The origin of the ufo. Physicist-ufologist, comprehended the principle of operation of the UFO engine

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• INTRODUCTION
• 1. THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN OF UFOs
• 6. HYPOTHESES OF UFO ORIGIN IN PARALLEL WORLDS
• 7. HYPOTHESES ABOUT UFO TIME TRAVEL
• CONCLUSION
• LIST OF USED LITERATURE:

unidentified flying object hypothesis

INTRODUCTION

UFO is an unidentified flying object. The most complete definition of a UFO was given by the famous researcher of the unknown Joseph Allen Hynek: “the perception of an object or light visible in the sky or space or above the earth's surface; phenomenon, ghost, trajectory, the general dynamics and nature of the glow of which does not find a logical, generally accepted explanation, is a mystery not only for eyewitnesses, but also remains unexplained even after a close study of all available evidence by specialists who are able, if possible, to identify the phenomenon from the point of view common sense."

In other words, if a message appears about the observation of some strange phenomenon over the earth, the case was not identified with any meteorological or astronomical phenomenon known to science, and no evidence of a hoax was found, then they say that we are talking about an unidentified flying object, about UFO.

In different countries there are many public initiative organizations and enthusiasts involved in the registration and analysis of UFO phenomena, including in Russia - Cosmopoisk.

In many countries (including the USA and the USSR), cases of UFO sightings were recorded by authorized military and civil government agencies, including as part of the operation of secret special programs (Blue Book / Majestic-12 and ALA).

1. THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN OF UFOs

The extraterrestrial hypothesis of the origin of UFOs is the most common hypothesis that declares UFOs to be alien spacecraft. Most ufologists consider only this hypothesis.

An extraterrestrial version was expressed in the book by Jessup Morris "The case for the UFO", where the author claimed that there is an alien base near the Earth, and UFOs come to Earth from somewhere in the solar system. Morris wrote that alien technology is superior to Earth technology in many ways.

In some cases, it was said that during contacts, the Enlonauts declared themselves to be representatives of an extraterrestrial civilization: J. Adamski allegedly made contact with a resident of Venus, Eduard Meyer from Switzerland claimed that in 1975 he saw a UFO descending to earth and communicated with humanoid creatures, as if called aliens from the Pleiades.

An example is a case first reported in the October 1969 Flying Saucer Review, also mentioned by ufologist Jacques Vallee in The Great Mysteries of the Earth. On April 24, 1964, farmer Harry Wilcox was reportedly fertilizing his field near Tioga, New York. At about 10 o'clock in the morning, he broke off and went to another field surrounded by forest to check it out. At the edge, he noticed a silvery object, which he first took for a discarded refrigerator, and then for some part of the aircraft. In fact, it turned out that an egg-shaped object of a metallic color about 5 by 6 m was standing on the ground.

The next moment, he allegedly noticed near him humanoid figures about 1 meter and 20 centimeters high, dressed in some kind of overalls and with hoods that completely covered their faces. Each of them held a "tray" with earth on it. The creatures spoke to Wilcox in English, the words seemed to come from not the “head”, but from the whole body: “Don't be alarmed, we have already communicated with people before. We come from a celestial body that you humans call the planet Mars."

The creatures began to question Wilcox about the fertilizer he was pouring, and he tried to explain to them that they made the crops grow better. The creatures told him that food was also grown on Mars and that, allegedly due to changes in the "environment", these creatures were forced to master the agricultural methods of people. Harry Wilcox: “When they talked about space or about their ship, it was difficult for me to understand their explanations. They said they could only fly in from their planet once every two years and are currently exploring the Western Hemisphere." The creatures were allegedly surprised that the farmer saw an egg-shaped object, "since their ship is more difficult to detect during the day", they also talked about interplanetary flights, Wilcox was informed that a person would hardly be able to successfully make them due to the inability of his body to do so.

It was decided to give these creatures a bag of fertilizer, but while Wilcox went after him, the creatures and the egg-shaped object disappeared. The farmer left the sack in the field, and the next day found that the sack was missing.

Most intriguing is the testimony of Betty Hill about the alleged abduction of the star Zeta Reticuli by her inhabitants. Betty Hill, under hypnosis, drew a "star map" that was allegedly shown to her during the abduction, and later an amateur astronomer found and identified the stars depicted on it.

There are several arguments against this hypothesis:

- no signs of intelligent life have been found on any planet known to science. The lunar forests reported by Adamski have not been found.

Interstellar distances. Opponents of the versions about the involvement of extraterrestrial civilizations in UFOs pay attention to the gigantic distances between the stars, which take many years to overcome at a speed less than the speed of light (the theory of relativity). However, many enthusiasts of the extraterrestrial hypothesis and science fiction writers still develop methods for interstellar communications, but such reasoning does not affect unidentified flying objects themselves.

- properties of UFOs that contradict our ideas about extraterrestrial intelligence. In some cases, it was told about the properties of UFOs that move very quickly, abruptly changing the direction of flight, as well as about the disappearances and sudden appearances of UFOs in front of eyewitnesses - these objects do not always behave like solid bodies, like objects consisting of matter.

The absurd behavior of enlonauts. One of the most ardent opponents of the extraterrestrial hypothesis was the ufologist Jacques Vallee, who in his writings emphasized the discrepancy between the behavior of Enlonauts and the behavior attributed to aliens by modern culture. He tried to draw attention to the obviously illogical behavior of the enlonauts - the alleged carriers of a higher mind, only capable of interstellar flights. For example, in stories about UFOs since the time of "airships" it has been reported about obvious "breakdowns" of UFOs for eyewitnesses, about the actions of enlonauts, regarded by witnesses as "repairing" UFOs. If we postulate that UFOs make space flights, then it seems strange that they are imperfect and prone to frequent malfunctions.

- inexplicable close contacts in their number far exceed the number of them necessary for the physical examination of the Earth;

- similar to the human structure of the body of the so-called "aliens" is hardly due to the origin on another planet and in the biological sense is not adapted to space flights;

- the behavior reported in the abduction reports, numbering in the thousands, contradicts the hypotheses of genetic or scientific experiments with people from the advanced races;

- The prevalence of phenomena throughout the entire documented human history shows that UFOs are a phenomenon not peculiar only to our time.

2. THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE NATURAL ORIGIN OF UFOs

Hypotheses about the natural origin of UFOs are based on the belief that all unexplained cases, reports of UFOs, if not hoaxes, then arise from the observation of phenomena already known, described and studied by modern science: meteors, flying birds, burning swamp gas, ball lightning, lenticular clouds, halo, northern lights, mirage, etc. Ufologists who hold this view are sometimes referred to as "skeptics". The most famous "skeptical" ufologists are Edward Condon, Philip Klass and Donald Menzel. A similar approach to the problem of UFOs still allows us to explain many cases. But sometimes "skeptics" deliberately ignore certain facts, details of eyewitness accounts that contradict their conclusions. Not all cases of UFO sightings, in particular the so-called close encounters, even remotely resemble atmospheric phenomena or meteors known to science.

3. PSYCHOSOCIAL HYPOTHESES OF THE ORIGIN OF UFOs

It is known that even C. G. Jung considered reports of UFOs as a modern myth, he noted a possible connection between the disk-shaped form of a “flying saucer” and a “mandala” - an occult symbol in Hinduism and Buddhism, personifying integrity, completeness. Jung explained the great interest in UFOs in the second half of the 20th century by the desire of a person for harmony in turbulent times. In Soviet literature, this explanation of the UFO phenomenon enjoyed a certain popularity.

So, in 1979, an article by I. V. Sanarov “UFOs and enlonauts in the light of folklore” appeared in “Soviet Ethnography”, where it is stated that the problem of UFOs “is most directly related to folklore: most of the information about UFOs is based on oral stories of eyewitnesses ". Without raising the question of the authenticity of the reports of UFOs, Sanarov lists elements of stories about encounters with UFOs that make them related to bylichki (as well as details that distinguish them from bylichki).

Tab. 1 - Some similar features of bylichek and UFO contact reports according to Sanarov

Bylichek properties	Properties of UFO Encounter Reports
"Bylichka" is a story about a specific case associated with a certain area and certain people.	A story about a meeting with a UFO or enlonauts is a kind of eyewitness report, a testimonial ... With rare exceptions, it is always a documented story, indicating a specific person, date and time of the event, place of observation, sometimes with a sketch of what he saw.
The originality of the shape of the bylichka is determined by the fact that these are stories about a person’s collision with the other world, stories not only about something unusual, but inexplicable and terrible.	UFO stories are also distinguished by this originality. The narrator seeks to emphasize the improbability of what happened. The unusual nature of the phenomenon is also emphasized by the description of the feeling of fear.
The suddenness of the described event for the narrator is typical for bylichki.	The narrator always emphasizes the suddenness, the unexpectedness of this meeting.
Previously, goblin sat in a cart or in a sleigh: "the horses stop, no effort of the coachman can move them."	Now the same is happening with modern vehicles - cars with internal combustion engines or motor boats.
Goblin, water and other evil spirits tend to kidnap children and adults.	The victim claims that he feels himself captivated by unknown creatures (“kidnappers”).
Loss of memory - ... this is also typical for meetings with old mythological or fairy-tale characters: a person either simply forgets what happened to him, or reports a ban on talking about what happened to him.	Missing time is a phenomenon when a person “falls out” in memory of certain details of an abduction he experienced or contact with a UFO.
After meeting with a goblin, a mermaid, a water man, the owner of the bowels of the earth, a person begins to think, becomes gloomy, gloomy, disappears or even dies.	Changes in the physical and mental state of UFO eyewitnesses are noted.

“All this,” concludes Sanarov, “allows us to conclude that the stories about UFOs and enlonauts are really typical bylichki, closely connected with popular beliefs. Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary to clarify the statement about the collapse of bylichki as a genre, about their “degradation and dying” in our time: we can only talk about the collapse or transformation of the plot. It is not the bylichka that “turns into a fairy tale or even an anecdote”, but the plot, which was previously characteristic of bylichka, is now moving into the genre of fairy tales or anecdotes. But this plot is replaced by another one. In this case, the bylichka has completely retained its shape, its “heroes” have changed: the obsolete devils and goblin with their carts and tarantasses have been replaced by enlonauts with their “flying saucers”, or UFOs. And this replacement did not even take place on the basis of a completely new plot material: it has matured, one might say, for many centuries. ... The old bylichka is alive not only in terms of genre, but also in terms of compositional features, the nature of existence and functional orientation.

There is also an opinion that a huge number of reports about UFOs and an increased interest in them can be explained by some kind of crisis experienced by the population of a particular state. For example, in the late 1940s in the United States and during perestroika in the USSR, there was a great interest in the problem of UFOs, at which time their observation was reported. This version can be interpreted in two ways: on the one hand, the flow of eyewitness reports about UFOs and the mass interest in them is interpreted as a manifestation of the neuroticization of society (an increase in the number of people with mental disorders, the development of doubts in traditional religious or materialistic pictures of the world, a massive craving for the miraculous or fear of unknown); on the other hand, interest in UFOs can be fueled by special services seeking to divert public attention from crisis phenomena. Some link the rise of the UFO craze to the rise of the New Age movement (general term for a collection of various mystical currents and movements, mostly of an occult, esoteric, and syncretic nature).

The Soviet ufologist F. Yu. Siegel spoke out that if UFO sightings are caused by hallucinations, “then psychiatry will have to explain the cause of the global mental illness of mankind, a psychosis characteristic of all generations ...” Even Jung admitted in the book “Flying saucers: a modern myth of things seen in the sky" that "there are good reasons to believe that this simple explanation does not work. As far as I know, it has been established and confirmed by numerous observations that UFOs were not only seen by witnesses, but also registered radars on their screens, and they also left traces on a photographic plate. From this, a simple conclusion should be drawn: either parapsychological projections reflect radar signals, or the appearance of real objects contributes to mythological projections.

4. HYPOTHESIS OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN OF UFOs

The idea that unidentified flying objects were built by people was put forward at the dawn of ufology (late 1940s). Initially, they were considered by ufologists in the United States as reconnaissance aircraft of the Soviet Union. The greatest concern was that the objects demonstrated capabilities that were inaccessible to military equipment of that time: they easily escaped the chase, suddenly disappeared, moved at supersonic speed, abruptly changed the trajectory of movement, while moving silently. Taking into account the fact that UFOs showed interest in air bases, top-secret military facilities, one can understand what kind of panic they caused among the Americans, who then lived in anticipation of a new war.

There is quite a lot of archaeological evidence of the arrivals of technological UFOs, paleocontact (a hypothetical visit to the Earth in the past by intelligent beings of extraterrestrial origin, possibly attested in some ancient monuments of terrestrial culture), the existence in antiquity of a human (anthropogenic) civilization that had an aerospace fleet. For example:

"Ghost rockets" observed since the summer of 1946, first in the skies of Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway, and then over the United States and Great Britain, are suggestive of German V-1 and V-2 rockets. But the "ghost rockets" also surpassed everything that had been done up to that time: they maneuvered, moving either too fast or too slow. These facilities were supposed to be a new generation of missiles based on those captured in Germany and being launched by the Soviet Union.

Helicopters without markings have often been seen accompanied by UFOs, as well as in the vicinity of places where UFOs and cases of livestock mutilation were recorded. Sometimes such helicopters landed, people in military uniform got out of them.

So what kind of aircraft can they be? The following versions are being pushed:

Soviet reconnaissance aircraft. In particular, in the situation with the "ghost rockets", it was decided that in such a short time the USSR could not improve the Nazi rockets so much. In addition, there was no point in risking new technologies, subsequently launching them not only within the main enemy (USA), but also on the territory of Greece, Portugal, and Italy.

American aircraft. There have also been suggestions that unknown celestial objects observed in the United States are American aircraft, possibly created on the basis of Nazi experimental samples obtained or on the basis of captured alien technology. In the United States and Canada, indeed, attempts were made to build disc-shaped aircraft, but most often they were unsuccessful: the disc-shaped form does not contribute to the required aerodynamic effect. All the past attempts to invent flying discs known today cannot be compared in terms of maneuverability with the UFOs described at the same time.

Disc-shaped aircraft of the Third Reich. In 1995, V. A. Harbinson wrote the book "The UFO Project", where he reported that in the spring of 1941 Rudolf Schriver designed a small remote-controlled jet disk, which was first tested in June 1942. Also, Schriver built a round aircraft of about 137 feet in diameter in the Harz Mountains in 1944. According to Harbinson, one of these aircraft was secretly flown on February 14, 1945. Schriver claimed that his aircraft could reach speeds of up to 4,200 km / h, and could fly up to six thousand km, according to him, the plans were stolen by the Allies before the end of World War II. He was convinced until his death in the late 1950s that the abundance of reports of "flying saucers" after the war indicated that his ideas had been developed.

Similar aircraft, 39- and 68-meter "Belonze disks", were tried to build by the Austrian inventor Viktor Schauberger. His apparatus allegedly lifted into the air a "smokeless and flameless" engine that "consumed only water and air." According to reports, when testing one of them, the disk reached a height of 15 kilometers in 3 minutes, reaching a speed of 2,200 km / h.

As soon as after the Second World War in America they began to look for an explanation for the UFO phenomenon, hypotheses were put forward that they were launched from secret bases in the Amazonian selva or in Antarctica by surviving Nazis.

- flying ships from Atlantis.

activities of secret societies. It has been suggested that reports of UFOs are caused and stimulated by secret orders, like Freemasonic lodges, hatching plans for world domination. Enthusiasts of these hypotheses are convinced that UFO sightings, abductions are the result of the impact on the human psyche, the use of new technologies, coupled with the secret knowledge of the ancients. Such ideas were discussed in the book of Jacques Vallee "Heralds of deception."

Space debris. There are also suggestions that unknown objects observed in near-Earth space are space debris. Today, about 10,000 different objects fly in near-Earth space, the diameter of which exceeds 10 centimeters, and all of them are products of human life. In space, in addition to small parts from failed vehicles, there are also large objects: out of approximately 3,100 near-Earth satellites, 2/3 are inactive and uncontrollable. Also in the disposal orbit are dozens of spent nuclear reactors from spacecraft. All these objects can cause a glow in the night sky and false suspicions in the observer.

The following factors can be cited as proof of the success of this theory:

In different periods of the New Age, UFOs looked according to the level of development of technology at that time, although surpassing it. For example, during the early days of airship building, stories about cigar-shaped airships were popular; when aviation developed, it was told about ghost planes; when it became known about rocket science in Nazi Germany, in the Scandinavian countries they talked about ghost rockets.

- creatures indistinguishable from people were seen near UFOs, in rare cases, even, according to eyewitnesses, in “military” uniforms.

Unmarked black helicopters have often been sighted in the US at locations where UFO sightings have been reported or livestock mutilated. Sometimes they even sat down, and people in “military” uniforms came out of them.

One should also argue against the hypotheses of the anthropogenic origin of UFOs:

- UFOs have in some cases exhibited properties that cast doubt on their solidity.

- some UFO maneuvers, such as turning at a right angle at high speed, are detrimental to any living creature, including a person, if one is inside the object at that moment.

- UFOs were observed long before the scientific and technological revolution came. This argument is the most compelling.

5. ULTRA-TERRESTRIAL HYPOTHESES FOR THE ORIGIN OF UFOs

The so-called ultraterrestrial hypotheses suggest an earthly origin for UFOs. Some develop the idea that "flying saucers" are launched by civilizations living on Earth parallel to humans, or that UFOs are unknown creatures living on Earth.

1. Underground civilizations

In March 1945, in Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond Palmer, Palmer reported on a welder, Richard Schever, who claimed to have begun to hear voices while working with a welding machine. According to Schever, a civilization of the so-called "deros" is localized underground - dwarf creatures that irradiate people with harmful rays from underground. Subsequently, under the influence of reports of UFO sightings by K. Arnold (Palmer was even a co-author of Arnold's book "The coming of the saucers"), Palmer spoke out that unidentified flying objects appear above the earth, penetrating through holes in the north or south pole.

2. Living UFOs

Even Kenneth Arnold suggested that the "flying saucers" observed by him in 1947 are creatures unknown to science that live in the earth's atmosphere, "something like air jellyfish." Ideas about such creatures were expressed even in the work of Eric Frank Russell "Sinister Barrier" and in the story of A. K. Doyle "The Horror of the Heights".

In 1955, a certain Countess Zoya Wasilko-Seretsky proposed consideration of hypotheses about atmospheric creatures and populated the upper atmosphere with bubble-like luminous animals that become cigar-shaped when flying, and they receive energy from the atmosphere. In 1978, Trevor James Constable's book "Sky Creatures" was published, where the ideas were developed that UFOs were single-celled creatures (critters) living exclusively in the atmosphere, ranging in size from a few centimeters to a kilometer. These creatures allegedly emit infrared rays, due to which they remain invisible.

6. HYPOTHESES OF UFO ORIGIN IN PARALLEL WORLDS

There are hypotheses according to which contacts with UFOs are linked with ideas about the existence of so-called parallel worlds. These hypotheses are trying to explain the observed ability of UFOs to disappear or appear, as well as the ability of creatures whose appearance is associated with UFOs (enlonauts) to pass through walls, walk on walls in a horizontal position. The authors of the book "Life beyond planet Earth?" Janet and Colin Board believe that the Enlonauts, calling themselves aliens and warning about possible man-made disasters on Earth, want to prevent disasters in their world and prevent humanity from learning about their existence.

The founder of the hypothesis is considered to be Mid Lane, who in the book “Ethereal Ship and Its Explanation” wrote that UFOs come from some kind of ether - matter that fills interplanetary space, that they consist of “jelly-like” matter that can change shape and size. In his opinion, UFOs are piloted by ethereals - imperceptible creatures from another world, living on a “vibration frequency” other than humans (an analogy is given: fan blades also become distinguishable only when the “vibration frequency” is lowered).

In the 1950s, A. Francesca, an Oregonian, allegedly contacted a person named Orlon, who reported that his people wanted to enlighten humanity. Orlon reported: “The saucers you are talking about are completely real cosmic bodies endowed with a specific consciousness. They are two-dimensional, they can simultaneously be in the third and fourth dimensions, or, if desired, in any of them. They can incredibly intertwine dimensions and each other, which is completely incomprehensible to our unprepared consciousness. However, there comes a point when the "veil" falls and our dimension accepts them as they should look in it. And then a lot of people see them. And it seems that they suddenly appear in large numbers in our skies. In reality, this is not so. They are always in our skies, but man is not always able to see them.”

7. HYPOTHESES ABOUT UFO TIME TRAVEL

According to this hypothesis, UFOs are time machines controlled by people of the future (according to the forecasts of some scientists, a person in the future will evolve into a squat creature with a huge head and small jaws - a creature noted when UFOs appear) or the past (hypothetical ancient civilizations, like the Atlanteans, capable of to travel in time). This hypothesis can explain the behavior of UFOs, which, if desired, can be interpreted as a fear of making contact with people, cases of sudden appearance and disappearance of objects in front of eyewitnesses.

Here is a quote from V. A. Chernobrov’s book “Encyclopedia of Ufology”: “On October 16, 1954, in the Sier-de-Rivière (Haute-Garonne department), a farmer returning from the field during the rain noticed a grayish two-meter disk flying at a height of 50 meters. When the UFO flew over the eyewitness, suddenly “time seemed to stop, raindrops hung in the air, the rain thus stopped, the trembling mare, as if forgetting about the gravity of the Earth, smoothly rose into the air ...” Such a “freeze frame” continued exactly as long as time, the person and the animal were inside the sphere of influence of the object (that is, a few seconds), then, as soon as they were again outside the sphere, the UFO “sharply flew faster, the mare sank to the ground, raindrops also flew down.” This happened, according to an eyewitness, after ... 10 minutes and not earlier!

8. SUPERNATURAL HYPOTHESES FOR THE ORIGIN OF UFOs

These hypotheses have been in demand throughout the history of mankind, but in the 20th century they were much less popular than, for example, versions of the extraterrestrial origin of UFOs; true since the 1970s. there is some flowering.

1. Tengu

In 1828, Kokon Yomiko's book "Studies on Magical Creatures, Ancient and Modern" was published, which told about a Japanese boy, Torakichi, who claimed to have seen a tengu, a long-haired mountain spirit. The doctor Hirata Atsutane allegedly heard about this story in 1820 and found Torakichi, who told him that at the age of seven, in 1812, he met a long-haired "man" with a vessel. The man climbed into this vessel, which then rose into the air and flew away. The next day, Torakichi met again with this "man", who invited him to fly together in this vessel. When he agreed, they were transported in it to the top of the mountain, where, according to Torakichi, tengu often gather. Torakichi often, but with a break, made such "flights", was absent from home for several months. Torakichi said that during one of the “flights” he ended up in cold lands inhabited by people who worshiped images of a man on a cross and a woman with a child in her arms. The tengu informed Torakichi that they were of the "wrong" faith and even spat at the images. Further, Torakichi said that he flew to the moon, while feeling cold. According to him, they approached it within 600 feet and saw that it was covered in seas full of something that Torakichi likened to mud. On one of the surface areas, he saw holes through which stars shone through.

2. Demons

The Englishman Robert Burton in his work “Anatomy of melancholy” (XVII century) describes some of the properties of fallen angels that make them related to the described UFOs: “Many church fathers claim that as a result of the fall, the bodies of these spirits became more airy and insensitive. the shape is absolutely round, like that of the Sun or the Moon, because it is the most perfect form, without roughness, corners ... or protrusions. However, their form is the most perfect of all perfect bodies. Therefore, all spirits... of a round shape... can assume any other shape they want and achieve an outward resemblance to anyone, they move extremely fast in space, able to travel many miles in an instant. Spirits can also... people's bodies... move them in space at a surprisingly high speed... They can create castles, palaces, armies in the air, various images, miracles, as well as objects that are completely unusual for human eyes, they can create smells, tastes and deceive everything human sense organs. So, in any case, considers the majority of those who write works on such topics.

Orthodox priest, one of the founders of the Brotherhood of St. Herman from Alaska, Father Seraphim in his writings suggested that UFO sightings are caused by "the activity of evil spirits." Rose graduated from Pomona College and the University of California at Berkeley where he studied theology, linguistics and philosophy. He noted the similarity of some of the circumstances of close contacts with UFOs with the occult and spoke out that UFO visions are caused by the devil, who wants to distract people from God and prepare them for the acceptance of the Antichrist, whose appearance, according to the Holy Scripture, should be accompanied by heavenly signs.

Some authors draw parallels between the circumstances of modern cases of contact with UFOs and Enlonauts and the properties of some demons described in demonological literature. Below is a table of interpretation of certain manifestations of contacts with UFOs from the standpoint of Christian doctrine.

Tab. 2 - interpretation of certain manifestations of contacts with UFOs from the standpoint of Christian doctrine

Properties attributed to evil spirits	Some Aspects of Reports of UFO Contacts and Abductions
For the sake of turning a person away from God, demons often resort to lies.	Enlonauts in some cases deceived eyewitnesses, in particular, calling themselves aliens from other planets, obviously uninhabited (Mars, Venus, etc.), called for the spread of teachings that were not consistent with Christian dogmas.
The appearance of demons may be accompanied by the smell of sulfur.	Some unpleasant odors, like sulfur or miasma, are associated with UFOs.
In the medieval tradition, human levitation was often explained by intercourse with evil spirits (for example, the flight of Simon the magician); witches flew to sabbats with an ointment made from baby fat.	With "abductions" in some cases, the victim can levitate. For example, Linda Kortil, who lived in a Manhattan skyscraper, claimed that she was carried in the air towards a UFO hovering at the window.
According to the Bible, before the Second Coming of Christ, “great signs from heaven” are to appear (Gospel of Luke 21:11); Revelation 13:11-13:13 speaks of a horned beast that "brings down fire from heaven to earth before men."	Many evangelical Protestants, considering biblical prophecy, believed that the abundance of unidentified flying objects in the second half of the 20th century indicates the imminent end of the world. (In fact, mass UFO sightings are not limited to the twentieth century.)

CONCLUSION

The term "unidentified flying object" - a general concept denoting the movement in the airspace of unidentified aircraft, is used by controllers of ground tracking services in relation to the registered movement in the air of vehicles that cannot be classified. In ufology, it summarizes all cases of observation of unidentified aircraft, for which at the moment there is no other scientific explanation. However, there are a number of parascientific hypotheses invoked by various authors to explain these cases. In this paper, the main ones were presented, all other possible hypotheses are their combinations.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the analysis of the noted hypotheses about the origin and essence of UFOs shows that they rather help determine what these objects cannot be than answer the question of what UFOs really are.

Apparently, it cannot be ruled out that UFOs may be spaceships of an extraterrestrial civilization that is far ahead of us in its development and has long mastered completely unknown to us methods of interstellar flights with a transition to other dimensions of space-time.

It should also be emphasized that if UFOs do not have an alien origin, then the explanation of their existence, according to Professor D. McDonald, turns out to be much more complicated, and, perhaps, will be of even greater scientific importance for mankind.

This was confirmed, in particular, by the prominent American UFO researcher Professor Hynek, who stated as early as 1972: “We now recognize that the problem of UFOs is much more complex than we originally imagined. Frankly, we still don't know if they come from afar, or they are very close to us, or whether they are, in some special sense, a product of our minds.

Only one thing is clear, that many of the mysterious abilities of UFOs, apparently, are associated with some properties of matter and energy that are not yet known to us.

It should also be noted that many scientists and journalists generally reject the possibility of the existence of some specific objects that could not be given the most prosaic earthly explanation.

Despite the fact that studies of the problem of UFOs by state and public organizations in many countries have been conducted for more than 50 years, the answer to the question of what is the true physical essence of these objects has not yet been received.

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UFO and antigravity. The principle of operation of the UFO engine. Scientific substantiation of the operation of the UFO engine

Vladimir Zabelyshensky

UFO and antigravity.

The modern level of science allows us to conclude that there are three main forces in the Universe: gravity, magnetism and electricity. This statement was the result of the work of a number of prominent scientists, which, first of all, include Faraday, Maxwell, Planck and Einstein. In 1923, their followers - American scientists Brown and Bifield, California Institute for Special Studies, investigating the connection between electricity and gravity, came to the discovery of the effect of electrogravity. This discovery was the beginning of the development of a completely new scientific direction. Brown showed that for every electromagnetic phenomenon there is an electrogravitational analogue, in particular, the movement of a charged body under the influence of the interaction between electric and gravitational fields in the direction of the positive electrode. In 1939, Brown created the theory of electrogravity and then developed it into the field of electrohydrodynamics.

It is noteworthy that the Brown effect was not predicted, even to any first approximation, either by the Theory of Relativity or by modern theories of electromagnetism. As soon as Brown's theory of electrogravity became available to scientists and technical specialists of aerospace centers, it struck with the simplicity of implementation and the highest degree of experimental evidence of all the provisions of the theory. However, even at the end of the 20th century, despite the practical implementation of the Brown effect in the creation of fundamentally new aircraft, many, due to their ignorance, consider the gravitational engine an obscure exotic.

The essence of electrogravity is that a flat capacitor charged with a high DC voltage tends to move towards the positive pole, due to a decrease in its weight /1/. The change in the weight of the capacitor depending on the polarity of the voltage applied to it is shown in Fig.1.

Fig.1. The change in the weight of a capacitor depending on the polarity of the voltage applied to it.

The experiments revealed the fundamental features:

The dielectric material between the two plates of a capacitor must be able to store electrical energy in the form of a "elastic" voltage without corona discharge and subsequent breakdown at the edges of the capacitor, for example, in the form of a disk. The measure of this ability is the “k” factor of the material. The higher the value of this coefficient, the greater the effect of electrogravity;

The effect of the movement of a freely suspended capacitor is directly proportional to the area of ​​the capacitor plates and the magnitude of the voltage applied to the plates;

The effect of electrogravity becomes more pronounced as the mass of the dielectric material between the plates increases. (Patent T. T. Brown, 3 187 206 dated June 1, 1965, USA).

The distribution of an electric charge of a certain polarity over the sectors of the upper and lower surfaces of a flat capacitor allows you to control the direction of movement of the capacitor. Figures 2 and 3 show the principle of changing the direction of the flight of objects according to the theory of electrogravity.

Fig.3. The principle of changing the direction of flight of objects.

In his experiments, Brown used models of objects in the form of a triangle, a square, a square truncated at the corners with faces, and a saucer. He ultimately concluded that the most effective shape was the saucer shape. Analysis of the flight of the saucer in Brown's experiments showed that during the flight of the model in the air none of the known aerodynamic principles of the wing is used.

Considering electrogravity in relation to UFOs, we must keep in mind some features of its flight. As is known, the Earth is surrounded by a gravitational field, the magnitude of which decreases with distance from the Earth and, ultimately, becomes equal to zero. The UFO, by creating an area of ​​its own gravitational field, changes (deforms) the gravitational field of the Earth. This area acts like a wave with a negative pole at the top of the wave and a positive pole at its bottom. The flight of a UFO is like a surfer sliding on a wave. Thus, by changing the orientation and sign (polarity) of the electric field on the upper and lower surfaces of the body, the UFO is able to move without inertia in any direction. As you know, there are some stably observed features of the flight of UFOs. So, before starting from a hovering position, the UFO leans forward, before stopping in level flight, it leans back. The descent of a UFO, as a rule, occurs by the “falling leaf” method, reminiscent of the movement of a pendulum. Paul Hill, who studied these flight characteristics at NASA's Langley Research Center, came to the conclusion that such evolutions of UFO flight are contrary to aerodynamic requirements, but are fully compatible with the fundamental differences in the operation of a field anti-gravity system.

Experimenting with various forms of his flying models, Brown describes the process of generating the driving force, due to which controlled flight is carried out. In accordance with the theory of electrogravity, the upper part of the dome-shaped disk is an anode, which is under a positive charge of 100-200 kV. The cathode, to which a negative charge is applied, is the central lower part of the case, the diameter of which is approximately 3 times smaller than the upper, domed part of the disk. The dome is mechanically connected to the small anode part by an electrode located vertically in the center of the disk.

The ion plasma, moving at high speed towards the concave part of the dome, creates pressure along the entire anode profile, which leads, in a particular case, to a vertical movement of the disk. The plasma that escaped the dome returns with acceleration to the cathode. An intrinsic gravitational field is created both inside the volume of the disk and in the peripheral region outside the disk. The electrical model of Brown's disk is shown in Figure 4./2/.

Fig.4. Brown's electrical disk model.

The main conclusion following from Brown's theory, confirmed in the experiment, is that there is an electromagnetic correlation factor between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass, which, under certain electromagnetic conditions, can be reduced, canceled, inverted or increased.

Demonstration flights of Brown discs, 1m in diameter. and more, around a high mast with power-through-wire, have shown that a low-pressure region is created in front of the leading edge of the disk. This area, like a buffer wing, displaces the air in front of the flying disk, which eliminates the occurrence of a supersonic barrier and heating of the disk body. Speaking to scientists and representatives of the aviation industry, Brown already then noted that the electromagnetic processes accompanying the flight cause not only the glow of the disk, but also a negative effect on animals and plants.

Observations of low-flying or low-altitude UFOs, as well as the detection of the so-called. step voltage on the surface of the earth during their landings, confirm the presence of an electric field around the UFO. The intensity of this field, according to indirect estimates, is 1 - 1.5 million volts per square meter. see UFO surfaces, which corresponds to the calculated values ​​obtained in Brown's experiments.

In 1953, Brown held a demonstration for senior military officials. He showed the flight of two discs 3 feet in diameter. They reached speeds of several hundred miles per hour. Soon, work in this direction was classified.

During the Winterhaven project, Brown sent a proposal to the Pentagon to develop a disk-shaped electrogravity combat aircraft of the Mach-3 type (Mach-3). It was a much improved version of his test discs shown earlier. Using large vacuum chambers, Brown showed that his discs could fly more efficiently in an airless environment. This made a proper impression on the specialists of the US military department.

As soon as Brown's discoveries gained publicity, some scientists began talking openly about UFO flight technology. None other than Professor Hermann Oeberg, who is considered the father of the space age, who later worked with Wernher von Braun for the US Army Ballistic Missile Agency and NASA, stated the following in 1954: “It is my thesis that flying saucers are real and are spaceships from another solar system. They fly using artificial gravity fields... They produce high-voltage electric charges in order to push air out of their way, while the air begins to glow in strong electromagnetic fields as a result of ionization of the molecules of various gases in the air.

Firstly, this can explain the glow ... Secondly, this can explain the noiselessness of the UFO flight ...” /3/. We now know that, in fact, he was right in his assessment. - Counselor of the Physical Society of Russia, exploring Brown's developments, notes that the active force acting in electrogravity is the result of the asymmetry of the orbital motion of electrons in atoms of a dielectric located in an electric field. The asymmetry creates a centrifugal force gradient and a non-zero linear component of this force. If we take the surface area of ​​the dome equal to 100 sq. m. electric capacitance will be about 1 microfarad. The use of special ceramics as a dielectric makes it possible to increase the dielectric constant (specific capacitance) up to 80. At a potential of 100 kV. the gradient of the acting force will be equal to 80 tons. Since the magnitude of the force increases in a quadratic dependence on the applied potential, it is advisable to increase the potential, and not the surface of the dome or the object as a whole. Thus, the essence of electrogravity propulsion is to use a very strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative charge on the other. The ability of a capacitor to hold a charge (K-factor) is a comparative specification. If the K coefficient for ordinary dielectrics is 6-8, then the use of barium titanate oxide (sintered ceramics) gives a coefficient of 6.000 with the prospect of bringing it up to 30.000, which is quite enough for supersonic flight.” /4/ Calculation of the gradient of the acting force is shown in figure 1.

F=qE0(1/ε1-1/ε2)

ε1=1 ε2=80 (ceramics)

area S=100m2

capacitance C0=10-6F; C= ε2C0=8×10-5F

potential φ=105 V

charge q=CU=8K

field strength E=105 i/m

F=8×105(79/80)=7.9×105(N)

F=7.9/9.8×105=80T

Fig.1. Calculation of the gradient of the acting force.

In one of their conclusions, based on Brown's work, experts note the following: “Electrostatic energy sufficient to implement the Mak-3 apparatus is possible using megavolt voltages and a K factor of more than 10,000″ /5/.

Despite Brown's thorough research, they further point out that: “One of the major difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was the effort to convince aviators of the seriousness of electrogravity experiments /6/. Report of the British company Gravity Rand Ltd. in 1956 is consistent with this assessment /7/.

Aviation Report made numerous references to anti-gravity projects and cited many of the companies involved in research in this area. The quotes from this magazine, given in the report of the company "Aviation Studies (International) Ltd." /8/ hint at what is going on behind the scenes.

In 1954, the company's specialists note that: “… progress was slow. But there are indications that the Pentagon is willing to sponsor a number of devices to help further progress”... will be available ten years from now.” (Aviation Report, No.12, October 1954) /9/.

During this time period, many of the major companies in the military-industrial complex were cited as leading research projects and trials in the field. For example: “Among the companies studying the application of gravity mentioned in the new statement are Glenn Martin, Conware, Sperry-Rand, Sikorsky, Bell, Liar Inc. and Clark Electronics. Of the other companies that showed interest earlier, we note Lockheed. Other of the reports mentioned point to AT&T, General Electric, and Curtis-Wright, Boeing, and North American as having electrogravity research groups. During the same period of time, a Gravity Rand report notes that: “Already companies specialize in the development of individual components of the electrogravity disk” /11/. However, in the field of predictions, the Evolution Report states the following based on extrapolation of technological advances: “Thus, this century will be divided into two parts - almost to the present day. The first part is due to the Wright brothers, who anticipated almost every major law in which gravity was a formidable opponent. In the second part, gravity will be the great breadwinner.

Electric energy, practically inapplicable for movement in the first part, becomes a kind of catalyst for movement in the second part of the century.” (Aviation Report, No.7, September 1954) /12/.

Looking back in history, it is easy to say that they have lost the point of dividing. Had they really lost her for half a century? After reading the reports mentioned, it becomes quite obvious that there was a lot of interest in anti-gravity among a number of very well-known companies, as well as in the Department of Defense. What happened to that interest, and why did it fade over the next four-plus decades? In the end, T. Brown showed that there is a provable connection between high voltage fields and gravity. Why was this topic kept from the scientific community and publications in the open literature until the 90s? A review of recent statements by former military and civilian employees working in connection with secret projects sheds light on research activity in these areas in the second half of the century. And it turns out that significant breakthroughs were made during this period, but they were hidden from the eyes of scientists and the public.

Recent scientific developments.

In this section, we look at developments in anti-gravity since the late 1980s, as well as scientific findings and eyewitness accounts associated with military and secret groups that indicate that a solution to gravity has been found that can be applied to technology. Although general relativity has been unable to explain Brown's electrogravitational theory, as well as any other antigravitational phenomena, physicists' recent findings on the methodology of quantum electrodynamics allow us to offer a theoretical framework with which to explain electrogravity.

The latest works of the staff of the Institute for Advanced Studies of the Alpha Foundation provide a solid theoretical foundation for antigravitational effects in the framework of the theory of electrodynamics and include reports by Evans /13/, Anastasotsky /14/ and others.

Earlier, in his groundbreaking work in 1994, Alcubière showed that

that space travel at superluminal speed is, in principle, physically possible and will not contradict the foundations of the theory of relativity /15/. Puthoff, later analyzed these definitions in light of the existing SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) paradigms, which state that we cannot be visited by extraterrestrial civilizations due to the light speed limitations imposed by general relativity. On the contrary, he believes that traveling at the speed of light is undoubtedly possible /16/. This leads to a decrease in the time required for interstellar travel and the possibility of a visit by extraterrestrial civilizations. Our limited understanding of physics and scientific arrogance kept it all taboo in some areas for most of the 20th century. While Brown's Electrogravity Theory has found its way into US aerospace projects, there are alternative theoretical approaches to creating artificial, controlled gravity.

In 1999 Fran Di Aquino, Doctor of Physics at the University of San Luis, Brazil, has published a number of papers on the theory of aircraft using the antigravity principle. In the work “Gravity and electromagnetism; correlation and grand unification”/17/ he showed that gravitational and inertial masses are correlated taking into account the electromagnetic coefficient (multiplier). The consequences of this correlation make it possible to transform the Mach Principle into the Theory of Gravity, obtaining a new relativistic expression for mass. In addition, it became possible to generalize Newton's second law for motion, to calculate the differential equation for entropy (the second law of Thermodynamics) directly from the Theory of Gravity. Another fundamental consequence of the considered correlation is that, in specific ultrahigh energy states, gravitational and electromagnetic fields can be described by the same Hamilton function.

Attempts to establish a correlation between gravitational and inertial masses have been made since Newton. However, it has only recently been established that a gravitational particle reduces its mass with increasing temperature and that only at absolute zero (T=0) are gravitational and inertial masses equivalent.Fran Di Aquino showed that the long-standing assumption of a correlation between gravity and electromagnetism turned out to be correct. Initially, using formal methods, it was shown that there is a so-called. electromagnetic coefficient (multiplier), which is related to gravitational and inertial masses. Now there is a possibility of theoretical substantiation of the process of controlling the gravitational mass.

As has been shown, the inertial effects of a material body can be reduced and even canceled if its gravitational mass can be reduced or canceled accordingly. A particle with no gravitational mass is not subject to relativistic effects. Its gravitational mass does not increase with the speed of the particle. It is interesting to note that according to Di Aquino, this means that a particle with no gravitational mass can reach the speed of light and even surpass it. Such a particle is characterized by two fundamental parameters: it becomes a particle with momentum Р=0 and energy Е=0. These "ghosts" of neutrinos are so named because, without having momentum and energy, they cannot be detected. But even so, their presence can be confirmed by an existing wave function that describes their presence.

Inertial forces in the modern version are expressed as Fi=miai, while the equivalent gravitational forces, Fg=mgag. In this case, the equivalence ai=ag. Therefore, the equations of the General Theory of Relativity will be preserved. It is known that photons do not have inertial mass, do not absorb other photons, and do not have gravitational mass. If we consider a certain source of electromagnetic radiation with a certain power, frequency and beam density, then in accordance with Aquino's theory, it is possible to create a so-called “shield” of photons around this source, which will prevent the exchange of gravitons between particles in the “shield” and the rest of space ( universe). Region “ shield” begins at a distance from the source, where the beam density reaches a value at which photons will counteract each graviton in the electromagnetic field of the source. Moreover, these interactions are instantaneous, since the speed of photons in this case should be infinite, because they are quanta of electromagnetic interaction. It is this speed of photons that will be in “ shield."

If we imagine a spacecraft with a positive gravitational mass equal to X kg, and a negative gravitational mass equal to, for example, 0.001 kg, then this condition is sufficient to create a “shield” by photons emanating from the surface of the spacecraft. In this case, the gravitational mass of the ship will be equal to 0.001 kg. If the ship's propulsion system creates only F=10N, the spacecraft will acquire an acceleration equal to 104m/s.Thus, due to the photon "shield" around the spacecraft, its gravitational interaction with the Universe will be absent. Consequently, the inertial forces on the spacecraft will also be absent, in other words, the ship will lose its inertial properties. In addition, a spacecraft can not only reach the speed of light, but exceed it, because, as has been shown, a particle with no gravitational mass will not be subject to relativistic effects. The key issue of today is the creation of a compact source of electrical energy that allows obtaining voltages of more than 1 MV and electric fields with a strength of 1-1.5 MV per square meter. see aircraft surfaces. There are several solutions to this issue, including the conversion of nuclear energy or the use of the energy of the vacuum state.

Energy of the vacuum state.

The most revolutionary physical discoveries are made in relation to the energy of zero-point vibrations or the energy of the vacuum state, which is illustrated by the Casimir effect, according to which two metal plates put together attract each other due to an imbalance of quantum vibrations. The prospects for using the energy of zero-point oscillations or the energy of the vacuum state are grandiose. Einstein's student John Wheeler once said: "Figuratively speaking, the vacuum energy contained in the volume of a coffee cup would be enough to evaporate all the oceans of the Earth." The theoretical foundations of the energy of the vacuum state have been described in several works by Puthoff since the end of the 1980s /18,19/.

Physicist Stephen Greer, commenting on the research and practical achievements of scientists at the University of New Hampshire at a radio briefing on January 30, 2003, noted that, judging by the amazing devices that he saw in operation, by mid-2004 the United States will be able to create industrial designs. energy converters of vibrations of subatomic particles of free vacuum into electrical energy. “They are exceptionally compact, lightweight devices with no moving parts. I want to tell you that the UFO mystery has been a mystery for decades for one, the most important reason - we needed to have time to monopolize the study of the energy source in UFOs.

Various technological methods for extracting this energy are described - the latest works by Anastasocki et al. /20/. Bearden's book on zero-point energy theory /21/ will appear soon. There is considerable evidence to support that scientists since Tesla have been aware of this energy, but its existence and potential uses have been hidden for more than half a century /22/.

The connection between observations of electrogravitational phenomena and the discovery of zero-point energy leads to a new, expanded understanding of the nature of matter and gravity. We turn to the next question: what keeps the universe in perpetual motion? Or, more specifically, where do electrons get their energy to keep spinning around atoms? The simplistic answer is that it comes from a vacuum state. Puthoff /23/ describes the process as follows: “I found that we can think of an electron as continuously radiating its energy, as the classical theory says, but at the same time absorbing a compensating amount of energy from the omnipresent zero-point energy ocean in which the atom is immersed. The balance between these two processes leads to the correct values ​​of the parameters that determine the minimum energy or orbit of the ground state.

Thus, there is a dynamic equilibrium in which the zero-point energy stabilizes the electron in the orbit of the ground state. It turns out that the stability of matter itself depends on the ocean of zero-point electromagnetic energy supporting it.”

Moreover, it turns out that the rotation of the electrons provides inertia and mass for the atoms. These theories linking electron spin, zero-point energy, mass and inertia have been presented in a number of recent scientific papers, of which Heisch and colleagues are noted for providing a possible explanation for the Biefeld-Brown effect. It turns out that the high voltage field creates an electromagnetic barrier that blocks the atomic structure of the atom from interacting with the field of zero vibrations. This slows down the electrons, reducing their gyroscopic effect and thus their mass and inertia, making them easier to move around.

This inexhaustible source of energy will make it possible to abandon the use of all types of fuel, to transfer any transport, industrial and social facilities to electricity consumption thanks to vacuum energy.

Searle's gravitational disks.

In 1946 prof. John Searle, UK, made a fundamental discovery in the field of the nature of magnetism. Working in Mortimer, Borkshire, he discovered that in the manufacture of permanent magnets based on ferrites, adding a small component of alternating current, within 100mA, with a frequency of 10MHz, to the magnetizing field, the magnets acquire completely new properties /24/. In Searl's experiments, it was shown that if magnets in the form of rollers made using a new technology are placed around the outside of the ring magnet, then with a certain number of rollers, they come into independent movement around the ring magnet. Once in motion, the rollers increase their speed until dynamic equilibrium is reached. It was also found that when the magnetic rollers rotate, the device creates an electrostatic potential difference, the vector of which is directed along the radius from the rollers to the ring magnet. In this case, the fixed ring is positively charged, and the rollers are negatively charged. The interaction of centrifugal force and magnets creates a constant gap between the moving rollers and the ring, resulting in no mechanical or galvanic contact between the ring and the rollers.

Complementing the design with a fixed electromagnet, Searl received a current generator with a power of about 500 watts. The appearance of the simplest design of the Searl electric generator is shown in Figure 5.

In 1952, Searle made a device with several concentric rings, between which rollers were placed. This device with a diameter of 1m developed a potential equal to 1,000,000 volts, which was accompanied by crackling and the smell of ozone. The design of this generator is shown in Figure 6.

There are 10 rollers around the first (small) ring, 25 at the next ring and 35 around the outer ring. On the outer ring, above the ends of the rollers, electromagnetic converters of static potential into DC voltage are installed. Such a generator produces 15kW of power during stable operation. Studies of the Searl effect show that when the magnetic rollers are close to the magnetic ring, the resonant state of the magnetic field draws electrons and ions and, accelerating them in the gap between the rollers and the ring, creates a high static voltage with opposite charges on the stationary ring and the rollers rotating around it. High power at the output of such a generator is obtained by doping the magnetic material with neodymium, a rare earth metal that gives excess electrons. In 1999, SISRC Ltd, which includes subsidiaries in Germany, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand, announced the completion of an extensive program to modernize the Searl generator, which simplified the design. The company's specialists noted that discoveries in the field of vacuum state energy conversion play a key role in the effect of obtaining electrical energy using the Searl Generator /24/.

However, the main discovery was that when the specified potential difference and the maximum speed of the rollers in the dynamic equilibrium mode are reached, the device rises. An analysis of electromagnetic phenomena in the Searl device showed that the interaction of an electric field of high intensity, the vector of which, in a particular case, is directed along the radius to the pulsating magnetic field, creates its own gravitational field that compensates for the weight of the device itself. In addition, Searl generators can be used as high voltage sources in Brown disks.

Since 1952, Searle began manufacturing devices in the form of discs with a diameter of 10m. In the 1950s, publications about Searl's further work ceased. However, in 1970, an important feature of Searl's magnets became known: the characteristics of magnets can temporarily change when exposed to an external constant magnetic field. When the external field is removed, the characteristics of the magnets are restored. In addition, it became known that experiments were being carried out to replace ferrite with magnetic ceramics. Thus, in the early 1970s, as a result of numerous experiments and technical upgrades, it became obvious that Searl disks can be used as a source of electrical energy, the main unit of a gravitational engine for aircraft, or a combination of these technical areas.

Studies of the Searl effect conducted in Russia /25/ showed:

The mechanical energy of rotating permanent magnets is converted into electrical energy in accordance with the magnitude of the gravitational potential created by all masses in the local volume of space.

The movement of the magnetic rollers in the transducer's own electric field leads to the formation of a secondary gravitational field in accordance with the magnitude of the electric potential.

With an increase in the speed of rotation of the rotor (a system of magnetic rollers), the strength of the electric field increases and, as a result, the secondary gravitational field increases, which can reduce or cancel the weight of the structure.

If the energy of the electric field is not spent on electric discharges or heating the structure by induced currents, then a significant part of the mechanical energy manifests itself in the form of an antigravitational effect.

Spontaneous acceleration of the magnetic system is associated with the simultaneous presence of electric, magnetic and gravitational fields in the local region of space.

From the side of the magnetic field, the Lorentz force acts both on moving electric charges and on gravitationally charged bodies.

Since the structure itself is electrically neutral, the Lorentz force acts only on gravitationally charged rollers. The direction of the Lorentz force is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of movement of the magnetic rollers. If the cylindrical rollers rotated in one place, then the Lorentz force would be directed towards the axis of rotation and would not impart additional acceleration to them.

In addition to rotational, magnetic rollers also perform translational motion around the magnetic ring, so that each point on their surface moves along the cycloid, so the Lorentz force has two components: towards the center of the cylindrical roller and along the direction of their movement.

The magnitude of the Lorentz force depends on the electric potential, the strength of the magnetic field, the mass of the rollers and the speed of their movement.

The electric potential, in turn, depends on the speed of rotation of the roller system around the fixed ring. Thus, in the end, the Lorentz force depends on the speed according to a quadratic law.

Electrons accelerated by a toroidal electric field of high intensity ionize the gas in the surrounding space, causing it to glow /25/.

Currently, work is underway on the use of composite materials and multilayer magnetic structures in order to significantly increase the output power of Searl generators. It should be noted that the achieved level of high voltage obtained by using the Searl generator is sufficient to use it as a voltage source in Brown's flying disks.

Electrogravity and unified field theory.

Jerry E. Bayles, US Physics Institute, studying the interaction of UFOs with the environment, man-made and biological objects, came to the conclusion that Brown's theory can be significantly supplemented. Taking into account the results of the practical implementation of Brown's theory of electrogravity, Bayles proposed a theory of the interaction of strong electromagnetic and electric fields, as a result of which a controlled vector of gravitational force is created. Although this approach is not new, Bayles' theory is distinguished by its consideration of the problem from the point of view of unified field theory and quantum mechanics. His theory was presented by him to NASA at a conference in February 2003 /26/.

Without considering the mathematical apparatus for studying quantum interactions of fields and states of elementary particles, we will limit ourselves to the main provisions of the theory that explain the principle of UFO motion. These provisions are a consequence of the consideration of quantum and electrodynamic conditions, in which the entire structure of the UFO and its energy field are both a gravitational engine and a means of movement in space. A UFO surrounded by a microwave field is a single quantum potential similar to the energy potential of an electron. If there are conditions for an external energy action that creates a difference in energy levels, the electron can “tunnel” through the energy barrier to another point in space. This move is instantaneous. This feature of the electron's quantum state was discovered by David Bohm after he solved the Schrödinger wave equation for the quantum energy potential, which represents the electron's energy itself.

The physics associated with the quantum potential of David Bohm made it possible to expand the concept of quantum energy and the mechanics of gravity. One of the main provisions of the Bayles theory is the definition - the energy space is the source of Bohm's quantum potential. Bayles' Unified Field Theory allowed him to develop a new gravitational equation that expresses the mechanics of the vector magnetic potential. The equation shown in Figure 2 includes a vector magnetic potential and a new quantum coupling constant.

The assertion that a quantum particle such as an electron is essentially a standing wave formed the basis for considering the UFO motion system from the standpoint of wave theory, taking into account the design features and parameters of the UFO electromagnetic radiation obtained in direct measurements. Based on the fact that quantum and macroelectronic equations are similar, it becomes possible to move a macroquantum object by changing the phase or wave function of a quantum standing wave relative to a coupled electric standing wave in a strong electric field of the object.

Thus, a UFO, in a quantum sense, is similar to an electron, which gives it the ability to carry out instantaneous movements (jumps) in space, as an electron does when passing through an energy barrier by the “tunneling” method. The range of the UFO jump from its energy space to any point of the ordinary (surrounding) space is determined by the magnitude of the instantaneous phase transformation between the two indicated standing waves, which leads to a sharp, but manageable, change in the energy of the electromagnetic field. Speaking about the energy space of the UFO, one must keep in mind that the energy source can be the energy of vibrations of vacuum particles, converted into another, more convenient form of electrical energy. In a stationary position, the force field around the UFO-disk is symmetrical and has the shape of a torus. When creating a local asymmetry of the field, the UFO moves in the direction of its disturbance. Figure 7 shows a diagram of a UFO, which indicates the functional elements of the design.

Fig.7. Functional elements of the UFO design.

1. Compartment of the system of phase and group generation of standing waves.

2. Planar waveguides.

3. Residential and functional compartments.

4. Device for removal of corona discharge.

5. High dielectric ring.

6. Waveguide outputs.

The microwave radiation emerging from the waveguides -6 creates a force field that counteracts the external toroidal field, keeping it at some distance from the UFO body, thereby creating a vacuum region around the body. Group switching of energy along flat waveguides creates an adjustable asymmetry of the force field to change the spatial position of the UFO. Since the electric field strength in the upper part of the dome is maximum, there is a high probability of a corona discharge, which could lead to disturbances in the standing wave generation system. The corona discharge is removed using a device in the form of a “spike” of variable cross section located at the top of the dome.

Considering the real possibilities of copying UFO-type devices, Jerry Bayles suggested using a hydrogen atomic reactor as an energy source. In 1998, such a solution, from a technological point of view, could well be implemented.

Information beyond the threshold of secrecy.

In the United States, the B-2 aircraft became the first mass-produced aircraft using anti-gravity technology. A feature of the B-2 bomber is the large area of ​​the horizontal surface of the aircraft in the form of a triangle. This feature provides maximum anti-gravity lift. At one time, Brown showed that although the shape of the disk is the most optimal, it is not necessary. Triangular, square or diamond-shaped devices fly with the same high efficiency. Further development of anti-gravity technology depends on advances in the development of newer dielectrics than the high-density RAM cermet. From sources close to Northrop Corporation, the manufacturer of anti-gravity devices, as well as from a publication in Aviation Week on March 9, 1992, it is known that a new dielectric is now available that can operate at a voltage of 15 million voltages. volt.

In 1993, Dr. La Violette prepared a report /27,28,29/ in which the B-2 bomber is discussed from the point of view of the use of an electrogravity system in it. It turns out that this plane uses an improved form of the anti-gravity principles first described by T. Brown. Confirmation of this thesis is available in the journal "Evolution Week and Space Technology" (March 1992), which reported that the B-2 bomber electrostatically charges the leading edge of the wing and the exhaust stream. The information was confirmed by Bob Ischsler, a NASA specialist. In flight, a positively charged region moves in front of the aircraft, while the ionized exhaust jet of jet engines creates a negatively charged region behind the aircraft. In this case, a certain modification of the Brown effect is realized, which has undeniable advantages in comparison with the conventional jet aircraft flight pattern.

B. Ischsler publicly made a similar statement in 1990. This information complements the information that there are major developments in the field of antigravity, which are used in military aviation. The appearance of the B-2 aircraft, US Air Force, is shown in Figure 8.

Fig.8. The appearance of the aircraft B-2.

From the conclusion of La Violetta's report: “The commercial airline industry can reap enormous benefits from this technology. It will not only significantly increase the fuel efficiency of jet airliners, significantly increase flight speed, but, most importantly, reduce flight time” /30/.

On May 9, 2001, the Public Organization “Project Disclosure” /31/ held a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington. She presented more than two dozen witnesses, including retired members of the Army, Navy and Air Force, a high official of the Federal Aviation Agency, employees of various intelligence organizations, including the CIA. All of them either witnessed events related to UFOs, or were aware of the nature of the activities of the government and industrial corporations in this area. They also produced a white paper /32/ for journalists and congressmen, as well as a book /33/ that collected dozens of testimonies from such people. Many of them talked about secret programs dealing with anti-gravity technologies, zero-point energy and the development of reproductions of alien vehicles (UFOs) as part of American "black projects".

Dan Morris /34/, worked in the Air Force, now retired. For many years he participated in "extraterrestrial projects". After leaving the Air Force, he was hired by the super-secret National Intelligence Organization (NRO), where he worked on UFO-related operations.

He had the highest level of security clearance.

“There are UFOs, both of alien origin and those made by humans. Townsend Brown was almost at the top along with the German scientists. So we had a problem. Our task was to protect Townsend Brown, to protect his work on the secrets of anti-gravity electromagnetic propulsion. Then, he describes a type of zero-point energy device.

“If you have one of these devices, about sixteen inches long, eight inches high, ten inches wide, you can no longer connect to the local power grid.” These devices do not burn anything. No pollution. They will never break because they have no moving parts. Only electrons move in the gravitational and electromagnetic fields. At the same time, they rotate in opposite directions.

"Dr. B." /35/ (name withheld as he is still working in the field) is a scientist-engineer who has worked on top-secret projects almost all his life. For many years he worked directly or was involved in secret projects related to anti-gravity, ultra-high energy space laser systems and electromagnetic pulse technologies.

“In fact, I took the opportunity to go to the Hughes in Malibu. They had very solid anti-gravity projects there. I am well acquainted with the details of these works. The flying disk has a small plutonium reactor inside, which, through conversion, produces huge electrical energy. We also have even more advanced propulsion technology, this is called a “virtual field”, which causes hydrodynamic waves…”

Capt. Bill Juhaus /36/ served 10 years in the Marine Corps as a pilot

fighter and four years in the Air Force civilian service at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base as a test pilot for an exotic experimental craft. Then, for the next 30 years, he worked for Department of Defense contractors as an engineer on anti-gravity propulsion systems: on exotic aircraft flight simulators and on real flying disks. “I think that the first flying disk simulator was put into operation no earlier than the beginning of the 60s. Possibly in 1962 or 1963

year. The reason I say this is because the simulator was not actually functional until around 1958. The simulator they used was for an alien craft they had, this 30 meter object crashed in Kingman, Arizona in 1953 or 1952.”

“We controlled it with six huge capacitors, each

they were charged with a million volts, so there were six million volts in those capacitors.”… various sizes of apparatuses of our construction”.

"A. X." /37/ works for Boeing Airspace, collected various information from secret groups working on projects related to UFOs and extraterrestrial civilizations in the government, the Ministry of Defense and civil companies. He has friends in the NSA, CIA, NASA, JPL, Naval Intelligence, NRA, Area 51, Air Force, Northrup, Boeing, and others.

“Most of the apparatus works on the principles of antigravity and electrogravity. We have now come to the final stage with respect to anti-gravity. I think another 15 years and we will have cars that will float above the ground using this type of technology. We're working on this right now at Area 51. It's one of the things my friend at Area 51 is working on with Northrup, who now lives in Pahrump, MA. Nevada. We're flying anti-gravity vehicles right now in Area 51 and Utah."

Colonel Williams /38/ joined the Air Force in 1964 and was a rescue helicopter pilot in Vietnam. He has a degree in electrical engineering and has led design projects for the Defense Air Command. During his military service, he knew about the existence of a top-secret facility at Norton Air Force Base in California.

“There was a structure at Norton Air Force Base that was closed from prying eyes. Even the command did not know what was happening there. Then there were rumors among the pilots that it was a secret repository for one device - a UFO.

Mark McCandlish /39/ is a professional aerospace illustrator who has worked for many of the leading aerospace corporations in the United States. His colleague was inside a building at Norton Air Force Base, where he saw reproductions of non-terrestrial vehicles that were fully functional and could fly. He argues that the US not only has working anti-gravity propulsion vehicles now. The United States has had them for many, many years. They were developed in the course of research, in particular, extraterrestrial vehicles in the last fifty years. Close friend Brad Sorensen told him about a large hangar he was in during an air show at Norton Air Force Base on November 12, 1988.

In this hangar, he saw flying saucers. “There were three flying saucers hovering above the floor. No wires connecting to the ceiling, no landing legs. They only hovered, hovering above the floor. He said that the smallest object was partly shaped like a bell. They were all identical in shape and proportions, only all three were of different sizes. Video footage was shown showing the smallest of the three craft standing on the ground in a desert area, presumably at the bottom of a dry lake, some sort of Area 51 type location.

This craft made three small, but quick, bouncing jerks, then flew straight up, quickly picking up speed, and within seconds completely disappeared from sight. There was no sound, no sonic boom, nothing.”

“This craft was what they called a ‘reproduction of an alien craft’ and was also given the nickname ‘Fluxliner’. This anti-gravity propulsion system - this flying saucer - was one of three that were in the hangar at Norton AFB. Its artificial vision system used the same type of technology used in the machine gun guidance system on the Apache helicopter: if the pilot wants to see what is behind him, he can turn on the view in that direction, and the cameras work in pairs. The pilot has a small screen in the front of the helmet, giving him an alternate look. He also puts on special goggles - in fact, you can actually buy a 3D vision system for your video camera right now and it will do the same - and when the pilot looks around, he sees a great 3D view of everything that is outside , and there are no windows. Why are there no windows? Most likely because the high voltages we are talking about are somewhere between half a million and a million volts.” Brad Sorensen said that at a demonstration of reproductions, "a three-star general said that these devices are capable of reaching the speed of light and even exceeding it."

Nick Cook's new book, Zero Point Hunt /40/ contains some of the strongest evidence for serious effort and success in antigravity technology. The author of the book has been an editor of Aviation magazine for the last 15 years and an aerospace engineering consultant for Janes Defense Weekly, and has spent the last 10 years gathering information for his book. It includes research into the archives of Nazi Germany on anti-gravity technologies, interviews with senior officials from NASA, the Pentagon and secret defense installations. He proves that America "cracked" the code of gravity and closed the information at the highest level of secrecy. The reason is that anti-gravity and related zero-point energy technologies offer the world the potential to have an inexhaustible and non-polluting source of energy in the future, so the information is withheld due to a “giant economic threat”. His findings corroborate the aforementioned eyewitness reports from Project Disclosure.

Although T. Brown reported most of his discoveries about half a century ago, other experimenters have only recently begun to reproduce his work and report the results in the open literature and on the Internet. For example, Davenport /41/ published the results of his work in 1995, confirming the findings of T. Brown. Still later, the company "Transdimental Technologies" /42/ in the USA and the laboratories of J. Naudin /43/ in France published on the Internet diagrams, videos and experimental data of their versions of anti-gravity "elevators" based on the development of Brown's work. It is an obvious fact that big science still needs to demonstrate principles that were already demonstrated more than fifty years ago.

A whole series of demonstrations of "anti-gravitational" phenomena was carried out by scientists from many countries of the world. They include the work of Brazilian physics professor Fran de Aquino, as well as a demonstration of some devices: Searle's electrogravitational disk, Woodward's piezoelectric force field experiments.

All of them are described in more detail by Greer and Lowder /44/. An analysis of various theoretical approaches to the study of the antigravitational effect, which does not follow from Faraday's law and is not fully understood within the framework of Maxwell's theory of electrodynamics, leads to a simple, at first glance, postulate:

When the electric and magnetic fields interact, provided that the vectors of the interacting fields are perpendicular to each other, a third force vector arises, which manifests itself in the form of an antigravitational effect.

The use of various methods for obtaining active fields does not change the essence of the effect, and certain engineering solutions allow, with varying degrees of efficiency, to control the magnitude and direction of the gravitational force.

Consequences of antigravity research.

Research on antigravity and zero-point energy and their application has finally earned the attention of scientists of big science. This means that textbooks in this area will soon be rewritten and a new generation of students will be able to apply the “new knowledge”. Its application will lead to huge breakthroughs in transportation technologies in space and on the ground. As a result, we have the potential for human exploration of the solar system and beyond during our lifetime, if we are willing. It also implies that much of the technology of the 20th century will become useless, and in fact may already have.

Based on an analysis of trends in anti-gravity research over the past half century and information from numerous witnesses, it turns out that we have both good and bad news. /1/. The good news is that we (under secret projects) have already developed the theory of anti-gravity, and, in addition, built a working spacecraft on its principles. The bad news is that these technologies have been developed for decades at public expense, and that humanity has been deprived of these technologies, continuing to waste energy using inefficient and dirty technologies.

In the early 90s, the largest research centers joined the antigravity projects, including:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Science and Technology Base for Antigravity Research in Boston,

Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton,

Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University,

University of North Carolina,

Glen Martin Institute for Advanced Gravity Studies.

In the UK, an extensive research program is underway to develop a technology for obtaining special dielectrics for the implementation of electrogravity projects in aviation. Revolutionary successes in the theory of antigravity and its practical implementation do not mean the absence of problems in this area. There are still some problems with creating a more flexible spatial control system for powerful (50.000kVA) electric and electromagnetic fields. There are significant gaps in human protection from electromagnetic radiation. Advances in the technical solution of the problem of security are the main subject of competition and secrecy at the present time. Meanwhile, experts from leading aerospace firms, mastering new technologies within the framework of anti-gravity projects, believe that these problems are not as great as it seems at first glance /45/.

List of sources used:

/1/ Lowder at the 40th Aerospace Science Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reno, pc. Nevada, 2002. Translated from English. IN . Romanchenko.

/2/ Brown, T. T. 1929. How I control gravity. Science and Information Magazine, Aug. 1929. Reprinted in Psychic Observer

/3/ Oberth, Hermann: “Flying Saucers Come from a Distant World,” The American Weekly, October 24, 1954.

/4/ Frolov A.V. “Reactionless Propulsion and Active Force”, St.-Petersburg, 1998.

/5/ Aviation Studies (International) Ltd. 1956. Electro-gravitics Systems: An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic counterbary and barycentric control. p. 14. In Valone, T. (ed.), 1994. Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology. Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005.

/6/. Ibid, p. 27.

/7/. Ibid.p.19.

/8/ Gravity Rand Ltd. 1956. The Gravitics Situation. p. 54. In Valone, T. (ed.), 1994. Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology. Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005.

/9/ Aviation Studies (International) Ltd. 1956. Electrogravitics Systems: An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic counterbary and barycentric control. p. 11. In Valone, T. (ed.), 1994. Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology. Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005.

/10/ Ibid., p. 34.

/11/ Ibid., p. 41.

/12/ Gravity Rand Ltd. 1956. The Gravitics Situation. p. 47. In Valone, T. (ed.), 1994. Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology. Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005.

/13/ Aviation Studies (International) Ltd. 1956. Electrogravitics Systems: An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic counterbary and barycentric control. p. 32. In Valone, T. (ed.), 1994. Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology. Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005.

/14/ Evans, M. W. 2002. The link between the Sachs and O(3) theories of electrodynamics. In Evans, M. W. (ed.), Modern Nonlinear Physics.

/15/ Anastasovski, P. K., T. E. Bearden, C. Ciubotariu, W. T. Coffey, L. B. Crowell, G. J. Evans, M. W. Evans, R. Flower, A. Labounsky, B. Lehnert, M. M And sz A ros, P. R. Moln A r, S. Roy, and J.-P. Vigier. (In Press). Anti gravity effects in the Sachs theory of electrodynamics Foundations of Physics Letters.

/16/ Alcubierre, M. 1994. The Warp Drive: Hyper-fast travel within general relativity. Classical and Quantum Gravity.

/17/ Fran De Aguino: Gravitation and Electromagnetism; Correlation and Grand Unification, S. Luis, Brazil, 1999.

/18/ Puthoff, H. E. 1996. SETI, The Velocity-of-Light Limitation, and the Alcubierre Warp Drive: An Integrating Overview, Physics Essays.

/19/ Puthoff, H. 1989. “Gravity as a Zero-Point Fluctuation Force.” Phys. Rev A., 39(5):. Puthoff, H. 1989. “Source of Electromagnetic Zero-Point Energy.” Phys. Rev A, 40(9):.

/20/ Anastasovski, P. K., T. E. Bearden, C. Ciubotariu, W. T. Coffey, L. B. Crowell, G. J. Evans, M. W. Evans, R. Flower, A. Labounsky, B. Lehnert, M. M And sz A ros, P. R. Moln A r, J. K. Moscicki, S. Roy, and J. P. Vigier. 2001. Explanation of the motionless elect romagnetic generator with 0(3) Electrodynamics. Foundations of Physics Letters, 14(1):87-93

/21/ See the Tom Bearden web site for an extensive listing and copies of his papers at: www. cheniere. org.

/22/ Bearden, T. 2002. Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles. World Scientific (In Press).

/24/Consortium searl international, www. /e. htm

/25/ “Searle magnetogravity converter”, Sci Tec , 2002.

/26/ J. E. Bayles, Electrogravitation as a unified field theory, http://www. /gravbook/ (APPENDIX).

/27.28/ LaViolette, P. 1993. The U.S. Antigravity Squadron. In Valone, T. (ed.), 1994. Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology. Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005.

/29/ LaViolette, P. A. 1992. Electrogravitics: Back to the future. LaViolette, P. A. 1993. A theory of electrogravitics. Electric Spacecraft, Issue 8.

/30/ LaViolette, P. A. 2000. Moving Beyond the First Law and Advanced Field Propulsion Technologies. in T. Loder (ed.). “Outside-the-Box” Technologies, Their Critical Role Concerning Environmental Trends, and the Unnecessary Energy Crisis. Report prepared for The U.S.

/31/ Information available at: www. disclosure project. org.

/32/ Greer, S. M. and T. C. Loder III. 2001. Disclosure Project Briefing Document, 492 pp. Available on CD from: The Disclosure Project, P. O. Box 2365, Charlottesville, VA 22902.

/33/ Greer, S. M. 2001. Disclosure: Military and government witnesses reveal the greatest secrets in modern history. Crossing Point Inc. Crozet, VA.

/34/ Ibid., pp. 357-366.

/35/ Ibid., pp. 262-270.

/36/ Ibid., pp. 384-387.

/37/ Ibid., pp. 391-403.

/38/ Ibid., pp. 388-389.

/39/ Ibid., pp. 497-510.

/40/ Cook, N. 2001. The Hunt for Zero Point.

/41/ Deavenport, L. 1995. “T. T. Brown Experiment replicated. Electric Spacecraft Journal. Issue 16 Oct. 1995. (Reprinted in: Valone, T. (ed.), 1994. Electro-gravitics Systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology. Integrity Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005)

HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE NATURE OF UFOs

There are five explanations for this supremely strange celestial phenomenon.

The first explanation: all reports about "flying saucers" and other UFOs are sheer nonsense, fiction and mystification of unscrupulous people.

This point of view, you will agree, is very convenient, since it does not require any intellectual effort and kills the problem in the bud. However, it should be noted for the sake of justice, there is also an element of truth in it.

In the hype raised in the American, first of all, the press around the "flying saucers", there were voices of both hoaxers, and simply notorious rogues, adventurers who decided to warm their hands on the sensation. Suffice it to recall the notorious American hoaxer Adamsky, who became famous for his scandalous interviews almost all over the world. This nimble young man assured that he managed to ride in one of the "flying saucers" ... to Venus! He allegedly even landed there.

The modern reader knows perfectly well that landing a man on the surface of Venus is impossible in principle. Soviet automatic probes that landed on this planet in the 1980s registered enormous atmospheric pressure near its surface and the temperature of the Venusian "air" that is deadly to humans, reaching several hundred degrees Celsius.

There were dodgers in all the same America who, with a simple photo trick, turned a hat tossed up into a mysterious “guest from outer space”. There were quite a few fake UFO photographs published at the time. Only a thorough laboratory analysis of their negatives made it possible to establish that they are fakes, and nothing else ...

However, the sweeping denial of the UFO phenomenon as a real phenomenon can only be to the advantage of people who do not want to think about this or that “mysterious mysteries of nature”.

Unfortunately, at almost all turning points in the history of science, new facts and ideas, as a rule, were denied, declared nonsense. So, for example, until 1803 the fall of stones from the sky was denied even by such great scientists as Lavoisier. According to the conclusion of the French academicians, made by them in 1772, "the falling of stones from the sky is physically impossible," and this phenomenon "cannot be explained by anything reasonable."

The objections of those who proved the reality of meteorites were declared anti-scientific nonsense, "stupidity that does not even deserve a refutation."

Or here's a second explanation for the mystery of the UFO phenomenon: these objects exist, but in fact they are not what they seem. UFOs are just optical illusions associated with the anomalous propagation of light in the earth's atmosphere, like a rainbow, halo, false suns or glare on water.

This point of view was zealously promoted by the American astronomer D. Menzel in his book "On Flying Saucers", written on the instructions of the CIA and published, by the way, in Russian translation in our country.

When reading D. Menzel's book, you involuntarily experience deep disappointment, because the author does not give any convincing interpretation of the mysterious celestial phenomena. Therefore, when they try to present the book "On Flying Saucers" to readers as a solid scientific work, as some kind of detailed "optical theory of UFOs", then these recommendations look nothing more than a delusion. The mystery of the UFO cannot be explained by means of atmospheric optics. The nature of these phenomena is much more complicated.

The third explanation of the phenomenon of "flying saucers": UFOs - new secret aircraft of one of the earthly powers.

At first, this point of view was very common. In the Pentagon and even at the government level in the United States, rumors were seriously discussed that some top-secret Soviet devices were flying over the country. Later, this ridiculous version disappeared, and now it no longer has adherents.

Fourth explanation: UFOs are an unknown natural phenomenon.

The material world around us is infinitely diverse and complex. Undoubtedly, there are immeasurably more unknown natural phenomena than understood and studied ones. Perhaps, in fact, UFOs are something completely new, unknown, what, say, radioactivity appeared to us at the end of the last century?

This point of view certainly deserves attention. It stimulates the scientific study of UFOs, and therein lies its great value.

The American magazine Aviation Week and Space Technology, in an article published in October 1966, states that the study of the results of UFO observations suggests that they are nothing more than a plasma consisting of ionized air particles and charged dust particles. The authors of the article refer to experiments on the creation of artificial plasma. They draw an analogy between the characteristics of plasma and the properties of UFOs.

At the University of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, an artificial plasma was obtained by creating an arc discharge in a glass tube from which air was partially evacuated. The shape and color of the plasma changed when the DC voltage applied to the electrodes changed. In this case, the plasma was either in a stationary state, or rapidly rotating, or even completely disappearing. In general, she behaved exactly like a UFO!

It is known that plasma always changes its color when the level of internal energy changes. Apparently, this phenomenon was observed by eyewitnesses when UFOs changed their color before their eyes.

And another curious conclusion is made by the authors of the article. Radar observations show that UFOs only appear within the earth's atmosphere. This testifies, in their opinion, to the inconsistency of the assumption about the extraterrestrial origin of unidentified flying objects.

Finally, the last explanation of the phenomenon is the fifth: UFOs are alien aircraft exploring the Earth and, of course, us sinners living on it.

Proponents of this point of view draw attention to the enormous speeds and accelerations of UFOs, which are inaccessible to modern terrestrial aircraft and intolerable to terrestrial organisms. They point to a huge number of reports not just of UFO sightings, but of people meeting with their crews.

The mentioned D. Hynek, director of the Dearborn Observatory, writes: “For most scientists who are familiar with the topic of the UFO phenomenon only as a result of a cursory review of popular literature, this area seems “forbidden”. Flying saucers - that's nonsense, the product of immature, carried away or even upset minds, the field of action of pseudo-scientists and mystics, the favorite brainchild of people with a "crack in the bowler hat"! ... Unfortunately, scientists, draped in their dignity, often refuse to study messages. However, many of my colleagues, who left this drapery long ago, have joined the growing ranks of puzzled scientists: privately they are seriously interested in the phenomenon, but publicly prefer, like the UFOs themselves, to remain unknown. They do not want to be the subject of ridicule and bullying. But they are searching, groping, considering those ideas that seem fantastic and strange ... I cannot get rid of the UFO phenomenon with a simple shrug. I began to feel that there was a tendency in 20th-century science to forget that there would be a 21st-century science, and even XXXth-century science, from which our knowledge of the cosmos might seem quite different from what it seems to us now. We probably suffer from provincialism in time, and this kind of swagger is always disgusting for posterity.

From the book Solar Wind author Tikhoplav Vitaly Yurievich

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From the book Secrets of the Bermuda Triangle the author Pal Lin background

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From the Nazca book: giant crop drawings author Sklyarov Andrey Yurievich

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From the book Secrets of the Underworld author Voitsekhovsky Alim Ivanovich

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From the book "Plates" over the Kremlin author Nepomniachtchi Nikolai Nikolaevich

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Now there are about a dozen hypotheses about the origin of UFOs. The article briefly discusses the most common of them.

The hypothesis of the extraterrestrial origin of UFOs is supported by both the majority of ufologists and almost all the inhabitants. The essence of the hypothesis is that UFOs (or at least a significant part of them) are vehicles of aliens from other planets (or from parallel worlds). The main argument in favor of the veracity of this hypothesis is the stories of a huge number of people (including quite reliable ones: policemen, politicians, etc.) who allegedly communicated with UFO pilots who reported that they had flown from the system of one star or another. However, there are arguments against such a theory: interstellar distances are colossal, and it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to overcome them; the behavior of UFOs is often very unusual, and it is difficult to assume that they are controlled vehicles; scientists have not been able to detect even traces of life on all known planets of the solar system (and the conditions for its existence on planets outside it).

The most pragmatic of all hypotheses is the version of the natural origin of unidentified objects. If it is true, then all or almost all UFOs are either the fruit of skillful hoaxes, or are in fact meteors, birds, clouds and other natural objects, simply misidentified by eyewitnesses. In addition, it is assumed that some of the cases of UFO sightings can be explained by the appearance of ball lightning or other phenomena that have not yet been studied by science.

Quite solid and plausible is the hypothesis that UFOs (or at least those of them that have a clear technogenic origin) are terrestrial secret or simply rare aircraft. These can be military aircraft or, for example, rare unmanned vehicles, such as weather balloons or police surveillance drones. There is evidence that fascist scientists also succeeded in some working prototypes of "flying saucers", for example, the so-called. "Disk Belonze". According to fragmentary data, he could rise to a height of 15 km. and fly at speeds up to 2200 km/h. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it does not explain UFO sightings that took place back in the Middle Ages (and even earlier), as well as the appearance of UFOs in space.

The ultra-terrestrial hypothesis of the origin of UFOs is very original. There are two versions within it. One of them claims that some animals that have not yet been discovered by science, living high in the atmosphere, are mistaken for UFOs. Trevor Constable, in a book titled "Sky Creatures", suggests that they are not yet detectable because they can emit infrared rays that make them invisible.

According to another version, UFOs are devices that belong to another civilization living on Earth. There is no contact with her for the reason that her cities (or bases) are located at the bottom of the seas and oceans, or deep underground. For some reason, representatives of this civilization avoid contact with people. This hypothesis can explain both historical cases of sightings of unidentified objects, as well as space UFOs, and contacts with strange creatures - supposedly UFO pilots. Some at the same time try to use this hypothesis to explain the anomalous phenomena occurring in the famous Bermuda Triangle.

However, there is still no conclusive evidence for any of these hypotheses.

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