adjectives can denote a generally existing characteristic: short trousers (to a specific person) - short trousers (style). Also, short ones can express a temporary sign, and full ones - a permanent one: Child healthy or sick?(at present) - The child is sick (child with poor health).

Morphological analysis of IP

General meaning of an adjective.

1. Initial form (named p.m.r. unit; if the word has only short forms, then the form of unit h.m.r. is indicated as the initial form, for example, glad, much).
2. Morphological characteristics: a) constant:

• category by meaning (qualitative, relative, possessive);
• full or short form (for qualitative, if there are no short or long forms; for example, adjective glad does not have a complete form, but tired - short; if degrees of comparison are formed by the suffixal method of word formation “above”, “highest” or if such forms are included in “above all”, then the completeness or brevity of the forms is not determined);

b) non-permanent:

• degree of comparison (for qualitative ones),
• full or short form (for quality),
• number,
• gender (units),
• case (for the full form).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence.

Sample

I boldly look into the distance, full of hope, -

Life was illuminated with quiet happiness(Mirra Lokhvitskaya. Spring.)

Quiet - adjective; denotes a sign.