The endings of adjectives in cases in Russian. How to determine the case of an adjective

Hello dear friends!

I visited a girl yesterday and was struck by the fact that her room was very dark. But the street was a wonderful sunny day. But the light did not pass well through the long-unwashed window. The girl was ashamed, and the next day she washed the window, and then wrote about it and sent me this poem:

What a clean window!

I look at the world through the glass.

Now from a clean window

Our whole street is visible.

Now I'm to a clean window

Sister little sister let you down.

We will see through a clean window

It’s already light in the yard.

I admire a clean window

we live clean now.

I told you about him:

About my very clean window.

What good fellow she is. But here, what I noticed: in this poem the word "window" is used several times. And, in my opinion, it is used in different cases . Let's check it out.

In the first sentence, the word window answers the question “what?” And is subject, so it’s worth in the nominative case.

Second sentence. The street is visible from what? Out of the window. Genitive.

In the third sentence, we ask a question from the word "let me down." I will bring to what? To the window. Dative.

I admire what? By the window. Instrumental case.

Talked about what? About the window. Prepositional.

Yes, indeed, in this poem the word "window" is in order in all cases. But the window is always next to the word adjective "Clean." And look, it is changing too.

Window which one? Clean. Out of the window which one? Cleaner. To the window which one? Clean. Out the window which one? Clean. By the window which one? Clean. About the window which one? Clean.

It turns out that when the nouns change according to their cases, the questions that are posed to the adjective names, and, of course, these adjectives themselves change with them?

Yes this is true. Adjectives, like nouns, change in cases, that is, are declined.

Let's now decline the phrase "mischievous wind." To do this, we will use the words-helpers that we met while studying the topic “Cases of nouns”.

it what? wind. Wind which one? mischievous.

Not why? the wind. Wind which one? naughty.

To give to what? the wind. The wind which one? naughty.

I see what? wind. Wind which one? mischievous.

Proud of than? by the wind. By the wind which one? mischievous.

I think about what? about the wind. About the wind which one? naughty.

And now also decline the phrase "dark cloud".

In our table, we declined collocations with nouns maleand female kind of. Let's add the phrase “clean window” to it, which was used in the poem in all cases. It has a noun middle kind of.

Take a look! When changing the names of adjectives in cases, in them, as in the questions that are put before these adjectives, endings change .

My friends, I want to draw your attention to the endings of adjectives masculine and neuter in the genitive singular. In the phrase “mischievous wind” and “clean window” it ending of.

And also in masculine and neuter adjectives, in the genitive , may be ending it.

As, for example, in the words "blue," spring "and others.

You hear, in their endings there is no sound [g]. We write the letter G, and pronounce the sound [in]. Mischievous [wah], pure [wah], blue [wah], spring [wah].

As you know, adjectives change by case . And how to determine the case of an adjective? For nouns, we determine the case using questions. But it is impossible to do with adjective names. Look how much are the samex questions in differentcases!

So what to do ?! how to determine the case of the adjective?

Do not despair, dear friends. Remember, we talked about the adjective in everything is consistent with the noun on which it depends - and in the genus, and in number, and in the case.

Here is a sentence before you: "A new birdhouse hangs on a tall tree." This sentence speaks of a birdhouse. What? Birdhouse. This is the subject. What does a birdhouse do? Hanging. This is a predicate. The subject "birdhouse" is in the nominative case. What birdhouse? New. Because adjective "new" connected with a noun "Birdhouse" then it also stands in the nominative case.

What does a birdhouse hang on? On the tree. This is a prepositional case. Which tree? High. The adjective "high" is associated with the word "on a tree", which means that it is also in the prepositional case.

It's simple! The case of the adjective is determined by the case of the noun with which it is associated in meaning . And not only case, but, of course, both gender and number. Since the noun "tree" of the middle gender and in the sentence is in the singular, the adjective "high" here is also in the middle gender and the singular.

The masculine birdhouse noun is singular. And the adjective "new" here is masculine and stands in the singular.

By the way, adjectives that are in the nominative case, masculine, singular are considered initial form from which are formed rest forms of these adjectives.

Well, our lesson is coming to an end today. What do you need to remember?

* Adjectives, like nouns, vary by case, that is, lean .

* The case, gender and number of the adjective are determined by case, gender and number of the noun with which it is connected in meaning.

* The initial form of the adjective name Is a form of the nominative case of the masculine singular.

* And also, please do not forget that adjectives in the genitive singular masculine and neuter gender answer the question “ which one?". Moreover, they may have endings th or -his. And we write the letter G, and pronounce the sound [in].

Mischievous [va] wind, pure [va] windows, blue [va] pencil, spring [va] morning.

Remember this, my friends. And I say goodbye to you. See you soon!

Adjectives of all categories have inconsistent attributes of the genus (singular), number and case, in which they are consistent with the noun. Adjectives are also consistent with the noun in animation, if the noun is in the form of V. plural, and for the masculine - and the singular (cf .: I see beautiful shoes and see beautiful girls) - see the animation of the noun.

Changing the adjective by gender, number and case is called the declension of adjectives.

Qualitative and relative adjectives tend equally. This type of declination is called adjective.

In the singular, their endings vary depending on the kind and quality of the consonant completing the base.

In the plural, the endings of adjectives, as well as the endings of nouns, are unified:

I. p.: New, blue

R. p.: New's, syn

D. p.: New-yy, syn-im

V. p.: \u003d I. n. / R. n. depending on the animation of the noun

T. p.: New, syn-them

P.p .: new's, syn

Possessive adjectives tend differently: in some cases they have endings characteristic of adjective declension, in others endings characteristic of substantive declension. This type of declination is called mixed. Moreover, adjectives with the suffix -ii- and adjectives with the suffixes -in- or -ov- tend not to be exactly the same.

The declension of possessive adjectives with the suffix -ii-:

As we can see, these adjectives have endings characteristic of substantive declension in I. p. And V. p. (Cf .: fox-Ø tail-Ø), in the remaining cases they have endings of adjective declension. For why in the form of foxes the ending is zero, and not the -th, see the section on morphemes.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in- (mom-in) and -ov- (fathers) also have substantive endings in I. p. And V. p.; moreover, in R. n. and D. n. the singular of the male and middle gender, they have variative endings (though adjective endings are used more often than substantive ones):

Qualitative adjectives standing in short form (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseological and do not reflect the current state of the language), as well as qualitative adjectives standing in a simple comparative and built on its basis compound superlative (above, above all) .

In the Russian language there are non-declining adjectives that indicate:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electrician;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, pleated, flared, mini.

The immutable adjectives are also the words (weight) gross, net, (hour) rush.

Their grammatical features are their immutability, adjoining to the noun, location after, and not to the noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant attribute.

Unstressed case endings of adjectives are written in the same way as drums, except for masculine adjectives in the nominative case.

In order to correctly write the unstressed ending of the name of the adjective, you must find in the sentence the noun to which this adjective belongs and determine its gender and case. Then remember the ending of the adjective in this case. Next, compare the end of the adjective and the end of the question to which it answers.

Woodpecker treated himself to delicious cones ate . → treated (than?) bumps TP bumps (what?) are tasty mi .

Masculine adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases answer the question what? and have endings -th, -th.

Male gender: how oh? -Oh, th, th: dashing oh , dare th , great i

Middle gender: what? th, -her: is white th , syn her

Example: There was a funny clown in the circus . → was (Who?) clown IP clown (which one?) dare oops. m. IP

Genitive answer the question of what? and have endings th, -his: near him cheerful .

Seryozha called his beloved puppy → called (whom?) puppy RP puppy (what?) love wow . m. RP

Masculine and neuter adjectives in dative case answer the question (which?) and have endings th, -his: handsome ohm , near his .

We drove up to a beautiful building . → pulled up (to what?) to the building DP the building (which one?) handsome ohm . s.r. Dp

Adjective masculine and neuter instrumental case answer the question (how?) have an ending the, -them: is good them , happy oh .

The plane flew over a huge city . → flew over (than?) the city TP the city (what?) huge oh . m. TP

Adjective masculine and neuter prepositional case answer the question (about what?) and have endings th, -eat: o oars om , oh neighbor eat .

I talked about my favorite writer . → told (about whom?) about writer PP a writer (which one?) love ohm m. PP

Feminine adjectives in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional casesanswer what questions? and have endings -Oh, -her. handsome oh senior her.

She was a fun girl . → was (by whom?) girl TP girl (which one?) happy oh . J.R. TP

IN instrumental case there may be more endings oh, -her.

Feminine adjectives in accusative case answer the question what? and have endings - uh, -yuyu.

They went to an evening disco . → Let's go (where? what?) to the disco VP disco (which one?) vespers yuyu . J.R. VP

Adjectives, as you can logically conclude from the name - these are one of the main parts of speech that are attached to nouns and are their definition, the question “What?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?” Is put to them. Adjectives tend to change with the ending, that is, change depending on the noun, the characteristics and qualities of which they determine. The correct declension of adjectives in grade 4 was in the program for everyone. But someone skipped, someone got sick, and someone just didn't teach or forgot - in a word, the declension of adjectives and participles should be repeated so as not to make annoying mistakes when filling out important documents, writing reports or doing homework for a son or daughters.

Remember: adjectives almost all are inclined, that is, they vary in number, gender and case in the same way as the noun on which it depends.

Simply put, if a noun is used in a sentence in it. p. including husband R. - for example, a school notebook or a blue ball - then the adjective will also have a nominative case. including husband R., respectively, the end of the –th or –th. This is one of the rules for declension of first names, 4th grade.

Determine the gender of the desired part of speech

To understand the declension of adjectives and participles, first you need to understand how to determine the gender and what ending to put in it. n. In Russian there are three of them:

male;
female;
average.

Accordingly, the endings will be:

for a man - the th, th;
for women - the th, th;
for the average - th, s;
for the plural - s, s.

To determine, the gender of the noun on which it depends in the sentence is first determined. You just need to ask a question, and everything will be clear. For example:

Bright sun: the sun - it is medium, what kind of sun? - bright, this is an adjective cf. R. in units hours and them. P.

Beautiful doll: a doll - she, it's female, what kind of doll? - beautiful, this is the same wife. R. in units hours and them. P.

Red briefcase: a briefcase - he is a husband. R., what portfolio? - red, this is the same part of the husband’s speech. R. in units including them. P.

How to persuade by cases

There are six of them - remembering them in grade 4, as well as declension of adjectives in cases, was not so simple. But in fact, there is nothing complicated here, everything is logical and logical. The most important thing that is required of a diligent student is to remember the questions. By asking a question, it will be possible to determine exactly what ending should be in the inclined part of speech.

In addition, remember that when declensing adjectives in the plural or singular, in declensing adjectives of the feminine, masculine or secondary, they necessarily adopt the case in which the main noun is used, the qualities of which they describe.

To make everything clear, consider a simple example:

On the table is a green notebook.

First, we determine the noun, its gender, number and case. For this we pose the question: what lies? - a notebook, a notebook, it means it is a feminine gender in them. p. (the question “what?” refers to this case). Now we pose the following question: what notebook? - green, this is an adjective, also feminine in it. P.

If the case of a noun changes, then it will change with the end of another part of speech. For instance:

I do not have a green notebook. - We pose the question: no what? - notebooks, it is a feminine noun in gender. n., since “whom? why?” are the questions of this case. What notebooks? - green, therefore, the adjective "green" is also feminine and is in the sentence in the gender. P.

The declension of plural adjectives is carried out according to the same rules. That is, always first determine the declension of a noun, then ask a question - and you will understand which ending you need to write.

If you do not remember the case questions for any part of the speech in Russian and there is no time or desire to memorize them, then you will have to use heavy artillery - download the table, print it, laminate it and hang it on the desktop. Over time, you still remember them, and will use them automatically, no longer looking at the cheat sheet.

Important: above were given the basic rules for the declension of adjectives for 4th grade. But not so simple. There are some minor exceptions that you also need to remember to always write correctly and correctly and be able to help your child with homework.

Exceptions to the Rules

No wonder the Russian language is considered one of the most difficult - there are many rules, and besides, there is an exception to almost every one of them. To understand why this is so, is difficult not only for a foreigner studying Russian - it is also sometimes difficult for us. So the bad news: not all adjectives are inclined:

Short ones do not change in cases.
Standing in a simple comparative form do not change at all.

In addition, there is a group of certain words (usually borrowed from foreign languages) that determine the quality of the subject, but at the same time they do not change and never bow. For example: mini, maxi, indigo, khaki. It is easy to confuse them with nouns, again the question will be helped out: a mini khaki skirt. We pose the question: what kind of skirt? - mini. What color? - hacks. They will not receive the ending or change it depending on the declension of the noun that they describe.

What else do you need to know

It should be remembered separately how the possessive parts of speech change, that is, answering the questions “Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?". For instance:

Mom's soup.

R n. - mom's soup

D. p. - mom's soup

V. p. - mother's soup

Tv n. - mom's soup

P. p. - mom's soup

The possessive parts of masculine and neuter speech, as well as the plural, change in a similar way - in any case, the main thing is to correctly pose the question.

Also in the Russian language there are so-called substantiated parts of speech - that is, those that are transformed into nouns. These, for example, are words such as “laboratory assistant” (room), “patient” (person), “premium” (money). Such parts of speech obey the standard rules of declension, which were described in detail above.

In adulthood, you often have to regret what was not done in youth. Such a simple thing as the declination of various parts of speech can sometimes cause great difficulties and problems. Fortunately, there are Google and directories, but still it’s better to control your children's knowledge in a timely manner so that in the future they do not encounter your problems.

What you need to find objects (phenomena) that are characterized by found adjectives. In this case, these are the words "dawn" and "city."

Identify the cases found. Recall that the nominative case answers the questions “who?” (“What?”), The questions “who?” (“Why?”), The dative - the questions “who?” (“What?”), The accusative - to questions of “whom?” (“what?”), instructive to questions of “by whom?” (“what?”), prepositional - to questions of “about whom?” (“what?”). So, the "dawn", and the noun "city" instrumental case.

note

The nominative and accusative cases are easy to confuse, since inanimate nouns in these cases answer one question. In order to distinguish between them, one must remember that the noun in the nominative case is always subject in the sentence, and the noun in the accusative case is a secondary member of the sentence. For example, "Lazy cat had a sweet dream." The subject is the word cat. Therefore, the phrase "lazy cat" nominative case, and the phrase "sweet dream" accusative case.

Sources:

how to correctly determine the case of nouns

A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person or subject and answers the questions “who?” And “what?”. Nouns vary by cases, which are six in Russian. So that the cases are not confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, it is necessary to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction manual

To never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions specific to it, asking which, you will receive the appropriate one. Accusative questions are the question “see whom?” For animate and “see what?” For inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case means the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (week, walk a kilometer); Transition of the action completely to the subject (drive a car, leaf through a book) Very rarely, the accusative case is dependent on (offensively for a friend).

However, even by the rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In its questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if it’s in front of you and it answers the question “who?” Which matches with, substitute it and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “see what?”, Then you have an accusative case.

Remember also that there are some that look the same in all cases: metro, cinema, coat, cafe, etc. To determine their case, ask a keyword question. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday I bought an expensive coat”, the word “coat” appears in the accusative case, because the question “can I see what?” Can be answered with “beautiful coat”. In addition, replace the word “coat” here with a variable, for example, “decoration”. Then belonging to the accusative case immediately becomes more obvious.