Features of the nature of the seas washing the coast of Russia.
1. What is the difference between seas and oceans?
The sea is part of the oceans. The sea is a large body of water, which on one or several sides is limited by land and is separated from the ocean by hills of the underwater relief or islands. The ocean is the entire expanse of the Earth. The ocean surrounds the islands and continents. From the above definitions, we can conclude that the sea is only a part of the World Ocean, which is separated from it by the hills of the underwater relief or land.
2. List the main features of the seas of Russia.
The seas of Russia have a number of unique features:
The seas of Russia are located in cold climatic zones and are covered with ice in winter, during this period the navigation of ships is extremely difficult.
The Barents, Bering and Okhotsk Seas are among the most productive seas in the world, and the productivity of the West Kamchatka shelf is the highest in the world and amounts to about 20 t / km2.
In the Far Eastern seas of Russia, stocks of commercial species of global importance are concentrated: pollock, Pacific salmon, and Kamchatka crab.
Significantly large (in comparison with the North Atlantic) stocks of cod have been preserved in the Arctic and Pacific waters.
In the Russian seas - the highest variety of sturgeon and salmon fish in the world.
The most important migration routes of marine mammals and birds of the northern hemisphere pass along the coast of the Russian seas.
Unique ecosystems have been discovered in the Russian seas: the relict ecosystem of Lake Mogilnogo, the relict ecosystems of kelps in the Arctic (Chaun Bay), shallow hydrothermal communities in the bays of the Kuril Islands.
3. What are the resources of the seas of Russia? Why do seas need protection?
The seas of Russia have diverse resources that are of great economic importance. First of all, these are cheap transport routes connecting our country, both with other states and with its individual regions (the Northern Sea Route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean). The biological resources of the seas, especially their fish wealth, are of considerable value. Almost 900 species of fish inhabit the seas washing Russia. Of more than 250 species of fishing. The importance of the mineral resources of the seas is increasing. Tidal energy can be used to generate electricity. In Russia, there is so far only one small tidal power plant - Kislogubskaya TPP in the Barents Sea. The seas are also places of rest. Of course, most of the seas of our country have too harsh natural conditions for people to relax there. But the southern seas - the Azov, Black, Caspian and Japanese attract a large number of vacationers. However, attracting the attention of the population to the seas carries the threat of depletion of the listed resources, and the seas are very often used as a place for the discharge of liquid wastes, therefore, a system of marine protection is very important.
4. Select the correct answer. The largest and deepest sea off the coast of Russia: a) Black; b) Bering; c) the Barents; d) Okhotsk.
6.-7. On the contour map, indicate the seas washing the coast of Russia, the Gulfs of Finland, Anadyr, Shelikhova, Penzhinskaya Bay, Ob Bay, the Straits of Kara Gate, Long, Vilkitsky, Tatarsky. On the outline map, use the arrows to indicate the Northern Sea Route. Sign the seas, the straits through which it passes; apply large ports.
8. Marine painters in their works depict the sea. What works do you know? Who are they created by? Why are you interested in the image of the sea? What feelings does the picture with the image of the sea element evoke in you?
The sea is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for many creative people. Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, a genius whose talent is recognized throughout the world. He was compared to a poet who composed poems with a brush. The paintings of Ivan Konstantinovich amaze with their monumentality, game of colors and realism. After watching his paintings, I want to drop everything and fly to the sea. Russian artist Artem Chekhov, a master of digital painting and catchy images, creates his masterpieces in Photoshop, while also mastering traditional techniques and materials. Despite the fact that the work is based on pixels, not oil strokes, the paintings are fascinating, and it seems that in a moment they will come to life. Grandson of the writer A.N. Radishchev and part-time well-known Russian artist-marine painter. Alexey Petrovich was not only a professor of painting and an influential person, but also a philanthropist in favor of the widows and orphans of artists. His paintings are academic, but at the same time imbued with love for nature and its movements. Ivan Aivazovsky’s painting “Rainbow” evokes the following feelings: the clouds in the sky dissolved into a transparent, moist shroud. Through this chaos, a stream of sunlight broke through, laid a rainbow on the water, telling the color of the picture a multicolor color. The whole picture is painted in the subtlest shades of blue, green, pink and purple colors. The same colors, slightly enhanced in color, conveyed the rainbow itself. It flickers with a subtle mirage. From this, the rainbow acquired that transparency, softness and purity of color, which we always admire and enchant in nature. The painting "Rainbow" was a new, higher step in the work of Aivazovsky. Regarding one of these paintings by F. Aivazovsky Dostoevsky wrote: "The storm ... of Aivazovsky ... is amazingly good, like all his storms, and here he is a master - without rivals ... There is rapture in his storm, there is that eternal beauty that amazes the viewer in a living, real storm ..."
Description of the Black Sea
Description: The Black Sea is connected with the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara and the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosphorus Strait, with the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov by the Kerch Strait. Oceanic salinity in the Black Sea is 1.8%. (in the Mediterranean 37%). The area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Sea is 423 thousand sq. Km, depth - 2245 m, accommodates 527 cubic km of water.
The peculiarity of the Black Sea is that at a depth of over 150 meters begins the habitat of anaerobic bacteria, the result of which is the release of hydrogen sulfide. Organisms that need oxygen cannot live there. Life develops only in the upper layer of the sea, accounting for 12 - 13% of the total volume of the sea, 80% of the entire fauna of the Black Sea is the marine species that penetrated here through the Bosphorus. The remaining brackish-water organisms, common in such reservoirs around the planet. And fresh species from the rivers flowing into the Black Sea. The water in the Black Sea is moderately cold.
Marine life
The Black Sea is poorer in species than the Mediterranean; species that carry a wide range of water salinity, which at any time of development do not need great depths, live in it. All species can be divided into two large groups: permanent and temporary.
2.5 thousand species of animals live in the Black Sea: 500 species of unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates are fish and mammals (sharks, dolphins), 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest are invertebrates of different groups.
Large mobile animals enter the Black Sea from the Mediterranean of their own free will. But a large number of species are constantly brought here regardless of their desire, through the straits: Black Sea - Bosphorus - Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara - Dardanelles - Mediterranean Sea.
Two streams constantly exist in the Bosphorus Strait - the upper one carries desalinated water from the Black Sea to the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara and further to the Mediterranean. Lower delivers more salty, warm water to the Black Sea. With it, a stream thickness of 2-8 meters, planktonic organisms are introduced into the sea. Here are found living starfish, ophiura, sea urchins.
The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of green, brown, red bottom algae, 350 species of microscopic planktonic, a mass of various bacteria.
Most planktonic algae use solar energy to build themselves from simple compounds. Some algae, like animals, can only eat ready-made organic substances.
Noctiluca algae (nocturnum) has become a predator - noctiluca has no chlorophyll, it looks like a miniature transparent apple with a plait tail; it got its name for its ability to glow.
Water balance of the sea
Water balance is a very important characteristic of the marine ecosystem, since any changes in the natural mechanism of water inflow and outflow are reflected in salinity, temperature, density and other properties of water masses and, consequently, on the living conditions in them.
There is no and cannot be once and for all established components of the water balance of the sea. From year to year they vary depending on weather conditions, river runoff, temperature and humidity, affecting the evaporation of moisture from the sea surface, the strength, direction and duration of winds and many other reasons. Therefore, it is more correct to talk about some average long-term indicators of the water balance, calculated on the basis of observations, measurements and estimates made over the years.
The components of the Black Sea water balance include river runoff, precipitation in the form of rain and snow, evaporation from the sea surface, water exchange through the Bosphorus and Kerch Strait. It should be noted that there are two currents in opposite directions in the straits. In the Bosphorus, the upper course is directed from the Black Sea to the Marmara, and the lower - from the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara to the Black. In the Kerch Strait, the upper course is directed from the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov to the Black Sea, and the lower - from the Black to the Azov Sea. According to long-term averaged data (Shimkus and Trimonis), the water balance of the Black Sea can be expressed by the following values:
Water inflow into the Black Sea (km per year)
- With river flow 346
- With precipitation - 119
- From the lower reaches in the Bosphorus Strait - 176
- From the upper course in the Kerch Strait - 32
Total - 694
The source of water from the Black Sea (km per year)
- Through evaporation - 332
- Through the upper course in the Bosphorus Strait - 340
- Through the lower reaches in the Kerch Strait - 32
Total - 704
As you can see, the rivers bring 346 cubic meters to the Black Sea. km of fresh water and almost the same amount (340 km), but already salty water flows from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus. Precipitation supplies fresh water to the sea almost three times less than it goes into the atmosphere by evaporation. In other seas, all components of the water balance are significantly different, this is understandable. But in the Black Sea, more than in some other seas, people have recently intervened in the mechanisms of regulating the water balance. For example, by irretrievable withdrawal of fresh water for irrigation or other household purposes. In these cases, river flow into the sea is reduced, which entails a number of changes in the functioning of the ecosystem. Here, the modern fate of the Aral Sea comes down, reduced to a small reservoir just because of the excessive use of river flow in the cotton fields in the region. However, the fate of the Aral Sea does not threaten the Black Sea, if only because it does not become shallow, as long as there is a connection with the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus. And especially water-intensive crops are not grown here. Nevertheless, fresh water is also consumed in considerable quantities. For example, in the sixties and seventies of the last century, plans were made to use large volumes of water from rivers flowing into the Black and Azov Seas, primarily for the development of irrigated agriculture in the arid regions of the Northern Black Sea Region and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. From the standpoint of agriculture and animal husbandry, this seemed then a major project to transform nature in a better way for humans.
On the other hand, this promised great changes in the marine environment and the loss of biological resources both in the Black Sea and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Specialists, hydrologists and oceanologists, made forecasts of expected events at sea and assessed the possible damage that they would cause to commercial fish and other valuable organisms. For example, Professor A.M. Bronfman and Dr. E.P. Khlebnikov wrote in 1985 that with the expected increase in irrevocable water consumption in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov basin in 1980 - 2000, the average salinity in it will increase from 12.13% in 1981 (the% sign means the number of grams of salt per kilogram of sea water) to 14.46% in 1995 and up to 15.58% in 2000. It was with such accuracy that the built mathematical models predicted the salinity of water. Applied to the Black Sea, Professor K.A. Vinogradov and Dr. D.M. Tolmazin noted in 1971 that, subject to the withdrawal of 40% of the river flow, the salinity of the Black Sea will tend to 33%, reaching this value after about 7000 years. By 2000, a number of authors predicted an increase in salinity in the Black Sea from 18% to 21-22% and a sharp deterioration by this time in living conditions for many marine organisms, primarily for pontic relics. In connection with the reduction of river flow, the “offensive” of the sea into open estuaries such as the Dniester and Dnieper-Bug was predicted, and an increase in their salinity from the current level of 2-3% to 18-20%. As a precautionary protective measure, Professor F. S. Zambriborshch (1971) proposed building dams at the mouths of these estuaries in the areas of Ochakovo and Zatoka. This will create ponds of a new type, warned F.S. Zambriborshchik, but no other effective way to save the brackish water fauna of the estuaries and their rich fish resources, is given to show how seriously scientists took the prospect of reducing river flow and how trustworthy they were then to the various forecasts obtained using mathematical models. Later it became clear that mathematical "ecological models are often based on extremely simplified conceptual models of systems. Therefore, when answering questions of practice on environmental problems, ecologists, as one of them wrote, often look more like ancient Greek oracles than scientific experts and consultants Of course, this refers to ecological mathematical models of the 60s and 70s of the last century, which later became more advanced. Time has passed, and now some conclusions can be drawn. As modern studies show, events in the Black Sea region developed according to a different scenario than predicted. For various reasons, including economic and political, a large irretrievable withdrawal of river flow by the end of the century has not yet occurred. Rivers continue to pour into the Black Sea almost the same volumes of fresh water. Salinity in the open waters of the Black Sea remained at the same level - about 18%. It increased slightly in open estuaries and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, but far from reaching the predicted values.
For example, the current average salinity of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is 13.8%, and it was predicted to be 14.46% in 1995. It can be argued that the salinity of the water remained at a level at which no serious biological changes in the ecosystem could be expected.
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This lesson is devoted to the study of the theme "Features of the nature of the seas washing the coast of Russia." On it you will be able to independently get acquainted with which seas are washed by the shores of our country. You will also learn that the seas belonging to the basin of one ocean have their own characteristics and differ from each other in nature, resource base and development.
Topic: Seas, Inland Water and Water Resources
Lesson: Features of the nature of the seas washing the coast of Russia
1. Introduction
The purpose of the lesson: to find out which seas are washed by the coast of Russia, to study the features of the nature of the seas.
2. Seas of the Arctic Ocean
The seas washing the coast of Russia belong to the basins of three oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic.
Seas of the Arctic Ocean:
2. Barentsovo
3. Kara
4. Laptev
5. East Siberian
6. Chukchi
Fig. 1. Seas of the Arctic Ocean and their characteristics
The seas of the Arctic Ocean lie mainly on the shelf, therefore, they generally do not differ in significant depths. The coastline of these seas is very indented. All the seas of this ocean (except the White Sea) are marginal.
Fig. 2. Seas of the Arctic Ocean on a physical map
These seas have a harsh climate and are covered with ice for a considerable period of time. An exception among them is the Barents Sea, whose waters are heated by the warm North Atlantic Current.
Fig. 3. Warm water inflow to the Barents Sea
The severity of the climate and ice cover are increasing eastward. The salinity of the seas of the Arctic Ocean is low. These seas are used as a transport route, in addition, they are rich in biological and mineral resources, although due to the severity of the climate, their economic development is difficult.
Barents Seadiffers in relatively warm waters in comparison with other seas of the Arctic Ocean. This sea is characterized by constant collisions of warm air masses and cold waters. The shores are heavily indented. The sea is diverse and rich in biologically and other types of resources.
White Seais internal. Summer is short and cool. In the south, the water can warm up to +17 degrees.
Fig. 4. The White Sea on the map
Kara Seait has a rather harsh climate. Water temperature in the summer rises in the south to +5 degrees. Most of the year is covered in ice.
Laptev seadiffers by the most severe climatic conditions.
differs in slightly warmer waters relative to the Laptev Sea. An array of perennial ice reaches several meters.
Fig. 5. East Siberian Sea
Chukchi Sealocated in the east. Through the Bering Strait, warmer water from the Pacific Ocean enters the Chukchi Sea.
1. Beringovo
2. Okhotsk
3. Japanese
Fig. 6. Pacific Ocean
The seas of the Pacific Ocean are separated from the ocean by islands and peninsulas. These seas are characterized by ebbs and flows, fogs, strong winds, storms. The seas of this ocean are quite cold, only the southern half of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan is characterized by relatively warm waters.
Bering Sea- the largest and deepest in Russia. The climate is cold, the weather is unstable. The sea is rich in fish and sea animals.
Fig. 7. Bering Sea on the map
Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotskis under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone, so the climatic conditions are quite severe.
Japanese Sea among the Russian seas of the Pacific Ocean it is distinguished by the most favorable climatic conditions, although typhoons are characteristic of this sea.
4. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean:
1. Azov
3. Baltic
All these seas are inland, quite warm. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean have significant commercial, transport, and recreational significance.
Baltic Sea- the shallow sea, the coasts are indented, quite fresh.
the warmest and deepest of the Russian seas of the Atlantic Ocean. In summer, the water in the sea warms up to +26 degrees. At a depth of more than 150 meters, the waters of the Black Sea contain hydrogen sulfide; therefore, marine inhabitants live mainly in the upper layers of the water.
Fig. 8. The Black Sea
Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov- the shallowest and smallest sea. The maximum depth of the sea is 13.5 meters. The sea is heavily desalinated.
5. The Caspian Sea
Belongs to the drainless basin Caspian Sea Lake.This is the largest lake on Earth. In ancient times, the Caspian Sea was a single whole with the Black Sea and was part of the World Ocean. The lake is rich in biological and mineral resources (primarily oil and gas).
Homework
1. List the seas of Russia related to the Arctic Ocean basin.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography of Russia: Textbook. for 8-9 cells general education. institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseev: In 2 book. Prince 1: Nature and population. 8 cl. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009 .-- 320 p.
2. Geography of Russia. Nature. 8 cl .: textbook. for general education. institutions / I.I. Barinova. - M .: Bustard; Moscow Textbooks, 2011 .-- 303 p.
3. Geography. 8 cl .: atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 48 p.
4. Geography. Russia. Nature and population. 8 cl .: atlas - 7th ed., Revision. - M .: Bustard; DIK Publishing House, 2010 - 56 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - Moscow: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Academic Examination and the Unified State Examination
1. Thematic control. Geography. The nature of Russia. Grade 8: study guide. - Moscow: Intellect Center, 2010 .-- 144 p.
2. Tests on the geography of Russia: grades 8-9: textbooks, ed. V. P. Dronova “Geography of Russia. Grades 8-9: textbook. for general education. institutions ”/ V. I. Evdokimov. - M.: Publishing house "Examination", 2009. - 109 p.
LLC Training center "PROFESSIONAL"
Discipline abstract:
"Geography"
On this topic:
“Characteristics of the seas washing Russia in the north (east, west)”
Artist: Matveeva Diana Viktorovna
Kandalaksha
2016 year
Introduction
Any sea is a natural complex, where all the components of nature are interconnected and interdependent.
Depending on the geographical position of the sea, they are divided into marginal and inland. The nature of the marginal seas is to a large extent determined by the ocean of which they are a part. Inland seas reflect in their natural features the influence of the land surrounding them. Inland seas there are no high tides, they have less salinity. In turn, the time of freezing of the seas, the species composition and habitat of marine organisms depend on the degree of salinity of sea water. Many of the natural features of the seas are determined by their position within certain climatic zones: water temperature, ice cover, fog, wind force, storms and hurricanes, currents. All these factors have a direct impact on the conditions of navigation, facilitate or complicate it. Rivers have a great influence on marine complexes. Large rivers bring a lot of fresh water, so in places where they flow into the sea, the salinity of the water is lower. River waters contain a wide variety of suspensions, including organic substances. These substances feed on plankton, which in turn serves as food for fish. Therefore, the best conditions for reproduction and feeding of fish are near river mouths, where the most productive sections of marine basins are located.
The territory of Russia is washed by 13 seas of three oceans.
Due to the large size of their surface, the largest lakes in our country, the Caspian and Baikal, are also very often called seas, although they differ in many ways from the real seas: the Caspian and Baikal are not connected with the World Ocean, the level of the Caspian is 28 m below the oceanic level. However This lake has natural features that bring it closer to other seas. It is residual in origin, recently separated from the oceans. Fishing is possible only with the use of sea ships. All this makes us consider the Caspian Sea economically.
1. Seas of the Arctic Ocean
They are the most numerous. There are six of them: White, Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi.
The extreme sea in the west is the Barents. It is named after the Dutch navigator Barents, who in the sixteenth century led three expeditions across the Arctic Ocean in search of a northeastern passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. The Barents Sea is different from other northern seas: most of the sea does not freeze, it has a significant depth - up to 500-600 m, it is open to the west towards the Atlantic, from where the Nord-Cape branch of the warm North Atlantic Current enters the sea. Penetration into the depths of the Barents Sea of \u200b\u200bwarm waters is also facilitated by its great depths. The sea is protected from the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean by the islands of Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land in the north, as well as Novaya Zemlya and Vaigach Island in the east.
Prevents freezing and salinity of its waters (32-35 ppm). It differs from other northern seas and the nature of its coasts. The coasts of the Kola Peninsula along the Barents Sea are rocky and steep, which is due to the intense tectonic uplift of the peninsula both in past geological eras and at present. As a result of breaks in the earth's crust, its shores are divided by long, narrow, deep bays - fjords. Fjords are very convenient for harboring, there is no strong excitement in them and no storms are afraid of ships. In the depths of the Kola Fjord is the world's largest polar city-port of Murmansk. The water temperature in it is in winter +3 ... + 4 ° С, in summer +7 ... + 12 ° С, therefore the Murmansk port is ice-free all year round.
The sea is of great commercial importance. Cod, haddock, sea bass, herring, flounder, halibut and other fish are caught here.
On the rocky coasts of the Kola Peninsula, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya nesting seabirds are huge. These are the so-called “bird markets,” where thousands of guillemots, guards and gulls live. Gags nest on the islands, whose fluff is highly valued.
In the south, the Barents Sea is connected by the Strait of Throat with the White Sea. The White Sea is deeply cut deep into the continent between the Kanin and Kola Peninsulas. The warm waters of the Atlantic do not penetrate into it. Due to its more southerly position, the White Sea is much colder than the Barents. The temperature of its water on the surface in summer is +7 ... + 15 ° C, in winter -1.6 ° C. A number of large rivers flow into the sea: the Northern Dvina, Onega, Mezen. They desalinate the southern part of the sea, where salinity does not exceed 20-26 ppm; low salinity contributes to freezing of the sea. In winter, it is covered with drifting ice, and all the bays are covered with continuous ice cover. There are often storms. From this, the water has a whitish hue, which is reflected in the name of the sea. At the mouth of the Northern Dvina is a large city and port - Arkhangelsk. Water in the port freezes in winter, shipping is supported by icebreakers. The main cargo flow for the Arctic regions of our country passes through the port.
The Barents Sea, through the Kara Gate and the Ugra Ball, is connected to the Kara Sea. Between the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea, the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago is located. The Laptev Sea is located between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Novosibirsk Islands. It is named after the Russian sailors Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, who in the eighteenth century. explored its shores. The East Siberian Sea is located between the Novosibirsk Islands and Wrangel Island. The shores of the Chukchi Peninsula are washed by the waters of the Chukchi Sea. In the south, the Bering Strait connects to the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean. All these seas have common features. They are shallow and located within the shelf.
All seas are covered with floating ice all year round. At the end of summer, only their coastal parts are free from ice for two months (August and September). In winter and summer, thick cold fogs and snowstorms occur. All this creates great difficulties for shipping. Moreover, near the shores of the sea are shallow and inaccessible to large vessels. Low flat coasts abound with numerous bays, but due to the shallow water, entry into them is also difficult for large ships. Offshore, where the seas are deep enough, ice fields are observed all year round with an ice thickness of up to 7 m, which can only be overcome with the help of powerful icebreakers. Despite adverse environmental conditions, regular shipping is carried out on the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Modern icebreakers spend most of the year, even during the polar night, caravans of merchant ships throughout the Northern Sea Route. This is the shortest waterway from the western to the eastern outskirts of Russia. Vessels overcome it in less than a month.
The first voyages of Russian pomors in the Barents and Kara Seas began in the 11th – 13th centuries. In the XVIII century. Peter I organized expeditions that began a systematic study of the northern seas and sea coasts.
However, only at the end of the XIX century. The Swedish expedition led by E. Nordensköld for the first time traveled the entire Northern Sea Route. The sailing of the Swedish expedition was carried out for two navigations with wintering. In 1932, an expedition on the icebreaker Sibiryakov led by polar explorer O. Yu. Schmidt for the first time passed from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait without wintering. This marked the beginning of the exploitation of the Northern Sea Route. For its development and study of the Arctic in Soviet times, numerous high-latitude polar expeditions were organized. The first scientific station (SP-1) at the North Pole in 1937 was headed by I.D. Papanin. Arctic research continues in our time. Since the end of the 30s, the Northern Sea Route has turned into a permanent water transport highway. During the Great Patriotic War, Far Eastern combat ships in the Barents Sea were carried along it and military cargo was transported from the United States of America. Currently, the Northern Sea Route reliably connects the Far Eastern and European ports of our country, as well as the mouth of the navigable rivers of Siberia. Navigation on it lasts four months. Ship escort is provided not only by powerful icebreakers, but also by the work of numerous scientific stations making up weather forecasts and sea ice drift. Navigation is aided by polar aviation pilots and space observations. Nevertheless, sailing along the northern seas continues to be very difficult and requires great efforts and courage of sailors and polar explorers. In the future, it is planned to organize year-round navigation. Vessels will go directly along the Arctic Ocean, bypassing the shallow straits of the northern seas.
The development of the Northern Sea Route made it possible to deploy work on the use of the richest natural resources of the northern regions of our country and accelerate their economic development.
The nature of the North is very vulnerable and needs special protection. For its protection, islands have been established on the islands of the White and Barents Seas, where under the natural conditions the landscapes of the tundra and forest-tundra, the habitat of the polar bear, musk ox, walrus rookery and the white goose nest are preserved. In connection with the development of various minerals in the North, acute questions arose of preventing pollution of the seas of the Arctic Ocean.
2. The Pacific Ocean
The east of our country is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas. Bering the Bering Sea lies between the peninsulas of Alaska, Chukotka, Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands. It is named after the Danes Vitus Bering - captain of the Russian fleet. In the eighteenth century, he sailed between Chukotka and Alaska, explored the shores of the sea.
Between the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin, Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands is the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The Primorsky Territory and the southern shores of Sakhalin Island are washed by the waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan. The southeastern shores of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands overlook the Pacific Ocean.
The seas of the Pacific Ocean are in a strip of natural contrasts. Heterogeneous tectonic plates of the earth's crust interact here, heterogeneous air masses, warm and cold currents, cold-water and warm-water living organisms live in the seas. Many natural processes are often catastrophic.
At the contact of the mainland and the ocean, the oceanic lithospheric plate moves under the continental. The feat is accompanied by the appearance of linearly elongated depressions along the coast, such as the Kuril-Kamchatka trench, whose depths reach 7-9 thousand m. All Far Eastern seas are characterized by contrasts of the bottom topography, great depths. The movements of lithospheric plates are accompanied by underwater and coastal earthquakes. They cause tsunamis - giant waves up to 30 m high, moving at a speed of 400-700 km / h. Tsunamis are often formed on the coast of the Kuril Islands. The immersion of the oceanic plate in the mantle causes volcanic processes. Therefore, along the shores of the seas on the Kuril, Aleutian islands and Kamchatka peninsula there are chains of volcanoes.
Above the Far Eastern seas is the contact zone of marine and continental air masses. Powerful cyclones appear in this zone. Tropical cyclones also enter here. With great speed, they sweep over the Far Eastern seas in the form of destructive typhoons. In all seas there are severe storms. The interaction of air masses that are different in temperature and moisture content is accompanied by the formation of thick mists. Frequent storms, hurricanes, fogs make shipping difficult.
In all seas there are circular currents moving in a counterclockwise direction. As a result, water moves along the coast from north to south, causing the cooling of the seas, so all seas are covered with ice in winter. The Bering and Okhotsk seas freeze almost completely, the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan - only in the northern part. Along the eastern coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, the warm Tsushima current moves from the south, and along the western coast from the north, the cold Primorsky Current.
High seas are observed in all seas. They are especially large in the Penzhinskaya Bay of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, where water rises by 14 m.
Due to the low temperatures, the waters of the seas are rich in oxygen. Numerous rivers bring large amounts of organic matter. All this creates favorable conditions for the habitat of fish. The fish productivity of the Far Eastern seas is very high. Especially great is the value of salmon (pink salmon, chum salmon, chinook salmon, sockeye salmon). Salmon fish live and feed in the seas and oceans. But to spawn, they go far up the rivers. In addition to salmon, a large amount of herring, saury, capelin, flounder, cod, and other species of fish are caught in the seas. Catches of fish in the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan are especially diverse. The interaction of warm and cold currents creates conditions for living in its waters, both cold-water species (herring, cod, salmon, navaga, flounder, perch), and warm-water (mackerel, tuna, sea eels).
Crab, sea cucumbers, oysters, shrimp, scallops, and squid are also caught in the seas. In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, seals and beluga whales are limited in their fisheries. Algae is used for the preparation of canned food (seaweed) and for technical purposes. In coastal areas, underwater farms have begun growing scallops, oysters and seaweed. Other natural resources of the Far Eastern seas are being increasingly used. Oil is produced on the shelf near Sakhalin.
Most of the seas are surrounded by rocky shores and mountains. In areas where mountain ranges approach perpendicular to the coastline, deep bays and bays are convenient for the construction of ports. In the bay of the Golden Horn of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan is the largest city and port of the Far East - Vladivostok. The city and port of Magadan is located in the bay of Nagaevo, Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - on the shore of the Avacha Bay of the Pacific Ocean. Some ports are located in areas of low flat coasts. But in this case they are built at the mouths of the rivers. These are the ports of Sovetskaya Gavan of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan and Anadyr of the Bering Sea.
3. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean
The western and southwestern outskirts of Russia are washed by the seas of the Atlantic Ocean. The Baltic Sea forms bays off the coast of the country, on the banks of which large ports are located. In the Gulf of Finland is St. Petersburg, on the Pregol River, which flows into the Vistula Gulf, is Kaliningrad.
In the southwest is the Black and Azov Seas, where there are also large bays. In the Black Sea - Karakinit Bay and the Dnieper-Bug estuary. In the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - Taganrog Bay and shallow-water Gulf of Sivash filled with bitter-salt water. The largest ports of the southern seas: Sevastopol on the Black Sea, Rostov-on-Don and Taganrog - on the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.
The seas of the Atlantic Ocean are inland and have only limited connections with the Atlantic through a complex system of straits. For this reason, they are characterized by common features of nature: in all seas there are practically no tides; the warm Atlantic waters hardly penetrate into them; many rivers bring a large amount of fresh water. Therefore, the salinity of sea water is low and ranges from 17 ppm in the central parts of the seas to 2-3 ppm off the coast. As a result, all seas freeze in the coastal parts in winter, with the exception of the Caucasian Black Sea coast. The Baltic, Azov and northern Black Seas are located on the shelf, and the coasts are mainly represented by low-lying plains. At the mouths of rivers in all seas sand spits, estuaries and lagoons have formed. Some of them reach hundreds of kilometers in length. Such are the Spit of the Arabat Spit in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, the Curonian Spit in the Baltic Sea, the Tendra Spit in the Black Sea. Sandy spits are separated from the seas by long elongated bays: the Curonian Lagoon in the Baltic.
Along with the common features of nature, the seas of the Atlantic Ocean also have differences. So, the southern part of the Black Sea is very deep (over 2000 m), in the Baltic Sea - no more than several hundred meters, and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - up to 12 m. The deep sea basin of the Black Sea arose due to tectonic faults and lowering of the earth's crust. In deep-sea basins at a depth below 100-150 m, the water is saturated with hydrogen sulfide. These water layers are practically devoid of living organisms.
On the southwestern coast of the Caucasus are mountains. Here the rivers carry debris - the products of the destruction of the mountains. Therefore, the beaches in the Caucasus are not sandy, but mostly pebble.
Seas differ in water temperature. The temperature difference is especially great in the summer. The Baltic Sea is cool (+15 ... + 18 ° С). The Black and Azov Seas are located to the south, so in summer the water temperature is much higher: in the Black Sea to +22 ... + 25 ° С, in the shallow Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - up to +25 ... + 30 ° С.
The fauna of the Baltic and Black Seas is poor. In the Baltic Sea they catch herring, sprat, smelt and flounder. In the Black Sea - horse mackerel, hamsa, flounder, ram and sprat. Numerous dolphins are prohibited.
Amber is mined on the shores of the Baltic Sea. It is used for jewelry making and various technical purposes. Oil, natural gas found in the Baltic Sea.
The Baltic and Black Seas are of great importance for transport links between Russia and many foreign countries. From the ports of the seas pass sea routes to the Mediterranean, Northern and Western Europe, and the Atlantic.
Of paramount importance for our country are the warm beaches of the Black Sea. Large resorts are located on the beaches of the Baltic. The swimming season lasts on the Black Sea from June to October and on the Baltic Sea does not exceed 1.5 - 2 months.
The Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov only recently had the highest biological productivity in the world. It is shallow, its depth is 3-12 m. Shallow water is well warmed up by the sun, and this is extremely important for the rapid growth of juvenile fish. The large rivers Don and Kuban previously brought a lot of fresh water, enriched with oxygen and organic matter, so plankton, the main food for fish, developed intensively in the sea. As a result, the Azov Sea received rich catches of such valuable fish species as sturgeon, stellate stellate, zander, bream, ram, herring. In recent decades, the waters of the Don and Kuban have been increasingly used for irrigation of dry lands. On irrigated lands receive high yields of rice and other crops. But the inflow of fresh river water in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov decreased several times. Along the Kerch Strait, salty Black Sea water began to flow into the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov in ever greater quantities. The salinity of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov has increased significantly, and the number of fish in the sea has declined sharply. The most valuable fish species have especially declined.
Extensive sandbanks and beaches, well-heated shallow bays of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov are used as first-class children's resorts.
The largest inland closed basins of Russia include the Caspian Sea-Lake. The Caspian is located among the dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. Large rivers flow into it, which carry a lot of fresh water. But the sea is salty, because in a hot climate the water evaporates and the concentration of salts in the basins increases. In the Caspian Sea, salinity varies from 0.4 ppm at the mouth of the Volga to 14 ppm in its southern part.
The Caspian consists of three depressions. Its shallow northern part is located on the flooded edge of the Russian platform and is close to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov in its natural properties. Here are the main fish stocks of the Caspian Sea, represented by such valuable species as sturgeon, beluga, sterlet, stellate stellate, pike perch, roach, herring, sprat. A seal is also found. Dams built on the Volga blocked the path to spawning for many species of fish, especially sturgeon. In order to maintain their numbers, dozens of fish hatcheries have been built along the Caspian shores.
In the south of the Caspian there is a trench with depths exceeding 900 m. It was formed as a result of tectonic subsidence of the crust within the alpine fold belt. On the jumper separating this depression from the median, there are large offshore oil fields, where oil is extracted from special platforms.
In the east of the middle basin of the Caspian Sea, among the hot deserts of Central Asia, there is a large bay Kara-Bogaz-Gol. The bay is very shallow 4 - 7 m. The large evaporation from the surface of the heated bay determines the high salinity of its waters over 300 ppm. Salt containing potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium and many other substances is precipitated in the bay. These salts are mined and used in the chemical industry and medicine. The water level in the Caspian Sea is experiencing significant fluctuations. They are caused by climatic changes in its basin and tectonic movements of the bottom. Over the past decades (from 1930 to 1978), the level has been constantly decreasing and reached the level of 30 m. In order to reduce the speed of lowering the water level in the sea, a dam was built in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Strait. She stopped the outflow of water from the Caspian Sea to the bay. However, in connection with the separation of the bay, the formation of self-precipitating salt ceased. Now a dam has been built in the dam, which provides an influx of sea water into the bay necessary for the formation of salts. Since 1979, sea level rise began, which continues to this day. In the Caspian Sea, a number of complex environmental problems have to be addressed. First of all, the task of maintaining the purity of its waters is acute. Without this, it will not be possible to preserve fish wealth, and above all, the largest number of sturgeon fish on the globe. To solve this problem, hundreds of treatment facilities have been built in many cities of the Volga and Ural basins, oil collectors are constantly working on the Caspian Sea. The non-waste technology of oil production in offshore fields is being improved.
Conclusion
The seas of Russia are of great economic importance.
First of all, these are cheap transport routes, the role of which is especially great in foreign trade transportation.
The biological resources of the seas are of considerable value. In the seas washing the territory of our country, almost 900 species of fish live, of which more than 250 commercial, many marine mammals, mollusks and crustaceans.
The importance of the mineral resources of the seas is increasing. You can use the energy of the tides to generate electricity, in addition, the coasts of the seas are places of rest.
Recently, as a result of the increasing influence of human activities on the oceans, the ecological situation of the seas has sharply worsened. To preserve the natural complexes of the seas, a special state program is needed.
Bibliography
Geography of Russia: Textbook. for 8-9 cells general education. institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseeva: In 2 book. Prince 1: Nature and population. 8 cl. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009 .-- 320 p.
Geography of Russia. Nature. 8 cl .: textbook. for general education. institutions / I.I. Barinova. - M .: Bustard; Moscow Textbooks, 2011 .-- 303 p.
Geography. 8 cl .: atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 48 p.
Geography. Russia. Nature and population. 8 cl .: atlas - 7th ed., Revision. - M .: Bustard; DIK Publishing House, 2010 - 56 p.
