Transactional analysis. Transactional analysis

The personality structure in transactional analysis is characterized by the presence of three ego states: Parent, Child and Adult. Each ego state is a special pattern of thinking, feelings and behavior. The selection of ego states is based on three axiomatic positions:

• 1) every adult was once a child. This child in each person is represented by the ego state of the Child;
• 2) each person with a normally developed brain is potentially capable of an adequate assessment of reality. The ability to systematize information coming from outside and make reasonable decisions relates to the ego state of an Adult;
• 3) each individual had or has parents or persons replacing them. The parental principle is embedded in each personality and takes on the form of the parent's ego state.

Description of ego states is presented in table. one.

Table 1

Ego states and typical behaviors and statements

Ego states	Typical behaviors, statements
Parent	Caring parent	Comforts, corrects, helps. "We will do this." "Do not be afraid." "We will all help you."
Critical parent	Threatens, criticizes, orders "Are you late for work again?" "Everyone should have a schedule on the table!"
Adult	Gathers and gives information, estimates probability, makes decisions "What time is it?" "Who can have this letter?" "We will solve this problem in the group"
	Spontaneous baby	Natural, impulsive, cunning, egocentric behavior "This stupid letter is on my desk for the third time" "You did it just fine!"
Adapting Baby	Helpless, fearful, adaptable to standards, compliant behavior "I would love to, but we will have trouble"
Rebellious child	Protester, defiant behavior "I will not do this!" "You cannot do this"

An adult at E. Bern plays the role of an arbiter between the Parent and the Child. By analyzing the information, the Adult decides which behavior is most appropriate for these circumstances, which stereotypes it is desirable to abandon, and which it is desirable to include.

It is possible to diagnose ego states in a person by observing the verbal and non-verbal components of behavior. For example, being in the Parent state, phrases like “I can’t”, “I should”, criticisms like “so, remember”, “stop it”, “for nothing in the world”, “I would be in your place” are pronounced, "my dear". The physical sign of the Parent is a frowning forehead, shaking his head, “formidable look”, sighs, arms crossed on his chest, stroking another's head, etc. A child can be diagnosed on the basis of expressions that reflect feelings, desires and fears: “I want”, “I get angry”, “I hate”, “what matters to me”. Nonverbal manifestations include trembling lips, a downcast look, a shrug, an expression of delight.

Verbal and non-verbal interactions between people are called transactions. A transaction is an exchange of influences between the ego states of two people. Impacts can be conditional or unconditional, positive or negative. Distinguish between parallel, cross and hidden transactions.

Parallel - these are transactions in which the stimulus emanating from one person is directly complemented by the reaction of another. For example, a stimulus: “What time is it now?”, Reaction: “A quarter to six.” In this case, the interaction occurs between the Adult Ego-states of the interlocutors. Such interactions do not have the ability to produce conflicts and can last unlimited time. The stimulus and response in such an interaction are displayed in parallel lines.

Cross (intersecting) transactions already have the ability to produce conflicts. In these cases, an unexpected reaction is given to the stimulus, an inappropriate ego state is activated. For example, when the husband’s question “Where are my cufflinks?”, The wife answers “Where you put it, take it there.” Thus, the reaction of the Parent is given to the stimulus emanating from the Adult. Such cross transactions begin with mutual reproaches, sharp remarks and can end with slamming doors.

Hidden transactions differ in that they include more than two ego states, since the message in them is disguised as a socially acceptable stimulus, but the response is expected from the effect of the hidden message. Thus, a hidden transaction contains implicit information through which you can influence others so that they are not aware of it.

A transaction can be carried out at two levels - social and psychological. This is characteristic of hidden transactions, where at the psychological level they contain hidden motives.

E. Berne gives examples of an angular transaction in which three ego states participate and writes that sellers are especially strong in it. For example, the Seller offers the buyer an expensive type of product with the words: “This model is better, but you can’t afford it”, to which the buyer gives an answer: “Here I will take it.” The seller at the Adult level states the facts (that the model is better and that it cannot afford the buyer), to which the buyer should give an answer at the Adult level - that the seller is certainly right. But since the psychological vector was skillfully directed by the Adult of the seller to the Buyer's Child, it is the Buyer's Child who answers, wanting to demonstrate that he is not worse than others.

Approval in transactional analysis is understood as “stroking." There are three types of stroking: physical (for example, touch), verbal (words) and non-verbal (wink, nods, gestures and the like). Strokes are given for “existence” (that is, they are unconditional) and for “actions” (conditional strokes). They can be positive - for example, a friendly physical touch, warm words and friendly gestures; and negative - spanking, frowns, abuse.

Unconditional strokes are obtained, as in infancy, simply for the fact that "you are." Positive unconditional strokes are verbal (“I love you”), non-verbal (laughter, smiles, gestures) and physical (touches, affection, cradling). Conditional strokes are given more for actions than for the fact of existence: when a child first begins to walk, parents speak to him in an excited voice, smile, kiss; when a child spills milk or is excessively penniless, he may receive a shout, a slap, or an angry look.

The next aspect of transactional analysis is the structuring of time. According to E. Burn, people structure time using six methods: leaving, (avoiding), rituals, entertainment (spending time), activity, games, intimacy (love sexual interactions).

Transactions such as rituals, entertainment, or activities are aimed at achieving certain goals - structuring time and receiving influences from others. Therefore, they can be designated as “honest”, that is, not involving the manipulation of others. Games are a series of hidden transactions leading to a certain result, in which one of the players has an interest.

A ritual is a stereotypical series of simple additional transactions that are determined by external social factors. An informal ritual (such as farewell) is basically unchanged, but may differ in detail. A formal ritual (for example, church liturgy) is characterized by very little freedom .. rituals offer a safe, inspiring confidence and often enjoyable way to structure time.

You can define pastime as a series of simple, semi-additional complementary transactions, the purpose of which is to structure a certain time interval. The beginning and end of this interval can be called procedures. At the same time, transactions are usually adapted to the needs of all participants in such a way that everyone can get the maximum gain during this interval - the better the participant is adapted, the greater his gain. Pastimes are usually mutually exclusive of each other, that is, they do not mix. Pastimes form the basis for acquaintance and can lead to friendship, contribute to the confirmation of the roles chosen by a person and the strengthening of his life position.

game transaction analysis

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS

Creator T. a. is an American psychiatrist Berne (Berne E.). According to his concept, a person is programmed with “early decisions” regarding his life position. He lives his life according to a “script” written with the active participation of his relatives, primarily his parents, makes decisions in the present, based on stereotypes that were once necessary for his psychological survival, but now they are most often useless. The main goal of the psychotherapeutic process is the reconstruction of the personality on the basis of a revision of life positions, awareness of unproductive stereotypes of behavior that impede the adoption of decisions adequate to the present moment, the formation of a new value system based on one’s own needs and capabilities.
  T. a. includes:
1)   structural analysis - analysis of the structure of personality;
2)   analysis of transactions - verbal and non-verbal interactions between people;
3) analysis of psychological games - hidden transactions leading to the desired outcome (gain);
4)   scenario analysis (script analysis) - an individual life scenario that a person involuntarily follows.
  The personality structure is characterized by the presence of three “I” states: Parent (Exteropsikhe), Child (Archeopsikhe), Adult (Neopsikhe). It is emphasized that self-states are not roles performed by people, but phenomenological realities, behavioral stereotypes provoked by the actual situation. Parent - this is information received in childhood from parents and other authorities, these are instructions, teachings, rules of conduct, social norms, prohibitions - information from the category of how to behave and how to behave in a particular situation. On the one hand, it is a set of useful, time-tested rules, on the other hand, it is a container of prejudice and prejudice. The Parent can act as the Supervisory Parent (prohibitions, sanctions) and the Caring Parent (advice, support, guardianship). It is possible to diagnose the condition of the Parent by such statements as “I must”, “I cannot”. Other verbal characteristics include instructive, evaluative, supportive or critical remarks such as “always”, “never”, “stop it”, “never in the world”, “so remember”, “how many times I told you”, “ I would be in your place ”,“ my dear ”,“ poor thing ”,“ what nonsense ”. The physical sign of the Parent is a frowning forehead, pursed lips, shaking of the head, “formidable look”, “pointing finger” of the hand, tapping with the foot, hands on the hips, arms crossed on the chest, sighing, stroking the other on the head, etc.
A child is an emotional principle in a person, which can manifest itself in two forms. Natural Child includes all the impulses inherent in the child: credulity, tenderness, spontaneity, curiosity, creative passion, ingenuity. Thanks to these features, the Natural Child acquires great value, regardless of the person’s age: it gives the person charm and warmth. However, the Natural Child is not only charming, but also capricious, touchy, frivolous, indulgent, self-centered, stubborn and aggressive. An Adapted Child is that part of the personality that, wishing to be accepted by parents and fearing rejection, does not allow itself to behave in ways that do not meet their expectations and requirements. The Adapted Child is characterized by increased conformity, insecurity, especially when communicating with significant individuals, shyness, bashfulness. A kind of Adapted Child is a Rebel (against the Parent) Child, irrationally denying authority, norms, violating discipline.
  The child is diagnosed in T. and. on the basis of statements expressing feelings, desires, fears: “I want”, “I do not want”, “I am afraid”, “I am angry”, “I hate”, “I do not care”, “what matters to me”. Nonverbal characteristics include trembling lips, tears, “pouting”, a downcast gaze, a whimpering voice, a shrug, a wave of arms, an expression of delight.
An adult self-state is an individual’s ability to objectively evaluate reality from information obtained as a result of his own experience, and based on this, make independent, adequate situations. If the Parent is the taught concept of life, and the Child is the concept of life through feelings, the Adult is the concept of life through thinking, based on the collection and processing of information. In the theory of Freud (Freud S.) to the Adult corresponds to "I". Just as Freud’s “I” is an arena where battles take place between the repressed feelings of Ono and the social prohibitions of the Self, the Adult in Bern plays the role of an arbiter between the Parent and the Child. The role of the Adult is not reduced to the suppression of one and the other and to rise above them, but to the study of the information recorded in the Parent and the Child. By analyzing this information, the Adult decides which behavior is most appropriate for the given circumstances, which stereotypes must be abandoned, and which ones should be included. So, at the party the behavior dictated by the Child’s I-state is appropriate, and the moralization of the Parent on the topic of an ascetic lifestyle is inappropriate. It is in this vein that it is necessary to understand the motto of T. A.: "Always be an Adult." A psychotherapist turns to an adult patient in the process of working with him.
  In the interactions (transactions) of people, various self-states can be included. There are additional, cross and hidden transactions. Additional transactions are those that meet the expectations of people in contact and that meet healthy human relationships. Such interactions are not conflicting and can last unlimited time. The stimulus and response in this interaction are shown in parallel lines. An example of an Adult-Adult transaction is an unbiased conversation to get information: “Have you not heard what the weather is expected tomorrow?” - “They promise rain.” A typical conversation between two Parents, burdened with prejudice, sounds something like this: “Today's youth thinks only of entertainment.” - "Still would! After all, they live on everything ready! ". The Parent-Child interaction can be illustrated by the following dialogue between the spouses: “Something is unhealthy for me today. I seem to have a temperature. ” - "Then go to bed, I will prepare you tea with lemon and I will give aspirin."
Cross-reactivity has a conflictogenic ability. In these cases, an unexpected reaction is given to the stimulus, an inappropriate state of “I” is activated. The classic example is Bern's “Cufflinks”. The husband cannot find the cufflinks and asks his wife, “Do you know where my cufflinks are?” This is a question of an Adult waiting for information, and a parallel additional answer would be: “Look in the upper drawer of the wardrobe.” However, if the wife has a difficult day, then she can say: "Where you put it, there you take it." The stimulus comes from the Adult, but the wife returned the answer from the Parent. Stimulus and reaction intersect. Communication ceases: husband and wife can no longer talk about cufflinks, they must first find out why he never puts things in their place. If the wife’s response came from the Child (“I’m always to blame for everything!”), The same impasse would have formed. Such cross-transactions begin with mutual reproaches, sharp remarks and end with slamming the door and shouting loudly: “It's all because of you!” (The name of one of the psychological games described by Bern).
  Hidden transactions differ from previous ones in that they include more than two “I” states, since the message in them is disguised as a socially acceptable stimulus, but the response is expected from the effect of the hidden message, which is the essence of psychological games. When a car salesman, smiling, tells his client: “This is our most magnificent sports model, but it is probably too expensive for you,” his words can be perceived by both the Adult and the Child of the client. When an Adult hears them, the answer may be: “Yes, you are right, considering how much I get.” At the same time, the Child can answer: "I take it - this is exactly what I want." The most subtle deceptive moves are built taking into account the human need for recognition.
A psychological game is a series of additional covert transactions following one another with a well-defined and predictable outcome. This is a set of transactions with hidden motivation, a series of moves containing a trap, a catch. A certain emotional state that the player unconsciously aspires to is a gain. This is not always a positive feeling, pleasure or joy, more often it is an unpleasant sensation that is “loved” for the player and which he “collects”. For example, in the game “Hit Me,” one of the participants tries to provoke a disrespectful reaction from his partner. Bern's book, The Games People Play (1964) describes dozens of games. They are performed from the parental state “I” when they repeat the game of the parents; from the Adult I-state when they are deliberately calculated; from the Children's Self-state, when they are based on the early experiences, decisions and psychological positions that the child took in relation to himself and others in childhood.
  The concept of a psychological position is one of the main in T. and. Well-known propagandist T. a. became a psychiatrist Harris (Harris T.A.) thanks to his book “I'm on Kay - You're on Kay.” The title of the book expresses the position that a person should achieve in the process of T. a. Harris distinguishes 4, and English (English F.) - 5 main positions.
  The first position: "I'm about" kay - you're about "kay." This position of complete contentment and acceptance of others can be defined as harmonious, or symbiotic, and corresponds to the position of the embryo in the womb of the mother, who finds herself and her environment safe (ok). The position can be maintained between the baby and the mother, but if the baby is stuck on her, believing that he will remain the most important person all his life, disappointments and negative feelings will arise over time.
  The second position: "I'm not about" kay - you're not about "kay." If a child at the beginning of his life is surrounded by attention, warmth and care, and then, due to some life circumstances, his attitude towards him changes radically, then he begins to feel dysfunctional (not okay). Life loses positive aspects. provisions can act destructively and lead to the conviction: "Life is worth nothing."
The third position: "I'm not about" kay - you're about "kay." Very soon, the child begins to worry that he is small, helpless, dependent on adults; he feels less valuable than the adults around him. This can only change if the child’s self-esteem increases. If this does not happen, then such a state is fixed, which ultimately leads to the implementation of a scenario in which the main role is played by depression, resignation and a sense of inferiority: "My life is worth nothing."
  Fourth position: "I'm about" Kay - you're not about "Kay." If the child is "not stroked" and treated badly, then he comes to the conclusion: "Only I can protect myself, only I am one good, and the others are bad." Implementation of a life scenario based on this position can lead to a criminal situation: "Your life is worth little."
  Fifth position: "I'm about" Kay - you're about "Kay." This is a realistic position. It is not based on early childhood decisions, but is chosen consciously. A person comes to her through life experience, through reassessment of values, through morality and philosophy. In this position, no one loses, and each in his own way comes to his victory: "Life is worth living."
  Psychological positions arise not only in relation to oneself and others, but also in relation to the other sex. Having taken a psychological position, the person tries to strengthen it in order to stabilize self-esteem and maintain his perception of the world around him. The psychological position becomes a life position, on the basis of which they play games and carry out a life scenario. For example, a woman whom an alcoholic father oppressed as a child takes 2 positions: “I’m not worth anything” (I’m not about “kay”) and “Men are animals that will offend me” (men are not about “kay). Based on this, she chooses people who play certain roles that correspond to her life scenario. So, she marries an "animal", moreover, an alcoholic. In addition to this, in public, she plays the game "The rapist": attracting a man by conversation, trying to seduce him; if he does not succumb to it, she indignantly rejects it, once again making sure that “men are animals who want to offend” her (collecting “favorite feelings”).
A script is a life plan that resembles a performance that a person is forced to play. It depends on the positions adopted in childhood, and is recorded in the children's I-state through transactions that occur between parents and the child. The games people play are part of the script. Having realized his position and games, a person can understand his life scenario. Its analysis is the main purpose of T. and. According to Bern, almost all human activity is programmed by a life scenario that begins in early childhood. Initially, the script is written non-verbally (positions taken in childhood - “I am about“ kay, ““ I am not about “kay,” are written non-verbally), then the children receive verbal script messages from their parents that may relate to the general life plan (“you you’ll become famous ”,“ you are a loser, you will never achieve anything ”), but they can relate to different aspects of a person’s life: a child is prescribed a professional script (“ you are a real artist ”), a script about your gender and marriage-marriage (“ you are so frail, you will never become us a real man ”,“ do not expect to marry with your data ”), regarding education, religion, sports, hobbies, etc. Moreover, parental script messages can be constructive, destructive (in extreme cases, leading to suicide) and unproductive. According to Berne, in every child there is a “prince” or “princess”, but at the very beginning of life, some children receive messages from significant people that contain some form of neglect, which forces children to act below their real abilities. They become “frogs”, instead of being “princes” by which they were born (“prince” and “frog” are the analogies taken by Bern from the fairy tale about “The Frog Princess”).
T. a. - This is an interactive psychotherapy, which is carried out in a group form. Patients are taught the basic concepts of T. a., Understanding the mechanisms of behavior and their disorders. The psychotherapist and patients use a blackboard and chalk. The aim of the work is the realization by group members of within which self-states they usually function (structural analysis). Developing this awareness, patients examine early programming, the messages (messages) they received from their parents, and their early decisions regarding their own dignity (“I am OK,” “I am not OK,” and life position. The main goal of T. a., According to R. Goulding (Goulding R. L.) and M. Goulding (Goulding M.), is to review the early decisions. The authors reject Bern's notion that we passively follow the script and are victims of early conditioning, and believe that decisions are made by us in response to real and imaginary parental messages, and so we ourselves create our own script. If an early decision was made, then with the help of various psychotherapeutic techniques, group members can relive the scenes of early childhood, revive the situations in which they made a certain defeatist decision regarding themselves and their lives, and in the end they can make a new decision on an intellectual and emotional level . The authors developed a modified version of T. a., Combining its principles and techniques with gestalt therapy, psychodrama, and behavior modification. Despite the fact that the transactional group is interactive and work in it should lead to intellectual and emotional insight, great emphasis is placed on a rational approach. The team leader acts more as a teacher, often using didactic approaches to help patients experience insight and establish control over their lives. The ultimate goal of T. a. is the achievement of personal autonomy, which helps to determine their own fate, to take responsibility for their actions and feelings.
At the heart of the practice of T. a. lies a contract in which the treatment conditions are stipulated. The psychotherapeutic contract includes the goals set by the patient in front of him, and the ways in which these goals will be achieved; here the psychotherapist offers treatment and a list of requirements for the patient, which he undertakes to fulfill. The patient decides what beliefs, emotions and behavioral stereotypes he must change in himself in order to achieve his goals. After a review of early decisions, patients begin to think, behave and feel differently, seeking to gain autonomy.
  T. a. can be used in the treatment of neurosis in a wide age range. Its use is less effective for the treatment of psychotic patients, as well as patients with severe chronic forms of neurosis. Strength T. and. is the establishment of a common language with the patient, which facilitates the formation of psychotherapeutic contact (Lychagina L.I., 1983).

Psychotherapeutic Encyclopedia. - S.-Pb .: Peter. B. D. Karvasarsky. 2000 .

See what "TRANSACT ANALYSIS" is in other dictionaries:

transactional analysis  - the direction of psychotherapy, developed in the 50s by the American psychologist and psychiatrist E. Berne, including: 1) structural analysis (theory of ego states): 2) actually T. a. activities and communication, based on the concept of "transaction" as ... ... Big psychological encyclopedia

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS  - (transactional) direction in psychology, developed in the 50s of Amer. psychologist and psychiatrist E. Bern. A rational method for understanding behavior based on three states. I am a parent, adult and child. A transactional approach in the work of a teacher ... ... Pedagogical dictionary

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS  - - a direction of psychotherapy developed in the 50s. XX century American psychologist and psychiatrist E. Byrne, including: 1) structural analysis (theory of egosostoyaniya); 2) actually T. a. activities and communication, based on the concept of "transaction" as ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Transactional analysis  - [lat. transactio agreement, transaction] a direction of psychology developed in the 50s by the American psychologist and psychiatrist E. Berne, which includes: 1) structural analysis (theory of ego states), 2) actually T. a. activities and communication, ... ... Psychological vocabulary

  - ... Wikipedia

Transactional analysis - The direction of psychology, considering the development of personality and communication as the formation and interaction of subordinate levels of organization of the individual psyche. T.a. developed by the American psychologist E. Byrne. At the heart of T.a. lies ... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

Transactional analysis is  an integrated approach to psychology and psychotherapy. He is described as integral because he has elements of psychoanalytic, humanistic and cognitive approaches. Transactional analysis  was developed by an American psychiatrist of Canadian descent in the late 1950s.

Circuit

According to the International Association for Transactional Analysis, TA ‘is a theory of personality and systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personality changes’.

1. As a theory of personality Transactional analysis  describes how people are structured psychologically. He uses perhaps the most famous ego state models (Parent-Adult-Child) models to do this. The same model helps explain how people express their functions and personality in their behavior.
2. Berne established that there are four vital positions, that a person can take certain psychological positions has serious consequences for both individual operations or his life. The provisions are stated as:
   1. I'm fine and you're fine. This is a healthy life position, and this means that I treat myself well and treat others well and their competences.
   2. I'm fine, you're not fine. In this position, I treat myself well, but I treat others badly, and this is usually not healthy,
   3. I'm not OK, you are OK. In this position, I treat myself badly, I treat others better than my family. A person who occupies this position behaves oppressively.
   4. I'm not OK and you are not   OK..   This is the worst option, which means that I believe that I am in a terrible state and the rest of the world is also in poor condition. Therefore, there is no hope for a positive development of events.
3. This is a communication theory that can be supplemented with an analysis of systems and organizations.
4. This offers a theory for child development, explaining how our adult life patterns originated in childhood. This explanation is based on the idea of \u200b\u200b"Childhood Life Original" assumption that we continue to replay childhood strategies, even when it leads to pain or defeat. Thus, it claims to support the theory of psychopathology.
5. In practical application. It is used in the diagnosis and treatment of many types of mental disorders, and also provides a method of therapy for individuals, couples, families and groups.
6. Outside the therapeutic field, it was used in education to help teachers stay in clear communication at the proper level, in counseling and counseling services, in management and communication training, etc.

Philosophy.

• All people are OK; Thus, each person has significance, importance, equality, respect.
  
• Positive reinforcement enhances OK feelings.
• All people have a basic sweetheart and desires for positive growth.
  
• All (with only a few exceptions, such as brain diseases) have the ability to think.
  
• All the many aspects of personality are of positive importance.
• People decide their history and fate, so these decisions are subject to change.
  
• All emotional difficulties are treatable.

Freedom from the historical script introduced in childhood is required in order to become free. Inappropriate, unreliable movement of emotions that do not fairly and honestly reflect “here-and-now” life (for example, childhood echo, suffering, self-pity and others, compulsive behavior and monotonous life of dysfunctional structures). The purpose of the TA change, go to autonomy  (freedom from children's scripts),   immediacy, intimacy, treatment is like a complete recovery instead of just making progress.

History of transactional analysis.

TA is a neo-Freudian theory of personality. Bern ego states are heavily influenced   Id, ego and super-egoalthough they do not exactly match with them. The main difference between Bern and Freud is the processing of notable transactions, known as “games." A number of books popularized TA with the general public, but did little to gain recognition in the ordinary psychoanalytic community. According to its supporters, transactional analysis is a more convenient and accessible model than traditional psychoanalytic models. A number of modern TA practitioners have emphasized similarities to the cognitive-behavioral model, while others emphasize different models.

General.

TA is not only a post-Freudian, but, according to the wishes of its founder, is deliberately additionally Freudian. TA has roots in psychoanalysis, starting Bern was a psychoanalytically trained psychiatrist, transactional analysis was developed as a breakaway branch of psychoanalysis.

With his focus on transactions, TA shifted attention from internal psychological dynamics to the dynamics contained in human interactions. Instead of believing that increasing understanding of the content of subconsciously conducted ideas was a therapeutic way, TA focused on the content of people's interactions with each other. Changing these interactions was TA's way to solving emotional problems.

TA also differs from the Freudian analysis in explaining that the final emotional state of a person is the result of an internal dialogue between different parts of the soul, as opposed to the Freudian hypothesis that images are the most important determinant of an internal emotional state. (For example, depression may occur due to ongoing critical verbal messages from the inner Parent to the inner Child.) Byrne believed that it was relatively easy to identify these inner dialogs and that the ability to do so was parentally suppressed in early childhood.

In addition, Byrne believed in making a commitment to “treat” his patients, and not just understand them. To this end, he introduced one of the most important aspects of TA: The contract concluded by him and the client, and the therapist pursued the specific changes that the client desired.

Having revised the concept of the human psyche consisting of ID, ego and super-ego.  Byrne formulates three “ego states” - Parent, Adult and Child, which were largely shaped through childhood. These three states are part of the Freudian ego; no one represents the superego identifier.

Unhealthy childhood experiences can lead to the fact that they will be pathologically fixed in the Child and the Parent (ego state), cause discomfort for a person and / or other users in various forms, including many types of mental illness.

Byrne considered how people communicate with each other, and ego states affect the set of transactions. Unproductive or counterproductive operations were seen as signs of ego state problems. Analyzing these operations according to the person from the history of development, will allow the person to recover.

Bern defined a typology of common counterproductive social interactions; Bern defined them as "games."

Berne presented his theory in two popular books on Transactional Analysis: People who play games  (1964) and What Do You Say After How You Say "Hello"?(1975). I'm OK, you're OK (1969), written by Bern's longtime friend Anthony Thomas Harris, is perhaps the most popular TA book.

By the 1970s, due to the non-technical and non-threatening jargon of TA and the model of the human soul, many of its conditions and concepts were accepted by eclectic physicians as part of their individual approaches to psychotherapy. It also served positively as a therapy model for groups of patients, families where interpersonal (rather than deeply personal) disorders were the focus of treatment. Criticism has accused TA of being pseudoscience when TA is actually better understood as a philosophy.
  TA's popularity in the US declined in the 1970s, but it retains some popularity elsewhere in the world. The more dedicated TA purists teamed up with Bern in 1964 to form a research and professional accreditation body, the International Transactional Analytical Association or ITAA.

Development of transactional analysis.

Leaving psychoanalysis half a century ago, Eric Byrne introduced transactional analysis to the world as a phenomenological approach, adding Freud's philosophical construct with observable data. His theory was based on the science of Wilder Penfield and Ren Spitz, along with neo-psychoanalytic thought about people like Paul Federn, Edoardo Weiss and Eric Erickson. Moving into the interpersonal motivational theory, he placed it against the psychoanalytic traditions of that day and within what will become the psychoanalytic traditions of the future.
  From Bern, transactional analysts inherited the intention to create an accessible and easy-to-use system, an understanding of the script or life plan, ego states, transactions and group theory.

Fifty years later.

As part of the comprehensive framework of Transactional Analysis, later transactional analysts developed several different and overlapping theories of Transactional Analysis: cognitive, behavioral, communicative, integrative, constructivist, bodywork, positive psychological, personal adaptive, psychodynamic, etc.

Some transactional analysts emphasize things that have in common with cognitive-behavioral therapists: executiveuse of contracts with clear goals, attention to cognitive biases (the so-called "Adult" deactivation "or" Child deconfusion "), customer orientation, conscious attitude, behavior and the use of" strokes ".

Cognitive based transactional analysts use   ego states identification, identification of communication distortions and training of various functional options in communication dynamics. Some make additional contracts for deeper work involving life plans and scenarios or unconscious processes, including those that manifest themselves in the client-therapist relationship, as transference and countertransference, and define themselves as psychodynamic or Transactional analysts. The main point of the study is the promotion of subjective well-being and optimal human functioning, rather than pathologies, and is thus identified with positive psychology. More and more influenced by current research in the application of infant-mother interactions, and the meanings of interpersonal neurobiology and non-linear dynamic systems.

Key ideas.

Many of the basic TA models and concepts can be divided into

• Structural analysis - analysis of the individual psyche
• Transactional analysis is an analysis of interpersonal relationships based on a structural analysis of the personality involved in transactions
• Game analysis  it is a repeating sequence of transactions that lead to a predetermined result, unconsciously agreed upon by the parties involved in the game
• Scenario analysis is a life plan that may involve long-term involvement in particular in games in order to achieve a person’s life payout.

These concepts can be explained as follows:

transactional analysis

Ego-States (Parent-Adult-Child) model.

• Parent ("exteropsyche"): ego statein which people behave, feel and think, unconsciously imitating how their parents (or other parental figures) acted, or how they interpreted the actions of their parents. For example, a person who can scream at someone because of disappointment, because in childhood his parents screamed at him if he disappointed them ..
• Adults ("neopsyche"): ego state, which is most similar to computer processing of information and making forecasts in the absence of basic emotions that can negatively affect its activities. Training to strengthen the adult goal of transactional analysis. A person in the ego state of an Adult is aimed at an objective assessment of reality.
• Child ("archaeopsyche"): ego state in which people behave, feel and think in the same way as they did in childhood. For example, a person who receives a low rating of work can respond by looking at the floor, crying or pouting as before, when they scolded him as a child. Conversely, a person who receives good grades can respond with a broad smile and a joyful gesture of gratitude. The child is a source of emotions, creativity, relaxation, spontaneity and intimacy.

Bern differentiated the ego states of Parent, Adult, and Child from the actual adult, parent, and child, using capital letters. These ego states may or may not represent the relationships they are playing. For example, in the workplace, an adult supervisor can take on the Parent role, and scold adult workers as if they were Children.

Within each of these ego states there are subsections. Thus, Parent figures are: Caring  (allow, care, monitor security) or criticizing  (mostly negative options); Children's behavior happens: natural or adaptive  . These units classify individuals, patterns of behavior, feelings, ways of thinking that can be functional ( positive) or dysfunctional counterproductive ( negative)..

Byrne argues that there are four types of diagnoses of ego states. These are: "behavioral" diagnosis "," social "diagnosis", "historical" diagnosis ", and" phenomenological "diagnosis. A complete diagnosis will include all four species. It was subsequently shown that there is a fifth type of diagnosis, namely “contextual”, because the same behavior will be diagnosed differently depending on the context of the behavior.

Ego states do not correspond directly to Freudian Ego, Superego and IDalthough there are obvious parallels: Superego / Parents; Ego / Adult; Id / Child.  Ego states are constant for each person, and (that practice is claimed) are more visible than Freud’s components. In other words, the ego state from which someone is in touch is evident in his behavior, manner and expression.

There is no “universal” ego state. For example, each Child is a unique childhood experience: the mentality, intelligence, family of each individual person is different.

One ego state may be polluted by another ego state. For example, when a person confuses Parental rules, and slogans for the adult's ego state are “here-and-now of reality (Adult ego has become polluted by the Parent), and when beliefs are taken as facts (Adult ego has become polluted by the Child). Or when a person “knows” that everyone laughs at him, because “they always laughed.” This would be an example of childhood pollution (Adult Child Pollution), as the “here-and-now” Adult ego state is superimposed by memories of historical incidents in childhood.
  A symbiosis of ego states is also possible. In a symbiotic relationship, one participant borrows the ego state from another participant and turns it off. For example, soldiers can exempt themselves from ethical issues of their actions, obeying their superiors. In this case, the soldier included the parental ego state of their boss in his person.

Although TA theory claims that ego states do not directly correspond to attitudes, feelings, and evaluations, since these processes are present in each ego state, this requirement seems to be internally contradictory to the requirement that an adult is like computer processing information, therefore does not feel if it is contaminated by the Kid. A deeper understanding of TA is needed to solve this paradox. For example, Burn discusses that each ego state (Parent, Adult, and Child) is a further subdivision of the Parent Adult Child within the ego state itself. Born to win  discusses how one of the goals of TA is to achieve the integration of the Ego-standing (Parent, Child) into the adult ego-state, the awareness of a person rises to the level of perception of adult reality “here and now”.
  Models ego states  questioned by the TA group in Australia, they described the “two ego models” as a means of solving perceived theoretical problems:
  “Two ego models say that there is a Child ego state and a Parent ego state , combining the Adult ego state with the Parent ego state. As we learn to speak, add up and study, how to think, everything is simply copied from our teachers. Just as our mores and values \u200b\u200bare copied from our parents. There is no absolute truth, where facts exist, are adjacent to a person’s own system of views. Berne mistakenly concluded that he placed the Adult ego state as separate from the Parent ego state. »It is not clear whether the concept of the studied perception of reality is opposite to Berne’s theory; individual ways of rational and moral thought are recognizable.

Transactions and stroking.

• Transactions  - this is a message flow, and, in particular, an unspoken psychological message flow that runs in parallel. Transactions occur simultaneously both explicitly and at the psychological level. Example: a sweet caring voice with sarcastic intonation. Real communication needs to be understood both verbally and non-verbally.
• Stroking  - there is recognition, attention and responsiveness, or that one person provides to another. Stroking  can be positive (nicknamed "pussies") or negative. The key idea is that people crave recognition, when they lack positive strokes, people will look for strokes of any kind, even if these strokes will give negative feelings.

People often act on other people with strokes that match their style and wait for a response appropriate to the stimulus, so a boss who talks to his employees as a controlling parent often generates self-abasement or other children's responses. Those employees who can resist are leaving.

Transactions can be perceived as positive or negative depending on the nature of stroking in them. However, negative transactions are preferred.

The nature of transactions is important for understanding relationships.

Types of transactions.

There are basically three types of operations:

1. Mutual / Complementary (simplest)
2. Crossed
3. Hidden - Double / Corner (most complex)

Reciprocal or complementary operations.

Simple transactions occur when both partners access the ego state of the other from the same ego state. They are also called complementary transactions. Example 1:

A: “Did you write a report?” (To the Adult) B: “Yes, I'm going to send it to you.” (From Adult)

Example 2:

A: “Would you like to skip this meeting and go watch a movie?” (Children) B: “I would love to - I do not want to work anymore, should we go and see?” (Children)

Example 3:

A: “You must keep your number clean” (from Parent to Child) B: "Do not get me? I will do it in the end! ”(From Child to Parent).

Such communications can go on forever.

Crossed transactions.

Failures in communication are usually caused by “intersecting transactions”, where the partner refers to one ego-state and the partner answers from another. Consider the above examples.

Example 1a:

A: “Did you write a report?” (Adult Adult) B: "Stop you do not get me? I will do it in the end! ”(Child, Parent)

This overlapping transaction is likely to cause workplace problems.

Hidden transactions.

Another class of transactions is hidden transactions, where explicitly social conversation takes place in parallel with an implicit psychological transaction. For example:

A: “I need you to stay late in the office because a lot of work. ”(Adult Adult),“ body language ”indicates sexual intentions (Child Child) B: “Of course.” (Adult response to Adult), winking or grinning (Child accepts a hidden motive). FROM

28.11.2017 13:23

When two people are together long enough, sooner or later, communication between them will begin, not necessarily verbal. They will begin to exchange incentives. When one person sends a stimulus to another, and the other responds to this stimulus, communication took place. Eric Berne calls such an exchange of incentives a transaction. When two people communicate, their relationship becomes systemic. If communication begins A., and B. answers him, the further actions of A depend on the answer B.

The purpose of transactional analysis is to find out which “I-state” of A. to which “I-state” B. sent a communicative stimulus and which “I-state” B. to which “I-state” A. gave an answer . If one “I-state” of a partner is involved in communication, such a transaction is called simple.

Allocate complementary (with complementary) transactions and intersecting transactions. Complementary transactions are those transactions where the stimulus vector and the response vector coincide. In practical work, I distinguish two types of complementary transactions: psychological equality - horizontal (Fig. 6a) and psychological inequality, or slave-tyrannical-inclined (Fig. 6b).

There are only three transactions of the first type: (P – P, B – V, D – D) We gossip along the P – P line or say trivialities (“Young people have blossomed!” - “Yes, we were much more modest!”), Along line B —We work (“Give the adjustable wrench!” - “On!”) Or exchange information (“What time is it?” - “Twelve!”), We love or have fun on the line D – D (“Let's go to the cinema?” - “Good idea!").

The second type of complementary transactions occurs in a situation of guardianship, care, suppression or admiration (“Put on your winter hat!” - “Good!”).

If the message vectors do not match, such transactions are called intersecting (Fig. 7).

Example of a cross transaction: "What time is it now? “Where is your watch?”   The study of simple transactions allowed Bern to derive two laws of communication:

1. If communication takes place according to a complementary transaction scheme, it can go on indefinitely. There is no conflict and never will be.

2. If communication takes place according to a cross-transaction scheme, communication ceases and a conflict begins.

Based on these laws, I have developed a system for the prevention of conflict, behavior in a conflict and the way out of it, which I named. The essence of the method is to use the method of psychological depreciation, according to which to avoid conflict, you must immediately agree with all the arguments of the partner, which allows you to get rid of the harmful effects of flattery and betrayal, quickly make business contacts and adequately respond to insults.

There are 81 simple transactions (Fig. 8).

In practice, we use only five or six, and even those of them that are either inherently conflicting or lead to conflict (slave-tyrannical).

If in communication there are two “I-states” at the same time, Berne calls such a transaction hidden. Hidden transactions are angular (Fig. 9a) and double (Fig. 96).

Hidden transactions have two levels: conscious, social, where two Adult communication partners are connected, and hidden, psychological, where the Child of one partner is provoked by some other component of the second partner. The initiative seems to belong to the Adult, but the outcome of communication depends on the desires of the Child. And the secret becomes apparent.

Example of a corner transaction:

Waiter: What will you drink?

The visitor (with some perplexity - was not going to drink at all, just went to have dinner): Cognac with champagne.

It is as if there is a conversation between two Adults. It would be correct to answer: “Yes, you have a great restaurant and excellent drinks, but I just went to have lunch” and then ordered food. But the adult waiter subtly provokes the child of the visitor, as if to say: "Can such a solid one really not afford ...". And the Child makes the Adult order spirits. Indeed, from the point of view of the Adult, drinking is stupid, and the words of the Adult Visitor have a hidden subtext that belongs to the Child: "I will prove to this ... the waiter that I am no worse than the other." Alcoholic drinks, maybe, and high quality. But this, at a minimum, is an extra waste of time, money and harm to health.

Example of a double transaction:

He: You do not want to come to me to drink some tea? I live close by here alone.

She: The idea is good. I froze all over.

This is a flirting transaction. Here, the initiative also belongs to the Adult, but the outcome of communication depends on the decision of the Child.

The essence of the therapeutic approach in transactional analysis is to teach the patient to distinguish between himself and others in which position (Parent, Adult or Child) is his "I" and depending on this to build communication. It is not difficult to recognize the "I-state" by certain gestures, intonations. “From my point of view”, “It is advisable”, “Maybe it is worth trying this?”, Etc., a calm tone and slight gestures indicate that a person is in the position of an Adult. “Must”, “It is impossible”, “I will end it once and for all!”, Instructive or threatening tone, finger pointing, imposingness and condescending attitude towards the partner show that the person is in the position of the Parent. “I don’t want”, “I won’t”, “I love you”, waving hands, expressed expression indicate that the person is in the position of the Child.

Eric Berne identifies six forms of communication: self-care, ritual, activity (procedure), entertainment, play, intimacy.

Self-care - this is communication with oneself at the moment when a person is in society. Self-withdrawal is observed after a loss in communication, manifests itself in the form of an internal dialogue with the partner who defeated you, and continues until you “win”. In general, this is a "conversation on the stairs." Self-care has a dual role. On the one hand, it is a tranquilizer, a sedative, and on the other, a laxative, cleansing of unnecessary experiences. But if the withdrawal into oneself lasts long enough, the topic breaks away from the psycho-traumatic experiences, and a neurosis of obsessive states develops. Since fantasy is the leading one here, because the partner in these actions acts according to the patient’s wishes, it can be considered that withdrawal into oneself is a function of the Child. There is one criterion that allows you to separate the thoughts of the Adult from the fantasies of the Child. In the thoughts of an Adult, a person seeks his mistake; in the fantasies of a Child, she tries to blame her partner for everything and re-educate him.

Self-withdrawal is often observed at boring lectures and unnecessary meetings. A student sits at a lecture with an absent look and dreams about tomorrow's meeting or remembers the events of yesterday's picnic, and the participant in the meeting dozes off. Thus, self-care protects the brain from the perception of unnecessary or indigestible information.

Ritual   Is a series of complementary transactions programmed by social forces. These are Parent-Parent transactions. Communication is non-conflict. Rituals are formal and informal. A ritual is an exchange of greetings or revels. Do as expected and there will be no complaints against you. Transactional analysis teaches us not to take seriously everything that is said or done during the ritual. Rituals are peculiar ghosts, shadows of the past. With a transactional analysis, the patient is shown the senselessness and harmfulness of some ritual actions.

Activity is a series of transactions going through   Adult-Adult lines. E. Berne calls this form of communication a procedure. This is work, study. It is also the matrix on which other forms of communication are played. For during work we both conflict (games), and perform rituals, and do entertainment, and go into ourselves. Against the background of teamwork between people, proximity can arise.

From the gastronomic point of view, if the ritual can be likened to a light meal at the beginning of a meal or tea after it, then the procedure is our bread, borscht and steak. Often, in order to avoid conflicts, people forced to communicate with each other try to reduce all forms of structuring time to activity. In the family, husband and wife begin to work a lot. Then it can be assumed that they will disperse by the age of 45-50, when all things are done and the children grow up. There are signs indicating a possible divorce: “weekend neurosis” and separate rest.

Entertainment   - a series of semi-ritual, semi-procedural transactions, the purpose of which is to kill time, which is indicated by rituals and procedures. Entertainment is the conversation that takes place before the beginning of the ritual (for example, weddings) during a break at work or between lectures. There are men's (“Car”, “Who will win?”) And women's entertainment (“Wardrobe”, “Culinary recipes”). During these entertainments, you can get a lot of new information (semi-procedures), but you can not rely on them, because these are conversations of amateurs, not professionals. Alcoholics have their own entertainment ("Ruff", "Morning after"), the intelligentsia has their own ("Have you ever been?", "Have you read?").

The law of entertainment - stick to the topic if you want to avoid conflict. If women play “These Worthless Husbands,” they indignantly reject the one that offers the “Pink Glasses” entertainment and says something flattering about her husband.

Entertainment is also psychological intelligence. Here partners are selected for a closer relationship. If I’m a non-drinker, I won’t join the company where the entertainment “In the morning after” is going on, and if I am a drinker, I will stay in this company.

The most favorite entertainment in our time is “Isn’t it terrible?” (Inflation, buses go badly, bosses take a lot on themselves, children have bloomed, etc.).

The best fight against entertainment is non-participation in them, replacing them with activities. Those who avoid entertainments write letters or read a book during a break at work, and at a party they help the hostess set the table.

A game Is a series of hidden transactions programmed into conflict. The previous forms of communication discussed above are psychologically equal in nature. In games, someone always wins, while someone loses. The game always starts as a procedure, and after a while it becomes clear that one of the parties suffers damage. E. Bern describes several dozen games, the outcome of which is conflict - a hospital (prison) - a grave. Not all examples described by E. Bern are clear to us, and the course of his reasoning is often unacceptable to our patients. Therefore, I called the player who “wins” the Vampire, the one who “loses” the Donor, and I defined the phenomenon (game) as. This makes it easier to convey the idea to patients.

Depending on the place where the games are played, the following groups are distinguished:

1. The games of life (“Alcoholic”, “Debtor”, “Beat me”, “Gotcha, bastard”, “All because of you”, etc.)

2. Family games (“Dead End,” “Trial Room.” “Cold Woman,” “Chased Housewife,” “If You Weren’t”, “Scandal,” “Everything Is Because of You,” etc.)

3. Games in companies (“Isn't that awful?”, “Deficiency”, “Parsley”, “Why don't you ...” - “Yes, but ...”, etc.)

4. Sexual games (“Come on, fight”, “Get off, you fool”, “Stocking”, etc.)

5. Games of the doctor’s office (“I am only trying to help you”, “Peasant woman”, “Wooden leg”, etc.)

6. Constructive games (“Labor leave”, “Flatterer”, “Home wise man”, etc.)

Although the game leads to illness, in the early stages it even looks useful. Firstly, it allows you to kill time, secondly, it unites partners, thirdly, it gives emotional relaxation, fourthly, it seems to make life meaningful and is an excuse for failure. But gradually after several turns of the game the person’s condition worsens so much that painful symptoms appear, and he is forced to consult a doctor.

The goal of transactional analysis is to identify which game the patient is in and help him get out of it. It is used in individual and group psychotherapy, family and industrial psychological counseling.

I will give one characteristic example.

The younger researcher R., 39 years old, asked for help with a whole set of symptoms typical of neurasthenia with asthenic-depressive syndrome: fatigue, lack of concentration, poor memory, depression, episodic increase in blood pressure, etc. R. manages to finish the thesis. The question is about his dismissal from work. There are conflicts in the family: children are poorly raised, their wife spoils them too much. This makes it difficult to focus on work. Life begins to lose meaning. He feels that he has not met the expectations of his relatives and teachers. He notes that children are not very respectful to him. Recently, he became unstable and often scandals with them, and then scolds himself for it, because he was always distinguished by delicacy. He believes that his wife prevented him from carrying out his plans, children who, although already out of infancy, continue to demand too much attention. Due to his complaisance, he and at work are loaded with various requests.

A simple analysis showed that there is a game "Everything is because of you." R. "magnanimously" allowed his wife to do all the family affairs, who had failed. He himself engaged in uninteresting scientific work, just to defend himself. Since the work itself was not deeply interested in him, he, without realizing it, was more eager to engage in extraneous affairs, and then referred to them when it turned out that he was insolvent in terms of fulfilling the main tasks.

Then everything went well. Having mastered the system of psychological aikido, R. refused to extraneous matters. He also refused an uninteresting topic for him and was carried away by an interesting affair. The catamnesis for ten years showed that R. successfully defended his dissertation and was close to defending his doctorate, wrote several monographs, and received a promotion. Relations in the family have improved. There was no trace of the disease.

E. Berne believes that children learn games in early childhood, and the best prevention of neurosis is the proper education of the child. He warns that leaving the game is often accompanied by some sense of bewilderment that resembles depression. But soon this feeling passes, and real communication begins with spontaneous autonomous people who react to reality, and do not obey the laws of the game. And then, instead of games, a necessary, but lost in the process of education, form of pastime appears - proximity.

Proximity E. Berne defines it as “a sincere non-gaming relationship between people with a free mutual exchange of thoughts and feelings, excluding profit.” The act of intimacy can be observed in the relationship between the mother and the infant when they understand each other's condition without words. The same thing happens between lovers. “And it’s easy for us to talk, and to be silent together is easy.” Only such a condition can maintain health. E. Berne points out that sincerity relationships are not supported in society. A child from childhood can communicate only at the level of intimacy, but, unfortunately, gradually under the influence of education, sincerity disappears, and rituals or entertainment appear. But it is impossible to express strong feelings in them. Then they are replaced by games. finds his sacrifice, which, from childhood, by the example of his mother, he was taught to be the wife of an Alcoholic, his benefactors, and his victims. And, woven into one ball, they slide into a disease, break away from real life and die if life circumstances or psychotherapeutic treatment do not come to their aid. Then the Alcoholic stops drinking, the Helpless Personality begins to solve its own problems, and Bluebeard ceases to find fault with others. Donors, on the other hand, channel the released energy into creative activity and their personal growth.

Scenario analysis

Depending on the gene set, under the influence of upbringing, in the first five to seven years of life, parents form a scenario in the child according to which he then lives his whole life. Therefore, knowing the scenario, you can pretty accurately determine what events will occur in the patient's life until his death.

E. Berne defines the script as a psychological force that pulls a person towards his fate. The script is based on positions. At first there are two of them: “I” and “YOU”. When social contacts expand, a third appears - “THEY”. It all depends on that combination of well-being (+) - trouble (-) in these positions. I added one more position - “LABOR”, which allowed me to modify and specify the technical techniques of scenario analysis.

With proper education, the child in all four positions maintains a positive content, which is the only condition for a happy life. Psychologically healthy can only be a person who positively assesses himself (“I +”), knows how to see the positive in his family (“YOU +”), willingly makes new contacts (“THEY +”), finds an interesting job or interest in his work ("LABOR +").

With "I-" a person realizes himself to be a failure, a dysfunctional person. With “YOU”, he is ready for conflicts with members of his micro-social environment, which are considered by him as dysfunctional individuals. At the same time, there is a desire to re-educate them, a tendency to irony and sarcasm, meticulousness, willingness to part with them for a minor reason. With “THEY—” a person tries to avoid new contacts, sees primarily negative aspects in the actions and nature of new communication partners. Its adaptation in an unfamiliar environment is slow. In case of “LABOR-” for a person, the main reference point in his subject activity is the material results of labor (searches for profitable work, the expectation of “real life” after achieving results).

The appearance of a minus in one of the positions hypertrophies the positive content of others. For example, when the plus disappears in the “YOU” position, hypertrophy of the positive “I” content occurs, and the person becomes arrogant when communicating with loved ones.

In addition, a person can be stable and unstable. It is considered stable when the same sign is detected in almost all situations, unstable when a plus appears in a position in some situations, and a minus in others. Depending on the combination of pluses and minuses in the positions “I”, “YOU”, “THEY” and “LABOR”, it is purely theoretically possible to distinguish 16 variants of stable personalities and unlimited - unstable.

In the practice of treating neuroses, I managed to describe five stable personality complexes and two unstable ones, and to reveal a statistically significant correlation of personality complexes with forms of neurosis. The following regularity was also revealed: the appearance of at least one minus in the personality complex leads to a tendency to the emergence of minuses in other positions. Sooner or later, neurosis occurs.

Knowing the structure of the complex, which I called a “sociogen,” made it possible to purposefully conduct a treatment program whose strategic goal was to transform a maladaptive personality complex with minuses in one position or another into the complex “I +, YOU +, THEY +, LABOR +”, which did persistent and treatment results.

The analysis of biographical information or a special test for determining the sociogen can determine the personality complex. In scenario-based reprogramming, psychological aikido, transactional analysis, and a number of other techniques are used.

Transactional or transactional analysis- a system of group psychotherapy in which the interaction of individuals is analyzed in terms of three main conditions I AM.

The founder of this trend in psychology and psychotherapy is the American psychologist and psychiatrist Eric Burn, who developed it in the 50s. XX century E. Bern highlighted the subject of research and observation - human behavior.He not only created a method of transactional analysis, but also described it in detail in his many books, several of which were translated into Russian.

The method created by E. Berne is divided into several stages:

■ structural analysis, or the theory of ego states;

■ the actual transactional analysis of activity and communication, based on the concept of “transaction” as the interaction of the ego states of two individuals entering into communication (the ego state refers to the actual mode of existence of the self-subject);

■ analysis of psychological games;

■ script analysis (analysis of the life scenario - “script”).

E. Bern believed that each person has his own life scenario, a model of which is planned in early childhood. People grow up, but in accordance with their life scenario they continue to play various games. The whole life of mankind is filled with games. According to E. Berne, the most terrible game is war. There are three Self-States: Self-Adult, Self-parent, Self-Child. Group psychotherapy, according to E. Bern, should develop at the level of Adult-Adult. The head of the enterprise, the manager must learn to distinguish the conditions of the Adult both in his own consciousness and behavior, and in the consciousness and behavior of other people, especially subordinates, clients, partners, achieving communication at the Adult - Adult level. Communication with different people, for example with colleagues, superiors, can be built differently depending on the psychological state of the person, on the topic of communication, as well as on the purpose of communication and whether communication is unselfish or a person wants to achieve something from his interlocutor .

Skillful use of this method helps the manager to achieve effective communication. Communication will be effective when it is conducted in the same language, i.e. Adult will talk with Adult, Child with Child, Parent with Parent.

Distinguish transactional analysis in a narrow and broad sense. In the narrow sense, this is an analysis of the interaction of two or more people, in the broad - a socially-oriented psychotherapeutic method, the ultimate goal of which is the formation of a harmonious, socially adapted personality.

A modern manager should be able to use this method both in a narrow and broad sense. Consider the components of the method of E. Berne.

Structural analysis- The theory of ego states. E. Bern uses the terminology of 3. Freud, denoting the self-concept - the Ego. The purpose of structural analysis is mainly to answer the questions: Who am I? Why do I do this? What part of my I am acting or should act in this situation in order to benefit, not defeat? Structural analysis studies what proportion of a person’s personality and actions takes a particular ego state.

Three states of man. Their characteristic.Ego-state Parent (R), according to E. Berne, finds himself in such manifestations as control, prohibitions, ideal requirements, dogmas, sanctions, care, power. A parent is a collection of dogmas and postulates that a person perceives in childhood and which he preserves throughout his life. This is a complex of beliefs, moral standards, prejudices and precepts, uncritically assimilated by the individual both in childhood and throughout life, and dictating a line of behavior to him. This is the commanding part of the personality. In addition, the ego state of the Parent contains automated forms of behavior that have developed in vivo, eliminating the need to consciously calculate each step. E. Berne notes that a Parent can manifest in two ways - directly or indirectly: as an active state I AMor as the influence of the Parent. In the first, active, case, a person reacts as his father or mother reacted in such cases. If we talk about indirect influence, then usually a person’s reaction is what they expected from him, that is, a person either imitates one of the parents, or adapts to their requirements. Thus, there are two main forms of manifestation of the Parent: caring(advice, support, guardianship, etc.), when worthy postulates are put in the first place (“Defending the Homeland from the Enemy is a Holy Deed,” “Betraying is Vile”), and controlling(prohibitions, sanctions, etc.), when the most ridiculous, shameful prejudices and beliefs passed down from generation to generation (“The main thing in life is to eat deliciously and sleep softly”, “Money doesn’t smell”, etc. become priority. ) The parent is the most inert part of the human I AM,always remaining outside the zone of criticism. Parent affects human behavior, performing the function of conscience.

Ego-state Adult (B) includes a probabilistic assessment of the situation, rationality, competence, independence. This condition has nothing to do with a person’s age, but represents the ability of a person to store, use and process information based on previous experience. Although the Adult uses the information embedded in the Parent and the Child, he is independent of the prejudices and dogmas of the Parent and the impulses of the Child. An adult is the ability to find compromises and alternatives in life's dead ends, which sometimes seem hopeless. This state functions "here and now" regardless of the past.

Ego-state The child (Re) contains affective complexes associated with early impressions and experiences. A child lives in a person all his life and is manifested even in old people, when they think, feel, react to the environment in the same way as they did in childhood. This is a very valuable part of the human personality, the most impulsive and sincere. The child gives the person a surprise. Distinguish Baby natural(free) and adaptedor adaptedThe Natural Child is prone to fun, vibrant movement, imagination, impulsiveness and relaxedness. Adapted Child is represented by such varieties as rebellious(against Parent) agreeingand alienated.

The most important provision of the theory of ego states is the thesis of “switching” one ego state to another: the same individual in different life situations can manifest itself either as a Parent, as an Adult, or as a Child. In addition, more than one ego state can simultaneously manifest itself in the behavior and experiences of an individual. In fig. 7.2 is a structural diagram in full and simplified form.

Adult status is necessary for life, as a person processes information and calculates the probabilities that you need to know in order to effectively interact with the outside world. The Adult controls the actions of the Parent and the Child and mediates between them.

The next fundamental concept of transactional analysis is “games”, interpreted as forms of behavior with a hidden motive, in which one of the interacting entities achieves a psychological or other advantage over the other (wins). Games can be “good” when the other subject does not suffer from winning the first, and “bad” when the maneuvers and the deceitful strategy of the first subject infringe on the well-being of the second . Based on the transactional analysis, E. Berne developed psychotherapy designed to free a person from scripts that program his life, through their awareness, by contrasting them with spontaneity, spontaneity, closeness and sincerity in interpersonal relationships, through the development of intelligent and independent behavior.

The ultimate goal of transactional analysis is to achieve a harmonious, balanced personality through harmonious relationships between all ego states. The main task in this case is to achieve the state of an autonomous Adult.

Actually transactional analysis.Transaction- unit of communication, i.e. the interaction of two or more people. The only act of human relationships is the exchange of moves. A transaction begins with a transactional stimulus, or an inducing move, of one or another sign indicating that the presence (or action) of one person is perceived by another. Transaction (transaction) - the exchange of actions. The response is called a transactional response or response.

The exchange of moves is very reminiscent of a trading operation, since it is carried out according to the principle “you are to me, I am to you”. That is why it is often called a deal. transaction).

In a transactional reaction, the person to whom the stimulus is facing responds with some action, for example, a smile, a frown, eyes set aside, etc.

People tend to pick up transactional incentives. For example: in a tram, Mr. A is warningly moving away to give way to Mr. B. It is clear that his presence is noticed.

Transactions can be either positive, benevolent or negative, unfriendly and even aggressive.

In a transactional analysis, four possible life positions are considered that determine the attitude towards oneself and others:

1) I am bad, you are good;

2) I am bad, you are bad;

3) I am good, you are bad;

4) I am good, you are good.

  The purpose of the analysis of transactions is to gain the skill to determine what kind of transaction takes place, what state I AMresponsible for the transactional stimulus and what condition I AMpartner responded by action.

Transaction Forms:additional (parallel), cross (intersecting) and hidden.

The most mature and healthy are additional transactionswhen a stimulus sent by a person meets an adequate, natural reaction in a given situation (Fig. 7.3).

For example, two people (leader and subordinate) interact as a Parent - Parent.

Example 1. The dialogue between the head of the unit and the subordinate: “This is disgrace! Extra work fell into our department again. ” Subordinate: “Really a disgrace. And this is not the first time! ”

Example 2. Leader: “The general management instructed our unit to develop a new product, so from today you will work seven days a week.” Subordinate: "Well, it is necessary, it is so necessary, only you will also work with us seven days a week."

This may be the interaction between the Child and the Parent, when the subordinate needs sympathy and understanding from the boss and receives them, and vice versa (Fig. 7.4).

  Example 1. Subordinate: "My head hurts today." Leader: "Go home, lie down, and we will do your work ourselves."

Example 2. Leader: “I do not know what to do. Top management has entrusted too much work, and there are not enough people in our department to do this. Maybe attract people from other units? ”Subordinate:“ Don’t worry, we will do it all ourselves. ”

Also, two people can interact as an adult - an adult. Such interactions are favorable in the work environment (Fig. 7.5).

  Leader to the subordinate: “I ask you to fulfill this order by tomorrow so that I can prepare a report to the ministry.” Subordinate: "Well, I'll take the material home and work in the evening."

The main feature of additional transactions is that the interaction vectors are parallel, and therefore never intersect. This rule does not depend on the nature of transactions or on their content. As long as the transactions remain additional (parallel) in nature, the rule will be fulfilled regardless of whether its participants in the production discuss household chores (Parent-Parent), solve a real production problem (Adult - Adult) or just play together (Child-Child )

With additional (parallel) transactions, human communications are open, relationships in the team are sincere and fruitful. At the same time, non-verbal communication (views, gestures, intonation) does not contradict the meaning of the spoken words.

In normal human relationships, the stimulus entails a relevant, expected, and natural response.

E. Berne considers the first rule of communication the following: while transactions are complementary, the communication process will proceed smoothly. The consequence of this rule is that while transactions are complementary, the communication process can continue indefinitely.

The opposite rule: the communication process is interrupted if what we call the intersecting transaction happens.

Intersecting transactionsarise when an inadequate response follows a certain stimulus.

Example 1. Subordinate to the head: "Let's begin the development of a new area of \u200b\u200bactivity." Leader: “I still did not have enough extra trouble! And who will perform? Do not meddle in your own affairs! ”(Fig. 7.6, but).In this case, the subordinate performs the course of the Adult, offering a serious matter, and the leader acts in response as the Parent.

Example 2. The head of the subordinate: “You did not take the red folder with the report from my desk?” (Course of an Adult who is interested in information). The subordinate could limit himself to a short answer: “No, I haven’t seen” or a more complete one: “No, I haven’t. Let me help you find it, "(see Fig. 7.6, but).But the subordinate is not doing well at home, and he rudely replies: “You always lose her. Take it where you left it ”or“ Why do you always put everything off until the last moment, and then find fault with us? ”The answer came from the Parent. Such an answer may contribute to the development of a conflict situation.
  (Fig. 7.6, b)

Example 3. Let us return to the first example. In response to the manager’s remark, the subordinate could say: “Why are you yelling at me? Who gave you such a right? ”Such a turn of events entails a conflict, a quarrel.

In life, similar overlapping transactions occur very often. Such transactions are a constant source of family, business and domestic conflicts. Cross-cutting transactions can occur in patients and mediocre doctors, when the patient turns to the doctor as an Adult to an Adult with constructive suggestions and reasonable comments, and receives a superficial authoritarian response from the Parent to the Child. Transactions intersect, and in the future, the interaction of these individuals is doomed to failure. The intersecting transaction causes the greatest difficulties in the process of communication, no matter what side of human relations it touches.

In the course of transaction analysis, it is not enough just to state the fact of intersection of vectors. It is also necessary to find out which part of the personality unexpectedly activated and destroyed the interaction. For example, if the second participant in a transaction reacts to an adult's adult state, he reacts with a childhood state I AM,then the problem should be postponed until the vectors are brought into a state in which further transactions can become parallel. This can be done in two ways: either by becoming a Parent and supplementing the Child awakened in the interlocutor, or by activating the Adult in the interlocutor.

It is very difficult to analyze transactions, but an experienced manager must be able to do this. Sometimes a specialist - a psychotherapist may be invited to an enterprise. This is done if conflicts become permanent and destructive.

  The simplest are additionaland intersectingtransactions. Besides them there are two-level transactions- angular and double, in which one level is visible - what is pronounced (E. Berne calls it social), and the second - hidden, or psychological, - that is what is meant (subtext). In angular transactions, the stimulus is directed, for example, from Adult to Adult, and the response is from Child to Adult or from Child to Child. Hidden transactionsrequire the simultaneous participation of more than two states I AM.Hidden (angular) transactions are presented in Fig. 7.7.

Secret transactions are often used by diplomats, lovers, etc.

He: “Would you like to come to my place for half an hour to see my library? Choose something to read. ”

She: “I have just a couple of free hours. I love interesting books so much. ”

At the social level, there is a conversation between adults about books, while at the psychological level, this is a conversation between a Child and an Adult, and its content is a sexual relationship. E. Burn analyzes such games: “On the surface, the initiative belongs to the Adult, but the outcome of most such games is predetermined by the Child, so a surprise can be expected for the participants in the game.”

  Typical hidden transactions often arise in the life of alcoholics. Arriving at work in the morning with a hangover, this tells others: “Oh, and I crashed yesterday. The head is breaking. ” Head: “Everyone has a chance” (Fig. 7.8).

Before us is the visible transaction Adult-Adult. In fact, the transaction is much deeper. Children's condition I AMalcoholic seeks indulgence in parental condition I AMthe chief. As a rule, he receives in return a benevolent chuckle and an indulgent remark. Someone may, laughing, say: "Yes, you are a missing person." This laugh at another's misfortune, so often found in life, is sometimes called the "gallows transaction."

Psychological games.The third stage of the method of E. Bern, as already mentioned above, is the analysis of games.

E. Byrne calls a game a series of successive hidden additional transactions with a well-defined and predictable outcome. It is a repeating set of sometimes monotonous transactions that look quite plausible from the outside, but have hidden motivation.

Psychological games have three mandatory attributes: 1) hidden motives with which you can manipulate a partner in the game; 2) the plausibility of transactions in a social sense; 3) winnings - “coupons” that are the goal of the game. The negative point is that psychological games interfere with honest and sincere relationships between people. Types of negative psychological games: games of alcoholics that carry self-destruction; killer games in which winning is killing another person; destructive family games leading the collapse of the family; games of politicians in which the gain is power and the accompanying own well-being and well-being of the family, and not the declared socially plausible goal - the common good. Political games often take on an ominous and tragic form - war.

It is necessary to highlight a form of transaction that cannot be defined as a game. It's about sincerity. Sincerity is one of the deepest levels of human relationships. She is deprived of the need to win and arises in rare moments of complete disinterestedness, tenderness, understanding, intimacy. Since true sincerity is very rare, E. Byrne does not give her a place in transactional analysis.

ScenariosThe most difficult to understand is the fourth stage of E. Berne's method - scenario analysis.

All people, according to their ideas about themselves, about life, according to how they can realize their lives, can be divided into Winning and Losing. Winning- a person who is able to be authentic (reliable). Such a person consciously allows himself to be a person, realizes his own unique individuality and, not afraid to be independent, assumes responsibility for his own destiny. An authentic person rejects life in the illusory world of ideas about what it could be if it were not for the Winner in the ideas of himself that he proceeds from existing realities, correctly taking into account his own merits and his own shortcomings. An authentic person does not make claims to other people, does not try to manipulate them. He knows how to remain himself, not trying to create a pleasant, provocative or seductive image that does not correspond to reality. The winner does not pretend to be helpless and does not play the prosecutor.

He adequately responds to events, correctly uses his abilities and his time, not allowing himself to live neither a pink future, nor a serene past. However, he does not discount his past and does not neglect plans for the future. An authentic person lives and acts according to the principle: “Here and Now”, making timely conclusions after mistakes and falls that are inevitable for every person. The winner is free from dogmas and false authorities, since he is authoritative enough for himself. He knows how to be sincere and direct, taking pleasure in work, nature, food, sex. These are full-blooded and viable people who are not limited only to their own interests. The state of society, the position of the afflicted and weak for Winners is often more important than their own lives. You can be a Winner in prison bunkers and a Loser in the presidential palace. In the terrible post-revolutionary years, when thousands of people ended up in the Gulag and in the dungeons of the NKVD, hundreds of them turned out to be Winners. A vivid example of this is the life of Academician Dmitry Likhachev. Of course, a true manager, leader must be a winner.

Losers, even succeeding in life, often speak of themselves as anxious, unhappy. Losers are weak-willed, forever suffering, tormented and tormenting others. They are not capable of any passion and therefore unbearably boring. A distinctive feature of the losers is that they do not know how to live in the present. They have endless nostalgia for the past, dreams of a future miracle or magical salvation, which deprive them of the opportunity to take advantage of today's opportunities. Their ideas about the world are distorted, filled with continuous anxiety, suspicion, bad forebodings and claims to people. Productive implementation of their own life path is impossible for them. Losers avoid sincere and frank relationships. They try to manipulate people by accumulating winning coupons.

The formation of Winners and Losers begins in early childhood, when a child (teenager) tries to become completely independent of complete dependence, and then, as life lessons are learned, to independence.

Scenario- This is the life plan of the person, the drama, most often unconscious. The script has clear patterns of stage drama: the plot, action, climax and the ending.

There are scenarios of Losers and Winners, trapped and immaculately honest, cunning and simpletons. What role is laid in childhood, that is played in adulthood.

Prescription- This is a program by which a person strives for a goal. It is laid, as a rule, in childhood by parents, teachers. These are answers to the questions: “Who are you?”, “What is capable of?”, “What should be?”, “How to achieve this?”. The answers depend on the education received.

There are professional prescriptions: “In our family everyone was a doctor”, “He was created to be an artist”. Prescriptions may relate to family life and attitudes to life values: “For a woman, the main thing is to get married,” “Money doesn’t smell.” Distinguish prescription-spells: “So that you fail!” As it does not seem strange, prescription-spells that carry a negative in themselves can be fatal in nature - thus prescribing the life of a person with destructive behavior (alcoholic, suicide, killer, etc.) . Unfortunately, destructive prescriptions are assimilated even in childhood as immutable truths and a person who has a script with a curse is doomed to a most miserable existence. In the work collective, these are usually whiners who consider themselves losers in everything, blame their fate. As a rule, such people do not become leaders. They constantly complain, are offended. A wise, experienced leader should be able to “spell”, remove the curse. E. Byrne defines this technique as permission. One of the most important permissions is the permission to think for yourself.

In childhood, another important detail of the worldview is formed - favorite feeling.This is a dominant, basic emotion that can last a lifetime. The child is experimenting, “trying”, “trying on” various emotions: joy, guilt, fear, resentment, perplexity, etc. Then he selects those that are used most often in his family. These emotions are fixed in behavior, and after years they appear in life, in the work collective, in one's own family, in society. At the same time, the favorite emotion dominates, which a person uses in most cases of life when reacting to the same situation.

The manager, having a certain character, works with a team of people in which there are always irritated, always gloomy, always picky, always funny, always boring, always aching, always insecure, always happy, etc. He should be able to choose a “key” for each of them, form a team of like-minded people from a group.

E. Berne called the property to use his favorite emotion a transactional racket. The currency of a transactional racket is psychological coupons.

Psychological Coupons- archaic feelings collected by a childhood state I AMfor manipulating others and gaining winnings. There are coupons: gray - inferiority; blue - depression; reds - anger, hostility; brown - increased irritability, suspicion, a tendency to hypochondria; gold - joy, goodwill, sincerity; whites are sinlessness.

The collection of coupons always follows retribution. A person who "collects" gold coupons, as a rule, feels himself Winning. A person who “collects” blue coupons all the time, having received the last one, which overwhelmed his emotional state, is often very insignificant in comparison with the accumulated capital of troubles and misfortunes, commits suicide. The man who owns the brown coupons spends his life in dull solitude and vegetation. Even sincere compliments turn into a deliberate insult for them.

The collectors of the white coupons of sinlessness torment themselves with their lack of perfection.

The leader must not only force the subordinate to stop or change the game, but also force him to abandon the pleasure of using previously accumulated coupons. The subordinate should not only “forgive” all previously received insults, but completely abandon them in the team, and possibly in the family, because “forgiveness” means only preserving coupons for a certain period, until the moment when a new trouble forces such an employee to open the container with your favorite coupons and use them with renewed vigor.

Thus, a person having received a “set” of information (experience), having made a decision and taking certain psychological positions, is ready to fulfill his life scenario. But for a full-fledged life drama, other participants are needed that the person could manipulate.

The purpose of transactional analysis is to form an adult ethical position among subordinates, to teach them to become Winners, responsible for themselves, for all and for everything.