Adjective plus noun. Case endings of adjectives
Author InformationSazonova Galina Vasilievna
Place of work, position:
Krasnodar Territory Novokubansk, MOBUG number 2, teacher
Krasnodar region
Lesson characteristics (classes)
The level of education:
Primary general education
The target audience:
Pupil (student)
The target audience:
Teacher
Class (s):
Item (s):
Russian language
The purpose of the lesson:
*
*
*
Lesson Type:
Lesson of study and primary consolidation of new knowledge
Students in the classroom (classroom):
Used textbooks and teaching aids:
TG Ramzaeva "Russian language", Grade 4
Explanatory dictionary of a schoolboy, O.D.Ushakova
Used equipment:
Table "Declension of adjectives"
Short description:
Russian language lesson in grade 4
Topic: Change adjective case names
Goal:
* introduce students to the method of recognizing the case of the adjective;
* introduce singular adjectives in the singular;
* develop attention, memory, speech of students.
Equipment:table “Declination of adjectives”, MMP, laptop, screen
During the classes
1. The organizational moment and the message of the lesson purpose
Good day, good story, good deed.
Why adjectives good, good, goodhave different endings, although they have the same gender and number? (They have different cases.)
Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the declension of adjectives in the singular.
2. Vocabulary and spelling
You will learn a new word from the dictionary, which we will meet in the lesson, if you solve a crossword puzzle (see the attached file) :( slide)
1. A long stick. (Pole.)
2. What is the name of a large settlement? (Town.)
3. A subject for sitting. (Chair.)
4. A large, high pile of hay. (Stack.)
5. A road with rows of trees planted on both sides of it. (Alley.)
What word did you get? (This word highway.)
What is a highway?
First, the children make their assumptions, then
find explanation in the explanatory dictionary. (This is a paved road.)
Write this word twice, speaking it in syllables, highlight the spelling, put the accent mark.
Match the word highway matching adjectives. ( Smooth highway, wide highway.)
Why are adjectives used in speech? (Adjectives are used to make speech more accurate and beautiful.)
What are the grammatical signs of the adjective. (Adjectives vary by gender and by number.)
How to determine the gender of an adjective? (The gender of an adjective is determined by the gender of a noun.)
Today we learn another grammatical attribute of the adjective.
3. Work on the topic of the lesson
Teamwork
Determine the gender and number of adjectives in phrases:
. (In the phrase deep pond adjective deep masculine, since the noun the pond to which it refers is masculine. In the phrase deep lakeadjective deep of the middle gender, since the noun lake to which it belongs is of the secondary gender. In the phrase deep hole adjective deep feminine, since the noun of the hole to which it refers is feminine. In phrases deep pond, deep lake, deep holeadjectives are singular. Since they relate to nouns pond, lake, burrowwhich are in the singular.)
In what kind and number is the adjective always worth? (The adjective is always in the same gender and number as the noun to which it refers.)
Decline the collocation data.
as oh? as th? as and I?
Named after deep ithe pond is deep th deep lake and I Nora
as wow? as wow? as oh?
R.p. deep wow the pond is deep wow deep lakes ohburrows
as ohm? as ohm? as oh?
D.p. deep ohm the pond is deep ohm deep lake oh burrow
as oh? as th? as uh?
V.p. deep i the pond is deep th deep lake uh burrow
as them? as them? as oh?
T.p. deep themdeep pond them deep lake ohburrow
about how om? about how om? about how oh?
P.p. oh deep om deep pond om the lake is deep oh burrow
What conclusion can you make? (Adjectives change in case or declension.)
How to determine the case of an adjective? Can I finish? (No, the adjective deep ending - ohin the genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional. The case of the adjective can be determined by the case
noun.)
4. Physical education
We worked perfectly.
Rest not averse now
And we are familiar with charging
He comes to class in a lesson.
I will call phrases. If the phrase has an adjective in the singular, you squat. If the phrase has an adjective in the plural, you step on the spot.
Winter road, tasty berry, slender trees, high fence, forest paths, new notebooks, red apple, interesting stories.
5. Securing the studied
a) Exercise “Define the gender, number and case of the adjective”
Phrases are written on the board.
On a wide field, about a faithful friend, on a long journey, under a low bush, behind a high fence, an interesting book, on a tall tree, with his beloved kitten, on a bookshelf, in a green grove, a blue wave.
b) Work on the textbook.
Read output on page 124.
Read the memo on page 124.
Exercise 283 p. 125.
Write from memory, determine the case of the adjective. ( Transparent - in V.p.)
c) Independent work (mutual verification).
Choose and insert adjectives, connecting them in meaning with nouns. Identify the case of adjectives. Highlight endings.
In _________ cold in the woods there is silence. From __________ cold all animals hid. Suddenly, noises crossed the _________ glade. Birds clung to the top of _________ spruce. At the very top were clusters of ___________ cones. Claws of a bird began to drag ___________ seeds.
6.Lesson of the lesson
Continue the phrase:
To determine the adjective case, you must:
- Find ... ... to which ..............
- Identify the case .......
- By case ....... determine the case .......
7. Homework
Exercise 281, p. 124
Adjectives, as you can logically conclude from the name, are one of the main parts of speech that are attached to nouns and are their definition, the question “What?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?” Is put to them. Adjectives tend to change with the ending, that is, change depending on the noun, the characteristics and qualities of which they determine. The correct declension of adjectives in grade 4 was in the program for everyone. But someone skipped, someone got sick, and someone just didn't teach or forgot - in a word, the declension of adjectives and participles should be repeated so as not to make annoying mistakes when filling out important documents, writing reports or doing homework for a son or daughters.
Remember: adjectives almost all are inclined, that is, they vary in number, gender and case in the same way as the noun on which it depends.
Simply put, if a noun is used in a sentence in it. p. including husband R. - for example, a school notebook or a blue ball - then the adjective will also have a nominative case. including husband R., respectively, the end of the –th or –th. This is one of the rules for declension of first names, 4th grade.
Determine the gender of the desired part of speech
To understand the declension of adjectives and participles, first you need to understand how to determine the gender and what ending to put in it. n. In Russian there are three of them:
- male;
- female;
- average.
Accordingly, the endings will be:
- for a man - the th, th;
- for women - the th, th;
- for the average - th, s;
- for the plural - s, s.
To determine, the gender of the noun on which it depends in the sentence is first determined. You just need to ask a question, and everything will be clear. For example:
Bright sun: the sun - it is medium, what kind of sun? - bright, this is an adjective cf. R. in units hours and them. P.
Beautiful doll: a doll - she, it's female, what kind of doll? - beautiful, this is the same wife. R. in units hours and them. P.
Red briefcase: a briefcase - he is a husband. R., what portfolio? - red, this is the same part of the husband’s speech. R. in units including them. P.
How to persuade by cases
There are six of them - remembering them in grade 4, as well as declension of adjectives in cases, was not so simple. But in fact, there is nothing complicated here, everything is logical and logical. The most important thing that is required of a diligent student is to remember the questions. By asking a question, it will be possible to determine exactly what ending should be in the inclined part of speech.
In addition, remember that when declensing adjectives in the plural or singular, in declensing adjectives of the feminine, masculine or secondary, they necessarily adopt the case in which the main noun is used, the qualities of which they describe.
To make everything clear, consider a simple example:
On the table is a green notebook.
First, we determine the noun, its gender, number and case. To do this, we pose the question: what lies? - a notebook, a notebook, it means it is a feminine gender in them. p. (the question “what?” refers to this case). Now we pose the following question: what notebook? - green, this is an adjective, also feminine in it. P.
If the case of a noun changes, then it will change with the end of another part of speech. For instance:
I do not have a green notebook. - We pose the question: no what? - notebooks, it is a feminine noun in gender. n., since “whom? why?” are the questions of this case. What notebooks? - green, therefore, the adjective "green" is also feminine and is in the sentence in the gender. P.
The declension of plural adjectives is carried out according to the same rules. That is, always first determine the declension of a noun, then ask a question - and you will understand which ending you need to write.
If you do not remember the case questions for any part of the speech in Russian and there is no time or desire to memorize them, then you will have to use heavy artillery - download the table, print it, laminate it and hang it on the desktop. Over time, you still remember them, and will use them automatically, no longer looking at the cheat sheet.
Important: above were given the basic rules for the declension of adjectives for 4th grade. But not so simple. There are some minor exceptions that you also need to remember to always write correctly and correctly and be able to help your child with homework.
Exceptions to the Rules
No wonder the Russian language is considered one of the most difficult - there are many rules, and besides, there is an exception to almost every one of them. To understand why this is so, is difficult not only for a foreigner studying Russian - it is also sometimes difficult for us. So the bad news: not all adjectives are inclined:
- Short ones do not change in cases.
- Standing in a simple comparative form do not change at all.
In addition, there is a group of certain words (usually borrowed from foreign languages) that determine the quality of the subject, but at the same time they do not change and never bow. For example: mini, maxi, indigo, khaki. It is easy to confuse them with nouns, again the question will be helped out: a mini khaki skirt. We pose the question: what kind of skirt? - mini. What color? - hacks. They will not receive the ending or change it depending on the declension of the noun that they describe.
What else do you need to know
It should be remembered separately how the possessive parts of speech change, that is, answering the questions “Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?". For instance:
Mom's soup.
R n. - mom's soup
D. p. - mom's soup
V. p. - mother's soup
Tv n. - mom's soup
P. p. - mom's soup
The possessive parts of masculine and neuter speech, as well as the plural, change in a similar way - in any case, the main thing is to correctly pose the question.
Also in the Russian language there are so-called substantiated parts of speech - that is, those that are transformed into nouns. These, for example, are words such as “laboratory assistant” (room), “patient” (person), “premium” (money). Such parts of speech obey the standard rules of declension, which were described in detail above.
In adulthood, you often have to regret what was not done in youth. Such a simple thing as the declination of various parts of speech can sometimes cause great difficulties and problems. Fortunately, there are Google and directories, but still it’s better to control your children's knowledge in a timely manner so that in the future they do not encounter your problems.
In order to correctly pronounce adjectives, you need to know their case questions in both numbers.
It is most convenient to check endings and adjectives by substituting a question which one? in the necessary form, since the end of the question and the adjective coincide, for example: It was hard for him to walk after hard wow (as wow?) of the day. An exception is the nominative singular of the masculine gender (and a similar accusative case), where the ending is written under stress -Oh (tear-off oh calendar, business oh human), but without stress - th or th (sad th calendar, sincere i human).
In adjectives on th , th , th (she-wolf iwolf yawolf ye ) in all cases, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the masculine singular, the letter is written b , eg: she-wolf bi (flock) she-wolf be (lair) she-wolf band (traces); she-wolf bhim, wolf bher wolf bthem, wolf bthem etc. (but: she-wolf i howl).
Nominative endings
In the feminine gender, the ending is written in the nominative case of the singular -and I or 1st , and in the middle kind - th or -her (which one? — extramural and I average yaya school; which one? — interesting th comprehensively her study).
In the plural of all three genera, the ending is written the second or th (what kind? — morozny s winter ie days, nights, mornings).
Accusative endings
In feminine, in the accusative case of the singular, the ending is written th or th (answers the question which one?), eg: graduate (what?) in absentia uh average yuyu school.
The ending of the instrumental case
In the masculine and neuter gender in the instrumental case of the singular ending is written th or -them (answers the question which one?), eg: enjoy (what?) warm oh autumn them in the morning.
In the feminine singular, the ending is written -Oh (oh ) or -her (th ) (answers the question which one? which one?), eg: to patronize (which? which?) shift oh average her school.
Prepositional endings
In the masculine and neuter gender in the prepositional case of the singular ending is written th or -eat (answers the question which one?), eg: write about (what?) warm om autumn eat day morning.
Declensions of participles, ordinal numbers
Just as qualitative and relative adjectives, participles, some pronouns (each, everyone, the same, this, etc.), ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, etc., except for the third one, inclined as possessive adjective wolf). The spelling of the endings of all these words can be checked by substituting what question? in the necessary form, for example: He sought to read (what?) every emerging scientific article on (what?) the question he was interested in.
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Adjectives of all categories have inconsistent attributes of the genus (singular), number and case, in which they are consistent with the noun. Adjectives are also consistent with the noun in animation, if the noun is in the form of V. plural, and for the masculine - and the singular (cf .: I see beautiful shoes and see beautiful girls) - see the animation of the noun.
Changing the adjective by gender, number and case is called the declension of adjectives.
Qualitative and relative adjectives tend equally. This type of declination is called adjective.
In the singular, their endings vary depending on the kind and quality of the consonant completing the base.
In the plural, the endings of adjectives, as well as the endings of nouns, are unified:
I. p.: New, blue
R. p.: New's, syn
D. p.: New-yy, syn-im
V. p.: \u003d I. n. / R. n. depending on the animation of the noun
T. p.: New, syn-them
P.p .: new's, syn
Possessive adjectives tend differently: in some cases they have endings characteristic of adjective declension, in others endings characteristic of substantive declension. This type of declination is called mixed. Moreover, adjectives with the suffix -ii- and adjectives with the suffixes -in- or -ov- tend not to be exactly the same.
The declension of possessive adjectives with the suffix -ii-:
As we can see, these adjectives have endings characteristic of substantive declension in I. p. And V. p. (Cf .: fox-Ø tail-Ø), in other cases they have endings of adjective declension. For why in the form of foxes the ending is zero, and not the -th, see the section on morphemes.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in- (mom-in) and -ov- (fathers) also have substantive endings in I. p. And V. p.; moreover, in R. n. and D. n. the singular male and middle gender, they have variative endings (though adjective endings are used more often than substantive ones):
Qualitative adjectives standing in a short form (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseological and do not reflect the current state of the language), as well as qualitative adjectives standing in a simple comparative and constructed on its basis compound superlative (above, above all) .
In the Russian language there are non-declining adjectives that indicate:
1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electrician;
2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;
3) clothing styles: pleated, pleated, flared, mini.
The immutable adjectives are also the words (weight) gross, net, (hour) rush.
Their grammatical features are their immutability, adjoining to the noun, location after, and not to the noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant attribute.
Hello dear friends!
I visited a girl yesterday and was struck by the fact that her room was very dark. But the street was a wonderful sunny day. But the light did not pass well through the long-unwashed window. The girl was ashamed, and the next day she washed the window, and then wrote about it and sent me this poem:
What a clean window!
I look at the world through the glass.
Now from a clean window
Our whole street is visible.
Now I'm to a clean window
Sister little sister let you down.
We will see through a clean window
It’s already light in the yard.
I admire a clean window
we live clean now.
I told you about him:
About my very clean window.
What good fellow she is. But here, what I noticed: in this poem the word "window" is used several times. And, in my opinion, it is used in different cases . Let's check it out.
In the first sentence, the word window answers the question “what?” And is subject, so it’s worth in the nominative case.
Second sentence. The street is visible from what? Out of the window. Genitive.
In the third sentence, we ask a question from the word "let me down." I will bring to what? To the window. Dative.
I admire what? By the window. Instrumental case.
Talked about what? About the window. Prepositional.
Yes, indeed, in this poem the word "window" is in order in all cases. But the window is always next to the word adjective "Clean." And look, it is changing too.
Window which one? Clean. Out of the window which one? Cleaner. To the window which one? Clean. Out the window which one? Clean. By the window which one? Clean. About the window which one? Clean.
It turns out that when the nouns change according to their cases, the questions that are posed to the adjective names, and, of course, these adjectives themselves change with them?
Yes this is true. Adjectives, like nouns, change in cases, that is, are declined.
Let's now decline the phrase "mischievous wind." To do this, we will use the words-helpers that we met while studying the topic “Cases of nouns”.
it what? wind. Wind which one? mischievous.
Not why? the wind. The wind which one? naughty.
To give to what? the wind. The wind which one? naughty.
I see what? wind. Wind which one? mischievous.
Proud of than? by the wind. By the wind which one? mischievous.
I think about what? about the wind. About the wind which one? naughty.
And now also decline the phrase "dark cloud".
In our table, we declined collocations with nouns maleand female kind of. Let's add the phrase “clean window” to it, which was used in the poem in all cases. It has a noun middle kind of.
Take a look! When changing the names of adjectives in cases, in them, as in the questions that are put before these adjectives, endings change .
My friends, I want to draw your attention to the endings of adjectives masculine and neuter in the genitive singular. In the phrase “mischievous wind” and “clean window” it ending of.
And also in masculine and neuter adjectives, in the genitive , may be ending it.
As, for example, in the words "blue," spring "and others.
You hear, in their endings there is no sound [g]. We write the letter G, and pronounce the sound [in]. Mischievous [wah], pure [wah], blue [wah], spring [wah].
As you know, adjectives change by case . And how to determine the case of an adjective? For nouns, we determine the case using questions. But it is impossible to do with adjective names. Look how much are the samex questions in differentcases!
So what to do ?! how to determine the case of the adjective?
Do not despair, dear friends. Remember, we talked about the adjective in everything is consistent with the noun on which it depends - and in the genus, and in number, and in the case.
Here is a sentence before you: "A new birdhouse hangs on a tall tree." This sentence speaks of a birdhouse. What? Birdhouse. This is the subject. What does a birdhouse do? Hanging. This is a predicate. The subject "birdhouse" is in the nominative case. What birdhouse? New. Because adjective "new" connected with a noun "Birdhouse" then it also stands in the nominative case.
What does a birdhouse hang on? On the tree. This is a prepositional case. Which tree? High. The adjective "high" is associated with the word "on a tree", which means that it is also in the prepositional case.
Everything is simple! The case of the adjective is determined by the case of the noun with which it is associated in meaning . And not only case, but, of course, both gender and number. Since the noun “tree” of the middle gender and in the sentence is in the singular, the adjective “high” here is also in the middle gender and the singular.
The masculine birdhouse noun is singular. And the adjective "new" here is masculine and stands in the singular.
By the way, adjectives that are in the nominative case, masculine, singular are considered initial form from which are formed rest forms of these adjectives.
Well, our lesson is coming to an end today. What do you need to remember?
* Adjectives, like nouns, vary by case, that is, lean .
* The case, gender and number of the adjective name are determined by case, gender and number of the noun with which it is connected in meaning.
* The initial form of the adjective name Is a form of the nominative case of the masculine singular.
* And also, please do not forget that adjectives in the genitive singular masculine and neuter gender answer the question “ which one?". Moreover, they may have endings th or -his. And we write the letter G, and pronounce the sound [in].
Mischievous [va] wind, pure [va] windows, blue [va] pencil, spring [va] morning.
Remember this, my friends. And I say goodbye to you. See you soon!
