Last before the Time of Troubles. The inconspicuous life of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich

There were three sons. The second of them, Fedor, was born in 1557. His mother was Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, whom he loved. Anastasia was from the Romanov family. After many years, this particular dynasty will occupy the Russian throne. Fedor practically did not know maternal love - Anastasia tragically died in 1560 at a young age. Shortly before that, Russia entered the Livonian War for the Baltic states.

Thus, Fyodor Ioannovich did not find a quiet time at all. Soon his father had changed to an extreme degree. In his youth he was a caring, kind and gullible monarch. However, the mysterious death of his first wife made him suspicious. Gradually, he turned into a tyrant and began to crack down on the surrounding boyars.

Therefore, Fedor Ioannovich grew up in a tense atmosphere of terror and fear. He was not the heir to the throne, as his elder brother Ivan was to take him. However, he tragically died at the hands of his own father in 1581. Terrible inadvertently hit his son with a rod in a fit of anger, because of which he died. Since Ivan had no children, Fedor became the heir.

Heir to the throne

Even before that, in 1575, the prince married Irina Godunova. The daughter-in-law was chosen by a father who wanted to give his second son a companion of life from a clan loyal to him. Godunovs were just that. The king’s favorite - Boris - was Irina’s brother.

Then no one could have imagined that this particular marriage would be crucial for the future of the country. Boris became not only a brother-in-law, but also a loyal assistant in the affairs of Fedor. Due to the fact that the prince was his second son, no one accustomed him to public affairs. All pinned their hopes on Ivan. Fedor, in his youth, was mainly occupied with devoting himself to church service and hunting. After the tragic death of his elder brother, Fedor had very little time left to acquire at least some managerial skills.

In addition, he was distinguished by poor health and gentle character, rarely showed initiative and did more what he was told, and did not make his own decisions.

Beginning of reign

Ivan the Terrible died in 1584. It is still not known for sure whether he died due to poor health, or suffered a violent death from the surrounding boyars. One way or another, but Fedor Ioannovich has now become king. Around him was formed a council - the Boyar Duma. It included aristocrats from among the military, diplomats, etc. There was also the brother-in-law of the tsar Boris Godunov.

This man was purposeful and eventually dealt with all his competitors who tried to influence the sovereign bypassing his will. Godunov was the chief adviser to the tsar throughout the entire period of his reign. He was a great organizer. Fedor never argued with him. Thanks to this balance in power, Russia under the last Rurikovich achieved many successes and healed the wounds received in the era of Grozny.

War with the swedes

The failure of Ivan the Terrible in the Livonian War led to the loss of important territories in the Baltic. Fortresses Ivangorod, Narva, Yam, etc. were given away. The reign of Fedor Ioannovich was marked by the fact that the boyar’s thought tried in various ways to regain the lost territory. Due to the fact that the border treaty was not concluded between the two countries, diplomats persuaded the Swedish king Johan III to return the seized lands. The monarch refused to do this peacefully. In the event of aggravation of the conflict, he hoped for the help of his son Sigismund, who became king of Poland. Johan believed that Russia was weakened, and perhaps he could even manage to occupy new cities.

In the early days of 1590, the provocations of the Swedes began on the border of the two powers. The tsar decided to announce the general convocation of regiments in Novgorod. Biography of Fyodor Ioannovich says that the young sovereign had never once led the battles, but he still led the regiments, rightly believing that this would encourage the army. A total of 35 thousand people were gathered.

The return of Russian cities in the Baltic

The first goal of the regiments was the Yam fortress, where they went. In fairness, it is worth saying that it was founded in 1384 by the Novgorodians, so the Russian Tsar had all the legal rights to it. In the fortress was a Swedish garrison of 500 people. They decided to surrender the fortification in exchange for a free return home.

The first serious battle took place under the walls of Ivangorod, when the Swedes attacked the regiments under the command of Dmitry Hvorostinin. The victory remained with the Russians. The enemy had to retreat to the town of Rakvere.

On February 5, the siege of Narva began, in which artillery brought from Pskov took part. The first attack ended in mass bloodshed, which did not lead to anything. Then the shelling of the fortress began. The Swedes requested a truce for a year. The parties agreed this year to sign a peace agreement on permanent terms. However, Johan III refused to comply with Russian requirements. Moreover, he was able to take a break and sent fresh unfired regiments to the Baltic states.

In November, the truce was broken. The Swedes attacked Ivangorod. However, they failed to capture this important stronghold. The Russian troops, who came to the aid of the besieged, drove out the Swedes, but did not begin to cross the border by order from Moscow.

Meanwhile, the Crimean Khan Gaza Giray attacked the southern borders of Russia. Tatars robbed peaceful cities, which is why most of the army was sent to them to intercept. The Swedes took advantage of the distraction of the enemy and attacked the northern lands of Russia. The Pecheneg monastery was captured.

Peace making

After the Tatars were safely defeated and driven out of Russia, regular regiments returned to the north. Russian troops attacked Oreshek and Vyborg. Despite several battles, no side was able to outweigh the scales in their favor. First, a two-year truce was concluded. After the Swedes again attempted to raid Russia, negotiations on a long-term agreement resumed.

They ended in the town of Tyavzino on the banks of the Narva River. In 1595, a peace was concluded according to which the cities of Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye passed to Russia. At the same time, the tsar agreed to recognize Estonia as the Swedes, which was confirmation of the outcome of the Livonian War of Ivan the Terrible. Also, the peace treaty in Tyavzino is significant in that for the first time the borders between Sweden and Russia were precisely agreed in the most remote regions, right up to the Barents Sea. Another result of the conflict was a peasant uprising in Finland. The Swedes had to fight a few more years to calm this province.

Fyodor Ioannovich, whose reign was marked by only one large-scale war, was able to return the Russian cities lost by his father.

Patriarchate Institution

Another important enterprise that remembered the reign of Fedor Ioannovich was the establishment of the Moscow Patriarchate. After the baptism of Rus, the main representative of the church in the country was the Metropolitan. He was appointed from the Byzantine Empire, which was considered the center of Orthodoxy. However, Muslim Turks captured Constantinople and destroyed this state. Since then, a debate has continued in Moscow about the need to create its own patriarchy.

Finally, Boris Godunov and Fedor Ioannovich discussed this issue among themselves. Briefly and vividly, the adviser described to the king the benefits of the emergence of his own patriarchy. He proposed a candidate for a new dignity. They became Metropolitan of Moscow Job, who was a faithful associate of Godunov for many years.

The patriarchate was established with the support of Greek saints. Under Job, mass missionary activity began in the Volga and Siberia. For hundreds of years there lived pagans and Muslims who began to convert to the Christian faith.

The death of Tsarevich Dmitry

In 1591, a tragedy erupted in provincial Uglich. There for several years, the younger brother of Fedor, 8-year-old Dmitry. He was the son of Grozny from one of his later marriages. When the news of the Tsarevich’s death came to Moscow, in Uglich there was already a riot of local residents who dealt with the boyars who were watching over the child.

Dmitry was the heir to his brother, since Fedor did not have his own children. Irina during the marriage only once gave birth to a daughter, Theodosius, but she died in infancy. The departure from Dmitry's life meant that the family of Moscow princes from Ivan Kalita in a straight line was interrupted.

To find out the details of what happened, a commission was formed in Moscow, which went to Uglich for investigation. It was headed by the boyar Vasily Shuisky. The irony of fate is that he himself became king in 15 years. However, then no one suspected this. The commission concluded that the child during the game inadvertently pricked and died from a stroke of epilepsy. Many have criticized this version. There was a rumor among the people that the adviser to the tsar Boris Godunov was to blame for the death of the prince. Whether it is true or not, it is already impossible to find out.

Fate of the throne

In the last years of the monarch’s life, the influence of Boris Godunov became especially strong. The death of Fyodor Ivanovich came in 1598 for natural reasons. He was ill a lot and did not differ in good health. After his wife Irina could rule, however, she retired to the monastery and blessed her brother to reign. Boris managed to defeat his political rivals of the same non-royal origin. However, his reign marked the beginning of the Time of Troubles, which was accompanied by several bloody wars and other misfortunes.

After all these bright and terrible events, the quiet and inconspicuous Fedor Ivanovich was almost forgotten. The years of his reign (1584-1598), however, were a time of creation and prosperity for Russia.

Fedor I Ioannovichalso known by name Theodore the Blessed, (May 11, 1557, Moscow - January 7 (17), 1598, Moscow) - Tsar of All Russia and the Grand Duke of Moscow from March 18 (28), 1584, the third son of Ivan IV the Terrible and Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva, the last representative of Moscow branches of the Rurik dynasty. He was canonized by the Orthodox Church as "the holy noble Theodore I Ivanovich, the Tsar of Moscow." Memory January 7 (20), Sunday before August 26 (according to the old style) / September 4 (according to the new style), i.e. First Sunday of September (Moscow Saints Cathedral).

  • 1 Biography
  • 2 Death
  • 3 Main events during the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich
  • 4 Written sources about Fedor Ioannovich
  • 5 Ancestors
  • 6 Memory
    • 6.1 of the Orthodox Church
    • 6.2 Sculpture
    • 6.3 Burial
  • 7 notes
  • 8 Literature

Biography

Upon the birth of his son, Ivan the Terrible ordered to build a church in the Feodorovsky monastery of the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky. This temple in honor of Theodore Stratilates became the main cathedral of the monastery and has survived to the present.

On November 19, 1581, according to one of the unconfirmed versions inflicted by the father, the heir to the throne, Ivan, died from a wound. Since that time, Fedor became the heir to the royal throne.

According to Ivan the Terrible himself, Fyodor was “a fast and a silent person, more for a cell than for a sovereign born power”. From a marriage with Irina Fedorovna Godunova, had one daughter (1592), Theodosius, who lived only nine months and died in the same year (according to other sources, she died in 1594). at the end of 1597 he was fatally ill and died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning. The Moscow line of the Rurikovich dynasty (offspring of Ivan I Kalita) was cut short on it.

Most historians believe that Fedor was incapable of state activity, according to some reports weak health and mind; He took little part in the government, being under the tutelage of the council of nobles, then his brother-in-law Boris Fedorovich Godunov, who, in 1587, was in fact co-ruler of the state, and after the death of Fedor became his successor. The position of Boris Godunov at the royal court was so significant that overseas diplomats sought an audience with Boris Godunov, his will was the law. Fedor reigned, Boris ruled - everyone knew this both in Russia and abroad.

The historian and philosopher S. M. Soloviev in "History of Russia from Ancient Times" describes the usual daily routine of the Tsar as follows:

“He usually gets up at about four in the morning. When he gets dressed and washed, the spiritual father comes to him with the Cross, to which the King is attached. Then the cross clerk brings into the room an icon of the Saint, celebrated that day, before which the King prays for about a quarter of an hour. The priest enters again with holy water, sprinkles with it the icon and the King. Returning from the church, the Tsar sits in a large room, where the boyars bow to, who are in special mercy ... Bowing around nine o’clock, the Tsar goes to the mass, which lasts two hours. After lunch and sleep, he goes to Vespers ... Every week, the Tsar goes on a pilgrimage to one of the nearest monasteries. "

Death

Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich died on January 7, 1598. According to the testimony of Patriarch Job, in his dying languor, the tsar talked with someone invisible to others, calling him the great Hierarch, and at the time of his death there was a fragrance in the Kremlin chambers. The Patriarch himself performed the sacrament of unholy and communed with the dying King of the Holy Mysteries of Christ. Theodore Ioannovich died without leaving offspring, and with his death the dynasty of the Rurikovich on the royal throne in Moscow ceased. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The main events during the reign of Fedor Ioannovich

  Reconstruction of Gerasimov

The Moscow Zemsky Sobor in 1584 elected Tsar the middle son of Ivan the Terrible - Fyodor Ivanovich.

In 1584, the Don Cossacks swore allegiance to Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich.

In 1585-1591, the walls and towers of the White City were erected by the Russian architect Fedor Savelyevich Kon. The length of the walls is 10 kilometers. Thickness - up to 4.5 meters. Height - from 6 to 7 meters.

In 1586, the famous Russian Tsar Cannon was cast by the Russian cannon caster Andrei Chokhov.

1589 - the establishment of the patriarchate in Russia, the first patriarch was Job, an associate of Boris Godunov.

1590-1595 - Russian-Swedish war. The return of Russian cities: Pit, Ivangorod, Koporye, Korela.

The founder of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was the cousin of Fedor I (since the mother of Fedor, Anastasia Romanovna, was the sister of Grandfather Mikhail, Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin); on this kinship the rights of the Romanovs to the throne were based.

Written sources about Fedor Ioannovich

According to the recall of the English diplomat Gills Fletcher:

  “The current tsar (by the name of Theodor Ivanovich) with respect to his appearance: he is small, squat and thick, physically weak and prone to water; his nose is hawkish, the gait is unsteady from some relaxation in the limbs; he is heavy and inactive, but always smiles, so he almost laughs. As for his other properties, he is simple and weak-witted, but very kind and good at handling, quiet, gracious, not inclined to war, little capable of political affairs, and extremely superstitious. Besides the fact that he prays at home, he usually goes every week on a pilgrimage to one of the nearby monasteries. ”

Dutch merchant and sales agent in Moscow Isaac Massa:

Very kind, pious, and very gentle ... He was so pious that he often wished to exchange his kingdom for a monastery, if only this were possible.

The clerk Ivan Timofeev gives Fedor such an assessment:

  “By his prayers, my king kept the land unharmed from enemy intrigues. He was meek by nature, very merciful and blameless to everyone and, like Job, on all his paths guarded himself from every evil thing, most of all loving piety, church grandeur and, after the sacred priests, the monastic rank and even lesser brothers in Christ, blessed in the gospel by the Lord himself. Just say - he betrayed himself to Christ and all the time of his holy and reverend reign; not loving blood, like a monk, he spent in fasting, in prayers and prayers with a knee - day and night, exhausting himself with spiritual exploits all his life ... Monasticism, united with the kingdom, not dividing, mutually decorated each other; he reasoned that for the future (life), one thing matters no less than the other, an uncontrollable chariot that leads to heaven. Both that and another was visible only to one faithful who were attached to it by love. From without, everyone could easily see the king in him, but inside the feats of monasticism he turned out to be a monk; he was a crown-bearer, and a monk by his strivings. ”

The evidence of an unofficial, in other words, private historical monument - the “Piskaryov Chronicler” is extremely important. So much good has been said about Tsar Fedor as none of the Russian rulers did. He is called "pious," "gracious," "faithful," the pages of the annals provide a long list of his works for the good of the Church. His death is perceived as a real catastrophe, as a harbinger of Russia's worst misfortunes: “The sun is darker and smaller from its course, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars from the heavens will decline: for many sins of Christendom, the last luminary, collector and beneficiary of all of Russia of the earth, sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Fedor Ivanovich ... ”Turning to the previous reign, the chronicler broadcasts with unusual tenderness:“ And the noble and Christ-loving king and Grand Duke Theodore Ivanovich reigned ... quietly and righteously, and mercifully, mercilessly. And all people are at rest and in love, and in silence, and in the well-being of abiding that summer. In no summer, during which the tsar in the Russian land, except the Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich Kalita, such silence and prosperity will not be quick that under him, the noble tsar and Grand Duke Theodore Ivanovich all Russia. " Contemporary and close to the court of the Sovereign, Prince I. M. Katyrev-Rostovsky said of the Sovereign as follows:

“Having blessed the speed of his mother’s womb and having care for nothing, it’s only about spiritual salvation.” According to his testimony, in Tsar Theodore "a small number of swiftness with the kingdom is woven without bifurcation and one served as an ornament to the other."

The famous historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote about St. Theodore:

“... blessed on the throne, one of those poor in spirit, who befits the Kingdom of Heaven, and not the earthly, whom the Church so loved to bring to her priests”

In an article dedicated to the glorification of the holy patriarchs Job and Tikhon, Archimandrite Tikhon (Shevkunov) noted:

“Tsar Theodore Ioannovich was an amazing, bright man. It was truly a saint on the throne. He constantly stayed in divine thought and prayer, was kind to everyone, life was a church service for him, and the Lord did not overshadow the years of his reign with disorder and confusion. They began after his death. It is rare that a Tsar was so loved and pitied by the Russian people. He was revered for the blessed and holy fool, called the "sanctified king." Not without reason, shortly after his death, he was included in the priesthood of locally revered Moscow saints. The people saw in it wisdom that comes from a pure heart and which is so rich in "poor in spirit." That is what Tsar Fedor portrayed in his tragedy, Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. But for someone else's view, this sovereign was different. Foreign travelers, spies and diplomats (such as Pearson, Fletcher or Swede Petreus de Erlesund), who left their notes on Russia, at best call him “a quiet idiot”. And the Pole Leo Sapega claimed that "they say in vain that this emperor has little reason, I am convinced that he is completely deprived of it."

Ancestors

Fedor I Ivanovich - ancestors
Vasily II the Dark
Ivan III
Maria Borovskaya
Vasily III
Thomas Paleolog
Sofia Paleolog
Ekaterina Zakkaria
Ivan groznyj
Lev Borisovich Glinsky
Glinsky, Vasily Ivanovich
Elena Glinskaya
Stefan Jakšić
Anna Yakshich
Militsa Belmushevich
Fedor Ioannovich
Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin
Yuri Zakharyevich Koshkin
Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuryev
Ivan Borisovich Tuchko-Morozov
Irina Ivanovna Tuchkova
Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva
Ulyana Fedorovna

Memory

In the Orthodox Church

The veneration of the blessed Tsar began shortly after his death: St. Patriarch Job († 1607) compiled the “Tale of the Honest Life of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich,” iconic images of St. Theodore in the halo have been known since the beginning of the 17th century. “A book with a verb description of Russian saints” (1st half of the 17th century) Tsar Theodore was placed in the guise of Moscow miracle workers. some hand-written clergy in the list of Moscow saints also indicated his wife, Tsarina Irina, in the monasticism of Alexander († 1603). The memory of St. Theodore is performed on the day of his death on January 7 (20) and on the Week before August 26 (September 8) in the Cathedral of Moscow Saints.

Sculpture

On November 4, 2009, a monument to Tsar Fedor I Ioannovich was unveiled in Yoshkar-Ola, during the reign of which the city was founded (sculptor - People's Artist of the Russian Federation Andrei Kovalchuk).

Burial place

He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral with his father and brother Ivan, on the right side of the altar, behind the iconostasis of the cathedral.

Ivan the Terrible “even during his life prepared for himself a burial place in the deacon of the Archangel Cathedral, turning it into a chapel chapel church. later the tsar himself and his two sons Ivan Ivanovich and Fedor Ivanovich found rest. The frescoes of the tomb are the little that has been preserved from the original painting of the 16th century. Here in the lower tier are the compositions “Farewell of the Prince and the Family”, “Allegory of Sudden Death”, “Funeral” and “Burial”, which make up a single cycle. He was called to remind the autocrat of an impersonal court, of the futility of worldly vanity, of the ceaseless remembrance of death, who does not understand "whether there is a beggar, or righteous, or master, or slave". "

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6   Saint Theodore I Ivanovich, Tsar of Moscow, commemorated on January 7 (20).
  2. 1 2 3 4   Dmitry Volodikhin. . The magazine "Thomas" (September 21, 2009 08:11).
  3.   Archimandrite Tikhon (Shevkunov). Patriarchs of troubled times.
  4.   Graves of Ivan the Terrible and his sons

Literature

  • Zimin A.A. eve of formidable upheaval. - M., 1986.
  • Pavlov A.P. Gosudarev court and political struggle under Boris Godunov (1584-1605). - SPb., 1992.
  • Morozova L. Ye. Two Tsars: Fedor and Boris. - M., 2001.
  • Volodikhin D. Tsar Fedor Ivanovich. - M., 2011.

Fedor I Ivanovich Information About

  fromMarch 18, 1584 third sonIvan IV the Terrible   and the queensAnastasia Romanovna , the last representative of the Moscow branch of the dynastyRurikovich .

Ivan IV Vasilievich

Anastasia Romanovna

By birth, Ivan the Terrible ordered to build a church inTheodorov Monastery   citiesPereslavl-Zalessky . This temple is in honor ofTheodora Stratilates   became the main cathedral of the monastery and has survived to the present.

Theodorovsky (Fedorovsky) monastery

November 19, 1581 from the wound inflicted by the father, the heir to the throne diedIvan . Since that time, Fedor became the heir to the royal throne.

Ivan Ivanovich (John Ioannovich

Almost all researchers agree that the third son of Ivan the Terrible Fedor was weak in health, weak-willed and not far from his mind. Indifferent to the politics of intrigue and God-fearing, he received the nickname Ringer for his love of bells and for trying to play bells himself.

Tsar Fedor I Ivanovich

This reign is written reluctantly and sparingly, although the 14-year reign of Fedor I Ioannovich (read Boris Godunov) is described in the annals as one of the most prosperous and calm periods in Russian history.

Postcard "B. Glagolin as Tsar Fyodor in the play" Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich

Realizing the incapacity of his son, shortly before his death, Ivan IV Vasilyevich appointed a board of trustees, which was to govern Russia during the reign of Fedor I Ivanovich. It included (with some variations in different sources) the uncle of the tsar Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, princes Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky, Ivan Petrovich Shuisky, boyars Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky and Boris Fedorovich Godunov. As usual, between them the struggle for influence began. On the principle of "against whom we are friends." At first they were friends together against Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky, who immediately after the death of Ivan the Terrible tried to restore the oprichnina order, but failed and was exiled to the governor of Nizhny Novgorod. Therefore, a struggle broke out between the younger Ivan Shuisky and Boris Godunov, because Zakharyin-Yuriev and Mstislavsky were people of advanced years and could hardly make real competition.

Boris Godunov

Tsar Fedor I Ivanovich

Among the people, the sovereign was loved for meekness, kindness, simplicity and generosity, and the boyars completely did not respect and were not afraid of him. Therefore, soon there was an attempted coup in favor of Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible. The boyars, led by Metropolitan Dionysius and Ivan Shuisky, came to the Kremlin with a petition in which they expressed concern for the fate of the country and a request to divorce the queen, childless Irina Godunova. This caused a terrible indignation of the king, he showed his temper and declared that he would not tolerate interference in the affairs of his family

Tsar Fedor Ioannovich and Tsarina Irina
Alexander BOMSTEIN

The Mystery of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich
Pavel RYZHENKO

Tsarevich Dmitry and his mother, Maria Nagoy, were sent to Uglich. All Shuiskys were deported, with Ivan Petrovich tonsured in the Cyril-Belozersky monastery, Metropolitan Dionysius was deprived of his dignity and sent to exile in the Novgorod monastery. The imperial brother-in-law Boris Godunov came to the forefront, who became the main person under Fedor I Ivanovich. The activities of the government of Boris Godunov were aimed at restoring the prestige of the Russian state, establishing the authority of the Russian church.

Boris Godunov Tsar Theodore Ivanovich Tsar Fedor Ioannovich
makes the ruler of Russia Boris Godunov 1584
Ilya GLAZUNOV Engraving of the 19th century Ilya GLAZUNOV

Tsar Fedor Ivanovich puts on a gold chain on Boris Godunov
Alexey KIVSHENKO

During the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, it was possible, not without profit, to end the Livonian War (by the way, the tsar himself participated in the campaign) and conquer everything that was lost; gain a foothold in Western Siberia and the Caucasus. Large-scale construction of cities (Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Ufa, Kursk, Belgorod, Yelets, etc.) and fortifications in Astrakhan and Smolensk began.

Campaign of the Muscovites. 16th century
Sergey Ivanov

Samara in the 17th century
Engraving from the book of the German traveler Adam Olearia

Tsaritsyn

Description of the journey to Muscovy and through Muscovy to Persia and vice versa

Astrakhan
Engraving from the book of Adam Olearia
Description of the journey to Muscovy and through Muscovy to Persia and vice versa

A water supply system was built in the Kremlin, the territory of the White City was protected by a powerful 9-kilometer fortress wall built by the famous Russian architect Fedor Savelyevich Kon on the site of wooden fortifications on an earthen rampart that burned down in 1571 during the Davlet-Girey raid.

Wall and towers of the White City
View of the city center from the southwest, from the church of St. Elias the Ordinary

Wall and towers of the White City, fragment

Panorama of the walls of the White City from the north along the Neglinka River Valley
Reconstruction of Mikhail Kudryavtsev

January 23, 1589 Moscow received its Orthodox patriarch, it became the Moscow Metropolitan Job. T.O. the prestige of the Russian church has strengthened, its formal dependence on the Church of Constantinople has ceased, and the government of Boris Godunov has grown in popularity.

St. Job, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
Title book 1672 engraving   Victor SHILOV

On May 15, 1591 an event happened, the true scale of which became clear with the passage of time. In Uglich, Tsarevich Dmitry, the younger half-brother of Tsar Fedor, was killed. It seemed that what happened happened, the children of Ivan the Terrible did not differ in good health, the boy was painful, suffered from epileptic seizures, and besides, according to the descriptions, there were signs of cruelty and aggressiveness. In connection with the unrest, a special commission was sent to Uglich, which included Metropolitan Gelasiy, boyar Prince Vasily Shuisky, okolnichny and uncle of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich Andrey Kleshnin and duma clerk Elizar Vyluzgin. The commission concluded that the Tsarevich’s death occurred as a result of an accident related to an epilepsy seizure that occurred while playing a “stick”, as a result of which he accidentally stabbed himself with a knife.

The palace where Dmitry lived with his mother Maria Nagoy

The murder and mourning of Dmitry. Fragment of the icon

Tsarevich Dmitry

Icon Tsarevich Dmitry

Tsarevich Dmitry Painting M.V. Nesterov, 1899.

Dmitry Ivanovich

The murder of Tsarevich Dmitry. Engraving. Early 1870s

Sergey Blinkov. Tsarevich Dmitry

Tsarevich Demetrius. Ilya Glazunov
1967 Plywood, oil, inlay. 80 × 120, Property of the author

The legend of Prince Demetrius. Ilya Glazunov
1967 Plywood, oil, inlay. 120 × 200, Property by author

Icon. Saint Tsarevich Dimitry in life in 21 stigma. XVIII century 137x101 cm. State Museum of the History of Religion, St. Petersburg

COVER OF CANCER TSAREVICH DIMITRI

Uglich Kremlin, Church of Dmitry on the Blood 1692

This story, unfortunately, was continued largely due to the unscrupulousness of the crafty Vasily Shuisky, who in 1605 easily disavowed the conclusion signed by his commission on the death of Tsarevich Dmitry as a result of an accident, saying that he miraculously escaped the attempt, and a year later , during his own struggle for the throne, he suddenly remembered probably that the mischievous heretic Grishka Otrepyev was not Tsarevich Dmitry, but the boy was killed by order of Boris Godunov. I always knew what to say, the future Tsar Vasily Shuisky, but more on that later ..

Fedor Ioannovich
Portrait from the Family Tree Series of the Great Princes and Tsars of Russia
Bone, openwork and relief carving, engraving, coloring, XVIII century.

In foreign policy, Boris Godunov proved to be a talented diplomat and cautious politician; he preferred to wage negotiations rather than wars. Relations with Poland, the states of Central Asia improved, the raids of the Crimean Khan became less frequent. On May 18, 1595, a peace treaty was concluded in Tyavzin between Russia and Sweden, according to which Russia returned to itself Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, and Korelu volost.

Fedor Ioannovich

Tsar Fedor Ioannovich surrounded by boyars

Decisive steps to enslave the peasants were taken during the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich. In 1592, the government conducted a census, and scribe books clearly indicated the ownership of peasants by this owner. And in 1597 a decree was issued on the “lesson years,” according to which the peasants who fled from the masters “until this ... year in 5 years” were subject to investigation, trial and return “back to where anyone lived”, thus the passage from one landowner to another was prohibited the week before St. George's Day and during the week after it.

St. George's Day
Sergey Ivanov

Here you are, grandmother, and St. George's Day
Valery LANSKIY

In his daily routine, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich was simple and accessible to all who came to him, he loved to pray, he performed daily services. Tsarina Irina Fedorovna in the Russian historical tradition was a sovereign kind, intelligent, competent and pious. She was called the “great sovereign” and she was the co-ruler of Fedor, and not her brother. The king was sincerely attached to his queen and did not want to part with her at all. Almost all of her pregnancies ended in miscarriages. The only daughter of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and Irina, Theodosius, lived less than two years. Fedor died on January 7, 1598.

Yuri Solomin in the role of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich
Roman LEVITSKY

B. Grigoriev. I.M.Moskvin in the role of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich.1923

Moscow Art Theater. Scene from the play “Tsar Fedor Ivanovich” by A. K. Tolstoy. 1898

The death of Fyodor Ivanovich did not become news to the people, he was ill for a long time. But with his death, the direct line of the Moscow dynasty of the Rurikovich was interrupted, which entailed a series of terrible upheavals for the country, referred to by historians as the Time of Troubles \\

ParsunaTsar Fedor Ioannovich

According to the will of the king, Queen Irina became the heiress to the throne. But on January 15, 1598, she announced to Patriarch Job of her decision to retire to the Novodevichy Convent under the name of Alexandra, agreeing to be considered the queen and sign decrees before the election of the new Tsar by the Zemsky Cathedral.

Irina Godunova
Konstantin ZUBRILIN

GREATER THEODOR STRATILAT AND THE Martyr IRINA

Theodore Stratilat and the Great Martyr Irina

1589 Gold, precious stones, pearls Black, chasing, casting Length with index: 11.8 cm. Width: 6.5 cm. Made by decree of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich for Tsarina Irina Fedorovna Godunova in 1589.

On one side of the golden ark, made in 1589 by order of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich for his wife, Tsarina Irina Fedorovna Godunova, there is a black image of her heavenly patroness - martyr Irina with a scroll and a cross in her hands. The solemn figure of the saint, frontally deployed to the viewer, in clothes that fall in heavy folds, despite her miniature size, amazes with her monumentality and significance, which makes one recall the monuments of ancient Russian fine art. In the dense shadow shading that imitates the engraving technique and is drawn along the outline of the figure, one can see the desire for volumetric modeling of the image. The Golden Ark is a relic for storing Christian shrines. It is possible that its creation was associated with the delivery in Moscow in 1589 of the first Russian patriarch Job, the Patriarch of Jeremiah of Constantinople, who, on the occasion of this momentous event, presented the Tsar and Tsarina with valuable relics.

Basement of St. Basil's Cathedral.Shroud from the crayfish of the saint, workshop of Irina Godunova

The veil of Russian Orthodox sewing, depictingSt. Martyr Irina   . Moscow. 1598 - 1604. Matt. Irina.Workshop of Irina Godunova.

Cover

1592 (?). Moscow, workshop of Irina Fedorovna Godunova Atlas, silk (?); Sewing with gold, silver and silk threads.196.5 x 107 Comes from the Solovetsky Monasteryin 1923 from the Solovetsky monasterythrough GMF Rest.in 1933 in the State Russian Museum A. N. Suvorova, repeatedly in 1963

Church of Ambrose of the Mediolan Novodevichy Convent with refectory and chambers of Irina Godunova

Irina Godunova, wife of Fedor Ioannovich, sister of Boris Godunov.Judicial face reconstruction.

Reconstruction of the appearance of Fedor Ioannovich. M. Gerasimov, 1963. When opening the coffin, it turned out that Fedor carefully watched himself: his nails, hair and beard were carefully trimmed. Judging by the remains, he was tough and strong, growth much shorter than his father (approx. 160 cm), he looked very much like his face, the same dinar anthropological type.

Monument to Fedor I Ioannovich in Yoshkar-Ola, the world's first monument to this king
Andrey KOVALCHUK

All rulers of Russia Vostryshev Mikhail Ivanovich

Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1557–1598)

Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich

The son of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva. Fedor was born on May 31, 1557.

In 1580, he married the sister of the boyar Boris Godunov - Irina. On November 19, 1582, the eldest son of Ivan the Terrible, Ivan, was killed by his father, and from then on, Fedor is considered the heir to the royal throne.

At the death of his father on March 18, 1584, Fedor Ivanovich became the Russian Tsar. “Without inheriting the royal mind,” writes Nikolai Karamzin, “Fedor had neither the dignified appearance of his father, nor the courageous beauty of his grandfather and great-grandfather. He was small, flabby in body, pale in face, always smiling, but without liveliness. He moved slowly, walked with an uneven step from weakness in his legs. In a word, he expressed within himself a premature exhaustion of the forces of the natural and mental. ”

All government control passed into the hands of Tsar’s brother-in-law Boris Fedorovich Godunov, who was, in essence, the real ruler of the Moscow state. In 1585, he exposed the conspiracy of noble boyars who tried to lure him to a feast and kill him there. Mstislavsky tonsured monks, Vorotinsky, Golovinsky and Vorotynsky exiled.

In 1586, the watchtowers of Samara and Voronezh were laid, and in the same year the development of Siberia by the Russians began. On the site of the Tatar city of Chimgi-Tura, taken by Ermak in 1581, the prison of Tyumen was founded in 1586. The following year, a detachment of Cossacks Danila Chulkova founded the city of Tobolsk. In 1593, the cities of Obdorsk (Salekhard) and Belgorod were founded, in 1594 - Surgut on the Ob River and Tara on the Irtysh.

After the war with Sweden in 1590-1595, Russia's position in the Baltic strengthened, Ivangorod and other Russian cities were returned.

In the summer of 1591, the Horde army last appeared at the walls of Moscow for the last time. The raid of the Crimean Khan Kazy-Giray was unsuccessful; on July 4, in the Danilov Monastery area, the Tatars were put to flight.

Tsarevich Dmitry, exiled at the beginning of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich to Uglich, died on May 15, 1591 under unclear circumstances. The boyar sent there to investigate, Vasily Shuisky, reported on June 2 to the Boyars Duma that a seizure had happened with the prince and he had stabbed himself.

Under Fedor Ivanovich, who especially loved church ceremonies, in 1589 the patriarchate was founded in Russia. Job became the first patriarch.

In 1585, under the guidance of architect Fedor Savelyevich Kon, construction of the walls of the White City began.

In 1592, St. George's Day was canceled - the day when peasants could voluntarily move from one landowner to another.

In 1593, the ambassador of the Persian Shah Abbas I arrived in Moscow, who said that the Shah was inferior to the Russian Tsar, the Georgian Principality of Iverius.

Tsar Fedor Ivanovich died on January 7, 1598, leaving no offspring. With his death, the direct branch of the Rurikovich dynasty on the Russian throne was suppressed.

     From the book Reconstruction of World History [text only]   the author

7.8. FEDOR IVANOVICH FEDOR IVANOVICH 1584-1598. See fig. 7.25. He is the son of SIMEON-IVAN. Calm reign without inner turmoil. The hostilities in the Livonian War ceased, but the separation of the West from the Empire as a result of the rebellion of the Reformation was not recognized as legal

   From the book The Great Troubles. The end of the empire   the author    Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

5. To whom did the throne bequeathed to Tsar Fedor Ivanovich? We are told that “Tsar Fedor Ivanovich did not leave a will”, p. 106. This is very strange. Skrynnikov is trying to explain this amazing circumstance with the “mental squalor” of Tsar Fedor. But it can be explained

   From the book Book 1. A new chronology of Russia [Russian annals. "Mongol-Tatar" conquest. Kulikovo battle. Ivan groznyj. Razin. Pugachev. The defeat of Tobolsk and   the author    Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2.4. Who was entrusted to the throne by Tsar Fedor Ivanovich? We are told that "Tsar Fedor Ivanovich did not leave a will after himself," p. 106. This is very strange. Some historians are trying to explain this amazing circumstance by the "mental squalor" of Tsar Fedor. So of course

   From the book A New Chronology and the Concept of the Ancient History of Russia, England and Rome   the author    Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

Who bequeathed to the throne Tsar Fedor Ivanovich? We are told that “Tsar Fedor Ivanovich did not leave a will after himself” (, p. 106). It is very strange. Skrynnikov is trying to explain this amazing circumstance with the “mental squalor” of Tsar Fedor. So you can explain everything that

  the author    Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1584–1598) Fedor was not considered to be from this world, since this world was of very little interest to him, he lived in dreams of a kingdom of heaven. One of his contemporaries, Sapega, described the tsar as follows: he was small in stature, rather thin, with a quiet, even obsequious voice, with

   From the book Textbook of Russian History   the author    Platonov Sergey Fedorovich

§ 63. Tsar Fedor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov Murder of Ivan the Terrible by his son. Tsar Fedor Ivanovich (1584–1598). Tsar’s brother-in-law Boris Godunov and his rivals-boyars. Godunov Regency over Fedor Ioannovich. War with Sweden 1590-1595. The invasion of the Crimean Khan (1591). Mastering Western

   From the book Exile of Kings   the author    Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

1.4. Who was entrusted to the throne by Tsar Fedor Ivanovich? We are told that "Tsar Fedor Ivanovich did not leave a will after himself," p. 106. This is very strange. R.G. Skrynnikov is trying to explain this amazing circumstance with the “mental squalor” of Tsar Fedor. But you can

   From the book A full course of Russian history: in one book [in modern terms]   the author    Soloviev Sergey Mikhailovich

Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (1584-1598) Theodore Ioannovich never prepared to be king, he was simply unsuitable for this. If the elder Ivan was smart, although he differed in the same burrow as his father, and frightened his close people in his character, then Fedor was gentle, but wise

   From the book The Matrix of Scaliger   the author    Lopatin Vyacheslav Alekseevich

Fedor Ivanovich? Ivan Ivanovich Young 1557 Birth of Ivan IV son of Fedor 1458 Birth of Ivan III son of Ivan 99 1584 Fedor becomes Grand Prince of Moscow 1485 Ivan becomes Grand Prince of Tver 99 1598 Death of Fedor 1490 Death of Ivan 108 Ivan Ivanovich died on March 7, and Fedor

   From the book History of Russia   the author    author unknown

Fyodor Ioannovich (1584–1598) The second son of John IV, Fyodor, was distinguished by soreness and weak mental abilities, why the rule of the state soon passed into the hands of the brother-in-law of the tsar - the smart and far-sighted boyar Boris Godunov. Removing the disgrace and exile of all his

  the author    Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

   From the book Heroes and Crawlers of the Time of Troubles   the author    Manyagin Vyacheslav Gennadevich

Chapter 1 Fedor Ivanovich THE FORGOTTEN Tsar In March 1584, the first Russian Tsar, Ivan the Terrible, was poisoned by someone from the court, bribed by the Jesuits. In the same way, a little earlier, in the fall of 1581 - from a poisonous potion - the eldest son and heir of Ivan IV, Tsarevich Ivan, died

   From the book An Alphabetical List of Russian Tsars and the Most Remarkable Persons of Their Blood   the author    Khmyrov Mikhail Dmitrievich

203. FEDOR I FIRST IVANOVICH, Tsar and Grand Duke of all Russia, son of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich Grozny from his first marriage with Anastasia Romanovna, daughter of the deceased Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Koshkin and his wife Ulyana, known only by name. He was born in Moscow on May 11, 1557. .;

   From the book Gallery of Russian Tsars   author Latypova I. N.

   From the book Moscow. The path to the empire   the author    Toroptsev Alexander Petrovich

Fedor Ivanovich (1557–1598) The first son of Tsarina Anastasia The eldest son of Tsarina Anastasia Ivan, born in 1554, was, according to many chroniclers and contemporaries, “the second Terrible”. Similar to his father in appearance, he is both character, and robber nature, and "sensitivity to glory", and

   From the book I know the world. History of Russian Tsars   the author    Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

Fedor Ivanovich - Blessed, Tsar and Tsar of All Russia Years of Life 1557–1598 Years of rule 1584–1598 Father - Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible, autocrat, Tsar. Mother - Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva, sister of Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin and aunt of his son, Fedor Nikitit ,

Fedor (in the baptism of Theodore) I Ioannovich.
  Years of life: May 11, 1557 (Moscow) -January 7, 1598 (Moscow)
  Years of rule: 1584-1598

2nd Tsar of Russia (March 18, 1584 - January 7, 1598). Grand Duke of Moscow from March 18, 1584.
  From the Rurik dynasty. Of the kind of Moscow Grand Dukes

Fedor the Blessed - biography

The third son of Ivan IV the Terrible and Anastasia Romanovna Yurieva-Zakharova.

Fedor I Ivanovich  - the last Rurikovich on the throne by right of succession.

The boy loved bells and church services, climbed onto the bell tower, for which he received the nickname "bell ringer" from his father.

The heir, weak in mind and health, did not take part in the government. Shortly before his death, his father Ivan the Terrible appointed a guardian council, which was to govern Russia during the reign of his inferior son. It included: the uncle of the tsar Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky, Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky, Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky and. Soon the struggle for power began, the victory of which was won by Tsar's brother-in-law B.F. Godunov, who eliminated his rivals and became the real ruler of Russia since 1587, and after the death of Blessed became his successor.

Tsar Fedor Ioannovich - reign

Even the performance of ritual duties for the new king was unbearable. During the coronation on May 31, 1584 in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, he, not waiting for the ceremony to end, gave the cap of Monomakh to the boyar, Prince Mstislavsky, and the heavy golden "power" to Boris Fedorovich Godunov. This event shocked everyone present. In 1584, the Don Cossacks swore allegiance to Tsar Fedor Ioannovich.

Under the reign of Blessed, Moscow was decorated with new buildings. Updated China Town. In the years 1586-1593. in Moscow, another powerful defensive line, the White City, was built of brick and white stone.

But in his reign, the situation of the peasants sharply changed for the worse. Around 1592, they were deprived of the right to transfer from one lord to another, and in 1597 a royal decree was issued on a 5-year investigation of fugitive serfs. A decree was also issued according to which it was forbidden for enslaved people to bathe in freedom.

Tsar Fedor Ivanovich  He often went and traveled to different cloisters, inviting Greek high priests to Moscow, and prayed a lot. Chroniclers wrote that he was “gentle and gentle”, pardoned many, richly “gifted” cities, monasteries, villages.

The death of Fyodor Ivanovich

At the end of 1597, Fedor Ioannovich fell seriously ill. He gradually lost his hearing and vision. The people loved Blessed as the last king of blood of Rurik and. Before his death, he wrote a spiritual letter in which he indicated that the power should pass into the hands of Irina. The chief advisers to the throne are two appointed - the patriarch Job and the brother-in-law of the tsar Boris Godunov.

January 7, 1598 at one o'clock in the afternoon the king died, imperceptibly, as if asleep. Some sources say that the king was poisoned by Boris Godunov, who wanted to become king in Russia. When examining the skeleton of Fedor Ioannovich, arsenic was found in his bones.

With his death, the ruling dynasty of the Rurikovich ceased to exist.

In the popular mind, he left a good memory as a gracious and God-loving sovereign.

Married since 1580 to Irina Fedorovna Godunova (September 26, 1603), Boris Godunov’s sister. After the death of her husband, she refused the offer of the patriarch Job to take the throne and went to the monastery. With Fedor Ioannovich they had a daughter: Theodosius (1592-1594)

Similar articles
Discuss:
Contacts About the project and the editors Advertising on the website Site Map

  © 2019 liveps.ru. Homework and finished tasks in chemistry and biology.