The orders of the xvi xvii centuries were replaced. Orders

The order of performance, for example, of military service by all landowners (both boyars and nobles) was determined by the "Code of Service" adopted in 1555-1556. During the XVI-XVII centuries. there were about 100 such orders. However, they all acted at the same time. Only 40-50 prikas usually functioned continuously
a call, the rest arose and ceased their activity as needed. For more than 200 years, the three most important orders have been the core of the Russian government system: Ambassadorial, Razryadny and Pomestny1.
The main task of the Ambassadorial order was the implementation of decisions of the supreme power (the tsar and the Boyar Duma) on foreign policy issues. Until the beginning of the XVI century. Russia did not have permanent diplomatic missions abroad, and therefore did not have the corresponding missions of other states. In this regard, the main content of the work of the Ambassadorial order was the sending abroad of Russian embassies, as well as the reception and placement of foreign embassies. In addition, the Posolsky Prikaz was in charge of cases related to the residence of foreign merchants and artisans in Russia, the redemption of prisoners, etc.
The discharge order had a military purpose. "Ranks" were called military formations of military people with the designation of their posts. The discharge books were kept by clerks, compiled in connection with each notable event in the life of the state or the royal court. Each time they spanned several years or decades. The discharge order took into account the distribution of service people among the regiments, the appointment of the governor as heads of the administrations of Russian cities. He provided a list of instructions for numerous court ceremonies, endowed servants with land and a cash salary. For personal qualities, the order could increase or decrease the employee in the rank, increase or decrease the salary, and completely deprive the land received. In addition, the order carried out many functions in defense, security and internal affairs. The organization of the construction of fortresses, the border service, the appointment of governors and other officials, as well as control over their activities, fell on him.
The local order was closely connected with the discharge order. He endowed the serving nobility and clerks with the amount of land that each individual person assigned to the Rank Order. At his disposal was the entire state land fund of the country. The order included specialists in land surveying, accountants and other employees who made up land, salary and other books. The order issued acts on the right to own land on behalf of the Boyar Duma, which created him corresponding prestige. To get into the service at the Local Order was considered a great success.
Special orders were created to control other groups of service people: Streletsky for archers, Pushkarsky for gunners. Under the command of the Armory Order was the arsenal of the Russian state, including the Armory, which was in charge of the manufacture and storage of weapons. A significant group of orders was made up of the so-called palace orders, which were in charge of certain branches of the princely, and then the tsarist economy.
All work in the orders was carried out by the forces of the orderly bureaucracy. She belonged to the ruling strata of society and was recognized as an exempt class. Inside the command bureaucracy there was a hierarchy that determined the social status and material security of each of the employees. The division of managerial personnel into political leaders and executive (state) employees at this time did not yet exist. Many clerks held positions and political leaders.
What is the hierarchy of official positions in the compulsory (public) service in the 16th-17th centuries?
The highest link in the bureaucracy was “thought clerks”. They were members of the Boyar Duma, were present at the "sitting" of the sovereign with the boyars, made reports on the work of the relevant department, and had the right to express their opinion. In the XVI century. Duma clerks, as a rule, stood at the head of orders. The deputy clerks were their "comrades" (second clerks, that is, assistants). There were also “chosen” (or “ward”) clerks, the number of which depended on the significance of the order and the extent of its paperwork. The clerks were in local institutions of large cities - centers of regions ("lands").
The leadership of the orders was collegial. The persons who headed the order were called “judges,” that is, persons who had the right to make decisions. The judiciary councils (cathedrals) included the clerks of this order. Most of the orders also had judicial functions.
Under the clerks were the clerk. They were divided into three groups: “old”, “middle” and “young”. The old clerks, along with the clerk, supervised the compilation of documents, the middle ones - directly compiled the text of the documents, made inquiries in the archives of his and other orders, and the younger ones carried out technical work, i.e. Correspondence of documents, taking into account that the clerk or senior clerk corrected.

A similar order existed not only in the central orders, but also in local government agencies in charge of the management of cities and counties - in the “order” and “court” huts, as well as in the “lab” and “zemstvo” huts. In general, the importance of clerks and clerks in the regional administration and small towns was unusually great. Viceroys (and later governors), who were sent from Moscow, changed in the cities after one to three years. The clerks held their positions quite firmly, and therefore worked long enough, sometimes all their lives. Therefore, they were aware of all administrative matters and were in fact the main executors of government orders.
In addition to the clerks and clerks, the orders also included bailiffs and watchmen. So, in the Ambassadorial order, the watchman was escorted by foreign diplomats, and the bailiffs examined the court cases. In the same order there were also interpreters (translators) and gold painters, who painted letters and letters in gold and paint.
In 1693, in 36 orders, there were 2,739 clerks. At the end of the XVII century. in the cities (“places”) of the Russian state, 302 order houses were served, in which 1918 people served. In total, the number of “service people” of the central and local state apparatus was about 5-7 thousand people. The strict rule of work in the orders was the observance of labor discipline and impeccable diligence, which was stimulated by a system of moral and material incentives and promotion through the ranks.
The work and behavior of the clerks had to meet the requirements of the oath they took upon assuming office. In the first part, the recipient made a promise of fidelity to the reigning house, in the second part, he undertook not to violate the specific requirements for this post: to keep secrets, to preserve property and treasury, not to forge documents, not to take bribes (“promises and memorials from no one from what not to have ”), to be fair (“ not to strive for friendship by friendship, and not to avenge anyone for friendship ”), attentive to people (“ do not drag draggers ”), etc.
In the period of recruitment and especially the regulation of the composition of orders, peculiar certifications were carried out - “parsing” with frequent resignations. At the same time, the professional suitability of the employee was carefully ascertained, and it was on this basis, and not by age or childbirth, that the fate of everyone was decided. The reviews were conducted by the most competent clerks and were an effective way to improve the composition of orders1.
The order system was flexible enough for its era, efficient and at the same time simple and convenient. Over all reigned the custom, proven over centuries of experience: clerks easily understood the intricacies of heterogeneous affairs. The uncertainty in the number of orders was the essence of the order system - fluid, changing, adapting to various historical conditions and at the same time unchanged.
All orders were divided into three large groups: orders of national competence, palace and patriarchal. The first group of orders concentrated the main functions of managing the Russian state. It was the largest and included both permanent and temporary orders. In the XVI-XVII centuries. relations between orders were not regulated by any specific law. In practice, methods were developed for relations between orders, which traditionally followed by clerks.
The centralization and systematization of order management turned out to be impossible because the formation and functioning of the order system were based on principles that did not allow it to form a strict system of industry management. The concentration in various orders of various cases was combined with the spraying of homogeneous, identical cases between several orders, which created a kind of departmental stripes. For example, the Ambassadorial order was engaged not only in foreign policy, but also in a host of other cases: it was in charge of the post office, the affairs of the Don Cossacks, the court and the collection of customs and tavern revenues, the appointment of registered people, etc.
All clerks, regardless of their origin, were included in the structure of the service class of Russian society, enjoyed the corresponding rights and privileges. At the same time, a dual understanding of their service remained for them. On the one hand, by a general oath, they were obliged to serve the tsar, mainly military. On the other hand, their special services were defined as special work in government bodies and institutions.
Thus, the duties of clerks were divided by the middle of the 17th century. to the "sovereign service", which was seen as honorable and was held in the regiments and embassies, and "clerical work", i.e. current activities in orders and huts. She was seen as dishonorable, with a touch of servitude. It is around clerical work that civil service is emerging as a branch of public service. And in general, the order system was a unique, distinctive phenomenon in the history of Russian statehood and culture.
§ 2.2. State (state) service of the first half of the XVIII century.
The next stage in the development of the Russian state (civil) service was the time of the reign of Peter I. Having found an order system in his youth, he tried to update it. At his direction, three more orders were created: Naval, Admiralty and Artillery. At the head of these and some other orders stood new people.

But these innovations did not save the outdated system.
Reform of public administration was inevitable. For starters, a local government was elected. On December 18, 1708, a royal decree appeared on the formation of provinces, which was corrected many times and took on a finished look only by 1719. The country's territory was administratively divided into 10 provinces: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelogorod, Siberian, Riga, Nizhny Novgorod and Astrakhan. These were the vast lands of the subjects of the Russian Tsar, not equal in territory and population. They were headed by governors appointed by royal decrees. All governors were endowed with very extensive, sometimes colossal powers.
In the years 1717-1721. the orders were replaced by 12 colleges: Foreign Affairs, Military, Admiralteyskaya, Kamer- and Shtatstora, Revision-collegium, Berg-, Manifaktur-, Kommerts-, Justits-colleges, Votchinnaya and Dukhovnaya. They obeyed the tsar and the Senate, their functions and powers were clearly defined, the organizational structure and office work unified. The main form of activity of the collegiums was the general meeting (“meeting of the general presence”), in which the president of the collegium, vice president, four to five advisers, four assessors (assistants) and a secretary took part (Fig. 1).

On the rights of the colleges were two more institutions: the Main Magistrate and the Synod. Subordinate to the Main Magistrate were city magistrates, whose members were elected from among the "efficient and best in merchants" of the townspeople. Their activity was regarded as life-long, and for "thorough joy" they could be granted to the nobility. Urban reform strengthened the rights of the merchants and thereby contributed to the development of trade and industry. The synod, modeled on secular colleges, consisted of clergymen appointed by the tsar, supervised by the chief prosecutor of the synod. The adopted "Spiritual Regulation" secured the complete submission of the secular spiritual authority1.
A special place among the central institutions was occupied by the Preobrazhensky order - a punitive institution that arose at the end of the 17th century. He was in charge of political investigation, all opponents of the existing order were subject to his trial: participants in the uprisings, people who made “obscene speeches,” which meant conversations condemning the king’s reforms and behavior, his family affairs, etc.
The order of consideration of cases in the collegiums was determined by the General Regulations adopted in 1720 and on the basis of which the entire internal routine of institutions was built. In addition, each of
the collegium had its own special regulation listing specific responsibilities for a particular branch of management. Foreign lawyers were involved in the development of the regulations, the experience of state institutions in Sweden and Denmark was taken into account.
Organizational colleges had priority over orders, which boiled down to peer review and resolution of issues. The board included a prosecutor and a fiscal. Unlike fiscals, who did not intervene in the resolution of a particular issue, but only reported abuses to the chief fiscal, prosecutors in collegiums and the prosecutor general of the Senate, having noticed a violation of the law, should have immediately eliminated it. Peter I called the Chief Prosecutor "the sovereign's eye" and "solicitor of state affairs."
Peter I in the process of reforming public administration made an attempt to monopolize the livelihoods of officials in order to make them more dependent on the state and the king. For this, a fixed salary was established in accordance with the position held. Feeding from cases outside the state support and control system was declared a crime, levying of the population levies equated to a bribe, which was severely punishable by law. However, since the time of Peter the Great, corruption has become the lubricant without which the wheels of the state machine could not move.
Practice has shown that improving public administration is directly related to the creation of a new public service system. In connection with the influx of the bulk of the nobles who applied for various posts into the state and local government bodies, the army and navy, there was an urgent need to establish a hierarchy of service ranks. This circumstance required the development and adoption on January 24, 1722 of a certain order of service, which had the force of a legislative act - “A table of grades for all ranks of military, state and court”. This document arranged all employees of the department in 14 classes and corresponding ranks that made up their rank (Table 1). The word "state" was of German origin and meant "civilian."
Table 1
The table of ranks of all ranks of military, state and court (with changes of the late XVIII - early XX centuries.)

Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009.

See what “orders” are in other dictionaries:

ORDERS - ORDERS, 1) the central government in Russia in the 16 early 18th centuries. Basically, they had a judicial function (Zemsky P., Local P., Kazenny P., Ambassadorial P., etc.). Along with nationwide were P. with regional competence (Kazan ... ... Russian history

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In the XVII century, instead of a small group of people, a special special stratum began to work in government institutions of Russia, which received the general name of clerks.

Order people - special, in the XVII century. formed into a class group of service people whose main duty was to work in state institutions in the center and in the localities.

A feature of the first half of the XVII century. there was also a wide distribution of temporary orders, although they were formalized by a legislative act on their creation, determination of functions, staff, budget and appointment of a chapter. They differed from the constantly functioning functional and extraterritorial nature, the speed of work.

When in the 10–20s. XVII century the government system that was destroyed during the Time of Troubles was being restored, and approximately 20 central institutions began to function. The need for large financial expenses for household needs has led to strengthening fiscal activities of orders. Therefore, they were also recreated. quarter orders set up new permanent and temporary central tax collection offices (order of the Big Treasury).

The strengthening of the significance in the Time of Troubles of such social groups as the nobility and the Cossacks predetermined a revival Local order in charge of land distribution, and Cossack order.

New to the order system was the formation Patriarchal Simplification in connection with the growing role in the government of the Patriarch Filaret. Since that time, the country has established a triple division of the command system of state institutions (state, palace, patriarchal orders).

The agency of each order was created due to the historical need for a new body. Some orders in all respects were in charge of some territory of the state (Siberian order, Kostroma couple, etc.), while others controlled a certain category of the population (Order of serfs - slaves, Streletsky - Strelets army, etc.); still others were in charge of a certain kind of business (Robbery - criminal justice, order of the Big Treasury - finances, Razryadny - military affairs, Ambassadorial - diplomatic relations, etc.).

Along with large orders, there were small ones, like Aptekarsky, who was in charge of the court-medical unit, Kamenny, who watched the stone buildings. As well as orders, palace institutions were organized, which were in the nature of household household offices of the imperial family (workshops, chambers, etc.).

The organization of all orders was approximately the same. They consisted of a presence and an office. The presence consisted of the head of the order (often a member of the Duma) and "comrades." They were called judges and were subordinate to the head, therefore, being collegial in form, the orderly presence in practice was not such: the cases were decided not by the majority of those present, but at the discretion of the senior. There was no collegiality in petty orders either: one boss was in charge of affairs, without a comrade. The office consisted of clerks under the command of clerks; the number of both of them depended on the size of the ordering activity.

In the XVII century. the number of orders increased from 44 in 1626 to 55 in 1698. The most important orders (Ambassadorial, Razryadny) were headed by Duma clerks. Part-time work was allowed, i.e., the service of clerks in two orders simultaneously. Boyarin B.I. Morozov, for example, was simultaneously a judge in five orders.

In many orders, the staff did not exceed 10 people. In such orders as the order of the Big Parish, Novgorod Quarter, the Robber, the state consisted of 22–27 people. The four largest orders represented a special group: Local (73 people), the Grand Palace (73). Kazan Palace (46), Bit (45).

In 1637, a new territorial order appeared in the order system - Siberian, stood out from Kazan to manage the newly attached lands of Siberia.

The orders issued a variety of documents: letters of honor, decrees on behalf of the king, memos, instructions to officials, reports and letters of torture. Letters were systematized by issuing consolidated documents - charter letters.

In the second half of the XVII century. significant changes are taking place in the life of Russia: serfdom is being finalized, at the same time an all-Russian market is being formed, the social stratification of the countryside is deepening, urban uprisings, outbreaks of the national movement in the Volga region, a powerful peasant war led by Stepan Razin are taking place. At the same time, it is possible to return the bulk of the lands lost at the beginning of the century. Siberia continues to be assimilated, the defensive line moves south, southeast, southwest, new fertile lands are being developed, new cities are being created.

All these processes could not but affect state bodies.

After taking Cathedral Code 1649 satisfying the basic requirements of the nobility and the top of the posad, their political activity weakened. The nobility was most interested in suppressing the resistance of enslaved peasants. Since the old state apparatus did not cope well with these tasks, it was necessary to change the forms of government by strengthening absolutist principles and the restructuring of the army.

A feature of absolutism in the XVII century. was lack of a standing army and regular financial system. The army consisted of a noble militia, gathered for each military campaign, and streltsy regiments, engaged in crafts and trade in peacetime. The financial system was not uniform, tax collection was administered by different orders, as well as their distribution. There was no single tax system. Taxes and duties were both permanent and temporary, imposed by the government in connection with specific events, such as wars.

The Time of Troubles beginning of the XVII century. greatly affected the army. The total number of warriors sharply decreased, and it was possible to restore it only by the beginning of the 30s. Since 1630, the creation of regiments of the new system began in Russia - soldiers, reytarsky, dragoons. After 20 years, these regiments began to carry out sets of peasants and village people. The number of soldiers and archers gradually increased, while the role of the local cavalry decreased. If in 1651 noblemen and children of the boyars were 37.5 thousand people, then in 1680 - 15.8 thousand. Foreigners began to enter the Russian army. The regiment’s armament became uniform: muskets and carbines instead of heavy squeals, hand grenades, regimental artillery, rifled multi-barrel weapons, cannon grenades.

Changes in the XVII century. touched all government agencies. There is a bureaucratization of supreme governance. The value of the Boyar Duma is decreasing: at the end of the century, it turns into a kind of deliberative body of clerical judges. The change in the character of the Duma is evidenced by an increase in its unborn part - the Duma clerks (from 2-3 to 11-12 people).

Significant changes are taking place in orders as headquarters. New Territorial Orders for Managing Exempted New Lands Arose (Lithuanian and Little Russian), as well as two orders related to new phenomena in management: Monastic and Reitarsky created to organize the control of the troops of the new system, gradually replacing the noble militia.

A special place in the order system took secret Orders led by the king himself. It was created in 1654 and lasted until 1675. The order was an institution of a new type, it exercised control over the activities of the rest of the orders, but first of all it was the personal office of the king.

For this time, the development of palace institutions is characteristic, their number increased from 14 to 19, and in 1664 a special Judicial palace order. At the end of the 50s. created Counting order supervised the financial activities of orders. In the 80s. carried out a reform to consolidate orders, which led to a reduction in their number to 37–38.

In 1682, localism was abolished, that is, the principle of taking office depending on the nobility of the origin and official position of the ancestors. The "discharge books", where the genealogy and appointment were fixed, were burned. Since then, the principle has been established official compliance.

Since local institutions could not cope with the search for runaway peasants, commissions or orders of detective affairs were organized. Only for 1658–1663 25 commissions were sent from the Local Order. Since the 60s XVII century the creation of commissions has become widespread.

The second characteristic feature of the development of orders of this period is a sharp increase in the number of people employed in them. If the number of clerks in Russia was in the 40s. XVII century 1611 people, then in the 90s. it increased almost three times and reached 4,567 people. Most of them were employed in Moscow orders, and 1918 people in local government institutions.

In connection with the increase in the number of bureaucratic apparatus, the remuneration of officials became an essential item of government spending. The government made attempts to reduce their salaries and to halt their growth. The trend towards an increase in staffing necessitated the training of personnel suitable for clerical work. Such training was organized at the Local Order.

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See what “ORDERS” are in other dictionaries:

ORDERS - in Russia, 1) central government bodies of the 16th and early 18th centuries. The most important orders: Ambassadorial (1549 1720), led foreign policy; Bit (16 century. 1720), was in charge of military and other affairs; Local (mid-16th century. 1720), was in charge of land tenure and ... ... Modern encyclopedia

Orders - in Russia, 1) central government bodies of the 16th and early 18th centuries. The most important orders: Ambassadorial (1549 1720), led foreign policy; Bit (16 century. 1720), was in charge of military and other affairs; Local (mid-16th century. 1720), was in charge of land tenure and ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

ORDERS - central government in Russia XVI beginning of the XVIII centuries. They were under the direct control of the tsar and the Boyar Duma. Reform of the management apparatus and the introduction of colleges led to the liquidation of the command system. Only a few of them continued ... ... Law Dictionary

ORDERS - 1) central government bodies in Russia 16 begin. 18 centuries 2) Local palace administration in the 16 17 centuries 3) The name of the Streltsy regiments in the 16 17 centuries ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Orders - 1) central government bodies in Russia 16 begin. 18 centuries; 2) local authorities of the palace administration in the 16-17th centuries; 3) the name of the Streltsy regiments in the 16th and 17th centuries. Political Science: Dictionary Reference. comp. Prof. Paul I. Sanzharevsky .. 2010 ... Political science. Dictionary.

orders - 1) central government in Russia of the XVI beginning of the XVIII centuries. It was based on a judicial function (Zemsky order, Local order, Treasury order, Ambassadorial order, etc.). Along with nationwide, there were orders with regional competence ... ... Encyclopedic dictionary

ORDERS - ORDERS The term has the following meanings1. Written P. produce den. payment, such as checks, bills of exchange, payment orders, etc. 2. An instruction to a broker to buy or sell securities or goods. In the stock market P. clients ... ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

Orders - the central government in Moscow, in charge of a special kind of state affairs or certain areas of the state. P. were otherwise called chambers, huts, courtyards, palaces, thirds or quarters. The name of the hut and P. was used first ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Orders - Central government in Russia 16 early 18 centuries. The term comes from the word "order", used in the sense of a special commission; in relation to institutions, this term has been in circulation since the middle of the 16th century. Origin ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

ORDERS - authorities center. management in Russia 16 beg. 18 centuries Their name came from the term order, used in the sense of a special assignment; in relation to institutions, this term has been in circulation since the 60s. 16 century The formation of the command system ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Orders of the 16th and 17th centuries have been replaced. Orders

The first tsars from the Romanov dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645), Alexei Mikhailovich (1645 - 1676) and Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682) took active measures to strengthen the state system. In the XVII century. the autocratic monarchy was finally established in Russia. In parallel with the growth of sovereign power, the bureaucratic apparatus also strengthened. The central authorities of the Moscow state took shape during the time of Ivan the Terrible and in the 17th century. have not undergone fundamental changes. The supreme legislative, executive and judicial power belonged to the tsar, which was also confirmed by the Council Code of 1649. The will of the autocrat was not limited to either the law or any state body. The sovereign was the anointed of God, a connecting link between the people and the Most High. In accordance with the doctrine “Moscow is the Third Rome”, which was revived after the Time of Troubles, it was perceived by society as a defender of the Orthodox faith. The Boyar Duma remained a constant advisory body and direct support of the tsarist government. The persons who were its members bore the general title of duma officials. The nobleman was considered the highest duma rank. The boyars of the period of Kievan Rus fundamentally differed from the boyars of the Moscow state. If the former were warriors and comrades-in-arms of the prince, then the latter must be recognized as royal servants and officials. Boyars played a decisive role in public administration. They held the highest civilian posts, led the army, served as governors in major cities. The sovereign granted the sovereign. Representatives of the most noble families belonged to the Duma in the boyar’s rank, while the lesser noblemen received the second most important rank — the deceased. In this case, the king was guided by the rules of parochialism, formed in the XV century. Parochialism is such a procedure for appointment to military and administrative posts that takes into account the origin of the candidate and the merits of his family to the sovereign. On the one hand, this tradition created a certain hierarchy at court and systematized the career growth of high-ranking servants. On the other hand, the king was not free to select candidates for important posts. In addition, constant local disputes were detrimental to the service. In 1556, Ivan the Terrible restricted localism by decree, and in 1682, it was finally abolished by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor. As mentioned above, the second most important duma order was roundabout. This rank was established in the XVI century., And in the XVII century it was received mainly by the descendants of the Moscow boyar clans, who still served Ivan Kalita and his heirs. Schoolchildren could occupy all the same posts as the boyars, however, the highest positions were unattainable for them. There were also duma nobles and duma clerks. These posts, established by Ivan the Terrible, were available to immigrants from the unreborn nobility and the orderly bureaucracy. They were received not by nobility of the family, but for military and administrative merits. It was on the shoulders of the Duma nobles and Duma clerks that the main burden of the activity of the Boyar Duma fell. Being the most literate, they drafted reports, formulated decisions and recorded meetings. These people could also receive important posts. For example, the Duma clerk was traditionally appointed as the judge of the Posolsky order. Despite the autocratic nature of the tsar’s power, the government implied some collegiality, which was reflected in the well-known formula “the tsar pointed and the boyars were sentenced.” In the second half of the 17th century. the number of members of the Boyar Duma has increased significantly. Managing it became increasingly difficult. Therefore, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich often consulted with the Middle Duma, which included elected boyars, Duma nobles and Duma clerks. The core of the administrative apparatus in the Moscow state was the command system. At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI centuries. orders called orders given by the sovereign to their close associates — orders to “know” one or another matter. But the orders of the middle of the XVI - XVII centuries. - These are permanent departments responsible for certain areas of state activity. The first orders of this kind arose in the palace administration system: Kazenny and Konyushenny orders, orders of the Grand Palace, etc. The Embassy order was engaged in foreign policy, the Local order was responsible for the distribution of land among the servicemen, the collection of the noble militia and the appointment of governor - Razryadny, capture of criminals - Robbery, etc. In addition to industry orders, the jurisdiction of which extended to the whole country, there were regional ones that controlled certain territories: for example, Novgorod Chet, Vladimirsky The first court order, Kazan, Astrakhan, Zemsky (ruling Moscow) orders. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Tishishy, \u200b\u200bthe number of orders increased sharply. In particular, the Monastic, Little Russian, Smolensky orders, the order of Kupetsky affairs were created. In the middle of the XVII century. there were 53 orders, and by the end of the century - more than 90. The characteristic shortcomings of the order system include the lack of a clear division of spheres of activity, red tape and bribery. To eradicate them, the king established two special departments - the order of Secret Affairs and the Accounts Order. They were directly subordinate to the sovereign and had to control the work of the rest of the orders. The order administration included order judges, order clerks and clerks. An order judge is a prisoner or boyar appointed by the king at the head of the department. The title of this post indicates that its holder had not only administrative, but also judicial functions. Prikazny clerk - an official who received a cash, and sometimes local salary, on which lay the responsibility for organizing all the activities of the department (there were several clerks in each order). The clerk is the lowest official rank, ordinary clerks. A special place in the system of governance of the Moscow state of the XVI - XVII centuries. occupy Zemsky Cathedrals. Zemsky Sobor is an estate representative and legislative body. Zemsky Sobors convened irregularly, solely at the will of the sovereign, they did not have legislative initiative and, therefore, did not limit the tsar’s autocratic power. Usually, the Boyar Duma, representatives of the higher clergy and deputies from service people took part in them. Sometimes, elected from the townspeople were allowed to participate in the meetings, in isolated cases from black-faced peasants. Zemsky cathedrals played an important role in public life when, for whatever reason, tsarist power was weakened. They supported her with their authority. After the end of the Time of Troubles, the autocracy was steadily strengthening, and the need to convene Zemsky Councils gradually disappeared. Some researchers believe that the last Council was held in 1653 on the accession of Ukraine. Other scholars call the last Cathedral of 1682, at which a decision was made to abolish parochialism.

comes into circulation from the middle of the 16th century.

The origin of the command system occurred in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. An important role in its formation was played by the transformations of the mid 16th century. At this time, the main network of permanent Orders : Grand Palace (1534), Grand Parish (1554), Zemsky (1564), Kazan (60s. 16th century), Treasury (1512), Kostroma quarter (60s. 16th century), Lovech ( 1509), Novgorod Quarter (60s. 16th century), Armory (1st half of the 16th century), Printed (1553), Polonyanichny (mid 16th century), Ambassadorial (1549), Bit (1- I am half of the 16th century), Sokolnichy (1550), Streletsky (1571), the Ustyug quarter (60s of the 16th century), Kholopiy (mid 16th century), Chelobitny (mid 16th century), Yamskaya (1550) . Military reforms led to the creation of the Department Orders who was in charge of the personnel and service of the local army, and the Local Orders , who was entrusted with providing the noblemen who served in this army with land. The appearance of Streletsky dates back to the same time. Orders , who was in charge of the other part of the Russian army - the Streltsy army. The restructuring of the “Yamskaya chase” system (communication services) led to the emergence of Yamsky Orders The introduction of lab institutions in the field caused the organization of the Robbery Orders The expansion of international relations contributed to the separation of the Ambassadorial Orders from others Orders The result of the remaining remnants of the fragmentation of individual lands that became part of the state was the creation, along with national financial Orders The branch of the territorial judicial-administrative-financial quarters (see Couple ), as well as special judicial Orders with regional competence. Extension of borders in the southeast laid the foundation for existence Orders Kazan Palace.

The term " Orders »Applied not only to headquarters. Orders some local palace institutions are also called, such as those that arose in the 1920s. 17 century Novgorod and Pskov Palace Orders managed by Orders Big treasury. Title Orders It was also used to designate the Streltsy regiments. Orders were permanent institutions. The basis of activities Orders a functional principle was laid. Everyone Orders He was in charge of a certain range of issues, had an independent staff. However, the command system did not have a harmonious internal unity and a clear delineation of functions between individual institutions; for many Orders a combination of judicial, administrative and financial functions was characteristic, as well as a combination of functional management with territorial. Orders were directly under the authority of the tsar and the Boyar Duma. Led Orders persons received in the 17th century. name of judges (from judicial functions of the majority Orders) In the 16th century among them prevailed clerks, in the 17th century some large Orders headed by the boyars and derelicts, the smaller ones were the duma nobles (see Smart ranks ). However, even at that time the clerks remained with the leadership of a number of important Orders (Bit, Ambassadorial, Local). Direct clerical work was conducted by the clerks and the priests. Number of personnel Orders ("Ordered people") ranged from 3 to 400 people. Originally Orders had no internal structural division. It appeared around the beginning of the 17th century. By the 17th century relates a new stage in the history of the command system. Only in 1613-19 was organized 11 Orders In the field of military command Orders : Cossack, Inozemsky, Reytarsky, Urban affairs; in finance simultaneously with Orders The big parish began to operate Orders The new quarter and the Great Treasury, and the powers of the territorial quarters were significantly expanded. In the 1st half of the 17th century temporary Orders who, having fulfilled their particular tasks, ceased to exist. In wartime arose Orders Collection of military and subsistence people, Monetary and grain collection, Collection of fivefold and request money, etc. Temporary were also numerous detective Orders As a result, by the middle of the 17th century. there were about 80 Orders In these years, there have been attempts to centralize management by combining the leadership of several Orders in the same hands.

In the 50-60s. the government was trying to restructure the work of headquarters. Were created Orders Secret Affairs and Accounts, which supervised the activities of the rest Orders and reporting directly to the king. But their existence was short. In the 80s. the government carried out a new reform of the command system, which aimed to concentrate homogeneous management functions in one department. It combined most quarters with Ambassadorial Orders created on the basis of Orders Big Treasury is a large financial institution in which merged Orders The Big Parish and the New Quarter, transferring him a significant part of the financial functions of the quarters. The liquidation of the command system took place at the beginning of the 18th century. Management Reform and Introduction collegium led to the liquidation of the command system. Only a few of them continued to function later (until 1763, for example, the Siberian Orders).

Lit .: Werner I. I., On the time and causes of the formation of Moscow orders, M., 1907; Veselovsky S. B., Order system of management of the Moscow state, K., 1912; Epiphany S.K., order judges of the XVII century., M. - L., 1946; Zimin A. A., On the addition of the command system in Russia, “Reports and communications of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences”, M., 1954, c. 3; Leont'ev A. K., Formation of the command system of administration in the Russian state, [M.], 1961; Ustyugov N.V., The evolution of the command system of the Russian state in the 17th century, in the collection: Absolutism in Russia. Sat St., M., 1964; Chernov A, V., On the Origin of Order Management in the Formation of the Russian Centralized State, “Tr. Moscow state. Historical and Archival Institute ”, t. 19, M., 1965. List Orders in the book: Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 11, M., 1968, art. Orders.

Article about the word " Orders »In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was read 3955 times

In the 16-17th centuries. ministries and departments habitual to us today did not exist. Orders served as analogues. Their feature was that they duplicated each other, the functions of a specific order were not fully understood. The problem was sometimes impossible to solve. However, a Local Order stood out among them.

It is about its functions and features that will be discussed in this article.

Local order: functions

So what was this agency? A local order in the 16-17th centuries, or a local hut at a later time, occupied a central place in the administration of the Moscow state. It was the second most important after the Department. If the latter distributed key posts and posts, then the Local Order controlled the local and patrimonial land tenure. To understand its real significance, we will pass on to the key concepts of land use types.

What is patrimony

In the 16-17th centuries. Muscovy was one. However, this process was very long. Prior to this, in Russia there was only one type of land use - patrimony. Literally "from the father." Compare the modern "stepfather" - words have a common root.

Patrimony is a possession that was passed from father to son. The tradition was so strong that this right was considered sacred. Even when capturing enemy lands, no one could think about taking land from the owner. The state, in our understanding of the word, did not claim to be so. The owner of such land was called the boyar. It was the highest title in our country from the formation of the state to the reforms of Peter the Great, that is, a thousand-year tradition. A feature of such a holding was that the boyar could join any state with his land, creating a kind of enclave. Imagine a situation where, say, the owner of a land plot in the Novosibirsk region decided to join the United States or France. According to the laws of the 15-16th centuries. it was quite possible. So, Moscow pulled over almost all of the Ryazan boyars to its side, making it look like a donut from this land. The Ryazan princes had no choice but to join the Moscow principality.

What is an estate

The estate is a fundamentally different property. The landowner is not a boyar, but a nobleman.

It performs the functions of state military service. For this, and receives land. If the prince did not like this or that landowner, he could calmly take the land from him. This is a fundamental difference from the estate.

The role of the Local Order

Based on the concepts of land use, we can conclude what role the Local Order played:

Distribution of estates.
Proof of ownership.

Distribution of estates

Even the uninitiated in our country can understand what power was used by the official who appointed the land. Prince of Moscow, and with the beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the tsar, as a rule, did not distribute pieces of land to his future soldiers.

The title to ownership was issued by Razryadny, but the Local Order is an order that could determine both the best lands and swamps. Much depended on this department for the future fate of man. Oddly enough, bribes and bribes played a small role in the distribution. Extra money is simply not needed in a feudal society, which is fed from agricultural products. Of fundamental importance was the origin, genus. If the nobleman was a native of noble boyar families, then he got the best estates. For the "slaves", that is, immigrants from the peasants, the most "thin" plots were intended.

Proof of ownership

Until the 16-17th centuries. walked a difficult path of centralization. The fragmentation, constant wars, the transition of one principality to another created a lot of problems among the boyars. Their patrimony was sometimes impossible to confirm with documents. The local order had at its disposal books in which dynasties with land use were stored. However, the transition to a single management gave rise to bureaucratic problems. Not all data from all lands reached the unified office. Such boyars had to beat the thresholds of the Local Order for a long time. Some passed into the status of “children of the boyars,” that is, landless boyars whose ancestors once owned vast lands. Many of them joined the ranks of the nobles.

Of course, they received land, but this was no longer property, but payment for the service.

Of course, the most important was the Bit Order. It was he who appointed estates and estates, but it was precisely the Local who was engaged in surveying.

Subsequently, the role of the department increased. In addition to the traditional functions of the archive and the office under the Rank Order, his task began to collect all taxes and taxes from the land, census and land surveying, as well as a set of recruits in the army.

Number

Local order is the second most important agency, as was said above. People "from the street" were not taken into it. At the head of the order was the boyar, who, as a rule, was part of the Duma. Sometimes he was replaced by a duma clerk, which, in principle, was equivalent. He had as assistants two clerks and about 200 employees - clerks. With the growth of functions, the staff reached 500 people.

The first land surveying school

Local order is considered the first agency in Russia, where they began to prepare land surveyors. Students were divided between departments (tables). Their number reached 100 people. The training lasted about 2-3 years. Schoolchildren studied mathematics, grammar, land surveying, drawing, and the technique of assessing the quality of the earth.

Operating procedure

If someone complains about the modern bureaucracy, tell him about the procedure for considering the request in the Local Order in the 16-17th centuries:

At the petitions, the clerks made a record of what preparatory steps the clerk needed to carry out.
The clerk found books, wrote out the necessary excerpts from them, attached all certificates to the petition.
At the Board of Orders the petition was heard, a decision was made.
Local governors in the field executed the decision.

The procedure is similar to modern litigation. Those who have experience know how many months, and sometimes years, it can drag on.

ORDERS - central government bodies in Russia at the end of the XV- first quarter of the XVIII centuries, the first state institutions in the country, which replaced the grand-ducal palace and patrimony administration.

Stanovlenie-le-pri-tre-sis-te-we-lo-call-but-us-bed-no-no-no-tasks, who got up before the front-on-ro- Daw-sha-sy mo-nar-hi-yi in connection with the for-mi-ro-va-ni-em of the Russian state in the second half of the 15th century. At the beginning, this stage was due to orders, and their composition was for-mi-ro-val from the clerical staff of Kaz-ny, Bolsho -th courtyard (see in the article Dvor-tsy) and, possibly, the mission of the Bo-yarsky du-us.

The pri-sis-naya sis-te-ma, in general, was living in the 1530-1570s, but it didn’t have a functional-even parity : each order ob-la-gave both ispolnitelny and sudebnoy power, the same functions arepol-nyan- whether there are different orders - for-vi-si-mo-sti from ka-te-ho-rii na-se-le-liya and from ter-ri-ro-rii, for some races They were half-no-mo-chii.

Among the orders of priy-de-ya de-courtyard, most-well-made-ho-si-st-vom go-su-da-ry, general-go-su-dar- st-ve-nye (from-ras-le-vye, ter-ri-to-ri-al-nye, ter-ri-to-ri-al-but-from-ras-le-vye), and so- the same pat-ri-ar-shie and mi-tro-in-li-whose. For the solution of del-nye-like, like pra-vi-lo, ex-t-ra-or-di-nar-nach tasks, temporary orders were created (for example , De-gentle-but-gathering pri-kaz). The center of public administration for the entire 17th century was empty of steel in the middle of the re-da-chi ru -to-water-to-several-by-one orders to one-but-mu-tsu (Prince I.B. Cher-kas-sk-mu, F.I. She-re-me-te-woo, B.I. Mo-ro-zo-woo, I.D. Mi-lo-fame-sko-mu, I.M. Mi-lo-fame-sko-mu and others). In the years 1655-1676, the oversight of all the orders from the name of Tsar, Osu, Shche-St-v-in-Tylnyh affairs of the order was supervised. Form-mi-ro-vanye of the treasury sys-te-we pro-is-ho-di-lo one-but-time-but with so-z-da-ni-or-ga -nov sa-mo-administration-on-the-spot-Zemsky huts (see in the article "Zemsky management-leniye") and the provincial administration.

By the court-orders, the Bolshoi court-ka pri-kaz (1501, until 1527 the courtyard-from-ba), Ko-nu-shen-ny at order (1548, until 1573 Ko-ny-shen-naya iz-ba), Ka-ky-ny pri-kaz (early 1580s) and others. The jurisdiction of the most important state-of-the-races-ra-le orders was mainly centered on the center. uezds of the country (Yamsky pri-kaz, Raz-series-pri-kaz, Strelets-kiy pri-kaz, Po-me-st-st-pri-kaz, Po-Sol-sky pri- kaz, one-time pri-kaz, big-sho-go-pri-ho-pri-kaz). Along with them, in the middle of the 16th century, ob-ra-zo-van was shared by the state ter-ri-to-ri-al-ka Ka-zan-sk-go palace order (in 1637, the Si-bir pri-kaz was issued from a certain one), which used the same functions as the former races orders, but at the op-re-de-len-ter-ri-to-ri. With him, were there the order of the Grand Duchy of Li-to-sk-go (1656-1666; in 1673-1710, together with the action of the princedom of the principality Smolensk-go), Malo-ross-si-sky order (1662-1722) and the great-old Slobodsky UK-rai-Ve-likoy Ros- these orders (1687-1700 years). To ter-ri-to-ri-al-no-ot-ras-le-vym orders from-no-si-lis Vla-di-mir-sky court court, Mo-s-court court -th order and others Their narrowly-specialized-polynomial (su-debnie) ras-about-stranya-nya on one and the same one -ria-lu-dei, but on different ter-ri-ro-ri-yah. Kaz-noi and ho-zay-st-vom pat-ri-ar-shey ka-fed-ry ru-la-li Pat-ri-ar-shiy yard-tso-vy pri-kaz, Pat-ri-ar- Shi ka-zen-ny order, and mi-tro-in-lich-their ka-Fedr-mi-tro-in-li-ka-zen-nye and courtyard orders. The trial of du-ho-ven-st-vom and mi-ry-na-mi by du-hov-n-de-llam in Pat-ri-ar-shey ob-las-ti (eparchy) st-in-la-li at different times Pat-ri-ar-shiy time-series pri-kaz and Pat-ri-ar-shy du-khov pri-kaz, in eparchy -yah - the court of the world-in-person-pri-kazy.

Orders orders

1) central government in Russia XVI - early XVIII centuries. It was based on a judicial function (Zemsky order, Local order, Treasury order, Ambassadorial order, etc.). Along with nationwide, there were orders with regional competence (order of the Kazan Palace, Siberian order, Novgorod couple, etc.). Structurally divided into tables and uplifts. Persons at the head of orders in the XVII century. received the name of judges, the largest orders were led by judges in the rank of nobleman or okolnichol. Direct clerical work was conducted by the clerks. At the beginning of the XVIII century. orders replaced by collegiums. 2) Local authorities of the palace administration in the XVI-XVII centuries. (Novgorod, Pskov palace orders). 3) The name of the Streltsy regiments in the XVI-XVII centuries.

ORDERS

ORDERS, central and local government in Russia in the mid-16th - mid-18th centuries, as well as the names of the Streltsy regiments (cm. SAGITTARIUS) in the 16-17th centuries. The term comes from the word “order” in the sense of a special commission; as applied to institutions, this term came into circulation from the middle of the 16th century. The origin of the command system occurred in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. The system of standing orders was formed during the transformations of the mid-16th century. At this time, orders began to function: the Grand Palace (1534), the Grand Parish (1554), Zemsky (1564), Kazan (1560s), Kazenny (1512), Kostroma quarter (1560s), Hunter (1509) , Novgorod quarter (1560s), Armory (first half of the 16th century), Printed (1553), Polonyanichny (mid 16th century), Ambassadorial (1549), Bit (first half of the 16th century), Sokolnichy (1550), Streletsky (1571), the Ustyug quarter (1560s), Kholopiy (mid 16th century), Petition (mid 16th century), Yamskaya (1550).
Military reforms led to the creation of the Rank Order, which was in charge of the personnel and service of the local army, and the Local Order, which was entrusted with providing land to the serving landowners. The Streletsky order was in charge of the Streletsky army. The restructuring of the “Yamskaya chase” system (communications service) led to the emergence of the Yamsky order. The introduction of lab institutions in the field caused the organization of the robbery order. The expansion of international relations contributed to the establishment of an independent Ambassadorial order. A consequence of the fragmentation of individual lands that became part of the united Russian state was the creation, along with the national financial order of the Grand Parish of territorial judicial-administrative-financial quarters (Chet), as well as special judicial regional orders. The expansion of borders to the southeast led to the appearance of the Order of the Kazan Palace.
Orders were called not only central institutions, but also some local palace institutions, for example, the Novgorod and Pskov palace orders that arose under the authority of the Order of the Big Treasury that arose in the 1620s. The name "order" was also used to designate the Streltsy regiments. Orders were permanent institutions, their activity was based on a functional principle. Each order was in charge of a certain range of issues, had an independent staff. However, the command system did not have a harmonious internal unity and a clear delineation of functions; many orders were characterized by a combination of judicial, administrative and financial functions, the combination of functional management with territorial.
Orders were directly in the hands of the tsar and the Boyar Duma. The heads of orders received the name of judges in the 17th century, as they often performed judicial functions. In the 16th century, clerks prevailed among them, in the 17th century, some large orders were headed by the boyars and okolnichi, and the smaller ones by the duma nobles. However, even in the 17th century the clerks directed a number of important orders (the Bitten Ambassadorial, Local). The clerical work was conducted by the clerks and the priests. The number of personnel of orders (ordered people) ranged from 3 to 400 people.
From the beginning of the 17th century, internal structural division appears in orders. In the years 1613-1619, eleven new orders were organized. In the field of military command, orders were created: Cossack, Inozemsky, Reitarsky, Urban Affairs; in the field of finance, the orders of the New Quarter and the Big Treasury began to operate, the powers of the territorial quarters were expanded. In the first half of the 17th century, temporary orders were created, which, having fulfilled the tasks assigned to them, ceased to exist. In wartime, orders arose for the collection of military and subsistence people, money and grain collection, the collection of fivefold and requested money. Numerous detective orders were temporary. By the middle of the 17th century, there were about eighty orders.
In the 1650-1660s, the government tried to restructure the work of headquarters. Attempts were made to centralize management by combining the leadership of several orders in the same hands, orders of Secret Affairs and Counting were created, which exercised control over the activities of the remaining orders and reported directly to the king. But their existence was short. In the 1680s, the government carried out a new reform of the command system, which aimed to concentrate homogeneous management functions in one department. Most of the quarters became part of the Ambassadorial order; a large financial institution was created on the basis of the Order of the Big Treasury, in which the orders of the Big Parish and the New Quarter merged. The order of the Big Treasury was transferred to the financial functions of the quarters. The liquidation of the command system took place at the beginning of the 18th century during the Petrine reform of the administrative apparatus and the introduction of collegiums. Only a few of the orders continued to function later. The Siberian order was preserved until 1763.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what “orders” are in other dictionaries:

ORDERS, 1) central government bodies in Russia in the 16th and early 18th centuries. Basically, they had a judicial function (Zemsky P., Local P., Kazenny P., Ambassadorial P., etc.). Along with nationwide were P. with regional competence (Kazan ... ... Russian history

Modern Encyclopedia

The central government in Russia of the XVI beginning of the XVIII centuries. They were under the direct control of the tsar and the Boyar Duma. Reform of the management apparatus and the introduction of colleges led to the liquidation of the command system. Only a few of them continued ... ... Law Dictionary

1) the central government in Russia 16 beg. 18th c. 2) Local palace authorities in the 16th 17th centuries. 3) The name of the Streltsy regiments in the 16th 17th centuries ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

1) the central government in Russia 16 beg. 18 centuries; 2) local authorities of the palace administration in the 16-17th centuries; 3) the name of the Streltsy regiments in the 16th and 17th centuries. Political Science: Dictionary Reference. comp. Prof. Paul I. Sanzharevsky .. 2010 ... Political science. Dictionary.

ORDERS - ORDERS The term has the following meanings1. Written P. produce den. payment, such as checks, bills of exchange, payment orders, etc. 2. Indication to the broker on the purchase or sale of securities or goods. In the stock market P. clients ... ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

The central government in Moscow, in charge of a special kind of public affairs or certain areas of the state. P. were otherwise called chambers, huts, courtyards, palaces, thirds or quarters. The name of the hut and P. was used first ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Central authorities in Russia 16 early 18 centuries. The term comes from the word "order", used in the sense of a special commission; in relation to institutions, this term has been in circulation since the middle of the 16th century. Origin ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Organs center. management in Russia 16 beg. 18 centuries Their name came from the term order, used in the sense of a special assignment; in relation to institutions, this term has been in circulation since the 60s. 16 century Folding the order system ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Books

Orders of General Count Arakcheev in the corps of the settled troops, Arakcheev. The orders of the chief over the military settlements of the Chief of General Count A. Arakcheev in the corps of the settled troops of 1820. St. Petersburg, 1822. The book is a reprint edition. ...

Orders, central and local government in Russia in the mid-16th - mid-18th centuries, as well as the names of the Streltsy regiments in the 16-17th centuries. The term comes from the word “order” in the sense of a special commission; as applied to institutions, this term came into circulation from the middle of the 16th century. The origin of the command system occurred in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. The system of standing orders was formed during the transformations of the mid-16th century. At this time, orders began to function: the Grand Palace (1534), the Grand Parish (1554), Zemsky (1564), Kazan (1560s), Kazenny (1512), Kostroma quarter (1560s), Hunter (1509) , Novgorod quarter (1560s), Armory (first half of the 16th century), Printed (1553), Polonyanichny (mid 16th century), Ambassadorial (1549), Bit (first half of the 16th century), Sokolnichy (1550), Streletsky (1571), the Ustyug quarter (1560s), Kholopiy (mid 16th century), Petition (mid 16th century), Yamskaya (1550).

Military reforms led to the creation of the Rank Order, which was in charge of the personnel and service of the local army, and the Local Order, which was entrusted with providing land to the serving landowners. The Streletsky order was in charge of the Streletsky army. The restructuring of the “Yamskaya chase” system (communications service) led to the emergence of the Yamsky order. The introduction of lab institutions in the field caused the organization of the robbery order. The expansion of international relations contributed to the establishment of an independent Ambassadorial order. A consequence of the fragmentation of individual lands that became part of the united Russian state was the creation, along with the national financial order of the Grand Parish of territorial judicial-administrative-financial quarters (Chet), as well as special judicial regional orders. The expansion of borders to the southeast led to the appearance of the Order of the Kazan Palace.

Orders were called not only central institutions, but also some local palace institutions, for example, the Novgorod and Pskov palace orders that arose under the authority of the Order of the Big Treasury that arose in the 1620s. The name "order" was also used to designate the Streltsy regiments. Orders were permanent institutions, their activity was based on a functional principle. Each order was in charge of a certain range of issues, had an independent staff. However, the command system did not have a harmonious internal unity and a clear delineation of functions; many orders were characterized by a combination of judicial, administrative and financial functions, the combination of functional management with territorial.

Orders were directly in the hands of the tsar and the Boyar Duma. The heads of orders received the name of judges in the 17th century, as they often performed judicial functions. In the 16th century, clerks prevailed among them, in the 17th century, some large orders were headed by the boyars and okolnichi, and the smaller ones by the duma nobles. However, even in the 17th century the clerks directed a number of important orders (the Bitten Ambassadorial, Local). The clerical work was conducted by the clerks and the priests. The number of personnel of orders (ordered people) ranged from 3 to 400 people.

From the beginning of the 17th century, internal structural division appears in orders. In the years 1613-1619, eleven new orders were organized. In the field of military command, orders were created: Cossack, Inozemsky, Reitarsky, Urban Affairs; in the field of finance, the orders of the New Quarter and the Big Treasury began to operate, the powers of the territorial quarters were expanded. In the first half of the 17th century, temporary orders were created, which, having fulfilled the tasks assigned to them, ceased to exist. In wartime, orders arose for the collection of military and subsistence people, money and grain collection, the collection of fivefold and requested money. Numerous detective orders were temporary. By the middle of the 17th century, there were about eighty orders.

In the 1650-1660s, the government tried to restructure the work of headquarters. Attempts were made to centralize management by combining the leadership of several orders in the same hands, orders of Secret Affairs and Counting were created, which exercised control over the activities of the remaining orders and reported directly to the king. But their existence was short. In the 1680s, the government carried out a new reform of the command system, which aimed to concentrate homogeneous management functions in one department. Most of the quarters became part of the Ambassadorial order; a large financial institution was created on the basis of the Order of the Big Treasury, in which the orders of the Big Parish and the New Quarter merged. The order of the Big Treasury was transferred to the financial functions of the quarters. The liquidation of the command system took place at the beginning of the 18th century during the Petrine reform of the administrative apparatus and the introduction of collegiums. Only a few of the orders continued to function later. The Siberian order was preserved until 1763.

Order in Moscow.

Painting by Yanov A.S. 1880s.

Serpukhov Art History Museum.

The authorities in Russia have undergone great changes over the centuries. At first it was the prince’s squad, then the Boyar Duma appeared. orders. What was in charge of the orders, what were the orders, who introduced them in Russia? We will answer these questions.

Orders

Orders - These are government bodies in Russia. An order system of power was established by Ivan the Terrible on central government reform in 155th year. However, orders appeared much earlier.

From the history of the name

Where did the name come from? The explanation is very simple: the tsar “ordered” the boyar to be in charge of a particular area of \u200b\u200bsociety or a specific area of \u200b\u200bthe country. This is where the name came from - orders.

From the history of orders

The first orders appeared under Ivan 3, it was around 1512. Then there were the following orders: bit. Breech, stables, bedding, serf, life-giving and the order of the Bolshoi Dvor (he was in charge of the lands of the Prince of Moscow himself). Separate orders were in charge of affairs in the annexed territories, as well as in the state itself.

Vasily 3 - the father of Ivan the Terrible - introduced new posts, so special orders were created for them. These are: hunter, gunsmith, kravch. This happened in 1509, 1511 and 1514, respectively.

Finally, under Ivan the Terrible in Sudebnik, adopted in 1550, the order system was finally formed. All subsequent kings added new orders, merged several, or abolished some altogether.

The orders replaced by the colleges were Peter the Great, however, some orders remained and existed for quite some time. For example, in 1730 the Siberian order was restored (until 1755). The orders completely disappeared in the reign of Catherine II in 1775, but even then some institutions continued to be called orders (for example, the Order of Public Charity), however, their terms of reference were different.

Thus, orders existed in Russia for quite some time.

Other names of orders:

chambers, huts, palaces, huts, courtyards, thirds, quarters.

These names, although synonyms, however, have some differences.

Huts are authorities with less authority than orders.

Yards and palaces were in charge only of economic affairs.

The history of the names “third” and “quarter” is interesting. Under Ivan III, the state was divided into three parts. So, thirds are the authorities in charge of affairs in each of these three parts. The same thing happened with the word “quarter”. Only this was under Ivan IV - the country was divided into 4 parts.

Orders in Russia

Order	What matters
Petition	1571-1685 The petition is an individual or collective petition addressed to the tsar (they “beat the brow,” that is, bow low, man).
Ambassadorial	1549-1720. was in charge of relations with other countries, although it had a number of other powers.
Local	He was in charge of all land tenure in the state. It was abolished in 1719.
Streletsky	It was created during the period of reforms in 1555-1556 goals, was in charge of the Strelets army and city Cossacks.
Pushkarsky	He had military administrative and judicial functions related to affairs in the troops.
Bronny	Responsibilities - making weapons for the army: helmets. sabers, bows, self-arrows, etc.
Robbery	From 1571 to 1701. was in charge of robbery, robbery, murder, prisons.
Printed	He certified the authenticity of letters and decrees. Any written acts through the application to the state press, engaged in the collection of Printed duties. It existed until 1763.
Slaves	In 1681, merged with the Judicial Order.
Falconer	Since 1550 He knew the court falconry. Under Aleksei Mikhailovich, an order of secret affairs began to deal with this.
Zemsky orders	He was in control of Moscow and some other cities, and putting them in order.
Galician quarter	She was in charge of finance and court in this territory. From 1606-1667, then entered the Ambassadorial order.
Ustyug quarter	She was in charge of finance and court in this territory.
New quarter	From 1597. She was in charge of finance and court in this territory.
Kazan order	50-60s of the 16th century. Managed affairs in the southeast of the country. It was liquidated in 1708 in connection with the formation of the Kazan province.
Siberian order	He was in charge of the affairs of annexed Siberia, created by Fedor Ioannovich. From 1637 to 1773
Patriarchal government order	In 1589, under Fedor Ioannovich, the patriarchate was established in Russia. In connection with these, an order appeared that was in charge of the affairs of the church.
Order of stone affairs.	Established under Boris Godunov. He was in charge of construction in cities.
Palace	Under Mikhail Fedorovich,
Judgment	Under Mikhail Fedorovich, the judicial authority since 1593.
Pharmaceutical	Under Mikhail Fedorovich, the department had pharmacists, doctors, doctors, and medicines. Until 1716 (Medical College 0.
Secret Affairs Order	Under Alexei Mikhailovich, in 1563, it was closed under Fedor Alekseevich. He was in charge of investigative affairs in especially important state affairs.
Bread	From 1663-1679, he was in charge of the royal arable lands, connected with the order of the Grand Palace.
Funeral service	The purpose of the order is obedience to the people of the royal family. From 1663-1686gg.
Reitarsky	The military command authority was in charge of the reiters, that is, horse-drawn troops, often hired, fees, salaries. From 1649 to 1701. Further - the Order of Military Affairs, from 1711 - the Main Military Chancellery.
The order of the building is alms	Closed in 1680, with Fedor Alekseevich.
Monastic	Since 1649, he was in charge of the judicial affairs of the clergy. Abolished in 1725, became the Chamber Office of the Holy Synod.

Such is not a complete list of orders that existed in Russia.

Composition of orders

At the head of the order was roundaboutappointed by the king from the boyars.

One part of the employees was making decisions - judges.

Others were writing this clerks and clerk, o there is a clerk- this is the head of the office of the order, the clerk- his assistant, deputy.

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna