Ammonium sulfate formula mass fraction. Ammonium sulfate

TU 113-03-625-90

Ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4) - an average salt of sulfuric acid, contains up to 21% nitrogen and up to 24% sulfur, is a white transparent crystals, molecular weight equals 132.15. Depending on the type of production, three brands are produced:

• Grade A is a by-product of caprolactam production.
• Grade B is a by-product of acrylate production.
• Grade B is a by-product of coke production.

The production of ammonium sulfate grade B is based on the reaction of neutralization of sulfuric acid with ammonia. Ammonia is contained in coke oven gas released during the coking of coal. Crystalline, slightly colored product. The small amount of sulfuric acid contained gives the fertilizer a slightly acidic reaction. Has no smell.

Main technical characteristics

No.	Name of indicators
	Appearance	White or clear crystals
	Mass fraction of nitrogen in terms of dry matter, % not less
	Mass fraction of water, % no more
	Mass fraction of free sulfuric acid, % no more
	Fractional composition: Mass fraction of fractions larger than 0.5 mm, %,
	less than 6 mm,%
	Friability, %
	Mass fraction of water-insoluble residue, %, no more

Ammonium sulfate is applied to the soil as fertilizer. Application is carried out in various soil and climatic zones. The degree of danger of the product as a whole is a moderately dangerous substance in terms of the degree of impact on the body - hazard class 3.

Component	Mass fraction,	MPC rz mg/m 3	Hazard class
ammonium sulfate	99%
free sulfuric acid	0,03 — 0,05%
ammonium bisulfate	less than 1%	not installed
pyridine sulfate	less than 1%	not installed
Ammonium sulfate may contain:
mercury	no more than 2.0 mg/kg
cadmium	no more than 0.5 mg/kg
cobalt	no more than 5.0 mg/kg
arsenic	no more than 2.0 mg/kg
nickel	no more than 4.0 mg/kg
lead	no more than 32 mg/kg
copper	no more than 33 mg/kg
zinc	no more than 55 mg/kg	not installed
chromium	no more than 2 mg/kg	not installed
manganese	no more than 1500 mg/kg	not installed

Ammonium sulfate is one of the most common nitrogen fertilizers. It quickly dissolves in soil moisture, and most of the NH 4 + ions are bound by the soil. This causes low mobility of ammonium ions in the soil and makes it difficult to wash them out with water.

Plants absorb the NH 4 + cation of ammonium sulfate much more intensively than the SO 4 anion - since plants require nitrogen to form proteins in much larger quantities than sulfur. This process is accompanied by the destruction of basic compounds contained in the soil, which leads to an increase in its acidity, especially noticeable with prolonged use of ammonium sulfate in the same areas. Thus, ammonium sulfate is a typical representative of physiologically acidic fertilizers.

The physiological acidity of ammonium sulfate practically does not reduce its effectiveness when applied to non-acidic soils (chernozems, sierozems, chestnut, calcareous chestnut soils) containing a sufficient amount of calcium. Long-term application of ammonium sulfate to soils poor in calcium (acid podzolic soils) can lead to a decrease in crop yields due to soil acidification. Therefore, with long-term use of ammonium sulfate, the soil is periodically limed, i.e. adding into it finely ground materials containing Ca and Mg carbonates (limestone, chalk, marl, dolomite), or quicklime and slaked lime, etc.

Ammonium sulfate is a very effective nitrogen fertilizer for winter rye, oats, potatoes and especially for tea and rice. A valuable property of ammonium sulfate is its low caking ability; even after long-term storage, it easily crumbles and is dispersed by a fertilizer seeder. In addition, ammonium sulfate is slightly hygroscopic, which also facilitates the conditions for its storage, transportation and use.

The optimal application dose is 330 kg of ammonium sulfate per hectare. Ammonium sulfate is applied in the spring.

Show all

Physical and chemical properties

Ammonium sulfate (NH 4) 2 SO 4 - colorless crystals, density - 1.766 g/cm3. At temperatures above +100°C it decomposes with the release of ammonia NH 3 and the formation first of NH 4 HSO 4, and subsequently (NH 4) 2 S 2 O 7 and sulfanilic acid.

Solubility in water: at 0°C - 70.5 g/100 g, at +25°C - 76.4 g/100 g, at +100°C - 101.7 g/100 g. Oxidizes to N 2 under by the action of strong oxidizing agents, for example, potassium permanganate KMnO 4.

Ammonium sulfate contains:

• nitrogen by mass fraction in terms of dry matter - not less than 21%;
• water - 0.2%;
• sulfuric acid - no more than 0.03%.

Fractional composition of the fertilizer:

• mass fraction fractions larger than 0.5 mm - no less than 80%;
• less than 6 mm - 100%.

Friability - 100%.

The mass fraction of the residue insoluble in water does not exceed 0.02%.

Application

Agriculture

Ammonium sulfate in agriculture used as the main fertilizer for various crops.

Industry

Ammonium sulfate in chemical industry used as a component of the precipitation bath in the formation of viscose fiber. In the glass industry - as an additive to glass batch to improve its fusibility.

Behavior in soil

When applied to the soil, ammonium sulfate quickly dissolves, and a significant part of the NH 4 + cations enters the soil-absorbing complex. At the same time, an equivalent amount of displaced cations passes into the soil solution. In this case, the ammonium ion loses its mobility. This eliminates the risk of it being washed out during soil leaching.

Being in an exchange-absorbed state, ammonium ions are well absorbed by plants. (Image)

Due to nitrification, ammonium nitrogen turns into nitrate form. The rate of transition of ammonia nitrogen into nitrate nitrogen depends on the conditions necessary for nitrification: temperature, aeration, humidity, biological activity and soil reaction. One of the main factors influencing the rate of nitrification is the degree of soil cultivation.

Waterlogging and increased soil acidity inhibit nitrification. Liming acidic soils significantly speeds up this process. After ammonium nitrogen is converted into nitrate nitrogen, it acquires all the properties of nitrate fertilizers. As a result of the nitrification process, nitric acid is formed in the soil and sulfuric acid is released.

(NH 4) 2 SO 4 + 4O 2 → 2HNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O

In the soil, these acids are neutralized by interacting with bicarbonates of the soil solution and cations of the soil absorption complex.

Neutralization of mineral acids is accompanied by the use of bicarbonates of the soil solution and the displacement of bases from the PPC by hydrogen. This weakens the buffering capacity of soils and increases their acidity.

A single application of ammonium sulfate may not affect the soil reaction. With systematic use of this fertilizer soil environment may become significantly acidic. The degree of acidification increases with lower buffer capacity of soils.

Application on various types of soils

When used for a long time, ammonium sulfate has an oxidizing effect on the soil.

On acidic soils

The oxidizing effect of this fertilizer becomes evident after just a few years. To regulate the soil reaction and enhance the effect of the fertilizer, it is recommended to carry out liming or neutralize ammonium sulfate before applying it to the soil. To do this, add 1.3 quintals of lime per 1 quintal of fertilizer.

On black soils

soil acidity increases after 10-15 years. However, acidification of chernozems has virtually no effect on productivity, since these types of soils have a high humus content, high buffering capacity and absorption capacity.

On chestnut soils

and sierozems there is no reason to fear acidification of carbonate soils.

On light soils

in areas of sufficient moisture, ammonium sulfate is most effective due to the weak migration of ammonium.

Methods of application

Ammonium sulfate is most suitable for. But it is also acceptable to use for surface winter grain crops, hayfields and pastures, as well as

Its hygroscopicity is weak, so during long-term storage it does not cake and retains its flowability.

Properties of ammonium sulfate

Indicator	Description, meaning
Chemical formula	(NH 4) 2 S0 4
Average nitrogen content (%)	20,5-21,5
Fertilizer volumetric mass (kg/m.)	800
Dispersible after storage	Good (at humidity 2%)
Caking	Weak
Hygroscopicity	Very weak

Technical characteristics of ammonium sulfate

Indicator name	Norm
Appearance	White crystals, light yellow and pink shades are allowed
Mass fraction of nitrogen in terms of dry matter, %, not less	21
Mass fraction of water, %, no more	0,3
Mass fraction of free sulfuric acid, %, no more	0,05
Friability, %	100

Methods for producing ammonium sulfate

In the laboratory, ammonium sulfate is prepared by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on a concentrated ammonia solution.

2NH 3 +H 2 SO 4 →(NH 4) 2 SO 4

This reaction, like all other reactions of ammonia with acids, is carried out in a device to obtain soluble substances in solid form. Among the main methods for producing ammonium sulfate, which are most often used in the chemical industry, there are the following:

The process of neutralizing sulfuric acid with synthetic ammonia;
- use of ammonia from coke oven gas for its chemical reaction with sulfuric acid;
- obtaining as a result of processing gypsum with solutions of ammonium carbonate;
- obtaining during processing waste remaining after the production of caprolactam (as a result of the Beckmann rearrangement during the production of caprolactam).

However, there are other ways to produce ammonium sulfate, for example, obtaining this substance from the flue gases of power plants and sulfuric acid plants. To do this, ammonia gas is introduced into hot gases, which binds the sulfur oxides present in the gas into various ammonium salts, including ammonium sulfate.

Areas of application of ammonium sulfate

Ammonium sulfate is one of the mineral fertilizers widely used in agriculture. It is used for all agricultural crops (from potatoes to citrus fruits) on black and gray soils. The fertilizer has a valuable quality - low migration ability, since the ammonium cation is actively absorbed by the soil and this protects it from being washed out. Therefore, ammonium sulfate is recommended to be applied on light soils, during irrigation, i.e. where there is a potential danger of loss of fertilizer nitrogen due to migration phenomena. Ammonium nitrogen from ammonium sulfate is absorbed by plants. Sulfur is necessary for the nutrition of all crops, as it is part of some essential amino acids synthesized by plants.

Ammonium sulfate is used in the production of viscose fiber.

IN biochemistry reprecipitation with ammonium sulfate is general method protein purification.

IN food industry registered as a food additive E517.

Used in water chlorination technologies with ammoniation , is introduced into the treated water a few seconds before chlorine, with chlorine it forms chloramines - binding free chlorine, due to which the formation of organochlorines harmful to the human body is significantly reduced, the consumption of chlorine is reduced, and the corrosion of water pipes is reduced.

IN fire extinguishing agents ammonium sulfate is used as a fire retardant, in the mining industry - as a gel-forming component in the preventive treatment of goafs, in the composition explosive ammonium sulfate is introduced to reduce flammability and eliminate the risk of spontaneous combustion

Ammonium sulfate is also used for the production of:

Herbicides;
. animal feed;
. leather dressing;
. building insulation.

The development of the ammonium sulfate market is determined to a greater extent not by demand from consuming industries and market factors, but by the availability of this type of product and the supply of ammonium sulfate on the market. Those. The development of the production of caprolacts and coke products also determines the development of the production of ammonium sulfate. Insufficient demand in the domestic market will provoke an increase in export supplies of ammonium sulfate.

(ammonium sulfate) contains 21% nitrogen in ammonium form, 24% sulfur and is a highly effective nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer.

By appearance Ammonium sulfate is a white or lightly colored crystalline powder; light yellow and pink tints are allowed.

At is highly soluble in water, available and easily absorbed by plants, relatively little mobile and is not washed out of the soil under normal moisture conditions and irrigation.

In terms of application efficiency, it is not inferior to ammonium nitrate and urea, and in part physical and chemical properties(non-flammable, explosion-proof, non-caking during long-term storage) and its cost compares favorably and has a clear advantage.

Physico-chemical composition of ammonium sulfate

The accumulated international experience, in-depth analysis of research work and industrial practice of using fertilizers allow us to talk about additional hidden reserves for improving the quality of grain. According to a number of Russian and foreign scientists, grain crops often show signs of sulfur deficiency, which under production conditions are interpreted as nitrogen deficiency. In experiments with barley and wheat, severe sulfur deficiency during the growing season caused a decrease in photosynthesis, productivity, and especially grain quality.

The most important role of sulfur in plant life is determined by the fact that it is an integral part of all proteins and is found in essential amino acids (cystine, methionine), as well as in vegetable oils and vitamins. She has great value in redox processes occurring in plants, in the activation of enzymes and protein metabolism.

The oxidized form of sulfur is the starting product for protein synthesis. With its deficiency, protein synthesis is delayed, since the synthesis of amino acids containing this element is difficult. In this regard, the manifestation of signs of sulfur deficiency is similar to the signs of nitrogen starvation. Plants stop growing, the size of the leaves decreases, and the stems lengthen. During sulfur starvation, the leaves do not die, but have a pale color. A study of sulfur deficiency in plant nutrition has shown that its deficiency causes a disturbance in nitrogen metabolism.

One of the traditional sources of sulfur replenishment is ammonium sulfate fertilizer N-21%, S-24%.

The main advantages of ammonium sulfate over ammonium nitrate and urea

Ammonium sulfate is always cheaper— Economics and numbers are inexorable, so the efficiency and availability of fertilizers is largely determined by the cost of a unit of active substance. The cost of 1 ton of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate is approximately 2 times lower than in ammonium nitrate and urea. When assessing economic efficiency, it is necessary, of course, to take into account the presence of sulfur 24%.

Sulfur has a direct impact on the quality of the future harvest— Ammonium sulfate, unlike ammonium nitrate and urea, contains sulfur. It is worth noting that sulfur occupies one of the leading places among biogenic elements after nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Positive influence sulfur on the crop often goes unnoticed, since it affects not the quantity, but the quality of the product.

In addition, the external manifestation of sulfur starvation of plants almost completely coincides with the signs of insufficient nitrogen nutrition. When there is a lack of sulfur in the soil, the synthesis of proteins, fats, and vitamins decreases, and nitrogen, which is very dangerous, accumulates in the form of nitrates. In addition, food storage is deteriorating. IN recent years There is a trend towards a decrease in sulfur content in arable soils in many regions of Russia; about 80% of arable land is poor in sulfur. Thus, ammonium sulfate can be considered a fertilizer with a nutrient content of 45%.

Ammonium sulfate is not inferior in efficiency to other nitrogen fertilizers— According to numerous data from experiments with fertilizers, ammonium sulfate is not inferior in efficiency to common nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate and. In comparative tests of the effectiveness of the impact of various types of nitrogen fertilizers on the size and quality of the yield of grains, potatoes, and oilseeds, it was noted that all fertilizers are equally effective when applied in equal doses of nitrogen (60 kg per active ingredient) especially good results provides the application of ammonium sulfate for grains, rapeseed, rice, potatoes, sunflowers, beets, vegetables, watermelons, fertilizing perennial grasses and crop residues.

Less nitrogen loss and environmental friendliness— It is known that when using nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture, especially when the ratio of nutrients is unbalanced, there are environmental problems. The main ones include: nitrate of products, pollution of ground and surface waters, loss of nitrogen up to 20-30% from nitrate fertilizers and urea due to denitrification and leaching. Nitrogen losses from nitrate fertilizers are significantly greater than from ammonia fertilizers. If, with the surface application of ammonium sulfate, ammonia losses are, as a rule, no more than 1-3%, then for urea and ammonium nitrate it is 25-30% of the applied amount of nitrogen. It is also important that this nutrient in ammonium sulfate is in the most accessible form for plants and is involved in the formation of the crop throughout the growing season.

Recycling straw and using it for fertilizer— One of effective ways The use of ammonium sulfate means adding it with rotting residues (chopped straw). In this case, the dose of nitrogen is 10 kg. d.v. per 1 ton of straw, which ensures accelerated decomposition of fiber. Thus, two important problems are simultaneously solved - straw disposal and environmental protection.

With a grain harvest of 20-30 c/ha, the application of ammonium sulfate together with crop residues into the soil will ensure the return of 30-40 kg. nitrogen, 50-80 kg. phosphorus, 18-24 kg. potassium, as well as 35-45 kg. sulfur, which contributes to a significant increase in protein in products.

The mineral nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer ammonium sulfate is a light crystalline salt with shades of yellow or pink, highly soluble in water. The product is characterized by weak hygroscopicity, therefore it does not cake during long-term storage and can be stored for up to 5 years, and is not explosive.

All these properties distinguish it favorably from other nitrogen fertilizers, in particular from ammonium nitrate and urea.

The effectiveness of ammonium sulfate in sulfur deficiency— Lack or excess of sulfur primarily manifests itself on young leaves and growing points. Its reverse movement is very insignificant and therefore it is classified as a difficult-to-recycle element. In this, sulfur is very different from phosphorus. The lack of sulfur in most plants is similar to the signs of nitrogen deficiency, but with sulfur starvation it manifests itself on young leaves - the leaves are small, the stems are hard, plant growth is weakened, the color of the leaves is uniformly pale green. In agricultural practice, this often leads to errors in diagnosis, overestimation of doses of nitrogen fertilizers, insufficient yields and reduced product quality. It has been established that plants contain different amounts of sulfur and, accordingly, have different needs for this element. The difference in the content and consumption of sulfur by agricultural crops is determined, first of all, by the biological characteristics of plants, the stages of their development, as well as the content of this element in the soil and atmosphere. Based on the removal of sulfur per unit of dry matter, botanical families are arranged in the following order: cruciferous > lily > legumes > goosefoot > cereals, sunflower, potato, vegetable. The removal of sulfur from soils by crops ranges from 30-60 kg/ha, and in some plant species it reaches 100 kg/ha. Thus, as our research has shown, its balance is quite tense, and in some regions it is even negative.

Research has also clearly established that the use of sulfur-containing fertilizers on soils with insufficient sulfur content helps to increase yield and improve the quality of plant products, increasing the availability of phosphorus, calcium, and manganese to plants; increases the return on yield of traditional NPK fertilizers.

Thus, the accumulated information indicates that sulfur as a biogenic element in modern agrocenoses is important, but insufficient attention has been and is being given to the regulation of its regime in production practice. This is precisely what is evidenced by the materials monitoring the state of soil fertility in the country, which were taken into account and demanded when developing modern technologies Growing agricultural crops seems to us necessary and quite promising in increasing agricultural productivity.

A generalization of data on the content of mobile sulfur in the country's soils as of January 1, 2004 showed that the sulfur deficiency in the country's agriculture continues to increase. Of the surveyed significantly larger areas of arable land (>32%) than on 01/01/1990, 54.7% have low sulfur content (< 6 мг/кг), 34,6% — среднее (6,1-12,0 мг/кг) и только 10,7% — высокое (>12 mg/kg), i.e. The area of ​​soils in need of replenishment of sulfur reserves reached 89.3% by 2004, against 77.4% in 1990. The share of such arable soils is especially large in the Central District (89.6%), Northwestern District (94.5 %), Southern District (90%), Volga District (90%). In other districts (Siberian and Far Eastern) this figure is also quite high (86.7 and 83.8%), although it is slightly lower than in the country as a whole. In the Central District, the Kostroma and Tambov regions stand out especially, in which the number of soils in need of replenishment of sulfur reserves is close to 100% (97.4 and 99.2%, respectively); in the North-Western District, the situation is similar in the Novgorod Region (97.9%), in the Southern District - the Republic of Kalmykia (99.2%) and in the Volgograd Region (96.9%); in the Volga region - the Republic of Tatarstan (92%), Saratov region(91.1%); in the Siberian District - Altai Territory (94.6%). In other regions, territories and republics, these indicators, although noticeably lower, generally indicate an unsuccessful practical solution to the problems of sulfur in agriculture.

The weighted average indicator of sulfur content in the country as a whole has approached the border of its absolutely low content and is only 6.4 mg/kg, and in the North-Western and Southern districts decreased to 5.1 and 5.9 mg/kg. The soils of the Kostroma region (5.4 mg/kg), Smolensk (5.1 mg/kg), Tambov (3.1 mg/kg), Vologda (5.1 mg/kg), Arkhangelsk (4.7) are especially poor in sulfur. mg/kg), Novgorod (4.1 mg/kg), Ulyanovsk (5.7 mg/kg); in the republics of Karelia (4.5 mg/kg), Komi (4.4 mg/kg), Kalmykia (1.1 mg/kg), Khakassia (4.5 mg/kg) and Altai Territory(5.5 mg/kg).

Thus, now the problem of sulfur in agriculture is so acute that it simply cannot be hushed up and concrete measures must be taken to solve it.

According to experts' calculations, the total need for sulfur-containing fertilizers in the country in 2010 will be about 1.2 million t.a. In the range of sulfur-containing fertilizers, preference is given to ammonium, potassium, sodium sulfates and superphosphates.

According to most studies, on soils low in sulfur, all forms of sulfur-containing fertilizers act almost equally. Among the highly soluble forms of sulfur-containing fertilizers, the most economically promising is the use of ammonium sulfate (the cost of 1 ton of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate is approximately 2 times lower than in ammonium nitrate and urea).

Research by Belarusian scientists on soddy-podzolic soils has shown higher agronomic and economic efficiency of using ammonium sulfate relative to other forms of nitrogen fertilizers. (V.V. Lapa, V.N. Bosak, 2006)

Yield increases from the use of various forms of nitrogen fertilizers, c/ha.

Note:

1) For spring wheat against the background of P40K90, various forms of nitrogen fertilizers were applied at a dose of N60;
2) For sugar beets against a background of manure 60 t/ha + P60K100 - at a dose of N120;
3) Under buckwheat against the background of P40K90 at a dose of N60-80;
4) With ammonium sulfate, sulfur was supplied to crop soils (1,2,3, respectively) - 70, 140 and 70-90 kg/ha.

It should be especially noted that the use of ammonium sulfate for agricultural crops in the required doses for nitrogen optimizes not only nitrogen, but also sulfur nutrition of plants, and also helps ensure a positive balance of this element for subsequent crops. Therefore, ammonium sulfate should be considered practically as a complex fertilizer (NS) with an equal element ratio (S:N = 1.14).

Thus, sulfur in modern agrocenoses is in a fairly dynamic state. Regulation of its content in soils and plants should not have spontaneous, but economic, agrochemical and environmental managed forms. An analysis of the factors of insufficient effectiveness of chemicalization agents shows that earlier, when developing a system for using fertilizers, the issues of plant nutrition with sulfur were not so acute, because More widely used fertilizers (ammonium and potassium sulfate, simple superphosphate) contained large amounts of sulfur.

With the transition to the predominant use of concentrated complex fertilizers, the influx of sulfur into the soil with mineral fertilizers is sharply reduced. At the same time, the consumption of sulfur from the soil increases for leaching and its removal with increasing crop yields. Consequently, under certain conditions, plants may experience sulfur deficiency, which may result in a shortage of crop yields and a decrease in product quality. At the same time, sulfur starvation entails a decrease in the increase in dry mass, a slowdown in the rate of onset of ontogenesis phases, and a delay in the maturation of crops. Lack of sulfur especially affects the formation of reproductive organs and reduces the quality of products. From the above it follows that at present, with the intensification of agriculture, the relevance of optimizing sulfur nutrition of plants does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases.