All rules for the German language for 6. German grammar for beginners

When learning any foreign language, special attention should be paid to grammar. And when it comes to the German language - even more so. German grammar is considered one of the most difficult to learn (compared to other European languages). Therefore, for better assimilation, it is recommended to use tables and diagrams.

German grammar in tables remembered much easier and faster. Especially if these tables are compiled with your own hands, based on the topic studied in language courses (or independently). Examples of such tables are provided in this article.

Parts of speech in German

German grammar begins with identifying parts of speech, which are divided into independent and auxiliary. In the table it looks like this:

Please note that the names of all independent parts of speech in German are neuter!

Offer. Word order

Unlike the Russian language, German sentences have a clearly defined word order (with the obligatory presence of a subject and predicate), and changing words in places can lead to loss or distortion of meaning.

Thus, in the German language there are narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences. Let's look at a table of simple narrative, incentive and interrogative sentences.

Note:
The following notations are used in the table:
______ - subject
______ - predicate
_ _ _ _ - all minor members of the sentence
W - question word

Grammar in German quite complicated. But creating tables and using visual examples will make the process of mastering the material not so difficult and time-consuming

Word order in German sentences

It is better to start learning German grammar with the order of words in a sentence, since each word must be in its place in different cases:

Regular offer:

Usually the subject and predicate are not separated, they just change places.
1. In a declarative sentence, which consists of subject in first place and predicate in second There is a direct word order:
Ich gehe nach Kiew am ersten September. – I’m going to Kyiv on the first of September.

2. If you start a sentence not with a subject and a verb, but with any other word, then the reverse word order will be observed in the sentence: first the verb, then the subject.

Am ersten September gehe ich nach Kiew. – On September 1st I’m going to Kyiv.

Ins Kino gehe ich heute. - I’m going to the cinema today (same thing).

Heute gehe ich ins Kino. - Today I'm going to the cinema

If there is a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence, to the main one, in this case in the main sentence there will also be a reverse word order (the subject comes after the predicate), since there is something in front, no matter what, a whole sentence or a separate word.

About er heute nach Hause kommt, weib ich nicht. - I don’t know whether he will come home today.

3. If the predicate consists of two verbs, then variable part predicate takes second position, A unchangeable part (the verb does not change) located at the end of the sentence.
Ich will heute ins Kino gehen. - I want to go to the cinema today. Get used to mentally placing the second verb at the end of the sentence, this is a feature of the mentality of the German people.

4. Special word order in a sentence consisting of two parts: a main clause and a subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses are sentences that are accompanied by various conjunctions, such as: dass - what; ob – whether; weil – because; denn – since, because; deshalb – therefore; wenn – when (in present and future tenses and in the past in repeated actions); als – when (one-time action); während – while; nachdem – after, etc.

The main sentence is constructed as usual, and in the subordinate clause there will be the following word order: 1. subordinate word, 2. subject, 3. all other words, 4. predicate. Those. Again, get used to mentally putting the verb in the last place in the subordinate clause.

Ich weiß, dass er heute spat nach Hause kommt. - I know that he will come home late today.

Ich weiß, (1) dass(2) er heute spät nach Hause (4) kommt. - I know (1) that (2) he will come home late today (4) .

Ich weiß nicht, ob er heute kommt- I don’t know if he will come today.

I ch lerne Deutsch, weil Ich nach Deutschland fähre- I am learning German because I am in Germany I'm going .

Er sagt, dass er krank ist- He says he is sick There is(literally - he says that he is sick)

About er heute nach Hause kommt, weib ich nicht. - I don’t know whether he will come home today. ( literally - whether he will come home today, I don’t know)

5. If there are two verbs in the subordinate clause

In this case, both verbs go to the end of the sentence, but the first verb (the one being modified) is placed in the very last place, i.e. before the point.

Ich lerne Deutsch, weil Ich nach Deutschland fahren möchte - I am learning German because I would like to go to Germany . (usually we say: because I would like to go to Germany)

6. Within a sentence, circumstances are arranged in the following order: temporary, causal, modal and place circumstances.

If there are two objects expressed by a noun, then the first place will be the object in the dative case. If one of the complements is a pronoun, then it will always come first. If two pronouns occur, the pronoun in the accusative case will come first.

Articles in German

The article is used before a noun and is needed to convey the case of the noun. In the Russian language, this function is performed by the endings: girl e, girl Ouch etc. In German, an article is placed before the noun for this function and only in some cases the ending is changed.

The article (like a noun) in German is masculine, feminine and neuter. It can also be definite and indefinite.

Indefinite article , as if indicates the general meaning of a noun, without singling it out from the rest, for example, when we name an object for the first time, when we do not single out an object as one of many. When an object is mentioned for the second time in a conversation, the definite article is used, because everyone already knows what object is being talked about, since it was mentioned earlier.
Definite article used before nouns when we specify the noun, i.e. highlight it. This happens when we are talking about a specific noun , about which the speakers know, or about the only one noun in its own way (die Sonne - the sun).

No article observed when we talk about a profession, activity or occupation.

Ich bin Manager - I am a manager.

Table of articles in German

Case	Masculine		Neuter gender		Feminine		Plural
	def.	neop.	def.	neop.	def.	neop.	def.	neop.
Nominative What? Who?	der	ein	das	ein	die	eine	die	-
Genitiv Whose?	des	eines	des	eines	der	einer	der	-
Dativ To whom? Where? When?	dem	einem	dem	einem	der	einer	den	-
Akkusativ What? whom? Where?	den	einen	das	ein	die	eine	die	-

This is a dog. - Das ist ein Hund.
I see a dog - Ich sehe einen Hund.
He goes for a walk with the dog. - Er geht mit dem Hund spazieren.

Important! Without an article, nouns are used that denote professions, religious and national affiliations (Er ist Student. - He is a student. Sie ist Russin. - she is Russian. Ich bin Katholik. - I am a Catholic). Also, nouns that cannot be counted are used without articles (Ich habe Zeit. - I have time, Wir haben Lust - we have a desire (we have a desire))

Combination of prepositions and articles

Clue:

After the following prepositions, use the Dativ case:

aus - from
auf - on
von - from
bei - at
seit-c
zu - to
in - in
mit - with
nach - on

bei dem Freund- at a friend's

du bist in der Bibliothek- you're in the library.

After the following prepositions, use the Akkusativ case:

f ü r - for, for
durch - through
ohne - without

f ür das Kind - for a child

Pronouns used with cases

Nominative	male (feminine)	Genitiv	Dativ	Akkusativ
i-ich	my -mein(e)	my -meiner	to me -mir	me - mich
you -du	yours - dein(e)	your-deiner	you -dir	you - dich
he -er	its -sein(e)	its -seiner	him-ihm	him - ihn
it -es	his - sein(e)	its -seiner	him -ihm	his - es
she -sie	her - ihr(e)	her -ihrer	her -ihr	her - sie
we-wir	ours - unser(e)	our -unser	us -uns	us - uns
you-ihr	yours - euer(e)	your -euer	you -euch	you - euch
they -sie	them - ihr(e)	their -ihrer	im -ihnen	them - sie
You (polite form) - Sie	Yours - Ihr(e)	Yours - Ihrer	To you - Ihnen	You - Sie
	Das ist mein Freund is my friend. Das ist mein e Freundin is my friend.

mit mir - with me, zu uns - to us, vonnn ihm - from him

f ür mich - for me

Note:

Sometimes the feminine gender of nouns is formed from the masculine gender by changing the endings to in.

Der Freund - friend, die Freund in- girlfriend.

Interrogative sentences

1. You can ask a question in direct word order if you add words such as: Stimmt das? Nicht (wahr)? Oder?
Sie suchen eine Wohnung. Stimmt das? Nicht (wahr)? Oder?- You are looking for an apartment. This is true? Is not it? Or how)?

2. We put the verb first. Studierst du Deutsch? – Are you studying German?

If the predicate is represented by two verbs, then only the first verb is placed in first place, the second verb is placed in the very last place.

Kann ich noch einen Kaffee haben? - Can I have another (cup) of coffee? (Literally: can I have another cup of coffee?).
3. If a sentence contains a changeable and an unchangeable part of a verb, then the changeable part is put in first place, and the unchangeable part will be at the end of the sentence.
Wollt Ihr heute abend ins Konzert gehen ? – Do you want to go to the concert tonight?

Negative sentences

Like English, German does not have double negatives. Therefore, build your sentence so that it contains only one negative word.

1. Nein -no, just a negative word that is often used alone.

You are a translator? –

No. Bist du ein Dolmetscher? -Nein.

2. Nicht - corresponds to the Russian word "NE".Basically all sentences are negated by this word.

This word can either negate the entire sentence and is placed at the end of the sentence, or some part of it.

I I'm not going today at the cinema - Ich gehe heute ins Kino nothing.
I'm not going to the cinema today - Ich gehe heute nicht ins Kino.
I'm coming not to Italy- Ich fahre nothing nach Italien.

3. Negative pronouns and adverbs can be used for negation: nichts(nothing, nothing) niemand(nobody), nie/niemals(never):
No one came - Niemand ist gekommen.
I don't know anyone here - Ich kenne hier niemand.
There's nothing there - Dort gibt es nichts.

4. Kein - negative article for nouns.

The noun is negated as follows:

A noun with a definite article is negated with nicht.

- A noun with an indefinite article is negated with kein.

- A noun without an article is negated with kein-.

What it looks like: simply adding a letter to the indefinite articleK.

Case	M.R.	Wed. R.	Zh.r.	Mn. h
Nominative	k ein	k ein	k eine	k eine
Genitiv	k eines	k eines	k einer	k einer
Dativ	k einem	k einem	k einer	k einen
Akkusativ	k einen	k ein	k eine	k eine

Compare:

Marie saw only one traveler - Mary hat nur einen Reisenden gesehen.

Mary didn't see any traveler - Mary hat k einen Reisenden gesehen.

Nouns in German

They also change the endings when declension by case. To choose the correct ending, follow this rule:

1. Look up the gender of the noun in the dictionary

2. What question does the noun answer (we determine the case)

3. Select the type of noun declension:

Feminine declension - almost all nouns are feminine;

Strong declination - all words of the neuter gender, almost all masculine (except for the weak declension), feminine nouns with an ending - er, - e or zero

Weak declination - living beings of male gender, profession and nationality, namely:

nouns ending in -e:
der Junge (boy), der Russe (Russian), der Löwe (lion), der Hase (hare);
nouns der Mensch (man), der Held (hero), der Bauer* (peasant), der Graf (count), der Nachbar* (neighbor), der Herr (lord), der Hirt (shepherd), der Ochs (ox) , der Bär (bear), der Narr (fool);
foreign words with suffixes -ist, -ent, -ant, -at, -soph, -nom, -graph, -log(e):
der Komponist, der Assistent, der Praktikant, der Kandidat, der Diplomat, der Philosopher,
der Soldat, der Agronom, der Photograph, der Philolog(e).

Mixed declension these are the following words: the words das Herz (heart), der Glaube (faith), der Buchstabe (letter), der Gedanke (thought), der Name (name), der Friede (world), der Same (seed), der Schaden ( damage), der Funke (radio), der Wille (will).

Choosing the ending of a noun

Feminine declension

Strong declination

Weak declination

Mixed declension

m.r.

Wed R

zh.r

pl. h

m.r.

Wed R

zh.r

pl. h

m.r.

sr.r

zh.r

pl. h

Mr.

sr.r

zh.r

mn h

Nominative What? Who?

e(n)

Genitiv Whose?

e(s)

e(n)

e(s)

e(n)

Dativ To whom? Where? When?

e(n)

Akkusativ What? whom? Where?

e(n)

Adjectives

So, we have already learned that articles come in different kinds and different cases when they agree with nouns. The same applies to adjectives, they also need to be coordinated by gender and cases, as in Russian: beautiful and I, handsome Ouch, handsome wow, handsome s etc. Only plus three types of declination are added: strong declination, weak declination, mixed declination. This is where the variety of endings comes from.

In fact, it is easy to choose the ending of an adjective if you strictly follow the following rule:

1. Determine the number of the noun: singular or plural.

2. Determine the type of adjective: strong, weak or mixed.

We answer the question: What comes before the adjective?
no article and no demonstrative words	definite article or demonstrative pronoun ( dieser- this, jener- That, solcher - such, derselbe- same, derjenige- That, jeder- everyone, anyone, everyone, welcher- which, which)	indefinite article or possessive pronoun or negative article kein.
Conclusion:
strong	weak	mixed

3. What question does the noun answer (to determine case).

4. What kind of noun (look in the dictionary).

We select the ending from the table above.

Watch this video, it will help you learn how to choose the correct ending for an adjective:

Verbs in German

Almost all (there are exceptions) verbs in German have the ending -en(lieben - to love ) .

Verbs in German, as in Russian, change their endingsV depending on time, person and number: I speak Yu, I'll say at, I told al, we talk them, we'll say eat, we said And etc. This is called verb conjugation.But there are much fewer changes in the German language than in Russian.

Almost all verbs change according to the general rule ( there are exceptions).

Should you remember exceptions? - No.

The first thing you need to remember is how the verb changes when it forms any tense or grammatical construction.

Further, in the section " popular German verbs"Take any verb, look at its conjugation in the tense you need and make up your own sentences. Also on the site babla.ru you can find any form of the verb. Over time, you won't need to look at verb conjugations, you'll automatically and intuitively you will select endings for verbs.

Three verb forms in German

Infinitive

(regular form of the verb ending in en)

Partizip I

present participle

Formed by adding the ending to the verb d.

Lieben - lieben d.

(there are exceptions)

Partizip II

past participle

Formed using the prefix ge and the ending t.

We take the verb lieben - to love, remove the endings en, add the prefix ge and the ending t and we get:

lieb en - ge liebt.

( there are exceptions. More often Irregular verbs have an ending en: bekommen - bekommen)

(regular verb)

lieben d

ge lieb t

bekommen (irregular verb)

bekommen d

bekomm en

In addition to the fact that these forms are involved in the formation of various grammatical structures,form Partizip I is the present participle form(answers the question which, which, which, etc. and gerunds in German (answers the question: how, what by doing), and the form Partizip II is a past participle.

Participles agree with nouns, just like adjectives, with the same endings, since participles answer the same questions as adjectives.

Present participle:

Ich sitze naben dem sprechenden Mann - I'm sitting next to a talking man
Der sprechende Mann ißt Fisch - Talking man eats fish
ein tanzendes Mädchen – dancing girl.

Participle:
Er sprach arbeitend (lachend)- He spoke while working (laughing)
Wir aßen sprechend- We ate while talking

Partizip II - a participle that characterizes already past events, which answers the questions: which, which, etc.

Die ge machte Aufgabe war schwer – The task done was difficult (the task has already been done)
Der ge schriebene Brief liegt auf dem Tisch - A written letter lies on the table (the letter has already been written).

How to construct different types of sentences in German?

In German, various types of sentences are constructed either by changing the ending of the verb, or by using the Partizip II form and the three auxiliary verbs sein (to be) and haben (to have), werden (to become). All you need to remember is what combination of verbs should be used in the sentence you want to say. And do not forget that if the predicate is expressed by two verbs, then the second verb is placed at the very end of the sentence. Next we will tell you how to construct different types of sentences.

Times in German

Like any language, German has present, past and future tenses. In the past tense we can use three tenses.

Time

What does it mean

How is it formed

Examples

Future

Future I

1.Reflects events in the future tense, more used in the meaning of “intend, intend to do something” in the future.

Note: If you know exactly when an event will happen and indicate this in a sentence, then in this case the present tense is used instead of the future.

Verb werden(in present time) + infinitive

	werde	Infinitive
	wirst
	wild
	werden
	werdet
	werden

Ich werde in Paris wohnen. – I will live in Paris. (can be replaced: I'm going to live in Paris)

Tagsuber wild es regnen. – It will rain during the day (it will rain during the day)

Present tense

Präsens

1. Reflects any action in the present tense

2. Replaces the future tense if the sentence contains an exact indication of when the event will occur: tomorrow, in a week, etc.

en and adding the ending:

	e
	st
	t
	en
	t
	en

lieb en- be in love
ich lieb e- I love
du lieb st- you like
er/sie/es lieb t- he, she, it loves
wir lieb en- we love
ihr lieb t- you love
sie/Sie lieb en- they love/You love

Was trinken Sie? - What are you drinking
Was mast ihr? - What are you doing?
Ich whoa hier in Köln. – I live in Cologne
Wir reisen nach Ägypten im Sommer . We will go to Egypt in the summer. ( the present tense is put because there is a defining word - in the summer, i.e. it is known exactly when and it is confidently decided)

Ich lerne morgen Deutsch - I will learn German tomorrow

Past tense

Präteritum

Imperfect

1. Reflects actions in the past tense in books, newspapers, magazines, etc.

We remove the ending from the verb en and add endings:

	te
	test
	te
	ten
	tet
	ten

lieb en- be in love

ich lieb te- I loved
du lieb test- did you love
er/sie/es lieb te- he, she, it loved
wir lieb ten- we loved
ihr lieb tet- you loved
sie/Sie lieb ten - they/you loved

Er lachte den ganzen Abend - He laughed all evening

Past tense

Präteritum

Imperfect

1. Reflects actions in the past tense

colloquial speech

Auxiliary haben or sein in the form of Präsens+ Partizip II

with the verb haben

sein	haben
bin	habe	Partizip II
bist	hast
ist	hat
sind	haben
seid	habt
sind	haben

With the verb haben

lieben - to love (Partizip II = geliebt)

ich habe geliebt- I loved
du hast geliebt- did you love
er/sie/es hat geliebt he, she, it loved
wir haben geliebt- we loved
ihr habt geliebt- you loved
sie/Sie haben geliebt - they/you loved

With the verb sein

fahren - to go (Partizip II = gefahren)

ich bin gefahren- I came
du bist gefahren- you arrived
er/sie/es ist gefahren-he, she, it has arrived
wir sind gefahren- we arrived
ihr seid g efahren- You arrived
sie/Sie sind gefahren-they/you have arrived

Ich habe diesels Buch gelesen. - I read this book.
Er ist early Berlin gefahren- he came to Berlin.
Das kleine Kind hat es nicht gedurft.“This was not allowed for a small child.”
Ich habe die Zeitung gestern auch gelesen- I read the newspaper yesterday too

Past tense

Plusquam- perfect

1. Used when we emphasize that a given action occurred before another action in the past

Auxiliary verb haben or sein in the form Präteritum: + Partizip II

sein	haben
war	hatte	Partizip II
warst	hattest
er/sie/es	hatte
waren	hatten
wart	hattet
waren	hatten

Ich war so müde und hatte Hunger. Ich hatte seit dem vorigen Morgen nichts Gegessen- I was very tired and hungry. I haven't eaten anything since yesterday morning.

Nachdem ich Gegessen hatte, schaute ich noch ein wenig fern. – After I ate, I watched TV a little more.

Which verb is used with haben and which with sein?
The following are conjugated with the auxiliary verb sein in German:
1. most of the verbs denoting movement, change of state - fahren (to ride), aufstehen (to get up), entstehen (to arise), laufen (to run), fliegen (to fly), erwachen (to wake up), etc.
2. With the verbs sein, werden, (meet), geschehen (happen, happen), bleiben (stay), gelingen (succeed), misslingen (fail)

The verb haben is conjugated with the rest.

Now let's see how verbs that do not follow general rules can change

There are different types of verbs, strong, weak, with prefixes, without prefixes, exceptions.

For strong verbs, the letter in the word changes only for verbs with pronouns du, er, sie, es

Present tense - Präsens

Regular verb (weak verb)				Strong verb
And	denken		think	helfen		to help
Ich	denk	e	I think	helf	e	I'm helping
Du	denk	st	You think	hi lf	st	you help
Er, sie, es	denk	t	he, she, it thinks	hi lf	t	he, she, it helps
Wir	denk	en	we are thinking	helf	en	we help
Ihr	denk	t	you think	helf	t	help
sie, sie	denk	en	they think, you (polite form) - think	helf	en	they help, you (polite form) help

There are verbs with separable and inseparable prefixes ami. Stressed prefixes are separated, unstressed prefixes are not separated.

To detachable prefixes include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.

To the inseparable prefixes include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer.

Conjugation of verbs with separable and inseparable prefixes:

with detachable attachments					with permanent attachments
	an fangen		Console	start off	bekommen		receive
Ich	fang	e	an	I start	bekomm	e	I get
Du	fäng	st	an	You start	bekomm	st	You are getting
Er, sie, es	fäng	t	an	he, she, it starts	bekomm	t	he, she, it gets
Wir	fang	en	an	we begin	bekomm	en	we get
Ihr	fang	t	an	you start	bekomm	t	You are getting
sie, sie	fang	en	an	they begin, you (polite form) - begin	bekomm	en	they receive, you (polite form) - receive

The separable prefix is always placed at the very end of the sentence, before the exact one.

Der Bus fährt um 9:00 Uhr ab- The bus leaves at 9:00.

Irregular verbs have forms that differ from the general rules when conjugated. And as you can see, there are different versions of verbs that have their own variations when conjugated. Therefore, there is no point in memorizing them, especially since you can find the conjugation form of any verb in any tense In chapter "German Verb Conjugation". Make the simplest sentences with these verbs, such as: I say, I think, I said, I will say, etc. and you will very quickly remember all the endings and forms of irregular verbs.

What to do next? You already know how to build affirmative, interrogative and negative German offers. Next, make up the simplest complete sentences:

Ich heiße Gustav Lenz. – My name is Gustav Len.
Wie heißt du? - What is your name. ( do not forget to put the verb first in the question)
Ich wohne hier in Köln. – I live in Cologne.
Wir können Deutsch gut lernen - We can learn German well . Literally - we can teach German well. Please note that only the first verb is conjugated. The second verb is placed at the end of the sentence. Don't forget this.

Add question words

Wer? - Who?
Was? - What?
Wo? - Where?
Wie? - How?
Woher? - where?
Whoa? -Where?
Warum? - Why?
Wieviel? -How many?
Welche? (-es, -er) – which (-oe, -oh)?

Any additional words you can find in the sections: most popular german words , German adjectives And German adverbs , linking words, introductory words . The sooner you memorize popular German words, the easier it will be for you to speak.

Modal verbs in German

Modal verbs are in a category of their own because they add flavor (or even meaning) to a sentence that you need to know. Their conjugation differs from the general rule, but pay attention to the colored lines, these conjugations coincide. Modal verbs are constantly used in speech, so you can easily remember them.

Conjugation of modal verbs in the present tense

	wollen	mögen	möchten
	want + follows verb (to do something)	want + noun (someone something) Meaning: like or dislike	I would like to , after this verb a noun is also often used
ich	will	mag	möchte
du	willst	magst	möchtest
er/sie/es	will	mag	möchte
wir	wollen	mögen	möchten
ihr	wollt	mögt	möchtet
Sie/sie	wollen	mögen	möchten

	können		durfen	mussen	sollen
	be able to be able to .	In the past tense in the meaning “could” - expresses probability	allow, prohibit, and in meaning "must be"	to be obliged (if necessary, according to circumstances)	to be due, should (moral duty, by law, by order)
ich	kann	konnte	darf	muss	soll
du	kannst	konntest	darfst	must	sollst
er/sie/es	kann	konnte	darf	muss	soll
wir	können	konnten	durfen	mussen	sollen
ihr	könnt	konntet	durft	müsst	sollt
Sie/sie	können	konnten	durfen	mussen	sollen

Do not forget that if an action is expressed by two verbs, then the second verb, which is in its usual form (infinitive), is moved to the very end of the sentence.

Es will ins Kino gehen - She wants to go to the cinema.

Wir wollen nicht mit ihnen spielen. - We don't want to play with them.

Ich mag den Rock nicht - I don't like this skirt.
Ich mag kein Fleisch - I don't like meat.
Ich mag das nicht. - I do not like it.
Möchtest du etwas trinken? - Would you like something to drink?

Ich möchte ein Eis, bitte! - I would like (want) ice cream, please!

Wir können Deutsch lernen- We can learn German.

Kanst du Deutsch sprechen? - You can speak German?
Kann ich die Tür aufmachen? - Can I open the door?

Sie kann sehr gut schwimmen- She can swim well.

Ich könnte dir helfen- I could help you.
Hier darf man nothing rauchen- You can't smoke here.
Jetzt darfst du dein Eis essen- Now you can eat your ice cream (you are allowed)

Er durfte jetzt im Unterricht sein- He must be in class.
Jeder soll seine Eltern ehren- Everyone should respect their parents (or everyone should respect their parents).

Du sollst nothing arbeiten - you shouldn't work (you shouldn't work).
Sie Mussen Gehen- you must (obliged) leave.

Ich bin krank, ich muss nach House gehen- I'm sick, I need to go home.

Pronoun man + modal verb will be translated into an impersonal form of the sentence:

man kann - you can

man kann nicht - impossible, impossible

man darf - possible, allowed

man darf nicht - impossible, not allowed

man muss - necessary, necessary

man muss nicht - not necessary, not necessary

man soll - should, must

man soll nicht - should not

Hier darf man parken - you can park here

Hier darf man nicht rauchen - you can't smoke here

Now take any verb in its usual form (infinitive) from the list "The most popular German verbs" and make up your own little sentences. This way you will quickly learn all German verbs and quickly start speaking German without much effort.

Two important verbs in German

sein (to be) and haben (to have)

These two verbs are important for two reasons:

1. The verbs sein (to be) and haben (to have) are involved in the formation of tenses. If you know how these verbs are conjugated in all tenses, then you will easily form sentences in any tense and any grammatical constructions in general.

2. The German mentality is expressed through the verbs sein (to be) and haben (to have), since they are linking verbs in German sentences. In Russian we say: “I am 25 years old”, in German we need to say “I There is 25 years old", "I'm home" - "I There is at home", "cold" - "it is cold", . Just insert these linking verbs where they fit in the sentences.

Verb conjugations sein (to be) and haben (to have)

The definite and indefinite article in German usually accompanies a noun in sentences. The article in German is the main indicator of gender, number and case of a noun.

Dative case in German. Dative. Dativ

The dative case in German answers the questions to whom? what? Where? When? Unlike the Russian language, in which the ending of a word changes when declension occurs, in German the article changes.

Accusative case in German. Accusative. Akkusativ

The accusative case in German answers the questions of whom? What? Where? Unlike the Russian language, in which the ending of a word changes when declension occurs, in German the article changes.

German adjectives. Adjective

The inflected adjective in German agrees in number, case and gender with the noun it modifies. Such adjectives stand between the article (or the word replacing it) and the noun it modifies.

Past tense in German. Perfect. Perfect

The perfect of any verb (strong or weak) is formed using the auxiliary verb haben or sein and the Partizip II form of the main verb. When conjugated, only the auxiliary verb changes, and Partizip II of the main verb remains unchanged.

Present tense in German. Present. Präsens

Present verbs express actions that occur in the present tense, at the moment of speech, constantly, usually. Present tense forms are formed by adding personal endings to the stem Infinitive.

Modal verbs in German. Modal verbs

Modal verbs in German do not express action, but indicate the speaker’s attitude to the reality of the statement. Modal verbs can express possibility, necessity, assumption, assumption, command, wish. Modal verbs in German require a main verb after them, which is in the infinitive without the particle zu at the end of the sentence.

Subjunctive in German. Konjunktiv II

The conjunctive (subjunctive mood) in German expresses a possible, conjectural, desirable or described action. In Russian it is formed using the past tense verb and the particle would.

Reflexive verbs in German

Reflexive verbs in Russian end with the postfix -ся(сь). In German, reflexive verbs are used with the reflexive pronoun sich.

Office of German verbs

The control of German verbs refers to such a relationship when the verb requires a certain case of an object after itself. In the German language, there are no fixed rules explaining which case governs which verbs. It is especially difficult to distinguish between verbs that require an object in the accusative or dative cases.

Future tense in German. Future

The future tense in German is formed using the auxiliary verb werden in the present tense and the main verb in the infinitive. The auxiliary verb werden in German is placed second in the sentence, and the main verb is placed at the end of the sentence.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

The comparative form in German is formed by adding the suffix -er to the short form of the adjective and shows that this attribute is inherent in some object or phenomenon to a greater extent than in another.

Personal pronouns in German

Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns. A personal German pronoun must be translated into a Russian pronoun depending on the gender of the Russian noun being replaced, since the gender of nouns in German and Russian languages does not always coincide.

Possessive pronouns in German

Possessive pronouns come before nouns and agree with them in case, gender, and number. When using possessive pronouns, two questions must be kept in mind: Who owns the object or person? What ending does the possessive pronoun receive?

Others believe that death is better than the German language. It’s difficult for me to resolve this issue right away, without preparation. What matters here is what kind of death we are talking about. If we talk about slow and painful... Let's say, about two hundred years ago in Canada, the Indians caught a missionary, tore off his skin, brought hot ash, then boiling water, and little by little the missionary...

In general, I think that he would find the German language a pleasant change.

Mark Twain

So, despite all the intimidation and stories about the incomprehensible complexity of the German language, you decided to master this truly difficult language. However, German is not as scary as it is painted to be. I beg to differ with Mark Twain, who called him “unsystematic.” In my opinion, German is a logical, structured and systematic language that “loves” order. Learning German is like solving math problems or putting together a jigsaw puzzle.

Knowledge of grammar plays an important role in this (still) difficult task. Therefore, in this article we will list the most important grammar topics that need to be mastered for beginners learning German.

1. Verb conjugation in Präsens (present tense)

Before you start studying this topic, you will have to learn personal pronouns.

In German, unlike English, the pronoun I written with a small letter.

Please note that du used to address one person as "you". To address, for example, a question to a group of people (friends or acquaintances), you need to use the pronoun ihr. Sie used as a polite address to one person or several people.

Let's return to verb conjugation in Präsens. The first step is to remember the conjugation of the three main verbs (Grundverben):

sein(be), haben(to have) and werden(become).

These verbs can be both semantic and auxiliary, i.e. can participate in the formation of various grammatical forms. For example, when forming the past tense Perfekt, the auxiliary verbs haben and sein are used, when forming the future tenses Futur I and Futur II, the auxiliary verb werden is used, which is also used to form the passive voice (Passiv). Since these verbs are such a hot commodity, it's important that their forms jump off your teeth!

Further information on the topic "Verb conjugation" you.

Important! In German, Präsens is often used to express the future tense (Futur I).

For example: Wann kommst du? - When will you come? Ich mache es morgen. - I'll do it tomorrow.

2. Word order in a sentence (Satzstellung)

In a German sentence each the word has its place. Of course, it is important to remember about direct and reverse word order and not to forget to juggle predicate and subject. However, we should also not forget that a negative particle nothing, infinitive phrase (with particle zu or without it), reflexive pronoun sich- everyone knows their place!

Circumstances of time, cause, manner of action and place are also arranged in a German sentence in accordance with a certain order, obeying the rule te- ka- mo- lo(temporal, kausal, modal, lokal).

For example: Ich lerne am Wochenende wegen meiner Prüfung sehr intensiv in der Bibliothek .

If in a sentence both objects are expressed by nouns, then first comes the addition to Dativ, then in Akkusativ: Ich gebe meinem Bruder ein Geschenk.

If one of the complements is expressed pronoun, it is placed before the object expressed by the noun: Ich gebe ihm ein Geschenk.

Or: Ich gebe es meinem Bruder.

But if in a sentence both objects are expressed by pronouns, then the order changes: first Akkusativ, then Dativ. For example, Ichgebeesihm.

In a subordinate clause, the predicate, as a rule, comes last, and if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, then the word order in the main clause is reversed: Ichlerne Deutsch, wennichLusthabe . Aber wenn ich keine Lustmehr habe, lerne ich trotzdem Deutsch.

Head is spinning? It's out of joy! :)

Attention! The above are just some of the rules for constructing a German sentence.

3. Article (Artikel)

Oh, these articles... Definite and indefinite, masculine (der), neuter (das) and feminine (die) articles, as well as plural articles (die)! Not to mention those cases when the article is not required at all. Willy-nilly, you’ll remember that missionary that Mark Twain talked about...

Note: the gender of nouns in Russian and German does NOT match, so make it a rule to learn German nouns ONLY together with the article (der, das, die). In the plural, all nouns have the article die.

Remember: noun derUnterricht(lesson, activity) does not have a plural form in German!

Fortunately, the German language has many suffix clues that indicate the gender of a noun. For example, all nouns ending in -ung, -keit or -heit are feminine, nouns ending in -chen or -lein are neuter, and nouns ending in -ling are masculine. Here are some others:

German, as you know, has many compound words. So, you need to remember that the gender of a compound noun is determined by according to the latest it contains: der Abend (evening) + dasEssen(food) = das Abend essen(dinner).

When composing sentences, it is not enough to simply remember what gender a particular noun has; you must put the appropriate article in the correct case!

For example: Wo ist der Mann (Nom) mit der Brille? Ich muss dem Mann (Dat) etwas sagen! Hast du den Mann (Akk) gesehen? -Where is the man with glasses? I need to tell this man something! Have you seen this man?

Declension table for definite and indefinite articles:

4. Declension of nouns (Deklination der Substantive)

In German there is a distinction three types noun declensions: feminine, strong And weak. Thus, when constructing a German sentence, it is necessary not only to use the article in the desired case, but also, if necessary, to add an ending to the noun.

TO female Declension includes all feminine nouns. When declined according to cases, they do not receive any ending. For example:

Nom die Endung

Gen der Endung

Dat der Endung

Akk die Endung

Many masculine nouns and all neuter nouns (except das Herz) refer to strong declination and get the ending -(e)s in Genetiv.

Please note that neuter nouns ending in -nis double the final -s, for example, das Zeugnis - des Zeugnis s es.

Nouns ending in -us, -as and -ismus Not get the ending -s in Genetiv: der Kasus- des Kasus.

TO weak Declension includes four groups of masculine nouns that receive the ending -en in all cases except Nominativ.

Students of German often have a question: which is correct - Herren or Herrn? So, the first (die Herren) is the plural form of der Herr (for example, Sehr geehrte Damen und Herr en), and the second is one of three case forms, which one is determined by the article.

Nom der Herr

Gen des Herrn

Dat dem Herrn

Akk den Herrn

In addition to these three types of declensions, there are two groups of nouns in German that “play by their own rules.” The first group is unofficially called entwederoder(or...or), it includes four nouns (der Nachbar, der Bauer, der Oberst, der Untertan), which can be inflected either according to the strong or weak type of declension of nouns.

Nom der Nachbar

Gen des Nachbars / des Nachbarn

Dat dem Nachbar / dem Nachbarn

Akk den Nachbar / den Nachbarn

The second group is called sowohl als auch(as... after all) and includes the following nouns, which are inflected in both strong and weak declension types: der Name, der Same, der Gedanke, der Glaube, der Wille, der Haufe, der Fels, der Funke , der Friede, der Buchstabe, der Drache and das Herz.

Nom der Name das Herz

Gen des Name ns des Herz ens

Dat dem Name n dem Herz en

Akk den Name n das Herz

When declension of nouns in the plural, it is important to remember that in Dativ the ending -n is added to the noun (you can also remember - DativPlural ! ), unless it already ends in -n.

Nom die Männer die Frauen

Gen der Männer der Frauen

Dat den Männer n den Frauen

Akk die Männer die Frauen

5. Declension of adjectives (Deklination der Adjektive)

In German there are three types Declension of adjectives: weak, strong And mixed.

As practice shows, it is advisable to learn the declension of singular and plural adjectives separately from each other, with a break of several days. This, however, is a matter of taste.

On our website you will find.

6. Basic forms of the verb (FG). Formation of the tense Präteritum (past tense)

Every verb in German has three main forms:

Infinitiv (infinitive), Präteritum (past tense) and Partizip II (second participle).

Depending on the method of formation of the main forms, as a rule, three groups of verbs are distinguished: weak, strong and irregular.

Weak verbs form the past tense (Präteritum) by adding the suffix - te- to the stem of the verb: mach en- machte. The basic forms of strong and irregular verbs are not formed according to the rules, so they must be learned by heart (see the table of strong and irregular verbs).

In the Präteritum form, separable prefixes “leave” the verb: auf machen-mach te auf .

Having learned to conjugate verbs in the Präsens tense, you will easily master the verb conjugation paradigm in Präteritum:

Please note that in Präteritum tense the forms of the 1st and 3rd persons are singular. match up. The fact that the forms of the 1st and 3rd persons are plural. coincide, we learned already when studying Präsens time.

Once you have mastered this topic, you will be able to enjoy reading German books in the original.

7. Formation of perfect tense (past perfect tense)

This tense is the most common in colloquial speech, so you should definitely try to master it at the initial stage of learning.

Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb haben or sein and Partizip II (3rd form) of the semantic verb. Auxiliary verbs are conjugated in Präsens (present tense), for example: Wannbist duaufgestanden? - When did you get up?

There are usually no problems with the second “ingredient”: weak verbs are formed by the PartizipII form by adding a prefix ge- and suffix - t, for example, machen - machte - ge mach t. Partizip II forms of strong and irregular verbs are given in the table of strong and irregular verbs, which, as we have already agreed, needs to be learned.

What happens if the verb already has a prefix?

The inseparable prefix tightly clings to the verb and does not let anyone near it: be suchen- be suchte- be sucht.

The detachable attachment willingly gives way to the attachment ge- : zu machen-machte zu - zu ge mast.

Verbs ending in -ieren do not receive the Partizip II prefix ge-: ignorieren - ignorierte - ignorier t.

Now all that remains is to learn how to choose the correct auxiliary verb - haben or sein! It will help you with this

8. Imperative mood

To express advice, request, demand, order, instruction or warning in German, the Imperativ is used. In general, an irreplaceable thing! Deal with the formation of the imperative mood for you.

In German there are other ways to get someone to do something. For example, using the infinitive: Aufstehen! - Get up! This is a very sharp form and is used quite rarely. Or using the passive voice: JetztwildGeschlafen! - It's time to sleep!JetztwildGegessen! - Come on, eat! Often used when addressing children.

9. Passive voice in German (Passiv)

The passive voice is formed using the auxiliary verb werden and Partizip II (3rd form) of the semantic verb. For example:

Ich baue ein Haus. - I'm building a house. -> Das Haus wird gebaut. - The house is being built.

To say this sentence, for example, in the tense Präteritum or Perfekt, you must choose the appropriate tense form of the auxiliary verb werden. The shape of Partizip II remains unchanged.

Das Haus wurde gebaut. (Präteritum)

Please note that the 3rd form of the verb werden loses the prefix ge- in Perfekt:

Das Haus ist gebaut ge worden. (Perfect)

10. Modal verbs (Modalverben)

Modal verbs are widely used in both spoken and written German. The main modal verbs are können, dürfen, müssen, sollen, wollen, mögen, while möchte(n), while not a modal verb in its own right, is a conjunctive form derived from mögen.

To form a negation, instead of the verb müssen, it is preferable to use the construction nicht brauchen zu + infinitive:

Du musst es machen. -> Du brauchst es nicht zu machen.

In German, in addition to the modal verbs themselves, there are so-called modalverb ä hnliche Verben (verbs that in a certain meaning perform the function of modals), for example, lassen - command, instruct, allow, verstehen (zu + infinitive) - be able to, wissen (zu + infinitive) - be able to, and many others. For example: Ich weiß das zu schätzen, was du für mich machst. - I know I appreciate (= I know how to appreciate) what you do for me.

Having mastered the topics listed above, you will be able to lay the necessary foundations for successful and “painless” language acquisition.

Don't forget that every grammar topic needs to be reinforced, so spend enough time doing the exercises. You shouldn’t take on several new grammar topics at once, especially if they have little to do with each other. It’s better to “dilute” the grammar material by learning new vocabulary.

And finally, the most important thing: don’t forget to pause and take a break from cramming! Then, perhaps, “torture” in German will not seem so terrible.

As a tip: To begin with, understand only what is on this kilometer-long page. Take your time to click on links with the title " More details".

Yes, it can be aesthetically unreadable. But you will immediately see the volume that you need to swallow so as not to choke and get poisoned by the German language.

And only then, after you have learned this page and understood it, put it into practice, heard the constructions in a conversation, read it in a book, you can go back and work on the links. But only on a topic that is truly unclear.

For example, denken - think. The ending -en is gone and replaced with:

Schlafen
Ich	schlaf + e
Du	schläfst
Er, sie, es	schläft
Wir	schlaf + en
Ihr	schlaf + t
sie, sie	schlaf + en

Fahren
Ich	fahr + e
Du	fährst
Er, sie, es	fährt
Wir	far + en
Ihr	fahr + t
sie, sie	far + en

Verbs with separable prefixes

Separables include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.

Conjugation of verbs with separable prefix

fern sehen – watch TV

Fernsehen
Ich	seh + e fern
Du	siehst fern
Er, sie, es	sieht fern
Wir	seh + en fern
Ihr	seh + tfern
sie, sie	seh + en fern

an fangen: – to begin

Anfangen
Ich	fan + e an
Du	fängst an
Er, sie, es	fängt an
Wir	fang + en an
Ihr	fang + t an
sie, sie	fang + en an

Verbs with inseparable prefixes

The inseparable ones include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer-.

Conjugation of verbs with an inseparable prefix

be kommen – to receive

Bekommen
Ich	bekomm+e
Du	bekomm + st
Er, sie, es	bekomm+t
Wir	bekomm + en
Ihr	bekomm+t
sie, sie	bekomm + en

ver suchen – try, try

VERSUCHEN
Ich	versuch + e
Du	versuch + st
Er, sie, es	versuch + t
Wir	versuch + en
Ihr	versuch + t
sie, sie	versuch + en

Separable (accented) and inseparable (unstressed) prefixes

durch-, über-, um-, unter-, wieder-, wider-

Modal verbs: I want, I can, I can...

	durfen	sollen	mussen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
	allowed do something have right	must (soft)	must (order)	be able to be able to	like	want	would like
ich	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
du	darfst	sollst	must	kannst	magst	willst	möchtest
er/sie/es	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
wir	durfen	sollen	mussen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
Ihr	durft	sollt	müsst	könnt	mögt	wollt	möchtet
Sie/sie	durfen	sollen	mussen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten

The modal verb comes in second place (in modified form), and the semantic verb comes at the very end before the period.

Ich muss heute Deutsch lernen. – I have to study German today.
Ich will heute mit dir nicht sprechen. – I don't want to talk to you today.

Verb to be – sein

Ordinals

1- der, die, das erste!
2 – der, die, das zweite!
3 – der, die, das dritte!
19 – der, die, das neunzehnte
20 – der, die, das zwanzigste
22 – der, die, das zweiundzwanzigste

Possessive pronouns - mine, yours, hers, ours

Question: wessen – whose, whose, whose?

Cases

Kasus
Nominative	Wer? Was? (who what)
Genitiv	Wessen? (whose, whose, whose)
Dativ	Wem? (to whom)
Akkusativ	Wen? Was? (who, what)

I - me - me, you - you - you and so on...

Nominative	ich	du	er	sie	es	wir	ihr	sie	Sie
	I	You	He	she	it	We	You	They	You
Dativ	mir	dir	ihm	ihr	ihm	uns	euch	ihnen	Ihnen
	to me	you	to him	to her	to him	us	to you	them	To you
Akkusativ	mich	dich	ihn	sie	es	uns	euch	sie	Sie
	me	you	his	her	This	us	you	their	You

Man – 3 l. units

man sagt - they say
man denkt - think
man trinkt - drink

Declension of nouns

	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominative	die Mutter - Mother	der Vater - dad	das Kind - child	die Kinder - children
Genitiv	der Mutter - (book) mothers	des Vaters - (book) dad	des Kindes – (toy) of a child	der Kinder – (toys) for children
Dativ	der Mutter - to mom	dem Vater - to dad	dem Kind - to kid	den Kindern – children
Akkusativ	die Mutter - mom	den Vater - dad	das Kind – child	die Kinder – children

Past tense. Auxiliary verb haben

Most verbs in German form the past tense with an auxiliary verb haben .

Weak verbs:

machen = ge + mach + t. Ich habe gemacht.
malen = ge + mal + t

Strong verbs:

finden = ge + fund + en. Ich habe gefunden.

Verbs starting with -ieren:

without the prefix ge-: konzentrieren = konzentriert

Without the prefix ge-:

verbs that begin with prefixes: be-, ver-, zer-, ge-, über-, ent-.

Past tense. Auxiliary verb sein

These verbs form the past tense with an auxiliary verb sein.

Verbs of movement in space

gehen, kommen, fahren, steigen(to grow), sinken (to descend), gelangen (to fall)

Ich bin gekommen. Du best gefahren.

Verbs of transition from one state to another

aufwachen (wake up), einschlafen (fall asleep), wachsen (grow), platzen (burst, burst), sterben (to die).

Das Kind ist aufgewacht. Wir sind eingeschlafen.

Exception verbs

sein, bleiben, werden, geschehen, passieren, gelingen.

Was it passiert? Ich bin zu Hause geblieben.

Past tense for strong verbs

From the table. What you need to know.

Infinitive	Präteritum	Partizip II
Root vowel inside: A
nehmen – to take	na hm	genommen
lesen – read	la s	gelesen
geben – to give	ga b	gegeben
kommen – to come	ka m	gekommen
bekommen – to receive	beka m	bekommen
treffen – to meet	tra f	getroffen
helfen – to help	ha lf	geholfen
trinken – to drink	tra nk	getrunken
stehen – stand	sta nd	gestanden
verstehen - to understand	versta nd	verstanden
sitzen – to sit	sa ß	gesessen
essen – eat, eat	a ß	Gegessen
finden - to find	fa nd	gefunden
sprechen - to talk	sprach	gesprochen
sehen - to see	sa h	gesehen
singen – to sing	sa ng	Gesungen
beginnen – to begin	bega n	begonnen
vergessen - forget	verga ß	vergessen
Root vowel inside: U
fahren – to go	fu hr	gefahren
tragen – to carry	true g	getragen
werden – to become	wu rde	geworden
waschen – to wash	wu sch	gewaschen
schaffen - to create	schu f	Geschaffen
laden – to load	lu d	geladen
einladen – to invite	lu d ein	eingeladen
Root vowel inside: IE
schreiben - to write	schrie b	geschrieben
laufen - to run	lie f	gelaufen
bleiben – to stay	blie b	geblieben
entscheiden – to decide	entschie d	entschieden
gehen – to go	gi ng	gegangen
heißen - to call	hie ß	geheißen
beißen – to bite	bi ß	gebissen
rufen - to call	rief	gerufen
gefallen – to like	gefie l	gefallen
Root vowel inside: O
fliegen – to fly	flo g	geflogen
ziehen – to pull	zo g	gezogen
Auxiliary verbs you need to know:
haben – to have	hatte	gehabt
sein - to be	war	gewesen
werden – to become	wurde	geworden

Case questions

Kasus	Fragen	Präpositionen
Dativ	wo? wie lange? wann?	mit, nach, aus, zu, von, bei
Akkusativ	who?	um, gegen, für, ohne

Subordinate clauses. What's after the decimal point.

There are two suggestions:

Ich weiss.
Er ist nach Deutschland gefahren.

To link them into one, you need:

just separate them with a comma
after the comma put a conjunction (because, what, when, if, while)
in the second sentence, the verb is simply taken and moved to the end of the sentence and placed before the period. Take it and move it, put it in front of the point. ALL!

Ich weiss, dass er nach Deutschland gefahren ist.

Conjunctions in a complex sentence

dass - what
wenn - when (repeated action)
als – when (one-time)
während – while
nachdem - after
weil - because
denn – since, because
deshalb – therefore
ob – whether

Imperative mood

Forms (highlighted goes):

Du-form: Du gehst – you are coming / Go! - Geh!
Ihr-form: Ihr geht – You are coming / Go! - Geht!
Sie-form: Gehen Sie, bitte.

Reflexive verbs

A little bit. Verb + sich: rejoice – sich freuen. The particle sich always appears in 3rd place in a sentence:

Imperative mood for reflexives.

Du-form: Freu dich!

Sein is in the imperative mood.

Du-form: Sei!
Ihr-form: Seid!
Sie-form: Seien Sie!

Conjugation of the verb werden - to become

Werden
Ich	werde
Du	wirst
Er, sie, es	wild
wir	werden
ihr	werdet
Sie, sie	werden

Passive = werden + Partizip II.

Die Bauarbeiter bauen das Haus – Builders are building a house.
Das Haus wird von den Bauarbeitern gebaut. – The house is being built by builders.

von – someone, something (Dativ)
durch – because of (Akkusativ)

Das Kind wird durch laute Musik aufgeweckt. – The child wakes up due to loud music.
Wir kaufen das Brot. – We buy bread.
Das Brot wird von uns gekauft. – The bread is bought by us.
Man trinkt viel Wein. - They drink a lot of wine.
Viel Wein wird getrunken. – A lot of wine is drunk.(In the passive, man is omitted.)

It is unlikely that you will immediately speak in the passive, but you need to recognize it in the texts:

Modal verbs in the passive (this terrible construction is used in written German):

A man who... A woman who... Children who... Relativsätze

	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominative	die – which	der – which	das – which	die – which
Genitiv	deren – which, whose	dessen - whose, whose		deren – which, whose
Dativ	der – which	dem - to whom		denen - which
Akkusativ	die – which	den – which	das – which	die – which

Infinitive construction

..., in order to... = um..... zu + Infinitiv.

Er lernt Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu leben. – He is learning German in order to live in Germany.
Ich ziehe mich gut an, um gut auszu sehen. – I dress well to look good.

Comparison of adjectives.

Vasya is cool. And Petya is cooler. And Kolyan is the coolest.

Everything is according to the rule:

	-er	am... sten	der, die, das...ste
faul - lazy	fowler – lazier	am faulsten - laziest of all	der, die, das faulste - the laziest
langsam - slowly	langsamer – slower	am langsamsten – slowest of all	der, die, das langsamste - the slowest
lieb - cute	lieber – nicer	am liebsten - everyone's favorite	der, die, das liebste - most lovely
Schnell - fast	schneller - faster	am schnellsten - fastest	der, die, das schnellste - the fastest

Root vowel change:

alt	älter	am ä ltesten
arm	ärmer	am ä rmsten
groß	grö ßer	am grö ßten
jung	jünger	am jüngsten

gern	lieber	am liebsten
gut	besser	am besten
viel/sehr	mehr	am meisten

Afterword

That's all the knowledge that I learned in 2 weeks and introduced into my speech. I went to Germany with the same knowledge, I still use this knowledge and know how to say “Our Father.”

Some will think it’s a lot, but others will say: “Where is the genitive? Where is the declension of adjectives? And where is the antecedent? And where are the ARTICLES??? And where is the conjunctive?” etc.

32 topics + words = your success in German.

This is the base. There's nowhere without her. And even articles with adjectives will be useless if you don’t know these topics.

In Germany, I actively used only these designs. Everything else was learned and polished in practice, and not everything was introduced into conversation.

This is my experience. This is how I learned German. And that's how I learned it.

I wish the same for you.

PY.SY: No need to tell me that this is a barbaric approach to the sacred grammar of the German language.

We don't want to become another "smart" site and talk about how difficult German grammar is.

You will remember Russian. Your own. Do you use all themes and designs? And do you actively apply everything from school in everyday life?