The same laws as. Superphysical vision operates exactly according to the same laws that govern physical vision.
Cancers are obviously as viral as dozens of others. This becomes clear immediately after a first glance at the incidence map - different forms of cancer are concentrated in the same places. Consequently, under the same conditions, they are spread by the same agent (virus?), But the agent infects different, most weakened organs in one or another person. There are many forms of cancer because there are many organs in the human body ... And here there is a lot of room for "discoveries" and for dissertations ...
My "dissertation" was written with bold "cancer" dots and human tragedies. From 3 Ivana Babushkina Street (only half a kilometer from the Akademicheskaya metro station), the father of a 37-year-old man who was sent to help collective farmers near Serpukhov and who developed a rare disease there, myositis, an inflammation of skeletal muscles, called, about which I only learned from the medical encyclopedia .. ...
Half a kilometer from their house on Krzhizhanovskogo Street, 5, a woman lawyer is trying to fight against thyroid cancer. In 1987, not knowing anything and not knowing about the nature of the house (and where do you find out? Doctors hide cancer diagnoses), she settled right above her place of work: her law office is on the 1st floor, and her apartment is on the 3rd. Bottom line: cancer diagnosis since January 1988 ... How will the fight end? Neither she nor I know where the poor woman, caught like chickens in the snatch, should go, because neither publicity, nor the right to information arising from the law on the press, in any way extend to doctors who stand up for the protection of medical secrecy. covered with latinized abracadabra in the form of myositis, fibroids, mitoses ...
Hello, Valery Evgenievich, Eduard Ivanovich Nazarov is speaking to you. I decided to contact you about heart ischemia. I hope you are doing it too?
Hello, Eduard Ivanovich. If you knew how nice it is to talk to an intelligent intelligent person.
Why did you decide so?
According to the first remarks. First, you introduced yourself, which many don't. Secondly, ask, not demand, unlike those who call here as an ambulance service or some department of the Ministry of Health, to which they pay taxes and from which they have the right to demand something. But for some reason they don't demand anything from them, but demand from me - a private person. Thirdly, it is mainly cancer patients who call here, because the article is called “Do not be afraid of cancer or AIDS”. And not a word about ischemia, although I have argued and still affirm that the laws of the spread of diseases are the same for everyone in principle - for plague, cholera, cancer and for suicide. Consequently, there are some approaches to treatment. Almost a third of the world's chronic patients now suffer from ischemia, but you are the first and so far the only one who called. Eduard Ivanovich, where do you live? From what time? When were you first diagnosed?
I was diagnosed with ischemia for the first time in 1973, and I began to feel bad from 72. Remember, that summer there were fires around Moscow, forests were burning, peat bogs. And we just got an apartment here, in Teply Stan, house 123, now it seems to be 136th. On the 4th floor. From the 77th we moved here, also Profsoyuznaya street, only 152, building 3, 1st floor.
Well, and began to feel worse?
I don't know ... I think so. Why do you think so?
And I look at the plan of Moscow and see that you have moved closer to one of the "poles of Khrapov", located right in the center of Teply Stan. And why, I wonder, was it called Warm? .. This pole, obviously, works for cardiovascular diseases. A woman with bronchial asthma also called from Teply Stan Street. Don't you have such a plan?
It seems I was buying, now my wife will look ... Yes, there is.
Listen, Eduard Ivanovich. I am interested in a number of points near your house. More precisely, their profiles: how the road goes - up, down ... Got it? These points are in the center of Teply Stan, next to Akademik Kapitsa, Akademik Bakulev Street ... Yes, more. An oncological patient called from Ostrovityanova Street, house 18, building 2. She and I were unable to find her house on the plan. And she's not calling for something. It might be hard for her to ring. Help me please. AND?
Good good. I will complete all your tasks.
And yet, Eduard Ivanovich, Where and with whom do you work?
The head of a department at a research and development computing firm. What?
Do you have computers? Are the radiation harmful?
There are enough computers ... And radiation ... I don't know.
But at work do you feel better or worse?
Differently. There was also an attack. They even wanted to send me early to retire with the second group of disabilities. But I'm still holding on. I'm going on a business trip ...
Look, you don't have a lot of bragging rights. Don't be boyish. With the heart, jokes are bad. When you go to the points I have named, be extremely careful, watch your well-being. If you feel worse, leave immediately. And you'd better go not alone, but with someone, for insurance. Remember that any business begins not even with theory, but with safety measures. Yes, and to make a lot of things clear to you, read my essay in the journal "Public Education". Do not pay attention to what kind of diseases we are talking about - the laws of nature, I repeat, turned out to be similar for all diseases. And for your ischemia too. This essay was written a year ago. Something about it is outdated - now, thanks to your calls and new information, I know a lot more. But the essence is the same. In it, in April 1990, I predicted the return of the plague to the USSR. And she returned in July, August and November. Maybe they read in Izvestia about the incidents in the Aral, in the Guryev region, in Moscow, and in January of this year in Donetsk. To be honest, I did not expect my predictions to come true so soon. Plague is not ischemia. Two or three days - and it's all over ... Take away the ready-made one ..
This essay, as you can probably guess, had a difficult fate. He was rejected by half a dozen Soviet medical journals and international ones too. From the journal World Health Forum in Geneva, editor Liesberg wrote: "Dear Dr. Khrapov, very interesting, but we will not publish." And that's all. Thanks to People's Education. Ho and they drowned the essay with an incomprehensible title - "Riddles and Answers." Or more correctly ...
A STORY WITH THE PLAGUE AND A PRINCIPALLY NEW MEDICINE
"There is nothing more practical than a good theory." I recalled this aphorism while studying the enormous influence of plague epidemics on the course of history. And a lot would have cleared up, but here's the trouble: medicine did not have a sound theory of epidemic processes by the end of the 20th century.
Is the new a new name for the old?
Currently, the picture of epidemics, in particular plague, is drawn quite simply.
According to the currently prevailing theory of natural foci, plague microbes (like the causative agents of other epidemic diseases) constantly (endemic) exist in certain places among rodents (over 200 species), called “plague reservoirs”.
With the help of fleas, ticks and other "carriers", the plague is transmitted from one animal to another, and at certain times to humans. "Diseases of people with plague usually appear after epizootics ... with a gap of 10-14 days," states the Great Medical Encyclopedia.
In "natural" and "port" (rat) foci, people, either through contact with fleas and rodents, or through the use of some of the rodents for food, fall ill with bubonic plague (swelling of the lymphatic glands), which "can develop into secondary pulmonary and secondary septic "(general blood poisoning - V. X.)
Primary pneumonic plague is the most deadly, the lethality from it (the ratio of the number of deaths to the number of cases) reaches 100%, arises as a result of infection from a patient with bubonic plague and is transmitted, unlike the latter, through the air ... The course of epidemics is also influenced by the climate .. ...
This theory explains many manifestations of the mysterious disease, Many, but not all, For example, why natural foci exist in these places, and not in any others? Why do these foci appear, then disappear, then arise again? And why, having arisen, do they begin to expand, narrow, shift? Or why, for example, 49 plague rats were discovered in Shanghai in 1908, in 1909 there were already 187, but not a single person fell ill with plague in two years. In 1911 - 138 plague rats, and sick people again zero.
But in 1924 and 1925, when zero denoted the number of plague rats, diseases among people were 05, p. 99) ...
Or here's a riddle: in the first and final stages of epidemics, doctors different countries and peoples both in the 15th century and in the 20th century constantly confused and confuse plague with typhus, then with cholera, then with tuberculosis.
So in 1921 in Vladivostok, two patients (Russians) with an undetermined diagnosis on May 8 and 10 were transferred to the plague department of the hospital, where they had a 100% chance of becoming infected completely, but for some reason they did not get sick with the plague and were discharged a week later.
A similar picture was repeated on May 20 - 25 with three Chinese (41, pp. 14 - 18 and Appendix 1). But on June 5-6, the picture repeated itself exactly the opposite: the condition of the patients who were already being prepared for discharge suddenly deteriorated sharply, and they died on June 9 and 10, and the plague sticks were either visible through the eyepieces of microscopes, then disappeared somewhere. despite repeated tests. (See ill.).
In January 1922, but already on the other side of the Earth, in Dakar (Senegal), a similar thing happened with the sick Camara (6, 1927, vol. 6, p. 118), who consistently suffered from "bronchopneumonia", "tuberculosis" and plague. And strange things happened to the microbes: either there are almost none, then they are in huge numbers.
Disappeared and appeared plague microbes in November-December 1911 and in experimental mice and rats of the Astrakhan anti-plague squad. (7. 1912, No. 3).
Each discovery has its own pros and cons.
And the discovery of plague sticks in 1894 was no exception.
In their rush to the eyepieces of microscopes and the study of disease in laboratory animals, the researchers sharply narrowed their field of vision. But it is important for humanity to know not the properties of this or that microorganism, but how to save oneself from illness.
This thought is not mine. Back in 1897, it was expressed by the rector of Tomsk University A.I.Sudakov. (31, p. 72).
In order for these thoughts to be heard, they apparently need to be repeated more often than once every hundred years ... But it is difficult, difficult to condemn people for the fact that they study what is easier, easier and more convenient to study. So it was and will be. But it's not worth playing with words.
The invention of new terms adds little meaning.
The theory of natural focus in essence repeats the contagionistic theory, in other words, the theory of contagion that prevailed in medicine 100, 200 and 2000 years ago ... Only contagion was considered (and was) invisible, and now you can look at it. However, people still die ...
Thanks to the contagionistic theory, a wild invention of the XIY century appeared - quarantine, which today cannot be called "scientifically" based violence for the extermination of people.
He was considered wild by the French doctor Rossi, whose calculations are cited in his capital monograph of 1897 by M.I.Galanin: before the establishment of quarantines in 1526, plague epidemics were observed in France on average every 52.7 years, after the establishment - every 8.7 of the year!
Similar figures are typical for Spain, Italy, Dalmatia ... (11, p. 31).
To this it remains to add that quarantines still exist.
The international quarantine period for plague is 6 days.
Why 6, when cases of the disease are known and 10 and 21 days after contact with patients? - AI Sudakov asked his colleagues, but in vain ... The supporters of natural focus do not want to change the arithmetic mean figure in a hundred years.
Why are there questions a hundred years ago, when there are still no answers to most of the questions posed by the Italian physician Salaladino Ferri in the 15th century.
Here are some of them:
1. Why does the plague spread not continuously, from one place to the neighboring one, but in leaps: from the first point to the third, bypassing the second?
2. From what does the plague predominantly choose damp, low-lying and swampy places?
3. Why are areas affected by the plague so healthy after it stops?
4. What is the main cause of plague when a good harvest is expected after a war or prolonged unfavorable climatic conditions?
5. From what the plague increases the productivity of the sexual sphere, fertility (12, p. 135). These questions have simply been "forgotten" today ...
The supporters of preventing infection with the help of quarantines, neither in the 18th or 20th centuries, did not explain the fact that MI Galanin wrote about: “In 1720, the plague was limited to Marseille alone, did not spread to the rest of France, despite the mass of fugitives, who were kept it was impossible even by fear of the death penalty. "
Moreover, when at the end of 1720 the epidemic temporarily stopped and many fugitives returned to Marseille, then after a while they all fell ill and died. The "peddlers" who did not return remained alive without infecting anyone (I, p. 24).
In the same 1897, A. I. Sudakov cited "strange" facts from another time and another geography. During the plague of 1896, almost half of the inhabitants fled from Bombay, mainly to Calcutta. But in Calcutta, for some reason, no one fell ill, although the English doctor Simpson, an assistant to the famous Dr. Koch, using bacteriological analysis, found among the fugitives people infected with the plague ...
At the end of 1896, an entire infantry regiment arrived in Calcutta from Hong Kong, several of whose soldiers died of the plague in 1894.
Simpson found plague bacilli in the two arrivals (31, p. 44), but the epidemic began in Calcutta only in 1898 ...
Professor Sudakov, but not his colleagues, was surprised by another thing: the spread of the plague does not depend on the size of the population. So, in the city of Tana, a suburb of Bombay, with a population of 20 thousand from December 18, 1806 to February 8, 1897, 630 people died of plague, in the city of Pune only 390 people died in the same period. And this is with a population of 100 thousand. ... True, Pune is more than 100 kilometers further from the sea ...
Many plague oddities are associated with the sea.
In the same 1896, ships with plague patients repeatedly arrived in London from India, but the first diseases in London were recorded only in 1903. For a long time it was believed, and then it was believed again, that the incidence of plague depends on the level of civilization and, in particular, medicine. But the London plague cases of 1903-07 shaken this confidence.
For a while...
To me, the more I delved into the history of epidemics, the more often another thought came to me: not plague epidemics depend on the level of civilization, but the level of civilization, in many ways, depends on them ...
However, this conclusion could have been reached a century and a half earlier.
In 1835, about 200,000 bales of cotton were removed from plague Alexandria, in which plague microbes are known to persist for a very long time. Ships, many of whose crew members were sick with the plague, sailed to Marseille, Trieste, England, Libya ... But then all these cities and countries did not suffer from the plague in any way. And this despite the fact that Libya in 1835 in terms of civilization is difficult to compare with England of the same year.
These and other facts unambiguously force us to come to the conclusion, which was made by A. I. Sudakov: from replacing the concept of "infection" with "plague bacilli" (or "viruses", we add - V. Kh.), Little changes in the theory of the epidemic process. And although it would be ridiculous to dispute the spread of plague and other diseases with the help of microbes today, it should be remembered that “any theory of contagion is one-sided; it does not in any way embrace the totality of all phenomena ”(31, 68). That is why another one appeared in the middle of the 19th century.
Localistic theory
The founder of this theory, German physician Max von Pettenkoffer wrote:
“Already in 1869, in my work on soil and soil water and in their relation to cholera and typhus, I expressed that I recognize specific microorganisms as the causative agents of these diseases, and precisely on the same grounds that yeast is necessary for alcoholic fermentation, but people are intoxicated by alcohol, not yeast. (Very accurate remark! V. X.)
Further, I showed that an epidemic cannot arise from a cholera patient, just as one cannot make wine or beer from yeast, for this one needs malt and grape juice; without comparing the human body with malt or grape juice, nevertheless, for cholera fermentation, it is nevertheless necessary to recognize the existence of an intermediate member, which I call a place-temporary location ... ”(Quoted from 32, p. 27).
So, long before the theory of natural focus, the spread of epidemics was associated not only with the place, but also with time. This was seen as the main factor in epidemics. "We must - Pettenkoffer called on to break with the tradition that the time of the introduction of cholera coincides with the arrival of a cholera patient or things contaminated by him."
This conclusion must be said, and now it seems absurd to many. For him, Pettenkoffer was subjected to numerous ridicule, was forced to repent, and the localistic theory was buried for many years. Ho facts are stubborn things. And they continued to speak through the lips of those who are not in a hurry to join the general chorus, but seeks to comprehend reality in all its contradictions and interconnections.
Dr. G. Gleitsmann - the chief physician of the German Navy during the First World War - would seem to be a fierce supporter of the contagionist theory. After all, at sea, on ships, if you follow this theory, there are almost ideal conditions for the development of epidemics: the closest contact of people, lack of proper cleanliness on ships.
“On the other hand, - noted G. Gleitsman, - there is absolutely no that, according to the localistic doctrine, is necessary for the initiation and development of epidemics (for example, the influence of the soil)”. Ho having studied the data of the fleets of different countries in the early 1920s, he came to the conclusion that about 80% of all epidemic diseases took place in the harbors and only 20% in the open sea ... (6, 1927, vol. 6, issue 2 , pp. 138-139).
G. Gleitsman compared not only the fleets, the location of the ships, but also the conditions on them, and answered his opponents: “We foresee one objection in advance: good conditions on the warships prevent the real development of epidemic infections ... But this is not so.
On transport ships, for example, those that were brought to Camaran during the period from 1889 to 1912. pilgrims from Mecca, the maximum morbidity per 1 steamer (steamer "Deccan", 1890) was 6% ... And at the same time, the incidence of the British warships in the East Indies was 27% (cruiser "Redbrest", 1891) .. Consequently, just where dirt, overflow and negligence are constant and customary, cholera was shown less ... Localistic theory is confirmed on ships. The incidence varies with the course of the vessel.
This dependence "on the course", that is, on the place and time of the development of the epidemic, is confirmed by the facts collected by G. Gleitsman, not only for the sea, but also for land.
Not only for cholera, but also typhoid, smallpox, scarlet fever, plague ...
During the First World War, body lice and typhus patients could be found both on the Western and Eastern fronts, but it only came to mass diseases on the Eastern ... ”(Ibid, p. 142)
During the plague epidemics in Bengal, Bombay and Punjab, mortality was massive, but the province of Madras - emphasized G. Gleitsman - was much less affected, and the city itself remained practically intact.
With smallpox, a similar picture was observed, but “inverted”.
So in the prisons of Madras province for 14 years, the average incidence of smallpox was 3.7%, at the same time in the prisons of Bombay province only 1.4%, in Benares and Oud - 1.7%, and in the provinces of Agra and Meerut only 0 , 25%, that is, 5.6 times less than in Bombay, and 14.8 (one and a half orders of magnitude) less than in Madras.
Is it the same thing?
Maybe not just one thing (although what's the difference from which infection to die, more precisely, from how this infection will be called), but for the theory of the epidemic process, which can explain, as it will be seen further, and "exception", there is no fundamental difference.
This was understood by N.I. Pirogov: “Here (in the Crimea 1854-55 BC) I became convinced that endemic intermittent fever, malaria and endemic catarrh of the intestinal canal, depending on local conditions (mainly water and soil ), constitute, so to speak, the outline of other forms of disease. They are easily made among the alien population by general diseases and in wartime serve as the basis for various epidemics ... then malaria, dysentery, typhus, suffering of the chest and abdominal organs take the most ugly forms. Here hunters before the nomenclature are presented with a vast field of activity ... ”(Quoted from 32, 111 - 112).
Let's leave aside the mockery of the "hunters before the nomenklatura" for the time being, let us draw attention in this testimony to two significant points:
1. The overgrowth of some types of diseases into others, so that there is not enough "nomenclature" (we have already paid attention to this in connection with the plague);
2. Different susceptibility to diseases of the local and alien population.
According to M.I.Galanin's data relating to the Alexandrian plague epidemic of 1835, out of 100 blacks and Nubians who contracted the plague, 81 died.
from Malays - 61,
from Arabs -55,
greeks, Jews, Turks - 11 - 14,
from Europeans -5- 7
(11, p. 33) I.G. Gezer, who described the plague of the middle of the XIV century, noted that, unlike England, there was almost no plague in Ireland. “The least affected were those in whom pure Irish blood flowed,” that is, the purebred descendants of the ancient Celts (12, p. 104). AI Sudakov also emphasized that in Hong Kong in 1894, from the first officially registered plague on May 5 to June 19, 1925 people died - exclusively Chinese. Only from June 11, several English soldiers fell ill.
These and other facts lead us to assume that the quality of the immunity of certain peoples is changing both due to natural selection over the centuries (the English population was newcomer in relation to the Celtic), and from some (some) factors that change over time rather quickly.
Analyzing in 1923 the course of plague epidemics in the first two decades of the XX century. in the Ural province soviet doctor A.V. Genke noted that in “1917 and 1919. although there were outbreaks of plague, the most careful searches failed to find plague rodents or any indication of a previous epizootic. If in other cases epizootics occurred, it is difficult to say who infected whom: rodents of people or people of rodents. " Emphasizing that the plague in the Ural province never stopped, but existed in mild formA.V. Genke suggested that the intervals between major epidemics "are filled with small outbreaks that elude the medical staff." “In addition,” he noted, “Kyrgyz people very often suffer from lymphadenitis, which is attributed to tuberculosis (recall the case of Kamar's patient in Dakar - V.Kh.) or syphilitic origin.
Meanwhile, it is possible that these are plague buboes, flowing in a mild form.
Indicates the existence of a mild form of plague in foci around the world whole line authors ... ”(6, 1927, vol. 6, issue I, p. 115).
Let's pay attention: for some reason a light plague suddenly becomes “heavy”, but it is also an enemy of this “heavy” plague. Referring to cases of bacillus carriage by healthy people, which sometimes become sources of the epidemic, A.V. Genke concludes: the epidemic continuing for several years in a row in a mild form ultimately leads to “the immunity of the remaining population, which remains guaranteed against the plague. The epidemic stops and breaks out after a few years, but in a different place in the outbreak, where the population has not yet been immunized.
It is during this truly plague-free interval that the plague virus can persist in rodents, then in order for them to transmit the disease to a person, the assistance of some unknown factor is necessary, without which, after crossing the border of the region, rodents cease to be carriers of the plague.) (Ibid, p, 116 It was emphasized by me - V. X. ".
So, and A. In, Genke brings us to the need to search for an unknown dominant factor, but a factor whose action is limited in time and space, but now without any connection with the soil.
The unknown factor has been known for a long time.
The unknown factor became known, but, we emphasize, for some reason, not for doctors, in 1930.
This year, in an edition of 300 copies, A. L. Chizhevsky's monograph Epidemic Catastrophes and Periodic Activity of the Sun was published (35). The main provisions of this work are outlined in the posthumous book of Alexander Leonidovich "The Earth's Echo of Solar Storms" (34, 1973). On the basis of a huge amount of statistical material, Chizhevsky showed the synchronism of many natural processes in the hydro-, litho-, bio- and atmosphere with 11-year cycles of solar activity. Thunderstorms and hurricanes, droughts and geomagnetic storms, migrations and reproduction of insects, animals, fertility (recall one of the questions of S. Ferry), mental illness, crimes in a state of passion, social upheaval, as well as epidemics of plague, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever , flu and much more is somehow connected with the activity of the Sun.
Chizhevsky not only showed the dependence of epidemics on CA, but also posed a number of questions, without answers to which the riddles of the plague and other epidemics are difficult to solve, or rather impossible. “Doesn't the vital activity of certain microorganisms increase,” he asked, in certain epochs connected in one way or another with solar activity? Does the resistance of the organism to the pathogenic principle decrease in the same epochs under the influence of various reasons? Do these two things happen at the same time? " (34, 1st, 244). Questions, as we see, have something in common with the observations of A.V. Genke.
“Quite often,” continues Alexander Leonidovich, “we see how typical saprophytic microbes, non-pathogenic at the moment or extremely weakened in their virulence, become sharply pathogenic under the influence of changes in the conditions of their nutrition and reproduction ... the dormant state is replaced by an active one, the infection is easily introduced into the body, and the epidemic begins. "
But the decisive condition, Chizhevsky believed, is the radiation of the Sun. “These radiations cause most of the manifestations of the life activity of the biosphere, both in general and in detail.
They activate living organisms and, like a sculptor, give them external forms, and the forms of their influence outside. "
Chizhevsky's ideas were confirmed in the works of S. T. Velhover, who proved a direct relationship between the color, the toxicity of corynebacteria diphtheria, the increase in the incidence of them and the level of CA. The bacteria turned out to be so sensitive to changes in the Sun that, based on the color change of corynebacteria, S. T. Velhover and A. L. Chizhevsky created a biological device that makes it possible to predict the next changes in the activity of the Sun.
Unfortunately, the repressions of the Stalinist regime interrupted these very important studies, made their conclusions inaccessible for a long time. Ho the conclusions of A.L. Chizhevsky and
S.T. Velhover were unwittingly confirmed and confirmed by other researchers, in particular, who described cases of the "disappearance" of bipolar rods of the plague.
In the figures given in the appendixes, we see how, depending on the level of solar activity, that is, on the intensity and quality of the solar wind and the associated geomagnetic situation, the form of plague microbes changes, passing from rods to coccal and other forms and becoming "invisible "For researchers.
In 1959, Chizhevsky's conclusions were again unwittingly confirmed by E.E. Punsky, who published graphs of changes in the ratio of microbes varying degrees virulence during the plague epizootic 1954 - 55. in Central Asia. It is enough to "fit" the curve of CA changes under these curves to see how much the plague is synchronous with the activity of the Sun
The solar factor is of great importance. It was he, and not the introduction of certain drugs, that determined the course of the disease, in particular, the temperature of the patients. This can be traced to specific cases of the plague epidemic in 1910 in Odessa, and in 1921, in Vladivostok, and scarlet fever in 1927 in Moscow (see ill.)
The enormous influence of solar activity on the course of epidemic processes is also indicated by that historical factthat throughout the rich history of plague in Armenia, starting from the 4th century, epidemics were exclusively on the southern and southwestern slopes of the mountains, but never on the northern or eastern slopes (20). A similar picture is observed in Mongolia (26, 119).
And yet L. Chizhevsky was wrong.
More precisely, he was not completely right.
There is a resonance between a rock and a hard place.
Moving away from the localistic theory, considering epidemic processes on a global scale and in large time units, and A. L. Chizhevsky moved away from explaining the reasons why the plague acts selectively, in places, "leaps".
And why, for example, until the beginning of the 20th century, plague epidemics stopped in England in 1666, in Spain in 1684, in France, in the south, in 1721, in Sicily in 1743?
After 1841 there were no plague epidemics west of 20 ° East longitude, and after 1876 w 30 e c, d ...
These and other facts suggest that the factor of solar activity is the main, but not the only one in the development of epidemics.
The fact that all curves of the growth of morbidity and mortality from plague, cholera and other epidemic diseases lead us to the same idea are an "inverted parabola", a kind of resonance curve, but the appearance of a resonance effect requires at least two factors to coincide, and such a factor, in addition to the CA level, is the state of the Earth's magnetic field. Both general and local, characteristic of a given area. (See ill.).
Unfortunately, A. L, Chizhevsky did not explain why 35% of plague epidemics occur in the CA minimum, or rather in the years of both the minimum and moderate CA levels.
And he couldn't do it. Already after his death, astrophysicists found that approximately two years before the minimum, a so-called recurrent state appears on the Sun - a stable sector structure of weak magnetic fields carried solar wind into interplanetary space and changing the level of the Earth's magnetic field (28, 48).
It is the recurrent disturbances that determine the 5-6-year rhythm of many natural phenomena on Earth (half of the 11-year solar cycle), including, apparently, the 5-6-year rhythm of bursts of intensity of plague and cholera epidemics, which can be clearly traced according to statistical data (3; 15; 26).
Other data also point to the responsibility of magnetic fields for the development of certain epidemics.
The plague lethality curves constructed by me for neighboring countries (see Fig.) Show their coincidence (synchronicity) in tendency (vector), but not in level.
And such a picture is possible only in the case when one of the factors (solar activity) is general, and the other (terrestrial magnetism), although general, is more variable.
This can be seen especially clearly in the comparison of the curves for India and Burma, which, in general, repeats the course of the curve for India, but with a lag of 1 year.
Or such facts.
Canadian geologist J. Kerin placed living organisms in an artificial magnetic field, which is less than that of the Earth.
As a result, the bacteria's ability to reproduce has decreased 15 times!
After staying in such a field, motor reflexes were impaired in tapeworms and mollusks, neuromotor activity in birds decreased, and metabolism was impaired in mice. Longer exposure to such MII led to tissue changes and infertility (27, p. 36) ...
Let us recall again the fifth question of S. Ferry and assume that the pattern discovered by J. Kerin also has a reverse course: with an increase in the Earth's MF
The ability of bacteria to reproduce grows,
Neuromotor activity, fertility, etc. increase.
This assumption is also confirmed by the Soviet microbiologist S.A. Pavlovich, who studied various aspects of the vital activity of 21 species of bacteria and 10 species of actinomycents in constant, alternating and pulsed magnetic fields of a wide range from 0.05 mT to 4.5 T.
S. A. Pavlovich notes that "the process of" magnetization "changes many species characteristics of microorganisms: growth rate, cultural, morphological, antigenic properties and even virulence, their sensitivity to antibiotics, phage, temperature and some other factors external environment"(37, p. 130).
It is the state of the MPZ, the level of which changes both in time (remember, except for 5-6-year-olds, secular and other rhythms of its fluctuations are known), and in space (which will be discussed later), that the salvation of a part of the Marseilles in 1720 can be explained, Londoners in 1835, Bombay residents of Calcutta in 1896-97, etc.
Or the fact that during the epidemic of 1921 in Vladivostok, only residents of the coastal quarters suffered from the plague, and the quarters located on the hills were not affected by it, except for Circular streets ”(41).
As well as the fact that during the epidemics of the XIV-XVII centuries. the plague often spared the inhabitants of hilly areas, and the inhabitants of the upper floors were sick less often than those of the lower ones (12). (Sometimes, however, it happened and vice versa. But vice versa!.,) After all, the higher the point above sea level, the lower the level of tension of the MPF in it.
This is probably why pigeons do not get plague, cats, which are also able, thanks to sharp vertical movements, to reduce the virulence of microbes, waiting out unfavorable sunny days at altitude.
The widely known fact that the plague never spread by air and very rarely by rail finds an explanation in different levels of magnetic field strength. Sea transport is a carrier of the plague, not only due to the fact that ships are always closer to the magnetic dipole located in the center of the earth's core, but also due to the fact that water has a high ability to magnetize.
That is why the supporters of the localist theory were right, who argued that the drainage of swamps contributes to the disappearance of epidemic diseases.
It is the proximity to the Earth, to its magnetic field that explains the fact why ground squirrels, marmots, gerbils, voles, rats living in earthen burrows become the first victims of epidemics.
And therefore for them the resonant combination of terrestrial magnetism and solar activity occurs somewhat earlier than for humans.
For 10-14 days, if you follow the Great Medical Encyclopedia.
When solar activity continues to increase (or decrease), then soon a necessary-resonant state comes to the plague microbes living in a "dormant state" inside people, and epidemics come to replace epizootics.
When this resonance state does not occur, then the peaceful coexistence of animals, people and microbes continues,
According to modern data (22; 18; 25), plague microbes exist and evolve on the Earth for at least 5 million years, and it would be ridiculous to assume that all of them can be destroyed by mass destruction of rats, gophers, gibbets and other animals, or with the help of sanitizing the maximum possible surfaces.
After all, one accidentally surviving microbe, which is often not perceived as plague even in a modern microscope, is enough for the plague to spread again throughout the planet.
The biosphere, including the world of bacteria, and humanity have always been and are between
Cities change in the wake of changes in population density in the same way that galaxies formed from the dense matter of the early universe, scientists say. They described the mathematical law underlying both the one and the other process in an article published on the site arxiv. org... The density and spatial distribution of cities across the planet is surprisingly predicted by an empirical law called Zipf's law. This mathematical pattern was formulated by the American linguist George Zipf to describe the distribution of the frequency of words in a natural language. He proved that if all the words of a language are arranged on a scale of frequency of their use from highest to lowest, the frequency of a word in the list will be approximately inversely proportional to its ordinal number or rank. That is, the second most frequently used word occurs approximately half as often as the first, the third - already three times less often, and so on. The development of cities is subject to the same mathematical law. If we arrange cities on the same scale in descending order of their population, it turns out that the ordinal number of a city in this list will be inversely proportional to its population. If in the very big city Since 8 million people live in the country, the second largest country will be about half as many, and so on. Why this law works exactly like this, and not otherwise, no one could explain. Lin and Loeb began by creating a mathematical model of how the density of the Earth's population is distributed in flat Euclidean space (they ignored the curvature of the earth's surface, proving its insignificant effect on the distribution). This is how astronomers mathematically model how galaxies evolve based on the primordial state of matter density in the early universe. Scientists have now applied this modeling mechanism, worked out for decades, to new material - the growth of cities due to changes in population density. “We consider population density as a fundamental value, considering that cities appear when the density exceeds a critical threshold,” the scientists explain in the article. They tested the created model for compliance with the known data on population density. And the theoretically built system very closely repeated the one that takes place in the real world. They counted the number of cities with a population above a certain threshold and showed using their mathematical model that this number also refers to the number of inhabitants of the city, as previously shown in Zipf's Law. Thus, the model used to analyze and predict the evolution of galaxies is also suitable for working with other data, as in this case, with the analysis of urban development. The work of scientists, in fact, has very important consequences. Using this unified mathematical model, it will be possible, for example, to predict the spread of epidemics across the planet.
HOW DID THE LAWS OF NATURE ARISE? THE AMAZING HYPOTHESES OF PHYSICISTS
Alexander VolkovHow did the laws of nature come about? In the old days, people believed
that they were invented by God. Today physicists are again asking this question and putting forward startling hypotheses. What are the laws of nature?
We see that the world lives according to certain rules, called "laws of nature". They are available to our understanding. Scientists discover these laws and formulate them. Their search has long been considered the most important and honorable duty of researchers. Advances in science are closely related to the discovery of the laws of nature. They help to generalize facts, explain what is happening, predict the future. It seems natural to many that in the chaos of the diverse processes taking place around us, a harmonious order is guessed, and it is felt at all levels from the Microcosm to the Macrocosm. The whole universe lives according to the laws that hold it together, like a body is a skeleton.
But where did they come from? Are they eternal or do they change over time? Is nature obeying them blindly or can it violate them? Why can we formulate many of them - especially the laws of physics - in the language of mathematics? Perhaps God himself is a mathematician, as scientists joke?
For centuries, people have answered these questions without thinking. The laws of nature were invented by God. They work forever. Therefore, they arose at the time of the creation of the universe, - saying scientific language, during the Big Bang. And, obviously, even then they were "perfect". But this is hard to believe. Is it possible to foresee everything in advance? Why, at the moment of the birth of the Universe, do we need a law that would "watch" so that some metals at temperatures close to absolute zero on the Kelvin scale lose their electrical resistance? What ultra-low temperatures were you talking about at that moment? What absolute zero? In that incessantly boiling "original soup" that filled the newly born space, there could be no question of superconductivity!
And if you answer differently? Maybe the laws of nature were not "created" by anyone? What if they gradually formed over many millions of years? We know that nature is undergoing evolution. Living organisms adapt to the world around them and change accordingly. Perhaps a similar evolution is taking place in space. Elementary particles (protons, electrons, neutrinos and others like them) somehow "adapt" to each other. Certain "rules of life" for these particles arise. Some rules are forgotten, some are learned more and more clearly - they become "laws of nature". For example, biologist Rupert Sheldrake thinks. However, he has long been branded as a representative of pseudoscience, who came up with the theory of "morphogenetic (form-forming) fields".
Such ideas really contradict the knowledge accumulated by astrophysics. The light of distant galaxies brings to us the news about what laws were in force shortly after the "creation of the world." The spectral lines of light rays indicate that the stars in that era obeyed the same laws as they do now.
From belief in a higher mind to higher mathematics
For the ancient Greeks, there were no laws of nature. In their view, Nature behaved as chaotic as human society. Individual atoms, the Greek city-states corresponded to them, wandered, collided with each other, connected for a short time, and then their fragile alliances again disintegrated.
As a result, the ancient scientists were able to discover, perhaps, only three physical laws that deserve the name "laws of nature": the law of the lever, the law of reflection of Euclid's light and, finally, the famous Archimedes' law ("Every body immersed in a liquid is subject to a pushing force ... "). However, neither Archimedes nor other scientists of that time called these views "laws", but spoke, as in mathematics, about "principles", "axioms" and "theorems." Since the time of Pythagoras, it was believed that the basis of the world order is a kind of mathematical harmony. Every complex nature has its own simple logic. So the image of the "principles" ruling the world began to form from the beginning of mathematical elements - numbers and operations on them.
In general, only in medieval Europe did a person think about the fact that nature has its own inexorable laws. How could you not think about it? After all, the world was in the power of a strict God, who zealously watched how his commandments-laws were observed. For Augustine the Blessed, they were something like the Lord's habit of doing this and not the other - a habit that He could change at any moment in order to manifest the desired miracle.
The laws only for a moment (what hundreds or thousands of years before eternity, if not one moment?) Limited the omnipotent will of the Lord, but did not cancel it at all. The laws imposed by the Creator are comprehensible, and miracles, like any exception, only confirm the strict correctness of the rules.
During the Renaissance, religion and natural science were still closely intertwined with each other. The hostile relationship between scholars and theologians should not be overestimated. Science and faith were united by a deep, inner community. Their fruitful connection is not lost in the future. So, Newton was a devout believer, and Leibniz saw in the laws of nature the immutable will of God. Their very existence testified to the harmony in which the world lives and how wonderful everything that God creates. Albert Einstein also believed in a higher mind. Without this belief, the idea of \u200b\u200ba "formula of the universe" could hardly have arisen, describing all the phenomena that occur in our world.
The activities of the numerous constellation of artisans and engineers of the Renaissance made the people of the New Age take a different look at the laws given by God. It was possible not only to obey them, but also to use them for the benefit of oneself, inventing devices operating according to these laws, intruding into the processes proceeding according to these laws, finally, controlling nature itself, subordinating it to itself, forcing itself to serve. The Lord could intervene in our dialogue with nature, depriving her sometimes of the opportunity to live according to the law given from the ages, and forcing her to live according to the law of the Miracle of God. But since this violation of the age-old rules was not observed, new generations of scientists decided that God is inactive because ... He died, He is not in nature, He is not of this world. Having not admitted all the last centuries of exceptions from the rules of the universe, God was excluded from the universe itself, as an extra essence in it. Dry formula lines replaced it. But the question remains: how do we know that the mathematical language exactly - "one to one" - reflects reality? Already now, to describe it, the most complex formulas are used that lie on the verge of reason. What's next?
Realists, constructivists and all-all-all
The hypothesis about the existence of certain laws in nature turned out to be so effective that scientists continued to adhere to it, even when the supposed creator of laws - God - was abolished. The expulsion of God only complicated the question of the origin of the laws. Do they exist forever? Or maybe they "always" come up with? Several parties stand out in disputes about the essence of the laws of nature.
Realists, or Platonists, believe that the laws of nature exist independently of our formulations and definitions. They are as real as chairs, wrote polemically in his book "The Dream of the Universe's Unity" nobel laureate Steven Weinberg: "I defend the reality of the laws of nature ... If we say that an object is real, then we are simply expressing some kind of respect for it. We believe that this subject should be taken quite seriously, since it is not in our the authorities completely control it, which means that we ourselves can, to some extent, experience its influence. "
Of course, the laws of nature deserve much more respect than any objects. After all, the latter still cannot escape from our power. We are free to rearrange the chair, move the clock hand, crush a stone block, but we cannot influence the laws of nature. No matter how much we watch the Sun, we are unable to change, for example, the strength of its attraction. We depend on the laws of nature, but they do not depend on us. These laws are not invented by us, but open. And, just as a deserted island, lost in the ocean, existed long before man saw it, so the laws of nature were mathematical even during that time, and not only since they were discovered. Some modern scientists are also convinced of this, for example, the American physicist Alexander Vilenkin, who grew up in the USSR: "It must be assumed that the laws of physics existed" even before "the universe arose." In his opinion, the very fact of the birth and formation of the Universe a priori presupposes the existence of certain laws according to which its development will proceed. This point of view is close to the tradition of Plato, who believed that the world of ideas really exists outside the world we see.
The positivists and nominalists are convinced of the opposite. “I disagree with Plato,” says Stephen Hawking. “Physical theories are just mathematical models that we construct. We cannot ask ourselves what is reality, because we cannot verify what is real and what is not. resorting to all sorts of models. " This opinion is not new. Physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach, who once became the target of attacks by the first classic of Leninism, called for limiting ourselves to simple mathematical descriptions of empirical processes. And the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his "Logical-Philosophical Treatise" polemically declared that "the whole modern worldview is based on the erroneous belief that the so-called laws of nature are the essence of explanations of natural phenomena."
Pragmatists, avoiding the extremes inherent in the adherents of both scientific camps, consider the laws of nature to be some kind of useful aid that helps to fairly accurately describe natural phenomena. “I am interested in the model that most effectively explains the observed facts,” emphasizes the American physicist and cosmologist Paul Steinhardt. “Whether it corresponds to reality is an empty question. Models always simplify reality. In fact, reality itself is not very important to us. We need, first of all, a model that describes the variety of complex phenomena with the help of the simplest concepts that are understandable to our understanding and allow us to predict what is happening. " When speaking to students, Steinhardt often gives the following example. A football match is being broadcast on TV. In this case, trying to predict what will happen in the next moment, it is best to assume that the color spots on the screen are like football players, and then be guided by the knowledge of football rules and the laws of the game as such. Of course, you can resort to a "more realistic" model - remember about the features of a cathode-ray tube, about electromagnetic fields - in general, about everything that generates color signals on the monitor screen. “But knowing these fundamentals of electronics will be useless if we want to understand what will happen in a football game in the next minute. So, the choice of model depends on what tasks we set for ourselves. Reality is not always what you would like, and you would like understanding. "
Conventionalists take the laws of nature even more radically. For them, they are not just a useful aid invented by people, but also a reflection of certain norms and traditions that have taken root in society. In their opinion, nature lives according to the laws imposed on it by people, for example, by the caste of theologians or scientists. To exaggerate what has been said, there is no difference whether the Earth revolves around the Sun or the Sun around the Earth, it is only important what opinion is formed about this in society, and it is changeable, like the fate of the law that describes the relationship between our planet and the luminary.
Constructivists, or instrumentalists, view laws as a means of describing nature. They believe that it is meaningless to talk about truth or falsehood and it is necessary to evaluate the laws of nature by other criteria - whether they are practical or not, understanding this practicality in the literal sense of the word, namely, whether it is possible to design various instruments, mechanisms and measuring devices on their basis. Natural philosophy in this sense is an applied technique, "a collection of the latest technical know-how," says Peter Janich, professor of philosophy at the University of Marburg and author of the book "The Limits of Natural Science: To Know Is to Act". According to him, "the notorious laws of nature are just statements about functioning machines, statements that can be used without special transformations as instructions for constructing various kinds of machines."
Such polemical opinions naturally provoke a sharp rebuff from those who are surprised to ask: "What can be constructed using the theory of relativity or the Schrödinger equation? And do the planets move around the Sun only so that we can align our telescopes with them and improve their design?" "
Against this background, the considerations of "realists" look much more practical. After all, from their point of view, one can explain why some scientific theories are true and others are false. Nature is the ruthless, incorruptible judge, deciding whether the theory is correct or not. There are no several different from each other, but equally true theories describing a certain phenomenon. Certainly one of them prevails, while others, despite all their persuasiveness, turn out to be false. We are reaching for the truth, we are looking for it. But what does the truth look like in our interpretation?
How do you come up with a law?
The simplest laws of nature - such as "the dependence of the force of gravity on the square of the distance" - we can still imagine purely geometrically. But what do you want to do with general relativity or quantum physics? Why on earth is Mother Nature aware of such complex structures that they are inaccessible to the understanding of most people? What if we are mistaken in thinking that nature follows some formulas? Regularities can be seen in any jumble of random facts.
Perhaps, many of the patterns that we take as inexorable laws are only a consequence of our ability to find certain patterns in any observed processes. It took root in us back in the Stone Age. To survive in that era, a person had to show remarkable observation. Not a single suspicious detail should have escaped his gaze - not a broken branch, not crushed grass. Otherwise it was easy to fall prey to a predator. Fear has big eyes, and our distant ancestors sometimes noticed danger where there was none at all. They looked for the mark of the beast where his foot did not step.
So we often see what is not. Perhaps quantum physics and astrology have more in common than many realize. In either case - looking at a horoscope or looking at an equation - we want to see what these formulas promise us. And we see it.
Readers may not be aware that the Schrödinger equation, the most important equation in quantum physics, interprets reality quite loosely. Here is what is said about him in E. Wichmann's "Berkeley Course in Physics": "The theory of the Schrödinger equation ... is based on several strong assumptions, of which we will note the main ones:
1) particles are not born and do not disappear: in any physical process, the number of particles of a given type remains constant;
2) the speed of the particles is rather low; only in this case is the nonrelativistic approximation possible.
We consider the listed assumptions strong, since, firstly, it is known from experience that the processes of particle creation and annihilation actually occur, and secondly, any fundamental theory should take into account the principles special theory relativity ".
So it would be hasty to claim that the laws of quantum physics perfectly reflect reality. It can only be noted, again quoting E. Wichmann, "that the application of Schrödinger's theory to atomic and molecular phenomena turned out to be extremely successful. In this area, despite its limitations, it should be considered a good approximation." It predicts the behavior of elementary particles quite correctly.
So, the laws of physics, as well as horoscopes, tend to "predict" - you just need to correctly formulate them, making certain assumptions. In practice, we have to neglect many factors that hinder the manifestation of these laws. So, they definitely idealize nature and often follow the peculiarities of our thinking. Sometimes we are ready to come up with laws rather than discover them.
Take, for example, the "law of conservation of energy." What will happen if it suddenly ceases to be observed - in the Microworld, in the Macroworld? This will not confuse us. We are sure of its inviolability. We will immediately, in passing, invent a new form of energy - some kind of vacuum energy - that will rid us of any doubts. And now the energy balance has been restored.
So, for example, when the mass of the visible Universe turned out to be insufficient to observe the laws known to us, it was necessary to "discover at the tip of a feather" dark matter, and then dark energy. The logic of reasoning forced us to admit that the universe is 95% composed of matter, which almost does not declare its presence in any way. Discoveries like these lead some to claim that all physics is fiction.
When time flows from the future to the past
Here is an interesting hypothesis explaining the evolution of the laws of nature. Let's imagine a stone thrown into water. It creates a wave that spreads in time and space - directed to the future and infinity. We see this wave the next second a meter away from us; she runs forward, further ... The equation describing the behavior of such waves has two solutions. The first of the solutions - "lagging" - describes the behavior of the wave as seen by the observer. You can resort to the following formula: "Some signals emitted by the present affect the future." But there is another solution to the equation - "leading". It describes everything exactly the opposite. From somewhere in the endless distance and from the future, some subtle ripples are directed towards us. Finally, having reached "here and now," it thickens. A singular event occurs: a stone flies out of the water. You can resort to the following formula: “The present picks up some signals emitted by the future.” For this wave, time flows in the opposite direction.
At first glance, such a description of reality is sheer nonsense. What if it isn't? At one time, two leading American physicists, Richard Feynman and John Wheeler, took up this problem. They were interested in whether there could be a Universe in which both types of waves described by us meet: a wave directed into the future, and a wave that returns from the future and affects the present. The result is as follows: if we assume that all waves act according to the principle of "fifty-fifty", that is, the same wave is half "late", half "ahead" of the future, then there is nothing impossible that the future affects our present peace. The most amazing thing is that such a world, recreated by the art of mathematics and under the rule of our own future, we cannot distinguish from the world that surrounds us, and which we see in front of us. We live in this world.
American physicist John Kramer developed a hypothesis, which he called "the hypothesis of the meeting of times." If an atom emits a photon, then it follows that someday this photon will inevitably be absorbed. The first event - the birth of a photon - can take place only if the second event takes place - its absorption. Both events emit waves that travel through time. One goes to the future, the other hurries to the past. In the midst of space and time, they meet. So, a photon can exist only if it is confirmed that both events, most important for it, are real, that it will be born and die.
(How can we not apply this hypothesis to human fate? It is clear from it that all events that can bring death to a person - from global catastrophes to unborn microbes - emit certain waves that randomly pass us, until, finally, we are alone Let us explain this process by the following comparison. Imagine that next to the street we walk on every day, a blind insane submachine gunner is hiding, day after day shooting at random bursts. Someday his bullet will certainly “touch and swallow you.” that everything around us is saturated with the "miasmas" of death emitted by the future.)
The laws of nature could arise as light particles. If we assume that they are addressing themselves, who are outside our time - in the distant future world, then we have the right to consider the laws of nature from two points of view. The first is the causal relationship of events in the present, which is familiar to us. This is a "deterministic" approach to the universe. Another point of view is "teleological": the future influences the present. Waves penetrate into the future and arrive from there. In the midst of space and time, they meet and create a certain order: the laws of nature. This is how two hypotheses converge: the laws of nature are formed gradually, gradually, but on the other hand, the future creates them.
However, if all these arguments seem too vague to you, then why not agree with the credo of the British historian Thomas Carlyle: "I do not claim to comprehend the Universe - it is too big for me."
"The laws of nature created our world"
(From an interview with German physicist Peter Mitelstedt * to the magazine "Bild der Wissenschaft")
You can endlessly talk about what the laws of nature are and whether they exist in reality. You have dedicated a whole book to them, which is called “The Laws of Nature”. What do you understand by this term?
Mitelstedt: The laws of nature determine the course of natural processes. When describing nature, we resort to using universal laws and specific initial conditions. The latter characterize particular cases and individual factors, and the laws reveal something in common in the ongoing processes.
What makes the laws of nature different?
Mitelstedt: They are more than just laws of logic or mathematics and therefore can be empirically refuted. Of course, the latter also work in the material world, but they are not the true laws of nature. Much that we take for the laws of nature turns out, upon closer examination, to be logical and mathematical laws. This is especially true of quantum mechanics.
Are the laws of nature only in physics or, for example, in biology too?
Mitelstedt: The laws of physics describe universal categories of the material world. These are the laws of time and space, these are the fundamental laws that determine the behavior of matter. They operate everywhere, including in biology. The existence of special laws, applicable, for example, only in biology - laws that cannot be reduced to the laws of physics - I consider extremely improbable.
For many philosophers, the laws of nature are akin to Plato's ideas - they exist somewhere outside our material, space-time world. For others, this is just a useful aid that helps describe the world we observe, or even special categories of our consciousness. What is your opinion on this matter?
Mitelstedt: The laws of nature are artifacts with which we try to comprehend reality in all its complexity and integrity. In natural phenomena, we distinguish the simple and universal (laws) from the complex and characteristic (initial and boundary conditions).
Can we understand whether our world is a product of the laws of nature, or vice versa?
Mitelstedt: The laws of nature, which we seek to identify and formulate, must operate regardless of place and time in all possible worlds. They operated even before the birth of our world, and will continue to operate until its end, and even after that. So it was they who determined the formation of our world - they created our world.
* In 1965-1995 Peter Mitelstedt was a professor at the Department of Theoretical Physics at the University of Cologne. In 2005, in collaboration with the philosopher Paul Weingartner, he published the book "The Laws of Nature".
Off-core TSF software consists of trusted applications that are used to implement security features. Please note that shared libraries, including PAM modules, are in some cases used by trusted applications. However, there is no instance where the shared library itself is considered a trusted object. Trusted commands can be grouped as follows.
- System initialization
- Identification and Authentication
- Network applications
- Batch processing
- System management
- User level audit
- Cryptographic support
- Virtual machine support
Kernel execution components can be divided into three constituent parts: the main kernel, kernel threads, and kernel modules, depending on how they will be executed.
- The main core includes code that is executed to provide a service, such as servicing a user syscall or servicing an exception event or interrupt. Most of the compiled kernel code falls into this category.
- Kernel threads. The kernel creates internal processes or threads to perform certain common tasks, such as clearing disk caches or freeing memory by unloading unused page blocks. Threads are scheduled just like normal processes, but they have no context in non-privileged mode. Kernel threads perform specific functions of the C kernel language. Kernel threads are located in kernel space, and only run in privileged mode.
- Kernel Module and Device Driver Kernel Module are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into and from the kernel as needed. They extend the functionality of the kernel without having to reboot the system. Once loaded, the kernel module object code can access other kernel code and data in the same way as statically linked kernel object code.
The kernel consists of logical subsystems that provide various functionalities. Even though the kernel is the only executable program, the various services it provides can be separated and combined into different logical components. These components interact to provide specific functionality. The kernel consists of the following logical subsystems:
- File subsystem and I / O subsystem: This subsystem implements functions related to filesystem objects. Implemented functions include those that enable a process to create, maintain, interact with, and delete filesystem objects. These objects include regular files, directories, symbolic links, hard links, device-specific files, named pipes, and sockets.
- Process subsystem: This subsystem implements functions related to process control and thread control. The implemented functions allow you to create, schedule, execute, and delete processes and thread principals.
- Memory subsystem: This subsystem implements functions related to the management of system memory resources. The implemented functions include those that create and manage virtual memory, including the management of paging algorithms and paging tables.
- Network subsystem: This subsystem implements UNIX and Internet domain sockets and algorithms used to schedule network packets.
- IPC subsystem: This subsystem implements functions related to IPC mechanisms. The implemented features include those that facilitate the controlled exchange of information between processes by allowing them to share data and synchronize their execution when interacting with a shared resource.
- Kernel modules subsystem: This subsystem implements the infrastructure to support loadable modules. Functions implemented include loading, initializing, and unloading kernel modules.
- Linux security extensions: Linux Security Extensions implement various aspects of security that are provided for the entire kernel, including the Linux Security Module (LSM) framework. The LSM framework serves as a framework for modules to enable various security policies, including SELinux, to be implemented. SELinux is an important logical subsystem. This subsystem implements mandatory access control functions to achieve access between all objects and objects.
- Device driver subsystem: This subsystem implements support for various hardware and software devices through a common device-independent interface.
- Audit subsystem: This subsystem implements functions related to the recording of security-critical events in the system. The implemented functions include those that capture each system call to capture safety-critical events and those that implement the collection and recording of audit trails.
- KVM subsystem: This subsystem implements maintenance of the life cycle of a virtual machine. It performs instruction completion, used for instructions that require only small checks. For any other completion of the statement, KVM calls the QEMU user-space component.
- Crypto API: This subsystem provides a cryptographic library internal to the kernel for all kernel components. It provides cryptographic primitives for callers.
The kernel is the main part of the operating system. It interacts directly with hardware, implements resource sharing, provides general services for applications, and prevents applications from directly accessing hardware-dependent functions. The services provided by the kernel include:
1. Management of the execution of processes, including the operations of their creation, termination or suspension and interprocess communication. These include:
- Equivalent scheduling of processes to run on the CPU.
- Splitting processes in the CPU using time-split mode.
- Process execution in the CPU.
- Suspension of the kernel after the expiration of the allocated time quantum.
- Allocating kernel time to run another process.
- Rescheduling kernel time to run a suspended process.
- Manage process safety-related metadata such as UIDs, GIDs, SELinux labels, feature identifiers.
- Kernel permission for processes to share part of their address space under certain conditions; however, the kernel protects the process's own address space from outside interference.
- If the system runs out of free memory, the kernel frees memory by writing the process temporarily to second-level memory or swap.
- Coordinated interaction with the hardware of the machine to establish a virtual-to-physical mapping that maps compiler-generated addresses to physical addresses.
- Set limits on the resources configured by the emulation application for a given virtual machine.
- Launching the virtual machine program code for execution.
- Handle the shutdown of virtual machines by either completing an instruction or delaying the completion of an instruction to emulate user space.
- Allocation of secondary memory for efficient storage and retrieval of user data.
- Allocate external memory for user files.
- Recycle unused storage space.
- Organization of the file system structure (using clear structuring principles).
- Protecting user files from unauthorized access.
- Provide controlled process access to peripheral devices such as terminals, tape drives, disk drives, and network devices.
- Organizing mutual access to data for subjects and objects, providing controlled access based on the DAC policy and any other policy implemented by the loaded LSM.
CONTROL PART:
Module III.
B. Russell, emphasizing that man is a part of nature, believed that human "thoughts and movements follow the same laws as the movement of stars and atoms." What was Russell's point of view?
Materialism;
Naturalism;
Idealism;
Realism?
3.2. The representative of which direction in sociology was Montesquieu, who believed that the climate determines social laws, customs and consciousness of people?
Geographic determinism;
Demographic determinism;
Technological determinism?
3.3. The political doctrine justifying the seizure of foreign territories, geographic argumentation, is called:
Geopolitics;
Monarchism?
3.4. Idealism considers the basis of being (basis) of society:
Culture;
The economy;
Consciousness?
3.5. Social doctrine explaining social phenomena by biological (racial) characteristics of people:
Geopolitics;
Realism;
Naturalism;
Reformism?
3.6. Which direction in sociology believes that public consciousness determines the existence of people:
Idealism;
Materialism;
Naturalism?
3.7. Materialism understands the basis of being (basis) of society:
Consciousness;
Culture;
The economy;
Religion?
3.8. What direction in sociology believes that the development of society is a real process of human existence, which is based on a certain mode of production?
Realism;
Materialism;
Naturalism;
Idealism?
3.9. Main Institute political system society, managing society, protecting its economic and social life:
Church;
State;
Parliament;
A union?
3.10. The state is primarily:
Manadgement Department;
An instrument of oppression;
An authority for secret surveillance of human behavior?
A Means for Solving Foreign Policy Goals?
3.11. The political structure of society based on the principles of equality and freedom is called:
Totalitarianism;
Oligarchy;
Democracy;
Monarchy?
3.12. Totalitarianism - how political regime suggests:
Dictatorship of law and democracy;
Legal state structure;
Dictatorship of the nomenclature and genocide against their people;
The dictatorship of crime and the shadow economy?
3.13. Man is a unity of biological and social. How they relate:
The biological defines the social;
The social takes precedence over the biological;
In different periods their combination is different, but biological predominates;
It is different in different situations, but social priority?
3.14. Does scientific and technological progress have an impact on
biological (natural) basis of man?
3.15. Is there a semantic difference between the concepts of "person" and "personality":
These concepts are identical;
There is nothing in common between these concepts;
- “person” characterizes the biosocial side of people, “personality” - social?
3.16. A person is free when he acts:
Of necessity;
As he wants;
By knowing the need and acting on it?
3.17. In what conditions is the type of behavior described by A.N. Nekrasov: "Whom I want - I will have mercy, whom I want - I will execute!"
Totalitarianism;
Democracy;
The rule of law?
3.18. Personality is a person:
Has achieved significant results;
Able to learn a lot from public consciousness;
Giving a lot to society;
With certain character traits, abilities and inclinations?
3.19. Individuality is:
Spirituality in a person;
The individual has become a person;
Unique in a person?
3.20. A civic position, the meaning of which is love for the motherland, is called:
Internationalism;
Patriotism;
Nationalism;
Cosmopolitanism?
3.21. What is the role of the masses in the historical process? They are:
Inert, do not act independently;
Acting as a decisive force in social development;
They can only be a destructive force;
Like a wheel, but not a motor, stories?
3.22. An outstanding historical person is one who:
Holds a high management position;
It personifies the fundamental progressive transformations of the era;
Enjoys popular recognition;
Has it qualitatively transformed the socio-political and economic situation in the state?
3.23. Heidegger believes that man, being a more or less important atom in the movement of world history, acts as a "toy of circumstances and events." What ideological attitude corresponds to such views?
Fatalism;
Voluntarism?
3.24. How necessity and freedom relate to each other:
Necessity and freedom have nothing in common;
There is no freedom in the world, everything happens by necessity;
A free man is not subject to necessity;
Is freedom the knowledge of necessity and action in accordance with it?
3.25. How do civilization and culture relate to each other?
Civilization is older than culture;
Culture arose before civilization;
Civilization and culture arose simultaneously;
Civilization and culture have nothing in common?
3.26. The philosophical doctrine of values \u200b\u200bis called:
Epistemology;
Epistemology;
Culturology;
Ontology;
Axiology?
3.27. Were there global problems of humanity in past centuries:
3.28. The gradual movement of society from less perfect to more perfect is called:
Degradation;
Regression;
Perestroika;
The crisis;
Transformation;
