The impact of mining on nature. The consequences of mining
1Surveyed and analyzed more than 200 fields for the extraction of industrial production in the Belgorod region. The development of opencast deposits is carried out mainly by an open pit method, cost-effective and promising. A significant drawback of the development of deposits is the negative impact on the environment, expressed in the effect on atmospheric air as a result of dust and gas generation, on surface and underground waters, on land resources in the form of soil degradation, removal of disturbed lands from circulation after completion of mining, etc. This study made it possible to assess the degree of impact of field development in the production of industrial production on the environment. It is proved that the estimated SPZ, according to SNiPa, is sufficient for all fields. With proper operation and timely reclamation, the impact of quarries does not significantly affect the adjacent territory outside the SPZ.
Key words: common mineral resources (OPI)
field
sanitary protection zone (SPZ)
maximum permissible concentration (MPC)
1. Kornilov A.G. [and others] The influence of flotation technologies on the state of land resources // Subsoil use - XXI century. - 2012. - No. 4.
2. Nazarenko N.V. Patterns of spatial distribution of opencast mining pits in the Belgorod region and their impact on the environment // Problems of nature management and the ecological situation in European Russia and neighboring countries: materials of the IV Intern. scientific conf. October 11-14, 2010 - M.; Belgorod: Constant, 2010.
3. Nazarenko N.V. Features of the development of exogenous geomorphological processes in the development of deposits of common minerals in the Belgorod region / Nazarenko N.V., Furmanova T.N. // Anthropogenic geomorphology: science and practice: materials of the XXXII Plenum of the Geomorphological Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Belgorod, September 25-29, 2012). - M.; Belgorod: Publishing House Belgorod, 2012.
4. Nazarenko N.V. Problems of reclamation of disturbed lands in the quarries of common minerals in the Belgorod region and ways to solve them / N.V. Nazarenko [et al.] // Problems of Regional Ecology. - 2011. - No. 2.
5. Noise protection: SNiP 23-03-2003. - M.: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.
6. On atmospheric air protection: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of May 4, 1999 No. 96-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2005).
7. On environmental protection: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2005).
Common mineral resources (OPI) are the most important component of the resource potential of the Belgorod region. OPI is a raw material base for road construction, production of building materials, etc. At present, the development process and prospects for the use of OPI are characterized by the absence of modern forecasting and prospecting studies, including geological and economic assessments of the identified objects of common mineral resources, as well as socially and economically sound programs for the development and use of OPI deposits. In connection with the ever-increasing demands of the building complex for raw materials in the old-developed regions, uncontrolled depletion of minerals takes place, the irrational extraction of which leads to a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on living conditions and public health in areas of intensive mining of OPI.
In the Belgorod region, over 300 opencast mines are currently being developed. Predicted reserves of chalk, clay and sand are practically unlimited and distributed evenly throughout the region. More than 50% of the quarries were initially located on the slopes of gullies and ravines, and then, deepening and expanding, they began to occupy arable land. About 25% of the quarries are located in floodplains and about 20% in ravines and gullies. Due to the insignificant depth of these minerals, their extraction is mainly carried out by a cost-effective open-pit method, but underground mining is also encountered, in particular, underground vegetable storages are constructed during the chalk mining.
A significant drawback of the development of OPI deposits is the negative impact on the environment, expressed in the impact on atmospheric air, on surface and underground waters, on land resources, etc.
In connection with belonging to different geographical landscape zones, differentiation by physical and mechanical properties and conditions of occurrence of common minerals, there are certain features of the impact of open mining on the environment and the health of people employed in production.
Currently, one of the main tasks is to identify the dependencies of the extraction of mineral raw materials on the engineering-geological, hydrological and environmental features of various landscape areas, geoecological assessment of the depth and extent of environmental impact, development of effective proposals to reduce the negative impact and rational use of natural resources, and also suggestions to minimize these environmental impacts.
The main environmental impacts in quarrying are:
The withdrawal of natural resources (land, water);
Air pollution by gaseous and suspended solids;
Noise impact;
Change in the topography of the territory, hydrogeological conditions of the construction site and the adjacent territory;
Pollution of land allotment by generated waste and wastewater;
Change in social conditions of the population.
The principles for assessing the negative impact on the state of the ecosystem are to select the maximum load of the technological process on each of the environmental components, taking into account energy consumption under normal and unfavorable weather conditions, comparing with the established standards for the maximum permissible concentration of effects on human health, wildlife and vegetation, as well as recreational areas. When analyzing these impacts, optimal schemes, models and methods for reducing negative anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems are developed.
Open pit mining of mineral deposits has a negative effect on atmospheric air as a result of dust and gas generation. The main sources of impact are excavation and overburden operations, dumping works, internal and external dumps, re-excavation of rock bulk, road, crushing of raw materials. Dust, depending on the extracted raw materials, is inorganic dust with a silica content of less than 20% for the extraction of loam, 20-70% for the extraction of clay and sand, over 70% for the extraction of flask. The concentration of dust during excavation and loading operations depends on the strength and natural moisture of the rock, the volume of the rock being unloaded at the same time, the discharge height, and the angle of rotation of the excavator. The overestimation of the discharge height often leads to the collapse of the upper part of the ledge and an increase in dust content by 1.5-5 times.
When transporting raw materials on internal quarry roads, dust is emitted from the surface of the material loaded into the dump truck body and the interaction of automobile wheels with the road surface. The intensity and volume of dust formation depend on the speed of movement, the carrying capacity of the vehicles, and also on the type of road surface.
Common to all methods of dumping is the formation of large loose surfaces (planar sources), which under adverse conditions lead to intense dust formation, depending on the type of material, particle size distribution, meteorological conditions.
During the operation of automobile transport and special equipment, air pollution in the zone of influence of the quarry and in the quarry itself occurs when the engines of road-building equipment and vehicles emit nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, gasoline, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide and soot.
To simulate the hypothetical situation of the average opencast mining quarry, we selected a conditionally maximum quarry, with the largest development area for all types of extracted raw materials (chalk, sand, clay). The maximum load of serving vehicles with an 8-hour working day, without days off, was also taken into account.
Assessment of the degree of polluting effect on atmospheric air is carried out according to the most intense stage of work in the quarry, characterized by the largest emissions of pollutants. The methodology for assessing the impact is to compare the maximum surface concentrations when dispersing pollutants at the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone of the quarry, the nearest residential area, water bodies, specially protected natural areas and forest belts with established MPC standards for exposure to human health, wildlife and vegetation, recreational areas.
These results indicate that during the development of a quarry of any type of extracted raw materials, the level of negative impact is within the acceptable standards, and specialized vehicles are the main air pollutant. During the operation of vehicles, the main pollutant is nitrogen dioxide, but its concentration at the SPZ border does not exceed 1 MPC, and inorganic dust (clay, sand, chalk) at the SPZ border is below 0.1 MPC (Table 1).
Table 1 - the Dynamics of dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere during the extraction of OPI
|
Pollutants released in atmosphere when developing a career |
On clay pits (MAC shares) |
On chalk quarries (MAC shares) |
On the sand pits (MAC shares) |
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|
0301 - Nitrogen Dioxide |
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|
0328 - Carbon |
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|
0330 - Sulfur dioxide |
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|
0337-Carbon Monoxide |
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|
0703 - Benz [a] pyrene |
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|
2704 - Gasoline |
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|
2908 - Inorganic Dust: 70-20% Silicon Dioxide |
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|
2908 - Inorganic dust, below 20% silica |
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An analysis of the data showed that in all quarries, the main source of air pollution is motor vehicles serving the quarry; dust during extraction, loading and transportation does not cause significant pollution. According to SNiP, the sanitary protection zone of the quarries is for chalk - 500 m, sand - 300 m, clay - 300 m. An approximate SPZ for all quarries with similar parameters and below is sufficient.
The main sources of external noise are the engines of road construction equipment. Evaluation of the noise level penetrating from the production zone to the residential territory consists in comparing the calculated noise level at the calculated point (nearest residential area) for simultaneously operating equipment with an acceptable noise level for objects located in this territory (residential buildings). Noise normalization is carried out for daytime and nighttime.
Noise characteristics are taken according to the passport data of special equipment and vehicles used in the quarry. Acceptable sound levels for residential areas are 40 dBA in the daytime and 30 dBA in the night.
The decrease in sound level with a noise shield varies from 38.66 to 47.21 dBA, depending on the distance from the sound source from the living area.
The calculated sound level at a distance of 225 m from the noise source without a screen will be 34.8 dBA, which corresponds to the permissible sound level during the day and night in the territory adjacent to the residential area. When working at a depth of 2-3 m in a quarry, the sound level will not reach the living area (-3.86 dBA). If you move the living area at 1400 m from the noise source, the sound level without screen (work on the surface) will be 13.9 dBA.
The calculation method established that the noise of vehicles and special equipment operating according to the technological scheme (no more than two pieces of equipment on the site at the same time) both in the daytime and at night, does not adversely affect the adjacent buildings. Blasting operations at all opencast mining operations in the Belgorod Region are not used. In this regard, these calculations are not advisable.
The impact on the territory is assessed by the size of the area taken for the facility, the category of land taken, the change in the condition of the disturbed soil cover, the formation of new landforms (pits and dumps).
The impact on the geological environment is determined by the depth of development and possible complications (flooding by groundwater, development of exogenous processes). The mechanism of the negative impact of small quarries on the natural environment is similar to the effect of overburden mining operations, differing only in scale. The area occupied by each quarry and dump does not exceed 5-15 hectares and depending on the location it sometimes has a specific impact on the environment. Mining operations lead to the activation of some relief-forming processes. To assess the natural prerequisites for the development of disturbed lands, we carried out a morphometric analysis of the relief of the studied areas with the compilation of the map “Disturbed lands in the zone of influence of opencast mining operations” (Figure 1), performed on a scale of 1: 200000. Field observations were carried out directly in the field.
Fig. 1. Disturbed lands in the zone of influence of opencast mining operations.
Mass development of common minerals by a large number of small quarries, although it does not lead to the appearance of a technogenic relief of large area distribution, however, with their long-term exploitation and absence
remediation work on spontaneously developed excavations provokes weathering, landslide, landslide-talus, subsidence phenomena, erosion erosion, deflation, accumulation of anthropogenic layer of rocks, flooding. In addition, in a number of cases, during mining operations violations of the surface of gentle slopes are allowed by the passages of the plow of bulldozers along and across the slopes with the formation of long furrows, narrow trenches or erratic "snacks". Subsequently, they become sources of increased processes of ravine formation, which can stretch for several kilometers.
The load on the land use territory and the surface and underground water system during mining operations is expressed in the possible contamination of soil and aeration zone with production and consumption wastes and waste water. To assess the impact, the volumes of generated wastewater and production and consumption waste and a rational scheme of water consumption and water disposal and solid waste management are determined.
The impact on the animal kingdom in the territories under consideration is expressed in the exclusion of the land allotment area as a habitat, in the factor of anxiety associated with the presence of people, the operation of machinery and the movement of vehicles. For the duration of the work, quarry sites will be naturally excluded from the path of seasonal mammalian migration. The planned activity causes a change in biotopes and their movement to the adjacent territory with identical characteristics, which does not affect the state of populations of animal species widespread in the area due to small quarry areas.
The impact on vegetation in the production of quarrying is expressed in the seizure of land, violation of the soil cover and natural grass stand. At the end of the work, restoration of disturbed lands to the level of pasture farmland or recreational facilities is envisaged, which will lead to the restoration of the natural habitat of vegetation and animals.
In addition to these problems, there are other, no less acute, problems associated with the use of spent quarries as places for storage of household waste and their use as unauthorized landfills.
This study was supported by the federal target program “Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia” for 2009-2013, as part of event 1.3.1 “Conducting research by young scientists - candidates of science” under state contract No. P1363.
Reviewers:
Kornilov A.G., Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Geography and Geoecology GGF NRU BelSU, Belgorod.
Sergeev S.V., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Applied Geology and Mining, GGF, NRU BelSU, Belgorod.
Bibliographic reference
Nazarenko N.V., Petin A.N., Furmanova T.N. INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF DEPOSITS FOR PRODUCTION OF COMMONLY USEFUL FOSSILS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL NATURAL ENVIRONMENT // Modern problems of science and education. - 2012. - No. 6 .;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d7401 (accessed: 03/27/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the Academy of Natural Sciences publishing house
The nature of the relief, the level of pound water occurrence are taken into account when designing a system for mining mineral resources. They also affect the environmental consequences of mining: the placement of dumps, the spread of dust and gases, the formation of depression funnels, karst, the behavior of subsurface waters and much more. The methods and extent of ore extraction vary over time.
Industrial mining, starting from the XVIII century, was carried out using vertical mine workings: deep pits (up to 10 m), mines. If necessary, several horizontal workings were passed from the vertical mine, the depth of which was determined by the level of groundwater. If they began to fill the mine, pit, production ceased due to lack of drainage equipment. Traces of old mine workings can be observed today in the vicinity of Plast, Kusa, Miass and many other cities and towns of the mining zone of the region. Some of them remain unclosed, not blocked until now, which poses a certain danger. Thus, the vertical amplitude of environmental changes associated with the extraction of mineral raw materials, until the XX century, barely exceeded 100 m.
With the advent of powerful pumps that drain from workings, excavators, heavy vehicles, the development of mineral resources is increasingly carried out in an open-pit mining method.
In the Southern Urals, where most deposits occur at depths of up to 300 m, quarrying predominates. In quarries, up to 80% (by volume) of all minerals is mined. The deepest mining in the region is the Korkinsky coal mine. Its depth at the end of 2002 was 600 m. Major quarries are in Bakal (brown iron ore), Satka (magnesite), Mezozernoy (copper ore), Upper Ufaley (nickel), Magnitogorsk and Maliy Kuybas (iron).
Quite often quarries are located in the city, on the outskirts of villages, which seriously affects their ecology. Many small quarries (several hundred) are located in the countryside. Almost every large rural enterprise has its own quarry with an area of \u200b\u200b1-10 ha, where crushed stone, sand, clay, and limestone are extracted for local needs. Usually, mining is carried out without observing any environmental standards.
Underground mine workings — mines (mine fields) are also widespread in the region. In most of them, mining is no longer underway, they are worked out. Some of the mines are flooded with water, some are laid down by the waste rock lowered into them. The area of \u200b\u200bspent mine fields in the Chelyabinsk brown coal basin alone is hundreds of square kilometers.
The depth of modern mines (Kopeisk, Plast, Mezhevy Log) reaches 700-800 m. Some Karabash mines have a depth of 1.4 km. Thus, the vertical amplitude of environmental changes in our time, taking into account the height of dumps, heaps in the territory of the Southern Urals, reaches 1,100-1,600 m.
Alluvial gold deposits in river sands have been developed in recent decades with the help of drags - large washing machines capable of taking loose rock from depths up to 50 m. Hydraulic mining is carried out on small placers. The rocks containing gold are washed away by powerful jets of water. The result of such production is a “man-made desert” with a washed away soil layer and a complete absence of vegetation. You will find such landscapes in the Miass Valley, south of Plast. The scale of extraction of mineral raw materials is increasing annually.
This is due not only to an increase in the consumption of certain minerals and rocks, but also to a decrease in the content of useful components in them. If earlier in the Urals, in the Chelyabinsk region, polymetallic ores with a content of useful elements of 4-12% were mined, now poor ores are being developed where the content of valuable elements barely reaches 1%. In order to get a ton of copper, zinc, iron from ore, it is necessary to extract much more rock from the bowels than in the past. In the middle of the 18th century, the total extraction of minerals per year in the region amounted to 5-10 thousand tons. At the end of the 20th century, mining enterprises of the region process 75–80 million tons of rock mass annually.
Any method of mining significantly affects the natural environment. The upper part of the lithosphere is particularly affected. With any mining method, significant excavation of rocks and their movement takes place. The primary relief is replaced by man-made. In mountainous areas, this leads to a redistribution of surface air flows. The integrity of a certain volume of rocks is violated, their fracture increases, large cavities, voids appear. A large mass of rocks moves to dumps, the height of which reaches 100 m or more. Often dumps are located on fertile lands. The creation of dumps is due to the fact that the volume of ore minerals in relation to the rocks enclosing them is small. For iron and aluminum, this is 15-30%, for polymetals - about 1-3%, for rare metals - less than 1%.
Pumping water from quarries and mines creates extensive depression funnels, zones of declining aquifers. During quarrying, the diameters of these funnels reach 10-15 km, the area - 200-300 square meters. km
The passage of mine shafts also leads to the connection and redistribution of water between previously separated aquifers, breakthroughs of powerful streams of water into tunnels, mine faces, which greatly complicates production.
The depletion of pound water in the area of \u200b\u200bmine workings and the drainage of surface horizons strongly affect the condition of soils, vegetation, the magnitude of the surface runoff, and determine the general change in the landscape.
The creation of large quarries and mine fields is accompanied by the activation of various engineering-geological and physical-chemical processes:
- there are deformations of the sides of the quarry, landslides, mudflows;
- there is a subsidence of the earth's surface over the spent mine fields. In rock formations it can reach tens of millimeters, in weak sedimentary rocks - tens of centimeters and even meters;
- in the areas adjacent to the mine workings, soil erosion and gully formation are intensified;
- in the openings and dumps, the weathering processes are activated many times, intensive oxidation of ore minerals and their leaching are in progress, many times faster than in nature, the migration of chemical elements;
- in a radius of several hundred meters, and sometimes kilometers, soil is contaminated with heavy metals during transportation, wind and water spacing, soils are also contaminated with oil products, construction and industrial waste. Ultimately, wasteland is created around large mine workings on which vegetation does not survive. For example, the development of magnesites in Satka led to the death of pine forests within a radius of 40 km. Dust containing magnesium got into the soil and changed the alkaline-acid balance. Soils have turned from acidic to slightly alkaline. In addition, quarry dust cemented the needles, leaves of plants, as it were, which caused their impoverishment, an increase in dead cover spaces. In the end, the forests died.
In the process of mining and processing of minerals, a person affects a large geological cycle. Firstly, a person transfers mineral deposits into other forms of chemical compounds. Secondly, a person distributes on the earth's surface, extracts former geological accumulations from the bowels of the earth. Currently, about 20 tons of raw materials are extracted annually for each inhabitant of the earth. Of these, 20% goes into the final product, and the rest is turned into waste. Up to 50-60% of useful components are lost.
Mineral Impactslithosphere :
1 - the creation of quarries, dumps;
1 - air pollution occurs with methane, sulfur, carbon oxides as a result of gas and oil fires;
2 - dustiness of the atmosphere increases as a result of burning dumps during explosions in open pits, which affects the amount of solar radiation, temperature, precipitation;
3 - depletion of aquifers, deterioration in the quality of groundwater and surface water.
For the rational use of reserves of irreplaceable mineral raw materials necessary:
1 - to extract them from the bowels as completely as possible (watering of oil-bearing strata significantly increases oil recovery; water is pumped in. It increases interstratal pressure, as a result of which lighter oil rushes into production wells),
The protection of insectivorous birds and red forest ants is the simultaneous protection of the forest from pests.
Often in nature relations of the opposite nature take shape, when the protection of one object causes harm to another. For example, the protection of moose in places leads to its overpopulation, and this causes significant damage to the forest due to damage to the undergrowth. Significant damage to the vegetation of some national parks in Africa is caused by elephants that abundantly inhabit these territories. Therefore, the protection of each natural object should be correlated with the protection of other natural components. Therefore, nature conservation should be comprehensive.
The protection and use of nature are at first glance two oppositely directed human actions. However, there is no contradiction between these actions. These are two sides of the same phenomenon - the relationship of man to nature. Therefore, the question that is sometimes asked - to protect nature or use it - does not make sense. Nature needs to be used and protected. Without this, the progress of human society is impossible. Nature must be protected in the process of its rational use. A reasonable ratio of its use and protection is important, which is determined by the quantity and distribution of resources, economic conditions of the country, region, social traditions and culture of the population.
The degree of negative impact of mining on the environment depends on many reasons, among which are: technological, due to a set of techniques and methods of influence; economic, depending on the economic opportunities of the region as a whole and enterprises in particular; ecological related to the characteristics of ecosystems experiencing this impact. All these reasons are closely related to each other, and the excessive influence of one of them can be compensated by the other. For example, in the mining region, which has substantial deductions to the budget, it is possible to compensate for the intensity of the impact on the environment by investing additional funds both in the modernization of production and the implementation of measures to improve the state of the environment.
From the point of view of the influence of natural resources extraction on the landscape, it is necessary to single out deposits of solid, liquid and gaseous natural resources, since the consequences of developing each of the identified categories of deposits are different. For example, the main consequence of developing an open-cast solid mineral deposit is disturbance of the terrain due to the formation of dumps and various kinds of excavations on the surface of the earth, and the underground method is the formation of heaps of heaps. other minerals, an embankment from waste or slag from various industries and the burning of solid fuels., which occupy tens of thousands of hectares of fertile land. In addition, coal heaps often ignite spontaneously, which leads to significant atmospheric pollution. Long-term development of oil and gas deposits leads to the lowering of the earth's surface and the strengthening of seismic phenomena.
When mining, there is a high risk of technological accidents. Technological accidents include accidents related to drilling wells - fountains, griffins, etc., explosions and breaks in technological pipelines, fires and explosions at oil refineries, fall of the towing block tower, hooking and breaking of a tool, fires at a drilling and etc .; associated with work in mines (underground mining), - explosions and fires in underground workings, mine buildings, sudden emissions of coal dust and methane, accidents at lifting installations, central drainage and compressor installations, accidents of main ventilation fans; caving in the shafts of mines, etc.
The scale of extraction of mineral raw materials is increasing every year. This is due not only to an increase in the consumption of rocks and minerals, but also to a decrease in the content of useful components in them. Technologies have been created that allow processing almost all materials. Currently, global mining of raw materials and fuel has significantly exceeded 150 billion tons per year with a useful content of less than 8% of the initial mass. About 5 billion tons of overburden, 700 million tons of tailings and 150 million tons of ash are stored in dumps annually in the CIS member states. Of these, no more than 4% is used further in the national economy. Man-made mineral deposits. - Rostov-on-Don: SFU, 2013 ..
Any method of mining significantly affects the natural environment. Great environmental risk is associated with underground and aboveground mine workings. The upper part of the lithosphere is particularly affected. With any mining method, significant excavation of rocks and their movement takes place. The primary relief is replaced by man-made.
The open method of mining has its own specifics. Significant destruction of the earth's surface and the existing technology for mining minerals lead to the fact that the quarry, crushing and processing complexes, complexes for the production of pellets and other industrial facilities of the mining and processing plant are, to one degree or another, sources of destruction and environmental pollution. Underground mining is associated with water pollution (acid mine drainage), accidents, the formation of waste rock dumps, which requires land reclamation. But the area of \u200b\u200bdisturbed lands with this method of extraction is tens of times smaller than with surface mining.
A significant number of mines are currently abandoned, their depth is hundreds of meters. In this case, the integrity of a certain volume of rocks is violated, cracks, voids and cavities appear, many of which are filled with water. Pumping water from the mines creates extensive depression funnels, the level of aquifers decreases, and there is constant pollution of surface and groundwater.
During open pit mining, under the influence of powerful pumps that drain from workings, excavators, and heavy vehicles, the upper part of the lithosphere and the terrain change. The risk of dangerous processes is also associated with the activation of various physical, chemical, geological and geographical processes: increased soil erosion processes and the formation of ravines; activation of weathering processes, oxidation of ore minerals and their leaching, intensified geochemical processes; there is a subsidence of soils, subsidence of the earth's surface over the spent mine fields; in places of mining, soil is contaminated with heavy metals and various chemical compounds.
Thus, it should be noted that the intensive development of the industrial complex should be carried out along with the greening of production. A set of characteristics of environmental safety in the extraction of minerals / I.V. Sokolov, K.V. Cerenova, 2012 ..
The main properties of the geological environment of oil and gas fields are the presence in the section of two immiscible liquids - oil and groundwater, as well as a significant impact on rocks of liquid and gas hydrocarbon components. The main feature in oil and gas production complexes is the technogenic load on the geological environment, when the selection processes from the bowels of the useful components interact. One of the impacts on the geological environment in areas of oil and gas fields, as well as oil refineries, is chemical pollution of the following main types: hydrocarbon pollution; salinization of rocks and groundwater with mineralized waters and brines, obtained in passing with oil and gas; contamination with specific components, including sulfur compounds. Contamination of rocks, surface and groundwater is often accompanied by the depletion of natural groundwater reserves. In some cases, surface water used for flooding oil reservoirs can also be depleted. In marine conditions, the threat of water pollution from both artificial (reagents used in drilling and well operation) and natural pollutants (oil, brines) is increasing. The main reason for chemical pollution in oil fields is a low production culture and technology failure. Therefore, in the observational network for monitoring the geological environment of oil and gas fields, one of the main loads falls on geochemical observations, pollution control.
Among the physical disturbances of the geological environment in the areas of oil and gas production, it should be noted the manifestations of subsidence, subsidence and dips of the earth's surface, as well as flooding.
