Knorozov Yuri Valentinovich Biography. Man and Kote

"His diploma job in Moscow State University was called" Mazar Shamun Nabi. Sliced \u200b\u200bOhasian version of the legend about Samson. "In graduate school he the path was closed, insofar as "His relatives in the war were in the occupied territory". The tombstone monument to the scientist is at the edge of the Kovalevsky cemetery of St. Petersburg among the crushing of typical burials, he died on March 30, 1999. 76 years old alone in the corridor of one of the city hospitals. Five years of his grave bored herbs, only in 2004 a monument was established "

The original is taken by W. kosarex. in Yuri Knorozov - the fate of genius
https://philologist.livejournal.com/10122849.html
After his death in 1999, Yuri Knorozov on March 11, 2018 will give another slap in Soviet science - a monument will be discovered in Mexico. The letter of Maya he deciphered in 1951-52. It was a big resentment for US scientists. It was then deciphered by several dozen letters, but it was enough to decipher the Mayan writing process and continue. It was then for 30 years. Officially, he became proud of Soviet science. In reality, he was not taken to graduate school. Recovered world fame. In 1955 he was assigned the title of Doctor of Science. Abroad did not produce. He drove abroad only in 1956, and even then only in Copenhagen at the insistence of Square. Okladnikov was a force, but an old man. Therefore, in Latin America, Knorozov visited only 1989 - President Guatemala was invited. There were already different times, invitations from Latin American states could not be rejected at the RAS level. Knorozov went to Latin America several times.

If Gregory Perelman loved to let gossip, as if he did not cut his nails and walks in dirty shirts, which did not change for several months, then the gossip loved on Yuri Knorozov, that he was always drunk and was in an insanitable state. It is clear that it is involuntarily stuffed with such a relationship. But Knorozov lived 77 years and left a number of scientific works after himself.

Probably, many representatives of the KGB, concerned about the idea of \u200b\u200bcontrolling the identity, spit around the Knorozov. Worked the cunozs without stopping. He set a lot of tasks: reading numerous Maya texts, decryption of other writing systems, the development of the theory of alarm and fascination associated with the head brain, and the main objective of its research was the system theory of the team. The system theory of the team is a conscious distraction of a brilliant scientist from the urgent tasks. But then we were fond of sociology and theories of control over the teams at the place of work. If in the West they wanted to this day, they want to control the society through the parties, who left the children from their parents, then we had a clear task - to force members of the production team to be friends not only at work, but also families to have less communication with members of other brigades and collectives. Entered the brigade of carpenters - communicate only with carpenters of his brigade. He became an employee of the traffic police - communicate only with traffic cops of his unit and no more.

As for the theory of Knorozov on the settlement of America through the Kuril Rud, I agree on the elementary reason. The seaside zone has always been special - a lot of food in the form of fish and Moloys. The need for swimming on the sea for fishing demanded always to strain brains in creating swimming agents. Another thing is that having swimming facilities in principle it was not important, whether to swim through the Chukchi strait, go through ice or swim through Aleutian ridge. The population in the abundance zone of the fish successfully multiplied, gave each other and was interested in mastering more northern zones, since there is a fish. Those who lived in hunting and fishing in more scanty places, could not defeat the seaside population for a very long time and also participate in favorable fishing.

Let's return to Knorozov. His fate is one of the many evidence that the geniuses do not like fundamentally. International recognition infuriates. The genius in our conditions should have vitality, the ability to make communication and literally to wash in the powder of the radical careerists. But this contradicts the nature of the genius - the openness of the world, sensitivity to different phenomena in the world and to someone else's thoughts, the ability to doubt where others do not doubt. The current collapse is the natural continuation of the domination of the naughty and unable to doubt, unable to appreciate other people's ideas, but in time to steal them and so on.

________________________________________ _________________________________

The original is taken by W. v_murza. In man and kote. Monument to Yuri Knorozov

His pupils fire green
My consciousness took possession.
I wanted to turn away,
I notice surprised
That herself looked like himself,
What's in the need of mirror eyes,
Opal and vertical,
I read your own utility (Charles Bodler)

The Kovalevsky cemetery of St. Petersburg is internationally, democratic and discernly. Being an urban feature, it takes 110 hectares of the territory of the neighboring subject of the Federation (Leningrad region). There are Muslim and Jewish sections here, and the so-called "faded" burials are also produced - who are not demanded by relatives who died for the statecraft (about 150 per month).

The cemetery was opened by the decree of the Lengor Executive Committee at the end of 1984. The number of interesting monuments on Kovalevsky can be counted on the fingers, some miraculous sometimes see the inscription "This Cross is put on Luke Ivanov's village of Esshi 1903." However, destiny was pleased that the Grand Scientist and one of the most mysterious figures of the Scientific World XX century find here.

Yuri Valentinovich Knorozova (1922 - 1999) stands in one row with Jean-Francois Champolone, deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs, and his main merit is the decryption of the letter of Maya, the last great decryption, which opened humanity to the whole civilization.

The tombstone monument to the scientist is on the edge of the cemetery among the crushing of typical burials, something resembling a communal apartment. I learned about him quite by chance, visiting the graves of my relatives.

Knorozov - Linguist, Historic, Ethnographer, D.I. (1955), Winner of the USSR State Prize (1977), Kavaler of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Mexico and the Great Gold Medal of Guatemala. The circle of his scientific interests was very wide - from deciphering the ancient letters systems to the settlement of America, archeoosatronomy, shamanism, the evolution of the brain and the theory of the team. He died on March 30, 1999, 76 years old. Alone in the corridor of one of the city hospitals. Five years, his grave borrowed the grass, only in 2004 on the initiative of S.Mrironov, the then chairman of the SF, a monument was established here.
The author of the project is Moscow Sculptor Nikolai Elendov. The composition is made in the Maja architecture style - platform with stele and altar of pinkish limestone.

On the sides of the stele, inscription Maya hieroglyphs are made with dates of birth and death of the scientist. A copy of the relief from the most beloved Yuri Knoroza Maja - Palenk is placed on the reverse of the stela.

On Aversa Steli (photo in the header of the post) Bas-relief Knorozov with his beloved Siamese cat Assey, repeating a photo, which is known worldwide.

Mi Corazón Siempre ES Mexicano

Yu.V. Znorozov, 1995 before the beginning of the III International Majanist Conference in Chetumale, Mexico ()

The biography of Yuri Knorozov is full of mystical events, heavy tests and paradoxes, as apparently, and relies with each genius.
Among his children's drawings, the image of an incomprehensible beast was preserved with the name Tankas (which in Maya means the Milky Way), snakes with a strange name of the lip. Palenka is the name of the ruins of the big city of Maya in Mexico, where the most important Mayan artifacts are located, including the temple of the inscriptions (Templo de Las Inscripciones).
During the war, Knorozov is incomprehensible how they fall into the hands of the book "Message about Affairs in Yucatan" of the Franciscan monk XVI century left by the Germans. Diego de Landa and "Maya Codes" in the Guatemalan Publication of the Villakort Brothers.

According to the official version, he "saved them from the flame of the burning library in Berlin." But he was not there and the victory met near Moscow telephonist shelf reserve rates of the commander-in-chief. Mayanstik, he was not interested at that time, was fond of the history of the Civilizations of the East, linguistics and shamanic practitioners. His appearance in Moscow State University was called "Mazar Shamun Nabi. Sliced \u200b\u200bOhasian version of the legend about Samson. " In graduate school he was closed, because "his relatives in the war were in the occupied territory."

In 1945, Knorozov came to the eyes of the article by the German scientist Paul Shelllhas "Decryption of the letter of Maya - an unresolved problem." He leaves shamanic practices to answer the chalchhas challenge: "How is this unresolved problem? What is created by one human mind can not not be solved by another.<...> There are no insoluble problems and cannot exist in any of the science regions! ". He invariably adhered to all his life.
After the war with the help of prof. S.A. Tokarev, he managed to settle for the position of MNS in the Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR, which is next to the Russian museum. So the Leningradsky began, the main period of the life of Knorozov. It settled in the museum itself. Long, as a penalty, a floor-to-ceiling room was clogged with books, the drawings of Maya hieroglyphs were raised along the walls. Furniture were a table and a soldier bed.

At the beginning of the 50s, Knorozov found the keys to the ancient writing of Maya. The first publication on the results of the decryption was published in 1952. The success of a young scientist allowed him to go to work in Kunstkamera - Leningrad branch of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The defense of the candidate thesis.

But there were other problems. On the issue of Indians Maya, the Marxist scholarship had at his disposal the opinion of Engels on the absence of states in Decolumbovy America. According to the same dogma, the phonetic letter could only exist in the occurrence of class Gosovia. The statement about the availability of the Mayan of the phonetic letter suggested the refutation of the provisions of Engels. This could entail charges of revisionism and arrest.

Yuri Valentinovich walked on defense and did not know how it will end. The defense took place in Moscow on March 29, 1955 and the next day turned into a legend. The speech of Knorozov on the scientist of the Council, according to eyewitnesses, lasted exactly three and a half minutes, and the result was the assignment of the title not a candidate, and the doctors of historical sciences.

In Soviet times after the Congress of Americanists in Copenhagen, in 1956, the Knorozov was a long-year union. At the same time, he bitterly joked: "The endless commissions for exporting it in Mexico were created and all members of the commissions have already visited there."

Only in 1990, thanks to the invitation of President Guatemala, he managed to spend about two months in this country. It was already not a young scientist who was able to climb the top of the Pyramid of Big Jaguar in Tikal (no one believed) and there for a long time standing alone. As always smoked - and was immersed in his images.
Since 1995, he followed the trip to Mexico at the invitation of the National Institute of History and Anthropology. Knorozov visited all cherished places - Palenk, Bonampak, Yashchylan, Chichen Itsa, La Venta, Monte Alban, Teotihuacan, Shachikalko. He was happy on the land of Maya.

In 1995, at the Mexico Embassy in Moscow, he was awarded a silver Order of the Aztec Eagle. These orders are awarded to the Mexican government to foreign citizens who have exceptional merits in front of Mexico. Having received a reward, Knorozov said in Spanish: MI CORAZAN SIEMPRE ES MEXICANO » ("My heart I always remain Mexican").

The last years of the life of Yuri Knorozov spent alone surrounded by the Kote in the small apartment of a block Khrushchev on the street. Granite. After his death, Kunstkamera refused to provide the placement of the museum for farewell, and many people gathered in close hospital morgue. Knorozov really liked Alexander Nevsky Lavra, but buried him on a new cemetery, in fact on the wasteland of the city feature. Something his funeral resembled the unsuccessful death of Paganini.

Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov - a scientist, a well-known ethnographer and a linguist, who struck the whole world because he managed to decipher the writings of Maya, without leaving the Kunstkamera's narrow cabinet, almost to the top of the books scored.

Around the identity of the Knorozov a lot of mysteries. And, although he himself constantly denied, finding everything simple explanations, these answers are not always convincing and explained not everything, or not completely. Extreme mysterious personality.

Born on November 22, 1922 near Kharkov. But everyone told everyone that his real birthday was August 31, and the metric date is the error of the passport table (I wonder how it was possible to confuse such dissimilar dates). His parents arrived in Kharkov from St. Petersburg for the service of his father, who was an engineer.

Knorozov for some reason loved to emphasize that he was from the family of Russian intellectuals. Perhaps because he was little similar to Russian. With its extremely expressive appearance, he is obliged to grandmother-Armenian. It was a famous actress, the first folk artist of Armenia.

In the family of Knorozov, except Yuri, there were still four children: three brothers and sisters. They all became scientists, doctors, teachers.

The originality of thinking and linguistic inconsistencies manifested themselves from Yuri early. At the age of five, he was already able to read, and wrote a story about the cat, out of several lines. Later I learned to play the violin, wrote poems, painted, and was an excellent storyteller - since childhood and throughout my life. At the same time, in the school of Knorozov, it was always distinguished, to put it mildly, an extraordinary behavior. He was even trying to exclude overly independent thinking and unsuitableness.

The scientist loved to explain his eccentricity by the case of childhood: at the age of five, someone from the brothers hit him in the head of the crocket. Externally, the injury was practically inconspicuous, but Knorozov told that for some time almost lost sight. "I can give a recommendation - Knoroz spoke, - to beat future decryptors on the head, just not clear how."

Before the war itself, in 1940, the seventeen-year-old Yuri Knorozov entered the historical faculty in Kharkov. There he began to actively study shamanist. Then the war was coming, but he was not taken to his health in his army, and in 1941 sent to the construction of defensive structures. When Ukraine was occupied by the Germans, they were surrounded with her family. Almost 2 years of the Kornozov was hiding from mobilization and mined food for the mother.

In 1943, he managed to leave Ukraine to the Voronezh region with his mother, where he was again recognized as unfit for the service due to dystrophy. About six months he taught in the elementary classes of rural school, and by the fall he moved to Moscow. The preserved test book allowed him to do immediately at the second course of the historical faculty of Moscow State University. There, at the Department of Ethnography, Knorozov took up the Egyptology.

In 1944 he was again called in the army, apparently, having considered that the young man's health was already improved. However, they did not put in the gun, but they determined first as an auto repair company, and then transferred to the reserve artillery regiment near Moscow, telephones.

Demobilized in 1945, he continued his studies in Moscow State University. Former fellow students tell that he spent the whole scholarship on books, and then got hung on food. However, he ate a bit, mostly bread and water. But I smoked Papiros Herzegovina Flor in large quantities, and no drinking was bent.

At the university, he was engaged in writing ancient China and ancient Egypt, the literature of Japan and Central Asia. In practice, I went to Kazakhstan, where he had a chance to participate in the Shamansky rite. His diploma work was devoted to the shamanic practices of Central Asia.

Interest in Maya's Indians began with the fact that in practice in Kazakhstan, he read the article by the German linguist, Paul Shellhas, who deceased shortly before, in 1945, that Maya's letters cannot be decipher. On this occasion of the Knorozov, it was expressed as follows: "Everything that is created by the human mind can be solved by the human mind." It became a kind of epigraph to subsequent brilliant work.

True, the supervisor, the fattest, specialized in Central Asia, very badly taken to the new idea of \u200b\u200bhis student, from which he hoped to grow the successor in his narrow area. He even refused to give Knorozov a recommendation to graduate school. Knorozov tried to help the opponent Tolstova, Ethnographer Tokarev, who, however, did not believe that Maya's letters could be decrypted. The meaning of the help was to pump her enemy. However, Knorozov still did not take in graduate school due to the "bad questionnaire". But Tokarev managed to ensure that Knorozov was taken to the Museum of Ethnography in Leningrad, otherwise he could remain a school teacher.

The scientist settled right in his office and began its work. In the work, he used two books: "Message about affairs in Yucatan" Diego de Landa and "Maya Codes". The truth about where they came from, no one still knows. Knorozov said that they were found in the library, which the Germans prepared for evacuation laid on the boxes. Allegedly, these books pulled out some Russian military. But it is still unclear why the military needed such books, and why they got to Knorozov.

The first book contains the work of the Spanish Inquisitor of Diego de Landa. De Landa is an ambiguous personality, "black legend." He sailed in Central America to preach Christianity to the Indians, and thoroughly destroyed both the Indians themselves and their codes - the handwritten books of Maya. We have reached only three codes, and it was the second book in the hands of Knorozov.

Initially, the scientist developed the principle of decoding - the method of positional statistics: firstly, the type of letter (ideographic, morpheme, silobic, alphabetic) is determined. Then an analysis of the frequency of signs. Transferring the book de Landa from Old Wisherskoy, Knorozov realized that, despite the vandalism in relation to the Mayan culture, the Inquisitor knew a lot about the Indians themselves. He even tried to draw up the alphabet Maya, from their characters based on the Spanish alphabet - of course, in order for them faster to know the Word of God. This "wrong" alphabet, which corrected the sound of Spanish letters and the Ieroglyphs of the Maya language, turned out to be the key to deciphering codes.

Knorozov wrote a candidate entitled "Message about cases in Yucatan Diego de Landa as an ethno-historical source." This work argued the presence of Maja not only writing, but also the state, but it would be risky: Friedrich Engels himself adhered to the opinion that Maya were savages, and they could not have a state. However, after a report of 3.5 minutes, Knorozov was awarded the title of Doctor of Historical Sciences, bypassing the stage of the candidate. It happened in 1955.

The discovery immediately became a sensation in the entire scientific world. I did not want to recognize the Knorozov only American scientist Eric Thompson, who was engaged in the same, but considered the signs of Maya symbols. However, soon even his nearest environment agreed that the junction of rights. This is despite the Cold War with America!

The opening of Knorozov made it possible to decipher not only the written monuments that have reached us, but also numerous inscriptions on the walls, monuments and small objects of the ancient Maya. Thus, humanity could get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe life, beliefs, knowledge and state-owned device of the ancient people. Since then, Knorozov began to call Russian Schampolon. Indeed, the contribution of it is quite comparable to the decryption of the Egyptian hieroglyphs of the Great French Oriental of the beginning of the nineteenth century.

The translation of the manuscripts Maya was released in 1975, and in 1977, Knorozov received a state award.

The sphere of interests of Knorozov was not limited to mayyanistics. He specialized in shamanic practices, he is considered one of the founders of semiotics - sciences about signs and sign systems. If you try to simplify it to characterize the sphere of his interests and discoveries, we can say that he was asked what information is in particular, in biological objects, from viruses to people - and how it is transmitted, refracted and interpreted. This is evidenced by his "General alarm theory". In it, jamps classifies different types of signals, and also determines and explores, in particular, the phenomenon called "Fascination" (from Latin "Fascinatio" to fascinate). He notices and proves that some signals have an erase property, fully or partially, the information adopted earlier. So there is a flash of lightning, music and rhythmic speech. The fascination, quite voluntary, belongs to the desire of a person re-listen to the music, which he already knows well. Another very visual example of fascination is a well-known case with a radio station in the United States "struggle of the worlds" Herbert Wells, when millions of radio spectacle fell into panic, adopting a literary work with the apocalyptic plot for reality, as a result of the too talented speaker reading. And here the Kornozov set a question, but does the signal reduce the information solely to the information that he carries it? That is why Knorozov was interested in shamanic practitioners, where the impact on consciousness is associated with certain rhythms and voice chalk. It seems that he found a key to them.

All this looks rather soothing and mystically, but the theory of Knorozov has long been applied in many areas - in psychology, as well as in the study of information processes like a man-machine. Knorozov also interested in the activity of the brain, human, and not only. In a word, something that he was engaged could be boldly attributed to the promising modern interdisciplinary scientific direction of cognivistism.

It is known that the Knorozov did not simply generate scientific ideas, but also generously threw them all the surrounding scientists. He was clearly more ideas than he could seriously develop. He understood it and loved to repeat: "I'm not octopus."

Extremely sad fact of the working biography of Knorozov - he was not an outbound. The reason is the same as if graduate school refusal - relatives in the occupied territory. And it was impossible to indignant loudly. Knorozov was forced to laugh: "I am a cabinet scientist, and, in order to work with the texts, you don't have to crawl through the pyramids." Foreign colleagues themselves came to Knorozov - Mayanists, linguists, historians. Among them were a lot of scientists with world names that he read for happiness to work with him.

Personal life of Knorozov is also not a public domain. It is known only that he married love. His daughter was later by the Vietnamese philogog. The wife of a scientist after childbirth was quite sick, from which Knorozov began drinking even more - was taken behind him and before such sinners, bringing him trouble while working in Kunstkamera.

But it is widely known for the fact that the Knorozov loved the cats very much, and he had a great set. One of them, asya (for some reason so declined the name of asp), loved the most. He even made her co-author of his books, the honor of honor, entering her nickname, but the editors had always trimmed it, which was very angry by Knorozov. By the way, the scientist was not so jumped, the cat really helped him. Watching how she raises his kittens, a scientist understood a lot about the principles of communication.

Moreover, on his beloved photo from Asei, the cat is always cut off. The photo made an employee of a scientist, Galina Dzeniskevich. Someone said, looking at this photo that a person with such a glance can not only solve hieroglyphs, but also mummies to resurrect.

It is also known that, in the framework of the scientific experiment, it often shocked not very familiar people (familiar used), which suddenly started to meow, expressing approval, or snort and hiss to express discontent. Perhaps, so he checked his theory of fascination, but he did not report strangers, and he gladly observed their reaction. He also loved to give people nickname. Mexican who removed a film about him, Knorozov called "Fucking Dakota", and Boris Yeltsin - Kotom Basilio.

After the restructuring, the scientist was finally able to go to Guatemala. They tell how for the first time hitting the Maja settlement, he climbed the pyramid of Tikal and long-stayed silently, smoked and looked into the sky. After that, the scientist managed to go twice in Mexico, where he was taken with great honors, and once in America. In 1995, the Government of Mexico was awarded to Knorozov the Order of the Aztec Eagle, which is awarded for exceptional merits in front of this country.

For recent years, he lonely lived in St. Petersburg, except for numerous cats. In 1999 he had a stroke. He was put in the hospital, right in a cold corridor, where he picked up the pneumonia, and there, in this corridor, died. What do not say, our homeland knew how to skillfully forget their great sons. Kunstkamera, in which he worked, can be said all his life, refused to highlight the hall for farewelling with scientists, so it took place in the morgue, and buried Kornozov in the Kovalevsky cemetery, in fact beyond the city feature.

In 2000, in Mexico, he was released on Maya studies, in 2010, the scientific center of Knorozov was opened, and in 2012, in the city of Cancun, his monument was established. In Mexico, a scientist never forgotten. And at home forgot even during his lifetime, and several years did not even think to remember. Only 5 years after death, a monument was established on the grave of the scientist, again, in many ways by the efforts of Mexican scientists. And even with the help of the chairman of the Council of the Federation of Sergey Mironov, who, having visited Mexico, made an initiative to establish a monument. Scientists from different parts of the world gathered at the opening of the monument, as well as ambassadors of many Central America.

The monument made the Moscow sculptor Nikolai elemented. To create it, it was specially searched for the limestone of a yellowish tint, similar to the buildings of Maya Indians. He managed to find under Moscow. In the form of the monument resembles the architectural style of the Indians. The sides of the monument are knocked out the dates of life in Maya, and on the front part - the bas-relief of the scientist with his beloved cat, the sketch of which was the very picture that the scientist loved so much.

In 2011, in Moscow, a year after the discovery of similar in Mexico, the Scientific Center for Meso American Studies named after Knorozov was established, not without the help of Mexican colleagues.

About the great Soviet scientist and a riddle, over which linguistic heads broke over the century.

Yuri Knorozov, 1952 TASS

The writing of the American Indians Maya is more like a comiclessness without words than the familiar text. From the walls, pots, stones on the reader are watching creatures with agricultural grimaces surrounded by bizarre figures. Open this code was tried from the first half of the XIX century, when Jean-Francois Champolone managed to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs on Rosett stone. He managed to do this, comparing the same inscription in three languages. Maya's texts were not compared with anything because the task before scientists was harder. Someone, like a Frenchman Leon de Roni, was close to a randering, but only and everything. German researcher Paul Shellehas, desperate, at the end of life, even wrote an article titled "Decryption of the letter of Maya is an unresolved problem."

This article came across the eyes of a student of the historical faculty of Moscow State University Yuri Knorozov. His challenge challenge himself: "How is an unresolved problem? What is created by one human mind, may not be solved by others. From this point of view, unsolvable problems do not exist and cannot exist in any of the science areas!"

Intelligent hooligan

Azart before difficulties and intransigence were in the nature of Knorozov since childhood. He was born on November 19, 1922 in the family of an engineer, who was sent from St. Petersburg to Kharkov during the king, to build railways. However, the Knoroz himself argued that in reality was born on August 31. He did not celebrate these birthdays, but expected congratulations twice a year. Knorozov were typical Russian intellectuals. All their children became scientists, working in different fields of science. Two became doctors of science and laureates of state awards, two - candidates. Only Galina's sister, developed drugs, could not be defended due to the fact that in the Great Patriotic War was in the occupied territory.

As a child, Yuri played the violin, perfectly painted, wrote the romantic poems and delivered neighbors from the pains of the "overlapping of the hands." At the same time, remembering his school years, the Knorozov did not speak without pleasure about how he was tried to exclude for bad behavior. However, an extract from the certificate testifies that he finished school with excellent assessments, and the only four were in the Ukrainian language.

Young Jura Knorozov with a violin during the children's festival in Kharkov in 1932 a personal archive of the family Yuri Knorozov

In 1938, Knorozova on health was recognized unbounded. It was strongly oppressed, because both the Father and the Senior Brothers were all officers. In 1939, Knorozov entered the historical faculty of Kharkov State University, but managed to finish only two courses: the war was killed. Together with other students, he was sent to the militia to dig the trenches, but there was no point in this: the Germans quickly occurred. Father, who led the evacuation of factories from Ukraine, went with the last echelon. Yuri was hardly sneaked into the native village of South, where they had to live in Sarah with her mother and sister. Only in February 1943, with the onset of the Soviet troops, the Knorozov brought her mother and sister through the front line towards Voronezh. He came to the draft board, but also here, in the midst of the war, he was recognized as unsuitable for military service. After that, Yuri went to Moscow, found his father there and not easily resumed occupations at the Department of Ethnography Entipian MSU.

Knoroz House in South, under Kharkov Galina Yershova

Officially, his topic was shamanism. But it was at this time that he was seriously taken by decrypting the letter of Maya, the benefit of the Leninsky library with the necessary literature was literally two steps from the building on Mokhovoy. A year later, Knorozov was sent to the school under Moscow, from where he regularly escaped to fellow men, and demobilized only with the end of the war. At about the time he read the Shellehas article about an insoluble issue of Maya's letter.

Decoding

Simultaneously with the Knoroz's writing, Maya tried to decipher in the United States, only the head of the American School of Mayanistics Eric Thompson went on the false trace and, in addition, forbidden to decipher everything else. He documented and as illiterately said: "Mayan signs usually pass words, occasionally, maybe syllables of complex words, but never, as far as known, not the letters of the alphabet." Knorozov thought differently, and Thompson was not a decree. At the University of Knorozov, I translated from Staroinisan to Russian "Message about affairs in Yucatan", a book about Maya's life during the Spanish conquest, which the Franciscan monk Diego de Landa wrote in 1566. It is believed that the book of De Landa laid the works of the Indian with European education named Gaspar Antonio Chi. Knorozov guessed that Indian was recorded by Mayan signs not sounds, but the names of Spanish letters, and that alphabet out of 29 signs in the "message" - the key to the decryption of incomprehensible writing.

First, Knorozov had to determine what it was generally for the letter. Humanity has invented not so many ways to record speech. The most convenient is an alphabet, in which each sign transmits the sound, as in Russian. The alphabetical letter consists of about 30 characters. Another way - when the sign transmits the syllable, as in Indian writing Devanagari. In the syllable letter usually from 60 to 100 characters. The third type is an ideographic letter where the sign transmits a whole concept. Despite the fact that in the modest version it contains over 5,000 characters, the Chinese are used.

Maja PHOTO / Markus Schreiber Writing Sample

Knorozov had three rather long Maya manuscripts. He counted that there are only 355 independent signs, that is, writing is syllable, or rather - phonetic. It did not contradict the work of predecessors, nor the records of Diego de Landa. Using the Land Alphabet as the key, the Knorozov managed to read some signs. Che-e - so in the Madrid manuscript written the word "Che", meaning a tree. Che-le - "Chel", Rainbow, the name of the goddess Ish Chel. K'I-K'I - K'IK '- the balls of the scented resin, Ma-Ma - so in the Dresden manuscript, the name of the Divine ancestor named mothers is recorded.

Over time, readable characters became more and more, but it was only the beginning. Next, it was necessary to master the font and individual handwriting of Maian scribes to recognize all the options for writing hieroglyphs, even half-rated and distorted. After that, the Kornozov divided the roots and other parts of the words, and then analyzed, as often repeated and how signs are combined, it allowed to identify official words, the main and secondary members of the sentence.

At this stage, Knorozov has no longer been difficult to assume the general meaning of proposals. Whether the decryption is correct, he checked with "cross-reading". The bottom line is that in the idea of \u200b\u200bthe same sign equally read in different words, these words are associated with meaningful sentences, and those, in turn, do not contradict the whole text. Knorozov found several suitable examples.

u-Lou -\u003e ul, "coming";
u-Lu-Mind -\u003e Ulum, "Turkey";
ku-tsu -\u003e kuts, "turkey";
tsu-Lou -\u003e Tsul, "Dog".

These examples often confirmed the accompanying scene, where the turkey or a dog was depicted.

Pirate Cabinet

Deciphering the letter of Maya stretched for several years. At this time, Knorozov defended a diploma in shamanism and was going to enroll in graduate school, but he did not take him in Moscow State University or the Institute of Ethnography. Like sister Galina, Yury was remembered that he and his family were in the war on the territory occupied by the enemy. Even his leaders, the largest ethnographers Sergei Tolstav, Sergei Tokarev, could not help help.

Yuri Knorozov in youth Personal Archive Galina Yershova

The only thing that managed to do is send Knorozov to the Leningrad Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. As Yuriy himself ironically noticed, he knocked out dust from Turkmen carpets. Knorozes settled in the museum point-penalty, and his neighbor a few months before the next arrest was a scientist Lev Gumilev, son of Nikolai Gumileva and Anhmatova. Knoroz's room turned into a small personal kingdom, taking space from the floor to the ceiling with drawing signs of Maya. And yet, alas, bottles - the trouble that pursued him all his life. It was here in the early 1950s a decryption was completed. In 1955, fat and Tokarev organized Knorozov to defense thesis. The young researcher immediately assigned a doctoral degree, and in the scientific world he began to read as the genius and hope of the country. After that, Knorozov continued to work in Kunstkamera, where he was left until the end of his life.

Very quickly learned about the decryption and abroad. In 1956, academician Alexei Zaleknikov achieved permission for Knorozov to go to the International Congress of Americanists in Copenhagen. The report of Yuri made a strong impression on the gathered, and the Almighty Eric Thompson, according to his own words, jumped pressure, as soon as he had the news about the savory Russian. But the Knoroz himself did not suspect what a storm of hatred caused his success at the head of the American School of Mayanistics, who immediately understood who she got a victory.

Never having been in Mexico, without leaving the office, the Soviet researcher did what scientists did not achieve, who had a field research in Central America. Knoroz himself ironically noticed: "I am a Cabinet Scientist. To work with the texts, there is no need to jump on the pyramids." Scientific achievements of Knorozov in the 1960s were evaluated in the USSR at the level of success in the development of space, but Glory him annoyed and interfered with working. When once again in KunstkaMer, they came to shoot the story about the decryption, the Knorozov tied up as a pirate of the eye bandage and in this form appeared before the film crew.

Worked the cunozs without stopping. In front of him, he put a lot of tasks: reading numerous texts of Maya, decryption of other writing systems, the development of the head of the theory of alarm and fascination associated with the head brain, and the main objective of its research was the system theory of the team. In the 1980s, Knorozov added another one - the settlement of America. The Kuril Ridge, in his opinion, was an approach to Beringia, the paths in which the ancestors of the Indians crossed the exposed bottom of the ocean towards the new world. According to his hypothesis, the continent began to settle over 40 thousand years BC, that is, 20 thousand years earlier than everyone considered at that time.

For a long time, Knorozov was considered the union. He could only laugh at how endless commissions were created about the trips to Mexico, and that all members of the commissions had already visited there. But in 1989, unexpected - Knorozova was released at the invitation of President Guatemala. There he was reduced to the main attractions remaining from Maya. Before the trip, to which he did not believe until the arrival, Knorozov repeated that all archaeological places he knew perfectly on publications. Nevertheless, he rose to the pyramid of Tikal and there was one for a long time in thought on the top of the top, without stopping smoking.

President Guatemala Vinysio Hereso presents Yuri Knorozov Great Gold Medal of President Galina Yershova

In 1995, Knorozov was awarded the silver Order of the Aztec Eagle for exceptional merits to Mexico. Having received a reward, he said in Spanish: "I always remain a mexican heart." After that, he flew several times to this country at the invitation of the National Institute of History and Anthropology. There he visited the most cherished places: Palenka, Bonampak, Yashchylan, Chichen-Itsa, La Venta, Monte Alban, Teotihuacan, Shachikalko. Knorozov did not cease to be surprised, with which the relevance to him relate to simple mexicans.

The name that became immortal

The great scientist died on March 30, 1999. Died alone in the corridor of the city hospital. A crowd gathered on the farewell, people were not placed in close morgue. Knorozov really liked Alexander Nevsky Lavra, but buried him at the Kovalevsky cemetery. Snow fell on the cold messenger from clay, shouted seagulls. Five years later, thanks to Sergey Mironov's policy and the Meso-American Center. Yu.V. Knorozov, on the grave they put a monument - Steel from white limestone at a low stepped platform. On it, the relief - Yuri Knorozov with a favorite cat Assey on the hands, which he somehow tried to write to the co-authors of the scientific article.

Portrait of Yuri Knorozov with a Cat Assei, written by Paraguayan artist Carlos Dispar Personal Archive Galina Yershova

In 2010, the Meso-American Center for RGGU opened a division in the capital of the Mexican state Yucatan. Two years later, the center of the Holy Trinity Orthodox Monastery in Guatemala also earned. From this time on the lands of Maya, international studies under the Scientific School of Knorozov are constantly carried out, and the Department of Yuri Knorozova appeared in Guatemalan University, San Carlos. Guatemalats gather posthumously to assign the title of Honorary Doctor. In the meantime, the monument will be discovered in Mexico - a familiar stele, where the scientist holds his beloved cat in his arms.

Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov (November 19, Kharkov, Ussr - March 31, St. Petersburg) - Soviet historian and ethnographer, specialist in epigraphy and ethnography; Founder of the Soviet School of Mayanistics. Doctor of Historical Sciences (). Winner of the USSR State Prize (). Cavalier of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico) and the Great Gold Medal (Guatemala).

It is known for its decryption of Maya's writing, in promoting mathematical methods of studying non-shifted writing. In a group of researchers under the leadership of Knorozov, at various times, such famous historians, ethnographers and linguists, as Alexander Kondratov, Margarita Albedil, Nikolai Butinov, and others, in the mid-1950s, they laid the beginning of the study of Easter Island's writing (Rongorgo). In the 1960s, the Knorozov group suggested decrypting the writing of the Indus Valley, which, however, is not yet generally recognized.

Jura Knorozov lived with me in the hostel. He did everything with science, everything. He received a scholarship and immediately bought books, and then leaning everyone at all. It was fed with water and bread. Engaged in deciphering the letter of Maya. He succeeded, and he became a world famous scientist.

The full translation of the Mayan hieroglyphic manuscripts was published in 1975. For this work, Yu. V. Knorozov in 1977 was awarded the State Prize of the USSR. During this period, they were written theoretical works dedicated to the Maja religions, military formulas on the Mayan ceramics, later - the ethnogenesis of Maya, the decryption of the proto-indian letter was carried out, the possibilities of decryption of the Easter Island writing were considered. The circle of scientific interests of Knorozov was wide - from the decryption of ancient systems of writing, linguistics and semiotics, to the settlement of America, archeoosatronomy, shamanism, the evolution of the brain and the theory of the collective.

Late years

In the country, Mayan Knorozov managed to visit only in 1990, when he was invited by President Guatemala Vinysio Hereso Arvalo ( english). Invitation coincided with a period of active efforts to defrun the USSR diplomatic relations with this Central American country. The Government of Guatemala organized Knorozov to visit all the most vibrant attractions of the country and noted the merits of the Great Academic Awarding to him the Great Gold Medal of President Guatemala.

Formulating the basics of its systematic approach to the "Theory of the Team", Yu. V. Knorozov noted that all systems of inanimate and wildlife obeys general laws acting in the Universe ("Universal System"), one of which inherent in all systems is the tendency to Development from lower forms to higher. Development can be interpreted as an acquisition by this system to a certain extent of some of the properties of the Universal System. The emergence of a higher order system as a result of a high-quality jump leads to the emergence of new properties that, naturally, cannot be reduced to the properties of the component system of units. Thus, the properties of elementary particles are not similar to the properties of the main differentiated system of wildlife - atom, and the properties of integrated systems - molecules, crystal - are not the sum of the properties of the components of their atoms. Each level is characterized by its features and patterns of development. In our planet, the most highly integrated system is a living organism. Association of people is not a further development or a higher form of an integration of animals, and represents the following type of differentiated system, that is association of Association.

Main works

Ancient writing of Central America // Soviet ethnography, No. 3. P. 100-118.
Writing the ancient Maya: (Expanding experience) // Soviet ethnography, No. 1. P. 94-115.
The system of writing ancient Maya. - M., 1955. - 96 p.
"Message about cases in Yucatan" Diego de Landa as a historical and ethnographic source // Landa, D. De. Report about affairs in Yucatan. - m.; L., 1955. P. 3-96.Gast 1 part 2
A preliminary report on the study of the writing of the Isle of Easter // Soviet ethnography, No. 4. P. 77-91.
Knorozov Yu. V., Butinov N. A. New materials about Easter Island: about the list of "kings" of Easter Islands // Soviet ethnography, No. 6. P. 38-42.
Population of Mexico and Central America to Spanish conquest // Peoples of the world: Ethnographic essays: Peoples of America. T. 2. - M. ,. P. 55-100.
Writing Maya Indians. - M.-L. ,. - 664 p. (Available on the site http://sovietthings.narod.ru/knigi/knigi.html)
Characteristics of the proto-indian inscription language // Preliminary message on the study of proto-indian texts. - M.,. P. 46-51.
Formal description of proto-indian images // proto-indica. 1972: Report on the study of proto-indian texts. Part 2. M.,. Pp. 178-245.
On the question of classification of alarm // The main problems of Africanis. - M.,.
Jeroglyphic Maya manuscripts. - L. ,. - 272 p. (Available on the site http://sovietthings.narod.ru/knigi/knigi.html)
On the issue of the genesis of Paleolithic images // Soviet ethnography, No. 2.
Ethnogenetic processes in Ancient America // Problems of the history and ethnography of America. M.,.
Protoindian inscriptions: to the problem of decryption // Soviet ethnography, No. 5. P. 47-71.
Albedil M. F., Volcch B. Ya., Knorozov Yu. V. Investigation of proto-indian inscriptions // Forgotten writing systems: Easter Island, Great Liao, India: Decoration materials. - M.,. P. 240-295.
Unknown texts // Forgotten writing systems. - M., 1982.
To the question of the links of Dookolonial America with the old light // Latin America, No. 1. P. 84-98.
Knorozov Yu. V., Ershova G. G. Diego de Landa as the founder of the study of the Maja culture (from the history of the Missionary Culture of the XVI century.) // Iberica Americans: the cultures of the new and old light of the XVI-XVIII centuries. In their interaction. - St. Petersburg.,. P. 80-86.
Ethnogenetic legends. GENERAL REVIEW // Ethnic semiotics issues. Forgotten writing systems. St. Petersburg

It is known for its decryption of Maya's writing, in promoting mathematical methods of studying non-shifted writing. In a group of researchers under the leadership of Knorozov, at various times, such famous historians, ethnographers and linguists, as Alexander Kondratov, Margarita Albedil, Nikolai Butinov, and others, in the mid-1950s, was launched by the writing of Easter Island (Rongorgo). In the 1960s, the Knorozov group suggested decrypting the writing of the Indus Valley, which, however, is not yet generally recognized.

early years

Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov was born under Kharkov, who then the capital of the Ukrainian SSR, in the family of the chief engineer of the southern trust of construction materials. Brothers: Sergey - Geodesist Engineer, Boris - Adjunct of the Military Academy named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky, Leonid - a military doctor of the 3rd rank of a special Far Eastern Red Banner Army, Sister Galina - a scientist of the All-Ukrainian Endocrinological Institute. His grandmother was a well-known theater actress - the first folk actress in Armenia (alias, Marie-Zablov).

According to Yuri Valentinovich himself, his date of birth was August 31, according to the passport - November 19. In school, he was capable, but too uncontrolled student. Despite its eccentric behavior, the future scientist distinguished himself in the study of both natural and humanitarian sciences, and also interested in various types of art: played the violin, wrote poems and showed ability to draw with practically photographic accuracy. In 1937 he graduated from 7 classes of railway school No. 46. In 1939, she graduated from a breakack at 2 xs. I managed to study in the first year of the historical faculty of the Kharkiv State University. A. M. Gorky.

In 1940, at the age of 17, Knorozov entered the Moscow State University at the Historical Faculty, where he originally specialized in Egyptology. At the University of Knorozov was able to realize his hobby of the history of the Ancient East, ethnography and linguistics. However, studies were interrupted by the beginning, and in 1943, Yuri Valentinovich left for the front.

In 1945, Knorozov returned to the University at the Department of Ethnography to continue its research in the field of Shaman practitioners. Working in the Moscow branch of the Institute of Ethnography and Anthropology. N. N. Miklukho-Maclay Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Knorozov held several months in the Uzbek and Turkmen SSR, participating in the work of the Khorezm expedition. Working in Central Asia, he studied the specifics of the relationship between nomadic ethnic groups and sedentary civilizations in the region from ancient times before the expansion period of the Russian Empire. And at this time the article by Knorozov was published in 1945. The article by the German researcher Paul Shellhas called "Deciphering Letters Maya is an unresolved problem. " This publication sharply changed his scientific plans. He leaves shamanic practices to answer the challenge challenge: "How is this unresolved problem? What is created by one human mind cannot not be solved by others. " This position he adhered to his whole life. After graduating from the Institute of Kornozov, he became an employee of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N. N. Miklukho-Maclay RAS (Kunstkamera) in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), where he worked until death ..

Decipher writing Maya.

The problem of decryption of the hieroglyphic Maya Knorozov appealed on the recommendation of his teacher and the supervisor of Professor Sergey Alexandrovich Tokarev, who supported the student in the peak of his previous scientific leader - Sergey Pavlovich Tolstov, with whom Knorozov did not immediately have a relationship and who did not believe in the possibility of decryption of Maya writing . In 1947, Knorozov finished work on the dissertation dedicated to the "Alphabet de Landa", compiled in the XVI century by the Spanish Bishop of Diego de Landa, "famous" the burning of the authentic texts of Maya, on the basis of the reports of Mayan informants. The work de Landa remained unknown until 1862, when one of his copies was discovered in the library of the Madrid Royal Academy by Charlel-Etienne Brasssø de Burbourb. After that, the researchers made a lot of attempts to decrypt the Maya's letter decor on the basis of the Alphabet de Landa, but their failures led to the fact that in the middle of the 20th century, the dominant conviction about the mistakenity of Data de Landa was established in science.

Knorozov made a catalog of Maya hieroglyphs and by 1952 was able to establish a phonetic reading of some of them. First of all, it was interested in the texts in the preserved Codes of Maya. Report by Yu. V. Knorozov on the protection of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences lasted three minutes, after discussion, he was unanimously awarded the degree of doctor of historical sciences. The dissertation of the dissertation on Indians Maya became a scientific and cultural sensation in the Soviet Union. Very quickly learned about the decryption and abroad. It seemed a paradox - never having been in Mexico, the Soviet researcher did something that many scientists did not achieve different countries, who were conducting field research among Maya. Without leaving the cabinet, he decoded an ancient letter based on the texts of the three preserved manuscripts, which allowed him to come up with a defensive phrase: "I am a Cabinet Scientist. To work with the texts, there is no need to climb the pyramids. " But in reality, he really wanted to be in Mexico. But it was impossible - he was "non-rigging". The only trip abroad at that time was to participate in the International Congress of Americanists in Copenhagen in 1956. Full translation of the Maja hieroglyphic manuscripts was published in 1975. For this work, Yu. V. Knorozov in 1977 was awarded the USSR State Prize. During this period, they were written brilliant theoretical work, the decryption of the proto-indian letter was written, the possibilities of decryption of the Easter Island's letters were considered and, of course, the hieroglyphic texts of Maya were read. The circle of scientific interests of the Knorozov was amazingly wide - from the decryption of the ancient systems of writing, linguistics and semiotics to the settlement of America, archeoosatronomy, shamanism, the evolution of the brain and the theory of the collective. He generously distributed scientific ideas in the hope that someone will completed their development.

Alarm theories, Communication and Team

One of the activities of Knorozov was the development of theories of alarm, communications and a team. These studies were conducted within the framework of the Brain Program of the Special Commission of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The basic provisions of the theory of the decryption were outlined by Yu. V. Knorozov in the article "Unknown texts", published as a preface to a collection of materials on the decryption of the ancient letters. The systematic approach to the emergence of communication in the team was formulated in the article "On the Question of the Alarm Classification".

Late years

In the edge of Maya, the Grand Decipher was able to visit only in 1990, when he was invited by President Guatemala Vinysio Hereso Arusalo. Invitation coincided with a period of active efforts to defrun diplomatic relations with this Central American country. The Government of Guatemala organized Knorozov to visit all the most brightest attractions of the country and noted the merits of the Great Academic Awarding to Him Great Gold Medal of President Guatemala.

In 1995, at the Embassy of Mexico in Moscow, Knorozov was awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle, which is awarded by the Mexican government to foreign citizens for exceptional merits to Mexico.

In 1999, Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov died on a hospital bed exhibited in the corridor in St. Petersburg in full solitude, shortly before receiving Harvard's grant.

He was buried at the Kovalevsky cemetery near St. Petersburg, the monument was established on the grave in 2004 with the help of Sergey Mironov.

According to the memoirs of G. G. Yershova, Pupils of Knorozov (now the doctor of historical sciences), Knorozov in childhood received a strong blow to the head, playing football. The consequence of his concussion was concussion, miraculously managed to preserve vision. Already in mature years, he believed that his linguistic abilities were the result of injury, and joked that the future decryptors of ancient written writing should be "dead on the head" - it's only in the right method.
According to the memoirs of G. G. Yershova, in front of the defense of the thesis, Yuri Valentinovich seriously feared arrest. The fact is that the classics of Marxism indicate that the hieroglyphic writing, as in Maya, corresponds to the stage of the developed class state, but in one of the works of Engels it is indicated that the Mayan state did not have. Thus, the author could be suspected in the revision of Marxism.
Yuri Knorozov is one of the heroes of Roman Dmitry Glukhovsky "Twilight".
The name of Yu. V. Knorozova called Kenigsberg Research Institute of Xenology in the trilogy of Alexander Zorich "Tomorrow War"

Main works

Ancient writing of Central America // Soviet ethnography, 1952, No. 3. S. 100-118.
The writing of the ancient Maya: (Expanding experience) // Soviet ethnography, 1955, No. 1. P. 94-115.
The system of writing ancient Maya. - M., 1955. - 96 p.
Knorozov Yu. V., Butinov N. A. Preliminary communication on the study of the writing of Easter Island // Soviet ethnography, 1956, No. 4. P. 77-91.
Knorozov Yu. V., Boutinov N. A. New materials about Easter Island: On the list of "kings" of Easter Islands // Soviet ethnography, 1957, No. 6. P. 38-42.
Population of Mexico and Central America to Spanish conquest // Peoples of the world: Ethnographic essays: Peoples of America. T. 2. - M., 1959. P. 55-100.
Characteristics of the proto-indian inscription language // Preliminary message on the study of proto-indian texts. - M., 1965. P. 46-51.
Formal description of proto-indian images // proto-indica. 1972: Report on the study of proto-indian texts. Part 2. M., 1972. P. 178-245.
On the question of classification of alarm // The main problems of Africanis. - M., 1973.
On the issue of the genesis of Paleolithic images // Soviet ethnography, 1976, No. 2.
Ethnogenetic processes in Ancient America // Problems of the history and ethnography of America. M., 1979.
Protoindian inscriptions: to the problem of decryption // Soviet ethnography, 1981, No. 5. P. 47-71.
Albedil M. F., Volcch B. Ya., Knorozov Yu. V. Investigation of proto-indian inscriptions // Forgotten writing systems: Easter Island, Great Liao, India: Decoration materials. - M., 1982. P. 240-295.
Unknown texts // Forgotten writing systems. - M., 1982.
To the question of the links of Dookolonial America with the old light // Latin America, 1986, No. 1. P. 84-98.
Knorozov Yu. V., Yershova G. G. Diego de Landa as the founder of the study of the Maja culture (from the history of the XVI missionary culture.) // Iberica Americans: the cultures of the new and old light of the XVI-XVIII centuries. In their interaction. - St. Petersburg., 1991. P. 80-86.
Ethnogenetic legends. GENERAL REVIEW // Ethnic semiotics issues. Forgotten writing systems. St. Petersburg, 1999.
The names of the gods in the Maja manuscripts: a general overview // History and semiotics of American cultures / d. ed. A. A. Borodatova, V. A. Tishkov. - M., 2002. P. 23-97.