Mi h unit of measure. Units of measurements

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Brief entry	Meaning	Russian translation and note
bbl, bbl	barrel(s)	oil barrel
B/D, b/d	barrels per day	barrels per day
DSCF	dry standard cubic foot	Dry normal cubic foot
EA, ea	each, e.g. Potable Water Storage Tanks (2 ea.)	Things ( e.g. Drinking water storage tanks (2 pcs.))
EA	each ( e.g. $70.00/manhour each)	To each ( for example: $70/(man-hour) each)
gpg	grains per gallon (ppm = 17.1gpg)	Grains per gallon (concentration unit)
gpm	gallons per minute	G.p.m
h. p.	horse power	Horsepower ( brit.)
in WC	inches of water column	inches of water column ( low pressure, vacuum)
kli	1000 pli = 1000 pounds/linear foot	Thousand pounds per linear inch
kp = kips	1000 pounds	Kilopound (thousand pounds)
ksi	1000psi	Thousand pounds per square inch
lb, LBS	libra	Lb
lb m	libra of mass	Pound mass
lb f	libra of force	Pound force (see also #)
l/c/d	liters per capita per day	l/(person-day)
LF	linear feet	linear foot
off		Things ( as opposed to set). see also pc, pcs, EA, ea.
pc; pcs	pc = piece; pcs = pieces	Things. see also off, ea, ea.
pcf	pounds/cubic feet	Pound per cubic foot
plf	pounds/linear foot	Pound per linear foot
PS	pferdestarke (PS = 0.986 h.p.)	Horsepower ( German and Russian; often found in English texts. language)
psf	pounds/sq. foot	Pound per square foot
psi	pounds/sq. inch = lbs/sq. inch	Pound per square inch ( psi inch)
psia	pounds/sq. inch, absolute	Pound per square inch, absolute (absolute pressure)
psid	pounds/sq. inch, differential	Pounds per square inch, differential (pressure drop)
psig	pounds/sq. inch, gage	Pound per square inch, gauge (overpressure)
Qt/mi	quart per mile	Quart per mile (unit of measure for gasoline consumption)
r.m.	running meter	Linear meter ( p.m.)
rpm	revolutions per minute	Rpm (rpm)
SCFM	standard cubic feet per minute	Normal ( those. at normal temperature and pressure) cubic feet per minute
sq. ft, SF	square foot	Square foot (sq ft; ft 2)
1/TE (e.g. $/TE)	per tonne	Per ton (1/t)

Anglo-American system of measures

Name			Reverse ratio
Measures of weight
1 ounce (oz)	G	28,3500	0,0353
1 pound pound (lb) = 16 ounces	kg	0,4536	2,2046
1 stone = 14 pounds	kg	6,3500	0,1575
1 handdwt short hundredweight (cwt) (net, short) = 100 pounds	kg	45,3600	0,0220
1 handdwt long hundredweight (gross, long) = 112 pounds	kg	50,8000	0,0197
1 short ton ton (ne) (sh.tn)	kg	907,1800	0,0011
1 long ton ton (ne) (tn)	kg	1 016,0000	0,0010
Linear measures
1 point	mm	0,3528	2,8345
1 line = 6 dots	mm	2,1000	0,4762
1 inch (in) = 12 lines	cm	2,5400	0,3937
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches	cm	30,4800	0,0328
1 yard yard (yd) = 3 feet = 36 inches	m	0,9144	1,0936
1 furlong (fur) = 220 yards	m	201,1700	0,0050
1 mile (ml) = 5280 feet = 1760 yards = 8 furlongs	km	1,6093	0,6214
1 nautical mile naut. mile = 6080 feet	km	1,8320	0,5459
Measures of area
1 sq. inch square inch (in2)	cm2	6,4516	0,1550
1 sq. square foot (ft2)	cm2	929,0300	0,0011
1 sq. square yard (yd2)	m2	0,8361	1,1960
1 acre acre(a)	m2	4 047,0000	0,0002
1 sq. square mile (ml2)	km2	2,5890	0,3862
1 township = 36 sq. miles	km2	93,2400	0,0107
Measures of volume
1 cu. cubic inch (in3)	cm3	16,3870	0,0610
1 cu. cubic foot (ft3) = 1728 cu. inch	m3	0,0283	35,3145
1 cu. cubic yard (yd3) = 27 cubic yards foot	m3	0,7646	1,3080
1 stack = 4 cu. yard	m3	3,0400	0,3289
1 cu. cubic mile (ml3)	km3	4,1682	0,2399
Measures of liquids
1 fluid ounce (US)	ml	29,5700	0,0338
1 fluid ounce (UK)	ml	28,4000	0,0352
1 gill (USA)	l	0,1180	8,4746
1 gill (UK)	l	0,1420	7,0423
1 pint pint (pt) = 16 US fl oz	l	0,4732	2,1133
1 pint pint (pt) = 20 fl oz (UK)	l	0,5700	1,7544
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints (US)	l	0,9464	1,0567
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints (UK)	l	1,1400	0,8772
1 gallon gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 8 pints (US)	l	3,7854	0,2642
1 gallon gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 8 pints (UK)	l	4,5460	0,2200
1 barrel barrel (USA)	l	119,2400	0,0084
1 barrel barrel (UK)	l	160,4200	0,0062
1 barrel of oil barrel of oil	l	158,9800	0,0063

Anglo-American measures of volume used in the household

Name	Metric value		Reverse ratio
1 teaspoon teaspoon (t or tsp)	ml	4,9000	0,2041
1 tablespoon tablespoon (T or tbsp)	ml	14,9000	0,0671
1 wine glass	ml	56,8000	0,0176
1 cup (c)	ml	236,0000	0,0042

Measures of wood volume

Name	Metric value		Reverse ratio
1 small cord (for round timber) cord (short)	m3	3,5680	0,2803
1 large cord (gross) (for firewood)	m3	4,6720	0,2140
1 standard = 165 cubic feet	m3	4,6723	0,2140
1 Faden = 216 cu. cubic feet = 6.11643 m3	m3	6,1164	0,1635

Troy system (troy) of measures for precious metals and precious stones

Name	Metric value		Reverse ratio
1 grain	mg	64,7990	0,0154
1 carat = 3.086 grains	mg	200,0000	0,0050
1 ounce (oz) = 480 grains	G	31,1030	0,0322
1 pound (lb) = 12 ounces	kg	0,3732	2,6792

Translation of other physical quantities

Name	Metric value		Reverse ratio
UNITS OF POWER
Horsepower	Tue	745,7000	0,0013
UNITS OF TEMPERATURE
Fahrenheit temperature		F° = (C° x 9/5) + 32	C° = (F° - 32) x 5/9
Réaumur temperature		Tr = 4/5Tc	Tc = 5/4Tr
Absolute temperature		Tk = Tc+273.16	Tc = Tk-273.16
ASTRONOMIC VALUES
Parsec	km	30 860 000 000 000
Light year	km	945 750 000 000
astronomical unit	km	149 613 400
light minute	km	17 993 800
light second	km	299 896,943
PRESSURE UNITS
inch of mercury	Pa	3386,37526
centimeter of mercury	Pa	1333,21957
millimeter of mercury	Pa	133,321957
Atmosphere	Pa	101325,025
SPEED UNITS
Knot	km/h	1,8520043
Mile per hour	km/h	1,6093444

work, energy,
amount of heat

The method of setting temperature values is the temperature scale. Several temperature scales are known.

Kelvin scale(named after the English physicist W. Thomson, Lord Kelvin).
Unit designation: K(not "degree Kelvin" and not °K).
1 K \u003d 1/273.16 - part of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water, corresponding to the thermodynamic equilibrium of a system consisting of ice, water and steam.
Celsius(named after the Swedish astronomer and physicist A. Celsius).
Unit designation: °C .
In this scale, the melting temperature of ice at normal pressure is taken equal to 0°C, the boiling point of water is 100°C.
The Kelvin and Celsius scales are related by the equation: t (°C) \u003d T (K) - 273.15.
Fahrenheit(D. G. Fahrenheit - German physicist).
Unit designation: °F. It is widely used, in particular in the USA.
The Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale are related: t (°F) = 1.8 t (°C) + 32°C. By absolute value 1 (°F) = 1 (°C).
Reaumur scale(named after the French physicist R.A. Reaumur).
Designation: °R and °r.
This scale has almost fallen into disuse.
Relationship with degrees Celsius: t (°R) = 0.8 t (°C).
Rankin scale (Rankine)- named after the Scottish engineer and physicist W. J. Rankin.
Designation: °R (sometimes: °Rank).
The scale is also used in the USA.
The temperature on the Rankin scale corresponds to the temperature on the Kelvin scale: t (°R) = 9/5 T (K).

The main temperature indicators in units of measurement of different scales:

The SI unit of measurement is the meter (m).

Off-system unit: angstrom (Å). 1Å = 1 10-10 m.
Inch(from Dutch duim - thumb); inch; in; ´´; 1´ = 25.4 mm.
Hand(English hand - hand); 1 hand=101.6mm.
Link(English link - link); 1 li = 201.168 mm.
Span(English span - span, scope); 1 span = 228.6mm.
Foot(English foot - foot, feet - feet); 1 ft = 304.8 mm.
Yard(English yard - yard, paddock); 1 yd = 914.4 mm.
Fatom, face(English fathom - a measure of length (= 6 ft), or a measure of the volume of wood (= 216 ft 3), or a mountain measure of area (= 36 ft 2), or a fathom (Ft)); fath or fth or Ft or ƒfm; 1 Ft = 1.8288 m.
chain(English chain - chain); 1 ch = 66 ft = 22 yd = = 20.117 m.
Furlong(English furlong) - 1 fur = 220 yd = 1/8 mile.
Mile(English mile; international). 1 ml (mi, MI) = 5280 ft = 1760 yd = 1609.344 m.

The unit of measure in SI is m 2 .

square foot; 1 ft 2 (also sq ft) = 929.03 cm 2.
Square inch; 1 in 2 (sq in) = 645.16 mm 2.
Square veil (face); 1 fath 2 (ft 2; Ft 2; sq Ft) \u003d 3.34451 m 2.
square yard; 1 yd 2 (sq yd) \u003d 0.836127 m 2 .

Sq (square) - square.

The unit of measure in SI is m 3 .

Cubic foot; 1 ft 3 (also cu ft) = 28.3169 dm 3.
Cubic Fathom; 1 fath 3 (fth 3; Ft 3; cu Ft) = 6.11644 m 3.
cubic yard; 1 yd 3 (cu yd) = 0.764555 m 3.
cubic inch; 1 in 3 (cu in) \u003d 16.3871 cm 3.
Bushel (UK); 1 bu (uk, also UK) = 36.3687 dm 3.
Bushel (USA); 1 bu (us, also US) = 35.2391 dm 3.
Gallon (UK); 1 gal (uk, also UK) = 4.54609 dm 3.
Gallon liquid (US); 1 gal (us, also US) = 3.78541 dm 3.
US gallon dry; 1 gal dry (us, also US) = 4.40488 dm3.
Jill (gill); 1 gi = 0.12 L (US), 0.14 L (UK).
Barrel (USA); 1bbl \u003d 0.16 m 3.

UK - United Kingdom - United Kingdom (Great Britain); US - United Stats (USA).

Specific volume

The unit of measurement in SI is m 3 / kg.

ft 3 /lb; 1 ft3 / lb = 62.428 dm3 / kg .

The unit of measurement in SI is kg.

Pound (trading) (English libra, pound - weighing, pound); 1 lb = 453.592 g; lbs - pounds. In the system of old Russian measures 1 lb = 409.512 g.
Gran (English grain - grain, grain, pellet); 1 gr = 64.799 mg.
Stone (English stone - stone); 1 st = 14 lb = 6.350 kg.

Density, incl. bulk

The unit of measurement in SI is kg / m 3.

lb/ft 3 ; 1 lb / ft 3 \u003d 16.0185 kg / m 3.

Line Density

The unit of measure in SI is kg/m.

lb/ft; 1 lb / ft = 1.48816 kg/m
Pound/yard; 1 lb / yd = 0.496055 kg/m

Surface density

The unit of measurement in SI is kg / m 2.

lb/ft 2 ; 1 lb / ft 2 (also lb / sq ft - pound per square foot) = 4.88249 kg / m 2.

Line speed

The SI unit is m/s.

ft/h; 1 ft / h = 0.3048 m/h.
ft/s; 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s.

The SI unit is m/s 2 .

ft/s 2 ; 1 ft / s 2 \u003d 0.3048 m / s 2.

Mass flow

The SI unit is kg/s.

Pound/h; 1 lb / h = 0.453592 kg/h.
Pound/s; 1 lb/s = 0.453592 kg/s.

Volume flow

The SI unit is m 3 / s.

ft 3 /min; 1 ft 3 / min = 28.3168 dm 3 / min.
Yard 3 /min; 1 yd 3 / min = 0.764555 dm 3 / min.
Gallon/min; 1 gal/ min (also GPM - gallon per min) = 3.78541 dm3/min.

Specific volume flow

GPM/(sq ft) - gallon (G) per (P) minute (M)/(square (sq) foot (ft)) - gallon per minute per square foot;
1 GPM / (sq ft) \u003d 2445 l / (m 2 h) 1 l / (m 2 h) \u003d 10 -3 m / h.
gpd - gallons per day - gallons per day (days); 1 gpd \u003d 0.1577 dm 3 / h.
gpm - gallons per minute - gallons per minute; 1 gpm \u003d 0.0026 dm 3 / min.
gps - gallons per second - gallons per second; 1 gps \u003d 438 10 -6 dm 3 / s.

Sorbate consumption (for example, Cl 2) when filtering through a layer of sorbent (for example, active carbon)

Gals/cu ft (gal/ft 3) - gallons/cubic foot (gallons per cubic foot); 1 Gals/cu ft = 0.13365 dm 3 per 1 dm 3 sorbent.

The unit of measure in SI is N.

Pound-force; 1 lbf – 4.44822 N .44822 N 1N \u003d 1 kg m / s 2
Poundal (English: poundal); 1 pdl \u003d 0.138255 N. (Poundal is the force that gives a mass of one pound an acceleration of 1 ft / s 2, lb ft / s 2.)

Specific gravity

The unit of measure in SI is N/m 3 .

Pound-force/ft 3 ; 1 lbf/ft 3 = 157.087 N/m 3.
Poundal/ft 3 ; 1 pdl / ft 3 \u003d 4.87985 N / m 3.

SI unit - Pa, multiple units: MPa, kPa.

Specialists in their work continue to use obsolete, canceled or previously optionally allowed pressure units: kgf / cm 2; bar; atm. (physical atmosphere); at(technical atmosphere); ata; ati; m of water. Art.; mmHg st; torr.

Concepts are used: "absolute pressure", "excessive pressure". There are errors when converting some units of pressure into Pa and into its multiple units. It should be taken into account that 1 kgf / cm 2 is equal to 98066.5 Pa (exactly), that is, for small (up to about 14 kgf / cm 2) pressures, with sufficient accuracy for work, we can take: 1 Pa \u003d 1 kg / (m s 2) \u003d 1 N / m 2. 1 kgf / cm 2 ≈ 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa. But already at medium and high pressures: 24 kgf / cm 2 ≈ 23.5 105 Pa = 2.35 MPa; 40 kgf / cm 2 ≈ 39 105 Pa = 3.9 MPa; 100 kgf / cm 2 ≈ 98 105 Pa = 9.8 MPa etc.

Ratios:

1 atm (physical) ≈ 101325 Pa ≈ 1.013 105 Pa ≈ ≈ 0.1 MPa.
1 at (technical) \u003d 1 kgf / cm 2 \u003d 980066.5 Pa ≈ 105 Pa ≈ 0.09806 MPa ≈ 0.1 MPa.
0.1 MPa ≈ 760 mmHg Art. ≈ 10 m w.c. Art. ≈ 1 bar.
1 Torr (torus, tor) \u003d 1 mm Hg. Art.
Pound-force/inch 2 ; 1 lbf/in 2 = 6.89476 kPa (see below: PSI).
Pound-force/ft 2 ; 1 lbf/ft 2 = 47.8803 Pa.
Pound-force/yard 2 ; 1 lbf/yd 2 = 5.32003 Pa.
Poundal/ft 2 ; 1 pdl/ft 2 = 1.48816 Pa.
Foot of water column; 1 ft H 2 O = 2.98907 kPa.
An inch of water column; 1 in H 2 O = 249.089 Pa.
inch of mercury; 1 in Hg = 3.38639 kPa.
PSI (also psi) - pounds (P) per square (S) inch (I) - pounds per square inch; 1 PSI = 1 lbƒ/in 2 = 6.89476 kPa.

Sometimes in the literature there is a designation for the pressure unit lb / in 2 - this unit does not take into account lbƒ (pound-force), but lb (pound-mass). Therefore, in numerical terms, 1 lb / in 2 is somewhat different from 1 lbf / in 2, since when determining 1 lbƒ, it is taken into account: g \u003d 9.80665 m / s 2 (at the latitude of London). 1 lb / in 2 \u003d 0.454592 kg / (2.54 cm) 2 \u003d 0.07046 kg / cm 2 \u003d 7.046 kPa. Calculation 1 lbƒ - see above. 1 lbf / in 2 \u003d 4.44822 N / (2.54 cm) 2 \u003d 4.44822 kg m / (2.54 0.01 m) 2 s 2 \u003d 6894.754 kg / (m s 2) = 6894.754 Pa ≈ 6.895 kPa.

For practical calculations, you can take: 1 lbf / in 2 ≈ 1 lb / in 2 ≈ 7 kPa. But, in fact, equality is illegal, as well as 1 lbƒ = 1 lb, 1 kgf = 1 kg. PSIg (psig) - same as PSI, but indicates overpressure; PSIa (psia) - the same as PSI, but emphasizes: absolute pressure; a - absolute, g - gauge (measure, size).

Water pressure

The unit of measure in SI is m.

Head in feet (feet-head); 1 ft hd = 0.3048 m

Pressure loss during filtration

PSI/ft - pounds (P) per square (S) inch (I)/foot (ft) - pounds per square inch/foot; 1 PSI/ft = 22.62 kPa per 1 m of filter bed.

WORK, ENERGY, AMOUNT OF HEAT

SI unit - Joule(named after the English physicist J.P. Joule).

1 J is the mechanical work of a force of 1 N when a body moves a distance of 1 m.
Newton (N) - SI unit of force and weight; 1 N is equal to the force imparting to a body with a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1 m 2 / s in the direction of the force. 1 J = 1 N m.

In heat engineering, the canceled unit of measurement of the amount of heat, the calorie (cal, cal), continues to be used.

1 J (J) = 0.23885 cal. 1 kJ = 0.2388 kcal.
1 lbf ft (lbf ft) = 1.35582 J.
1 pdl ft (poundal foot) = 42.1401 mJ.
1 Btu (British Heat Unit) = 1.05506 kJ (1 kJ = 0.2388 kcal).
1 Therm (therma - British big calorie) = 1 10 -5 Btu.

The SI unit is Watt (W)- named after the English inventor J. Watt - mechanical power at which 1 J work is done in 1 s, or a heat flux equivalent to 1 W mechanical power.

1 W (W) \u003d 1 J / s \u003d 0.859985 kcal / h (kcal / h).
1 lbf ft/s (lbf ft/s) = 1.33582 watts.
1 lbf ft / min (lbf ft/min) = 22.597 mW.
1 lbf ft / h (lbf ft/h) = 376.616 µW.
1 pdl ft/s (poundal feet/s) = 42.1401 mW.
1 hp (horsepower British / s) \u003d 745.7 watts.
1 Btu/s (British Heat Unit/s) = 1055.06 W.
1 Btu/h (Btu/h) = 0.293067 W.

Surface heat flux density

The unit of measure in SI is W / m 2.

1 W / m 2 (W / m 2) \u003d 0.859985 kcal / (m 2 h) (kcal / (m 2 h)).
1 Btu / (ft 2 h) \u003d 2.69 kcal / (m 2 h) \u003d 3.1546 kW / m 2.

Dynamic viscosity (viscosity factor), η.

SI unit - Pa s. 1 Pa s \u003d 1 N s / m 2;
off-system unit - poise (P). 1 P \u003d 1 dyne s / m 2 \u003d 0.1 Pa s.

Dina (dyn) - (from the Greek dynamic - strength). 1 dyne \u003d 10 -5 N \u003d 1 g cm / s 2 \u003d 1.02 10 -6 kgf.
1 lbf h / ft 2 (lbf h/ft 2) = 172.369 kPa s.
1 lbf s / ft 2 (lbf s / ft 2) = 47.8803 Pa s.
1 pdl s / ft 2 (poundal s / ft 2) = 1.48816 Pa s.
1 slug /(ft s) (slug/(ft s)) = 47.8803 Pa s. Slug (slug) - a technical unit of mass in English system measures.

Kinematic viscosity, ν.

Unit of measurement in SI - m 2 / s; The unit cm 2 / s is called "Stokes" (after the English physicist and mathematician J. G. Stokes).

Kinematic and dynamic viscosities are related by the equation: ν = η / ρ, where ρ is the density, g/cm 3 .

1 m 2 / s = Stokes / 104.
1 ft 2 / h (ft 2 / h) \u003d 25.8064 mm 2 / s.
1 ft 2 /s (ft 2 /s) \u003d 929.030 cm 2 /s.

The unit of magnetic field strength in SI is A/m(Ammeter). Ampère (A) is the surname of the French physicist A.M. Ampere.

Previously, the Oersted unit (E) was used - named after the Danish physicist H.K. Oersted.
1 A / m (A / m, At / m) \u003d 0.0125663 Oe (Oe)

The resistance to crushing and abrasion of mineral filter materials and, in general, of all minerals and rocks is indirectly determined on the Mohs scale (F. Moos is a German mineralogist).

In this scale, the numbers in ascending order indicate minerals arranged in such a way that each subsequent one is able to leave a scratch on the previous one. Extreme substances in the Mohs scale: talc (hardness unit - 1, the softest) and diamond (10, the hardest).

Hardness 1-2.5 (drawn with a fingernail): wolskoite, vermiculite, halite, gypsum, glauconite, graphite, clay materials, pyrolusite, talc, etc.
Hardness> 2.5-4.5 (not drawn with a fingernail, but drawn with glass): anhydrite, aragonite, barite, glauconite, dolomite, calcite, magnesite, muscovite, siderite, chalcopyrite, chabazite, etc.
Hardness >4.5-5.5 (not drawn with glass, but drawn with a steel knife): apatite, vernadite, nepheline, pyrolusite, chabazite, etc.
Hardness> 5.5-7.0 (not drawn with a steel knife, but drawn with quartz): vernadite, garnet, ilmenite, magnetite, pyrite, feldspars, etc.
Hardness >7.0 (not drawn with quartz): diamond, garnet, corundum, etc.

The hardness of minerals and rocks can also be determined on the Knoop scale (A. Knup is a German mineralogist). In this scale, the values are determined by the size of the imprint left on the mineral when a diamond pyramid is pressed into its sample under a certain load.

Ratios of indicators on the Mohs (M) and Knoop (K) scales:

SI unit - Bq(Becquerel, named after the French physicist A.A. Becquerel).

Bq (Bq) is a unit of nuclide activity in a radioactive source (isotope activity). 1 Bq is equal to the activity of the nuclide, at which one decay event occurs in 1 s.

Radioactivity concentration: Bq/m 3 or Bq/l.

Activity is the number of radioactive decays per unit of time. Activity per unit mass is called specific activity.

Curie (Ku, Ci, Cu) is a unit of nuclide activity in a radioactive source (isotope activity). 1 Ku is the activity of an isotope in which 3.7000 1010 decay events occur in 1 s. 1 Ku = 3.7000 1010 Bq.
Rutherford (Rd, Rd) is an obsolete unit of activity of nuclides (isotopes) in radioactive sources, named after the English physicist E. Rutherford. 1 Rd \u003d 1 106 Bq \u003d 1/37000 Ci.

Radiation dose

Radiation dose - the energy of ionizing radiation absorbed by the irradiated substance and calculated per unit of its mass (absorbed dose). The dose accumulates over time of exposure. Dose rate ≡ Dose/time.

The unit of absorbed dose in SI is Gray (Gy, Gy). The off-system unit is Rad (rad), corresponding to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by a substance weighing 1 g.

Erg (erg - from Greek: ergon - work) is a unit of work and energy in the non-recommended CGS system.

1 erg \u003d 10 -7 J \u003d 1.02 10 -8 kgf m \u003d 2.39 10 -8 cal \u003d 2.78 10 -14 kWh.
1 rad (rad) \u003d 10 -2 Gy.
1 rad (rad) \u003d 100 erg / g \u003d 0.01 Gy \u003d 2.388 10 -6 cal / g \u003d 10 -2 J / kg.

Kerma (abbr. English: kinetic energy released in matter) - kinetic energy, released in a substance, is measured in grays.

The equivalent dose is determined by comparing the radiation of nuclides with X-rays. The radiation quality factor (K) shows how many times the radiation hazard in the case of chronic human exposure (in relatively small doses) for a given type of radiation is greater than in the case of X-rays with the same absorbed dose. For X-ray and γ-radiation K = 1. For all other types of radiation, K is established according to radiobiological data.

Deq = Dpogl K.

The absorbed dose unit in SI is 1 Sv(Sievert) = 1 J/kg = 102 rem.

REM (rem, ri - until 1963 was defined as the biological equivalent of an roentgen) - a unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation.
Roentgen (Р, R) - unit of measure, exposure dose of X-ray and γ-radiation. 1 P \u003d 2.58 10 -4 C / kg.
Coulomb (C) - a unit in the SI system, the amount of electricity, electric charge. 1 rem = 0.01 J/kg.

Dose equivalent rate - Sv/s.

Permeability of porous media (including rocks and minerals)

Darcy (D) - named after the French engineer A. Darcy, darsy (D) 1 D \u003d 1.01972 μm 2.

1 D is the permeability of such a porous medium, when filtered through a sample of which with an area of 1 cm 2, a thickness of 1 cm and a pressure drop of 0.1 MPa, the flow rate of a liquid with a viscosity of 1 cP is 1 cm 3 / s.

Sizes of particles, grains (granules) of filter materials according to SI and standards of other countries

In the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Japan, France and Germany, grain sizes are estimated in meshes (English mesh - hole, cell, network), that is, by the number (number) of holes per inch of the finest sieve through which they can pass grains. And the effective grain diameter is considered to be the hole size in microns. IN last years US and UK mesh systems are more commonly used.

The ratio between the units of measurement of the grain (granule) size of filter materials according to SI and the standards of other countries:

Mass fraction

Mass fraction shows what mass amount of a substance is contained in 100 mass parts of a solution. Units of measurement: fractions of a unit; percentage (%); ppm (‰); parts per million (ppm).

Concentration of solutions and solubility

The concentration of the solution must be distinguished from the solubility - the concentration of a saturated solution, which is expressed by the mass amount of a substance in 100 mass parts of the solvent (for example, g / 100 g).

Volume concentration

Volume concentration is the mass amount of a solute in a certain volume of solution (for example: mg / l, g / m 3).

Molar concentration

Molar concentration - the number of moles of a given substance dissolved in a certain volume of solution (mol / m 3, mmol / l, μmol / ml).

Molar concentration

Molar concentration - the number of moles of a substance contained in 1000 g of a solvent (mol / kg).

normal solution

A normal solution is one that contains one equivalent of a substance per unit volume, expressed in mass units: 1H = 1 mg equiv / l = = 1 mmol / l (indicating the equivalent of a particular substance).

Equivalent

Equivalent is equal to the ratio part of the mass of an element (substance) that adds or replaces in chemical compound one atomic mass of hydrogen or half an atomic mass of oxygen, to 1/12 of the mass of carbon 12 . Thus, the equivalent of an acid is equal to its molecular weight, expressed in grams, divided by the basicity (the number of hydrogen ions); base equivalent - molecular weight divided by acidity (number of hydrogen ions, and for inorganic bases - divided by the number of hydroxyl groups); salt equivalent - molecular weight divided by the sum of charges (valency of cations or anions); the equivalent of a compound participating in redox reactions is the quotient of dividing the molecular weight of the compound by the number of electrons accepted (given away) by the atom of the reducing (oxidizing) element.

Relationships between units of measurement of the concentration of solutions
(Formulas for the transition from one expression of the concentration of solutions to another):

Accepted designations:

ρ is the density of the solution, g/cm 3 ;
m is the molecular weight of the solute, g/mol;
E is the equivalent mass of a solute, that is, the amount of a substance in grams that interacts in a given reaction with one gram of hydrogen or corresponds to the transition of one electron.

According to GOST 8.417-2002 the unit of quantity of a substance is established: mole, multiples and submultiples ( kmol, mmol, µmol).

The unit of measure for hardness in SI is mmol/l; µmol/l.

IN different countries often continue to use the canceled units of water hardness:

Russia and CIS countries - mg-eq / l, mcg-eq / l, g-eq / m 3;
Germany, Austria, Denmark and some other countries of the Germanic group of languages - 1 German degree - (H ° - Harte - hardness) ≡ 1 hour CaO / 100 thousand hours of water ≡ 10 mg CaO / l ≡ 7.14 mg MgO / l ≡ 17.9 mg CaCO 3 / l ≡ 28.9 mg Ca (HCO 3) 2 / l ≡ 15.1 mg MgCO 3 / l ≡ 0.357 mmol / l.
1 French degree ≡ 1 hour CaCO 3 / 100 thousand hours of water ≡ 10 mg CaCO 3 / l ≡ 5.2 mg CaO / l ≡ 0.2 mmol / l.
1 English degree ≡ 1 grain / 1 gallon of water ≡ 1 h CaCO 3 / 70 thousand hours of water ≡ 0.0648 g CaCO 3 / 4.546 l ≡ 100 mg CaCO 3 / 7 l ≡ 7.42 mg CaO / l ≡ 0.285 mmol / l. Sometimes the English degree of hardness is referred to as Clark.
1 American degree ≡ 1 hour CaCO 3 / 1 million hours of water ≡ 1 mg CaCO 3 / l ≡ 0.52 mg CaO / l ≡ 0.02 mmol / l.

Here: h - part; the conversion of degrees to their corresponding amounts of CaO, MgO, CaCO 3 , Ca(HCO 3) 2 , MgCO 3 is shown as examples mainly for German degrees; the dimensions of degrees are tied to calcium-containing compounds, since calcium, as a rule, is 75-95% in the composition of hardness ions, in rare cases- 40-60%. Numbers are rounded mostly to the second decimal place.

Relationship between water hardness units:

1 mmol/L = 1 mg equiv/L = 2.80°N (German degrees) = 5.00 French degrees = 3.51 English degrees = 50.04 US degrees.

The new unit of measure for water hardness is the Russian degree of hardness - °F, defined as the concentration of an alkaline earth element (mainly Ca 2+ and Mg 2+), numerically equal to ½ of its mole in mg / dm 3 (g / m 3).

Alkalinity units - mmol, µmol.

The unit of measure for electrical conductivity in SI is µS/cm.

The electrical conductivity of solutions and the reverse electrical resistance characterize the mineralization of solutions, but only the presence of ions. When measuring electrical conductivity, non-ionic organic matter, neutral suspended impurities, interference that distorts the results - gases, etc. It is impossible by calculation to accurately find a correspondence between the values of electrical conductivity and the dry residue or even the sum of all separately determined substances of the solution, since different ions in natural water have different electrical conductivity, which simultaneously depends on the salinity of the solution and its temperature. To establish such a dependence, it is necessary to experimentally establish the ratio between these quantities for each specific object several times a year.

1 µS/cm = 1 MΩ cm; 1 S/m = 1 ohm m.

For pure solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) in distillate, the approximate ratio is:

1 µS/cm ≈ 0.5 mg NaCl/L.

The same ratio (approximately), subject to the above reservations, can be taken for most natural waters with mineralization up to 500 mg/l (all salts are converted to NaCl).

With a mineralization of natural water of 0.8-1.5 g / l, you can take:

1 μS / cm ≈ 0.65 mg salts / l,

and with mineralization - 3-5 g / l:

1 µS/cm ≈ 0.8 mg salts/l.

The content of suspended impurities in water, transparency and turbidity of water

The turbidity of water is expressed in units:

JTU (Jackson Turbidity Unit) - Jackson turbidity unit;
FTU (Formasin Turbidity Unit, also referred to as EMF) - formazin turbidity unit;
NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) - nephelometric turbidity unit.

It is impossible to give an exact ratio of the units of turbidity and the content of suspended solids. For each series of determinations, it is necessary to build a calibration graph that allows you to determine the turbidity of the analyzed water compared to the control sample.

Approximately you can imagine: 1 mg / l (suspended solids) ≡ 1-5 NTU.

If the cloudy mixture (diatomaceous earth) has a particle size of 325 mesh, then: 10 units. NTU ≡ 4 units JTU.

GOST 3351-74 and SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 equate 1.5 units. NTU (or 1.5 mg/l as silica or kaolin) 2.6 units FTU (EMF).

The relationship between font transparency and haze:

The ratio between the transparency of the "cross" (in cm) and turbidity (in mg / l):

The unit of measure in SI is mg / l, g / m 3, μg / l.

In the USA and in some other countries, mineralization is expressed in relative units (sometimes in grains per gallon, gr / gal):

ppm (parts per million) - parts per million (1 10 -6) units; sometimes ppm (parts per mille) also denotes a thousandth (1 10 -3) of a unit;
ppb - (parts per billion) billionth (billionth) share (1 10 -9) units;
ppt - (parts per trillion) trillionth (1 10 -12) units;
‰ - ppm (also used in Russia) - a thousandth (1 10 -3) units.

The ratio between the units of measurement of mineralization: 1mg / l \u003d 1ppm \u003d 1 10 3 ppb \u003d 1 10 6 ppt \u003d 1 10 -3 ‰ = 1 10 -4%; 1 gr/gal = 17.1 ppm = 17.1 mg/l = 0.142 lb/1000 gal.

For measuring salinity of salt waters, brines and salinity of condensates The correct units to use are: mg/kg. In laboratories, water samples are measured by volume, not mass fractions, therefore, it is advisable in most cases to refer the amount of impurities to a liter. But for large or very small mineralization values, the error will be sensitive.

According to SI, volume is measured in dm 3, but the measurement is also allowed in liters, because 1 l \u003d 1.000028 dm 3. Since 1964 1 liter is equal to 1 dm 3 (exactly).

For salt water and brines sometimes salinity units are used in degrees Baumé(for mineralization >50 g/kg):

1°Be corresponds to a solution concentration of 1% in terms of NaCl.
1% NaCl = 10 g NaCl/kg.

Dry and calcined residue

Dry and calcined residue are measured in mg/l. The dry residue does not fully characterize the mineralization of the solution, since the conditions for its determination (boiling, drying the solid residue in an oven at a temperature of 102-110 ° C to constant weight) distort the result: in particular, part of the bicarbonates (conventionally accepted - half) decomposes and volatilizes in the form of CO 2 .

Decimal multiples and submultiples of quantities

Decimal multiples and submultiple units of measurement of quantities, as well as their names and designations, should be formed using multipliers and prefixes given in the table:

(based on materials from the site https://aqua-therm.ru/).

Meter (m, m), meter. According to the definition adopted in France in 1791, the meter was equal to 1 × 10-7 of a quarter of the length of the Parisian meridian, and in 1799 Lenoir made a platinum "archival meter".

Millimeter (mm, mm), millimeter. It is defined as a thousandth of a metre.

Measure of length yard (yd), yard, equals 91.44 centimeters (exactly).

Measure of length foot (ft), foot- in the literal translation of the stop, it is absolutely known what the foot is equal to - 30.48 cm (exactly) or 12 inches

Inch (in), inch(from Dutch duim - thumb)

Kilometer (km, km) - kilometer. 1 Kilometer is equal to 1000 meters.

Mile (mi), mile- equals 1609.344 meters (exactly). The name comes from milia passuum - a thousand double Roman steps.

Nautical mile (NM, nm and nmi), nautical mile, equals 1852 meters (exactly).

Kilogram (kg, kg), kilogram- a unit of mass, one of the main SI systems.

Gram (g, g), gram, from lat. and Greek gramma.

Unit of weight pound (lb, multiple lbs), pound, avoirdupois pound. The name comes from lat. pondus - pound weight, weight.

Troy or pharmacy pound (lb t, lt ap), troy pound, apothecaries" pound. Equals 373.2417216 grams (exactly) or 12 troy ounces.

Ounce (oz), ounce, avoirdupois ounce. The name comes from the Latin uncia, which means "twelfth part". Despite this, the modern ounce is the 16th.

Troy (drug) ounce (oz tr, oz ap), troy ounce, apothecaries "ounce. The name comes from the city of Troyes (Troyes) in France. Now it is widely used in banking and jewelry to measure the weight of precious metals.

Pood, pood- Old Russian unit of measure. It is impossible to say exactly what one pood is equal to, since it is not currently used and therefore is not defined in international standards.

Carat (car, ct), carat Equal to 0.2 grams (exactly). From Italian. carato, through Arabic. kirat, from Greek. keration - carob pod, the seeds of which served as a measure of mass.

Kilometer per hour (km/h, km/h, kmph) kilometers per hour.

Meter per second (m/s, m/s) meters per second. 1 meter per second corresponds to 3.6 kilometers per hour (exactly).

Mile per hour (mph) mile per hour. 1 mile per hour equals 1.609344 kilometers per hour (exactly).

International nautical mile per hour (mi/h) international nautical miles per hour. Equals 1.852 kilometers per hour (exactly). Same as node. Detailed information about the nautical mile in the section "Length".

Knot A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour. Since there are different definitions of a nautical mile, accordingly, the node can have different values.

Foot per second (fps), feet per second. Equals 0.3048 meters per second (exactly) or 1.09728 kilometers per hour (exactly).

decalitre- from the Greek deka - ten, a prefix for the formation of the names of multiple units, the multiplicity of which is 10. 1 Dekaliter = 10 liters (exactly).

Liter- by the decision of the 3rd General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1901 was defined as the volume of 1 kg clean water and was equal to 1.000028 dm3. The 12th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1964) abolished this definition and adopted that 1 liter = 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 (exactly).

Milliliter (ml, ml), milliliter. Same as cubic centimeter (cm3, cm3), cubic centimeter

Gallon liquid (gal), fluid gallons. Equals 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches or 3.785411784 liters (exactly).

qt liquid (qt), fluid quart.

Liquid pint (pt), fluid pint. 1 pint = 28.875 cubic inches or 0.473176473 liters (exactly)

oil barrel(petroleum), literally - a barrel (English) 1 barrel is equal to 42 gallons or 158.987294928 liters (exactly).

Fluid ounce (oz), fluid ounce. 1 fluid ounce is equal to 29.5735295625 milliliters or cm3 (exactly).

Cubic yard (yd3), cubic yard. Equals 27 cubic feet or 0.764554857984 cubic meters (exactly).

Cubic foot (ft3), cubic foot. Equals 1278 cubic inches or 28.316846592 liters (exactly).

Cubic inch (in3), cubic inch. Equals 16.387064 milliliters (exactly).

Gallon dry (gal), dry gallon. Equals 4.40488377086 liters (exactly).

Quart dry (qt), liquid quart. Equals 1.101220942715 liters (exactly).

Pint dry (pt), dry pint. Equals 0.5506104713575 liters. Beer is poured into imperial pints

Barrel dry, dry barrel. Equals 105 dry quarts or 115.628198985075 liters (exactly)

Bushel (bu), bushel. Equals 64 dry quarts or 70.47814033376 liters (exactly).

Imperial gallon (gal), gallon, UK gallon, imperial gallon. Equals 160 imperial fluid ounces or 4.54609 liters (exactly).

Imperial quart (qt), quart, UK quart, imperial quart. Equals 40 imperial fluid ounces or 1.1365225 liters (exactly).

Universal Time (Greenwich Mean Time, GMT)- is the average solar time on the prime meridian (passes near Greenwich). The corrected universal time is counted using atomic clocks and is called UTC (English Universal Time Coordinated, Universal Time Coordinated). This time is assumed to be the same for the entire globe. Used in astronomy, navigation, astronautics, etc.

standard time- due to the fact that it is inconvenient in each locality to have its own time, the globe is marked into 24 time zones, within which the time is considered the same, and with the transition to the neighboring time zone it changes by exactly 1 hour.

Square foot (ft2, sq ft), square foot. Equals 0.09290304 square meters (exactly).

sq. inch- equals 6.4516 square centimeters or 0.00064516 square meters (exactly)

Acre- equals 4046.8564224 square meters (exactly). Land measure used in a number of countries using the English system of measures (Great Britain, USA, Canada, Australia, etc.)

Hectare equal to the area of a square with a side of 100 m. The name "hectare" is formed by adding the prefix "hecto" to the name of the area unit "ar". Equal to 10000 m2 (exactly)

Acre- comes from the Latin area - area, equal to the area of a square with a side of 10 m, that is, 100 m2 (exactly). Weaving - the same ar, usually applied to summer cottages and does not have an international designation

Square mile (mi2, sq mi), square miles. Equals 2.589988110336 square kilometers (exactly)

Units of measure are standardized in the International System of Units of Measure (SI). SI standards are recognized by the international community (International Organization for Standardization - ISO). Russia is a member of ISO, and Russian is one of the three official languages of this association (also English and French).

The SI can also be called the MKSA system (meter, kilogram, second, ampere).

In Russian and foreign technical, commercial literature and documentation (in particular, in English), outdated and non-systemic units of measurement continue to be used. Those of them that have at least a slight relation to water treatment are listed below with conversion to SI units.

In cases of water purification and water treatment, standardized units of measurement are also used, which allow, on the basis of what has been done, to make high-quality and understandable conclusions, evaluate it, the level, and other indicators of water quality, and also select for its purification.

Clause 1.1. Temperature

The method of setting temperature values is the temperature scale. Several temperature scales are known.

The Kelvin scale (named after the English physicist W. Thomson, Lord Kelvin).

Unit designation: K (not "degree Kelvin" and not °K).

1 K = 1/273.16 - part of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water, corresponding to the thermodynamic equilibrium of a system consisting of ice, water and steam.

Celsius scale (after the Swedish astronomer and physicist A. Celsius).

In this scale, the melting temperature of ice at normal pressure is taken equal to 0°C, the boiling point of water is 100°C.

The Kelvin and Celsius scales are related by the equation:
t (°C) \u003d T (K) - 273.15.

Fahrenheit scale (D. G. Fahrenheit - German physicist).

Unit designation: °F. It is widely used, in particular in the USA.

The Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale are related: t (°F) = 1.8 t (°C) + 32°C.

By absolute value 1 (°F) = 1 (°C). Réaumur scale (named after the French physicist R.A. Réaumur).

Designation: °R and °r. This scale has almost fallen into disuse.

Correlation with degrees Celsius:

t (°R) = 0.8 t (°C).

The Rankin (Rankin) scale is named after the Scottish engineer and physicist W. J. Rankin.

The notation is the same as for the Reau-Mur degree: °R (sometimes: °Rank) .

The scale is also used in the USA. Temperature on the Rankine scale correlates with temperature on the Kelvin scale:

t (°R) = 9/5 T (K).

The relationship between the values of temperature indicators on different scales is presented in Table. Clause 1.1

Clause 1.2. Length

The SI unit of measurement is the meter (m).

Off-system unit: Angstrom (Å). 1Å \u003d 1 10-10 m.

Inch (from Dutch duim - thumb); inch; in; ́ ́; 1 ́ = 25.4 mm.

Hand (English hand - hand); 1 hand = 101.6 mm. Link (English link - link); 1li = 201.168 mm.

Span (English span - span, scope); 1 span = 228.6 mm.

Foot (English foot - foot, feet - feet); 1 ft = 304.8 mm. Yard (eng. yard - yard, paddock); 1 yd = 914.4 mm. Fathom, fesom (English fathom - a measure of length (= 6 ft), or a measure of the volume of wood (= 216 ft3), or a mountain measure of area (= 36 ft2), or a fathom (Ft)); fath or fth or Ft or ƒfm; 1 Ft = 1.8288 m.

Chain (English chain - chain); 1 ch = 66 ft = 22 yd = = 20.117 m.

Furlong (English furlong) - 1 fur = 220 yd = 1/8 mile. Mile (English mile; international).

1 ml (mi, MI) = 5280 ft = 1760 yd = 1609.344 m.

Clause 1.3. Square

The SI unit is m2.

square foot; 1 ft2 (also sq ft) = 929.03 cm2. Square inch; 1 in2(sq in) = 645.16mm2. Square veil (face); 1 fath2 (ft2; Ft2; sq Ft) = 3.34451 m2.

square yard; 1 yd2 (sq yd) = 0.836127 m2. Sq (square) - square.

Clause 1.4. Volume, capacity

The SI unit is m3.

Cubic foot; 1 ft3 (also cu ft) = 28.3169 dm3.

Cubic Fathom; 1 fath3 (fth3; Ft3; cu Ft) = = 6.11644 m3.

cubic yard; 1 yd3 (cu yd) = 0.764555 m3. cubic inch; 1 in3 (cu in) = 16.3871 cm3. Bushel (UK); 1 bu (uk, also UK) = 36.3687 dm3.

Bushel (USA); 1 bu (us, also US) = 35.2391 dm3. Gallon (UK); 1 gal (uk, also UK) = 4.54609 dm3.

Gallon liquid (US); 1 gal (us, also US) = 3.78541dm3.

US gallon dry; 1 gal dry (us, also US) = 4.40488 dm3.

Jill (gill); 1 gi = 0.12 L (US), 0.14 L (UK).

Barrel (USA); 1bbl = 0.16 m3.

UK - United Kingdom - United Kingdom (Great Britain);
US - United Stats (USA).

Clause 1.5. Weight

The unit of measure in SI is kg.

Pound (trading) (English libra, pound - weighing, pound); 1 lb = 453.592 g; lbs - pounds. In the system of old Russian measures, 1 pound = 409.512 g.

Gran (English grain - grain, grain, pellet); 1 gr = 64.799 mg.

Stone (English stone - stone); 1 st = 14 lb = 6.350 kg.

Clause 1.6. Density (including bulk density)

The SI unit is kg/m3.

1 t/m3= 1000 kg/m3; 1 kg/dm3= 10-3 kg/m3. lb/ft3; 1 lb / ft3 = 16.0185 kg/m3.

Clause 1.7. Line Density

The SI unit is kg/m.

lb/ft; 1 lb / ft = 1.48816 kg/m.

Pound/yard; 1 lb / yd = 0.496055 kg/m.

Clause 1.8. Surface density

The SI unit is kg/m2.

lb/ft2; 1 lb / ft2 (also lb / sq ft - pound per square foot) = 4.88249 kg / m2.

Pound/yard2; 1 lb / yd2 (also lb / sq in - pound per square inch) = 0.542492 kg / m2.

Clause 1.9. Specific volume

The SI unit is m3/kg. ft3/lb; 1 ft3 / lb = 62.428 dm3/kg.

Clause 1.10. Speed (linear)

The SI unit is m/s. ft/h; 1 ft / h = 0.3048 m/h. ft/s; 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s.

Clause 1.11. Acceleration

The SI unit is m/s2. ft/s2; 1 ft / s2 = 0.3048 m/s2.

Clause 1.12. Mass flow

The SI unit is kg/s. Pound/h; 1 lb / h = 0.453592 kg/h. Pound/s; 1 lb/s = 0.453592 kg/s.

Clause 1.13. Volume flow

The SI unit is m3/s.

ft3/min; 1 ft3/min = 28.3168 dm3/min.

yard3/min; 1 yd3/min = 0.764555 dm3/min.

Gallon/min; 1 gal/ min (also GPM - gallon per min) = 3.78541 dm3/min.

Clause 1.14. Strength, weight

The unit of measure in SI is N.

Pound-force; 1 lbf - 4.44822 N. (Analogue of the name of the unit of measurement: kilogram-force, kgf. 1 kgf \u003d \u003d 9.80665 N (exactly). 1 lbf \u003d 0.453592 (kg) 9.80665 N \u003d 4, 44822 N 1N=1 kg m/s2

Poundal (English: poundal); 1 pdl = 0.138255 N.

Poundal is the force that gives a mass of one pound an acceleration of 1 ft/s2, lb ft/s2.

Clause 1.15. Specific gravity

The SI unit is N/m3.

lbf/ft3; 1 lbf/ft3 = 157.087 N/m3.

Poundal/ft3; 1 pdl/ft3 = 4.87985 N/m3.

Clause 1.16. Pressure

The unit of measurement in SI is Pa, multiple units: MPa, kPa. Specialists in their work continue to use obsolete, canceled or previously optionally allowed pressure units: kgf / cm2; bar; atm. (physical atmosphere); at (technical atmosphere); ata; ati; m of water. Art.; mmHg st; torr.

Concepts are used: "absolute pressure", "excessive pressure".

There are errors when converting some units of pressure into Pa and into its multiple units. It should be taken into account that 1 kgf / cm2 is equal to 98066.5 Pa (exactly), that is, for small (up to about 14 kgf / cm2) pressures, with sufficient accuracy for work, we can take:

1 Pa = 1 kg/(m s2) = 1 N/m2.

1 kgf/cm2 ≈ 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa.

But already at medium and high pressures: 24 kgf / cm2 ≈ 23.5 105 Pa = 2.35 MPa; 40 kgf/cm2 ≈ 39 105 Pa = 3.9 MPa; 100 kgf/cm2 ≈ 98 105 Pa = 9.8 MPa, etc.

Ratios:

1 atm (physical) ≈ 101325 Pa ≈ 1.013 105 Pa ≈ ≈ 0.1 MPa.

1 at (technical) \u003d 1 kgf / cm2 \u003d 980066.5 Pa ≈ 105 Pa ≈ 0.09806 MPa ≈ 0.1 MPa.

0.1 MPa ≈ 760 mmHg Art. ≈ 10 m w.c. Art. ≈ 1 bar. 1 Torr (torus, tor) \u003d 1 mm Hg. Art.

lbf/in2; 1 lbf/ in2 = 6.89476 kPa (see below: PSI).

lbf/ft2; 1 lbf/ft2 = 47.8803 Pa. Pound-force/yard2; 1 lbf/ yd2 = 5.32003 Pa.

Poundal/ft2; 1 pdl/ ft2 = 1.48816 Pa.

Foot of water column; 1 ft H2O = 2.98907 kPa.

An inch of water column; 1 in H2O = 249.089 Pa.

inch of mercury; 1 in Hg = 3.38639 kPa.

PSI (also psi) - pounds (P) per square (S) inch

(I) - pounds per square inch; 1 PSI = 1 lbƒ/in2 = = 6.89476 kPa.

Sometimes in the literature there is a designation of the pressure unit of measurement lb / in2 - this unit does not take into account lbƒ (pound-force), but lb (lb-mass). Therefore, in numerical terms

1 lb/in2 is somewhat different from 1 lbf/in2, since the definition of 1 lbƒ takes into account: g = 9.80665 m/s2 (at the latitude of London).

1 lb/in2 = 0.454592 kg/(2.54 cm)2 = 0.07046 kg/cm2 = 7.046 kPa. Calculation 1 lbƒ - see above.

1 lbf/in2 = 4.44822 N/(2.54 cm)2 = 4.44822 kg m/ (2.54 0.01 m)2 s2 = 6894.754 kg/(m s2) = 6894.754 Pa ≈ 6.895 kPa.

For practical calculations, we can take: 1 lbf/in2 ≈ 1 lb/in2 ≈ 7 kPa. But, in fact, equality is illegal, as well as 1 lbƒ = 1 lb, 1 kgf = 1 kg.

PSIg (psig) - same as PSI, but indicates overpressure; PSIa (psia) - the same as PSI, but emphasizes: absolute pressure;

a - absolute, g - gauge (measure, size).

Clause 1.17. Water pressure

The unit of measure in SI is m.

Head in feet (feet-head); 1 ft hd = 0.3048 m.

Clause 1.18. Specific volume flow

GPM / (sq ft) - gallon (G) per (P) minute (M) / (square (sq) foot (ft)) - gallon per minute per square foot; 1GPM/(sq ft)=2445L/(m2 h) 1L/(m2 h)=10-3 m/h.

gpd - gallons per day - gallons per day (days); 1 gpd = 0.1577 dm3/h.

gpm - gallons per minute - gallons per minute; 1 gpm = 0.0026 dm3/min.

gps - gallons per second - gallons per second; 1 gps = 438 10-6 dm3/s.

P.1.19. Pressure loss during filtration

PSI / ft - pounds (P) per square (S) inch (I) / foot (ft) - pounds per square inch / foot;

1 PSI/ft = 22.62 kPa per 1 m of filter bed.

P.1.20. Consumption of sorbate (for example, Cl2) when filtering through a layer of sorbent (for example, active carbon)

Gals/cu ft (gal/ft3) – gallons/cubic foot (gallons per cubic foot);

1 Gals/cu ft = 0.13365 dm3 per 1 dm3 of sorbent.

Clause 1.21. Work, energy, amount of heat

The SI unit is the Joule (named after the English physicist J.P. Joule).

1 J is the mechanical work of a force of 1 N when a body moves a distance of 1 m.

Newton (N) - SI unit of force and weight; 1 N equal to strength giving a body of mass 1 kg an acceleration of 1 m2/s in the direction of the force.

1 J = 1 N m.

In heat engineering, the canceled unit of measurement of the amount of heat, the calorie (cal, cal), continues to be used.

1 J (J) = 0.23885 cal.

1 kJ = 0.2388 kcal.

1 lbf ft (lbf ft) = 1.35582 J.

1 pdl ft (poundal foot) = 42.1401 mJ.

1 Btu (British Heat Unit) = 1.05506 kJ (1 kJ = 0.2388 kcal).

1 Therm (therma - British big calorie) = = 1 10-5 Btu.

Clause 1.22. Power, heat flow

The unit of measurement in SI is Watt (W) - named after the English inventor J. Watt - mechanical power at which 1 J work is done in 1 s, or a heat flux equivalent to 1 W mechanical power.

1 W (W) \u003d 1 J / s \u003d 0.859985 kcal / h (kcal / h).

1 lbf ft/s (lbf ft/s) = 1.33582 watts.

1 lbf ft / min (lbf ft/min) = 22.597 mW.

1 lbf ft / h (lbf ft/h) = 376.616 µW.

1 pdl ft/s (poundal feet/s) = 42.1401 mW

1 hp (horsepower British / s) \u003d 745.7 watts. 1 Btu/s (British Heat Unit/s) = = 1055.06 W.

1 Btu/h (Btu/h) = = 0.293067 W.

Clause 1.23. Surface heat flux density

The SI unit is W/m2.

1 W/m2 (W/m2) = 0.859985 kcal/(m2 h) (kcal/(m2 h)).

1 Btu/(ft2 h) = 2.69 kcal/(m2 h) = 3.1546 kW/m2.

Clause 1.24. Viscosity

Dynamic viscosity (viscosity factor), η.

The SI unit is Pa s.

1 Pa s = 1 N s/m2; off-system unit - poise (P). 1 P \u003d 1 dyn s / m2 \u003d 0.1 Pa s.

Dina (dyn) - (from the Greek dynamic - strength). 1 dyne \u003d \u003d 10-5 N \u003d 1 g cm / s2 \u003d 1.02 10-6 kgf.

1 lbf h / ft2 (lbf h/ft2) = 172.369 kPa s.

1 lbf s / ft2 (lbf s/ft2) = 47.8803 Pa s. 1 pdl s / ft2 (poundal s/ft2) = 1.48816 Pa s. 1 slug /(ft s) (slug/(ft s)) = 47.8803 Pa s. Slug

(slug) is a technical unit of mass in the English system of measures.

Kinematic viscosity, ν. SI - m2/s;

The unit cm2/s is called "Stokes" (named after the English physicist and mathematician J. G. Stokes). Kinematic and dynamic viscosity are related by the equality:

ν = η / ρ, where ρ is the density, g/cm3. 1 m2/s = Stokes / 104.

1 ft2 / h (ft2/h) = 25.8064 mm2/s. 1 ft2/s (ft2/s) = 929.030 cm2/s.

The SI unit of tension is A/m (Ampere/meter).

Ampère (A) is the surname of the French physicist A.M. Ampere. Previously, the unit Oersted (E) was used - named after the Danish physicist H.K. Oersted.

1 A / m (A / m, At / m) \u003d 0.0125663 Oe (Oe).

P.1.26. Hardness

The resistance to crushing and abrasion of mineral filter materials and, in general, of all minerals and rocks is indirectly determined by the Mohs scale (F. Moos - German mineralogist). In this scale, the numbers in ascending order indicate minerals arranged in such a way that each subsequent one is able to leave a scratch on the previous one. Extreme substances in the Mohs scale: talc (hardness unit - 1, the softest) and diamond (10, the hardest).

Hardness 1–2.5 (drawn with a fingernail): wolskoite, vermiculite, halite, gypsum, glauconite, graphite, clay materials, pyrolusite, talc, etc.

Hardness> 2.5–4.5 (not drawn with a fingernail, but drawn with glass): anhydrite, aragonite, barite, glauconite, dolomite, calcite, magnesite, muscovite, siderite, chalcopyrite, chabazite, etc.

Hardness > 4.5–5.5 (not drawn with glass, but drawn with a steel knife): apatite, vernadite, nepheline, pyrolusite, chabazite, etc.

Hardness > 5.5–7.0 (not drawn with a steel knife, but drawn with quartz): vernadite, garnet, ilmenite, magnetite, pyrite, feldspars, etc.

Hardness > 7.0 (not drawn with quartz): diamond, garnet, corundum, etc.

Cit. by: Units of measurement and the relationship between them. From English. M .: LLC "Publishing house AST"; OOO Astrel Publishing House, 2004. - 255 p.

P.1.27. Radioactivity of elements

The SI unit is Bq (Becquerel, named after the French physicist A.A. Becquerel).

Bq (Bq) is a unit of nuclide activity in a radioactive source (isotope activity). 1 Bq is equal to the activity of the nuclide, at which one decay event occurs in 1 s.

Radioactivity concentration: Bq/m3 or Bq/l.

Activity is the number of radioactive decays per unit of time. Activity per unit mass is called specific activity.

Curie (Ku, Ci, Cu) is a unit of nuclide activity in a radioactive source (isotope activity). 1 Ku is the activity of an isotope in which 3.7000 1010 decay events occur in 1 s.

1 Ku = 3.7000 1010 Bq.

Rutherford (Rd, Rd) is an obsolete unit of activity of nuclides (isotopes) in radioactive sources, named after the English physicist E. Rutherford. 1 Rd \u003d 1 106 Bq \u003d 1/37000 Ci.

P.1.28. Radiation dose

the energy of ionizing radiation absorbed by the irradiated substance and calculated per unit of its mass (absorbed dose). The dose accumulates over time of exposure. Dose rate ≡ Dose/time.

The unit of absorbed dose in SI is Gray (Gy, Gy).

The off-system unit is Rad (rad), corresponding to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by a substance weighing 1 g.

Erg (erg - from the Greek: ergon - work) is a unit of work and energy in the non-recommended CGS system.

1erg=10-7 J=1.02 10-8 kgf m=2.39 10-8 cal==2.78 10-14kWh.

1 rad (rad) \u003d 10-2 Gy.

1 rad (rad) \u003d 100 erg / g \u003d 0.01 Gy \u003d 2.388 10-6 cal / g \u003d \u003d 10-2 J / kg.

Kerma (abbreviated English: kinetic energy released in matter) - the kinetic energy released in matter, measured in grays.

Deq = Dpogl K.

The unit of absorbed dose in SI is 1 Sv (Sievert) = 1 J/kg = 102 rem.

REM (rem, rem - until 1963 was defined as the biological equivalent of a roentgen) - a unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation.

Roentgen (Р, R) – unit of measurement, exposure dose of X-ray and γ-radiation.

1 Р = 2.58 10-4 C/kg.

Coulomb (C) - a unit in the SI system, the amount of electricity, electric charge.

1 rem \u003d 0.01 J / kg.

Dose equivalent rate - Sv/s.

P.1.29. Permeability of porous media (including rocks and minerals)

Darcy (D) - named after a French engineer. A. Darcy, darsy (D) 1 D = 1.01972 µm2

1 D is the permeability of such a porous medium, when filtered through a sample of which with an area of 1 cm2, a thickness of 1 cm and a pressure drop of 0.1 MPa, the flow rate of a liquid with a viscosity of 1 cP is 1 cm3/s.

P.1.30. Sizes of particles, grains (granules) of filter materials according to SI and standards of other countries

In the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Japan, France and Germany, grain sizes are estimated in meshes (English mesh - hole, cell, network), that is, by the number (number) of holes per inch of the finest sieve through which grains. And the effective grain diameter is considered to be the hole size in microns. In recent years, US and UK mesh systems have been used more frequently.

P.1.31. Solution concentration

Mass share. Mass fraction shows what mass amount of a substance is contained in 100 mass parts of a solution.

Units of measurement: fractions of a unit; percentage (%); ppm (‰); parts per million (ppm).

Concentration of solutions and solubility. The concentration of the solution must be distinguished from the solubility - the concentration of a saturated solution, which is expressed by the mass amount of a substance in 100 mass parts of the solvent (for example, g / 100 g).

Volume concentration. Volume concentration is the mass amount of a solute in a certain volume of solution (for example: mg / l, g / m3).

molar concentration. Molar concentration - the number of moles of a given substance dissolved in a certain volume of solution (mol / m3, mmol / l, μmol / ml).

molar concentration. Molar concentration - the number of moles of a substance contained in 1000 g of a solvent (mol / kg).

Table A.1.2
The ratio between the units of measurement of the grain (granule) size of filter materials according to SI and standards of other countries

normal solution. A normal solution is one that contains one equivalent of a substance per unit volume, expressed in mass units: 1H = 1 mg equiv / l = = 1 mmol / l (indicating the equivalent of a particular substance).

Equivalent. The equivalent is equal to the ratio of the part of the mass of the element (substance) that adds or replaces one atomic mass of hydrogen or half the atomic mass of oxygen in a chemical compound to 1/12 of the mass of carbon12. Thus, the equivalent of an acid is equal to its molecular weight, expressed in grams, divided by the basicity (the number of hydrogen ions); base equivalent - molecular weight divided by acidity (the number of hydrogen ions, and for inorganic bases - divided by the number of hydroxyl groups); salt equivalent - molecular weight divided by the sum of charges (valency of cations or anions); the equivalent of a compound participating in redox reactions is the quotient of dividing the molecular weight of the compound by the number of electrons accepted (given away) by the atom of the reducing (oxidizing) element.

A few examples: HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O. (A.1.1)

The equivalent masses of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide in this reaction are equal to the molecular masses of these substances, since one hydrogen ion participates in the reaction: H3PO4 + NaOH = NaH2PO4 + H2O; (A.1.2) H3PO4 + 2NaOH = Na2HPO4 + 2H2O. (A.1.3)

In the reaction (A.1.2) of H3PO4 neutralization, the equivalent mass of phosphoric acid is equal to its molecular weight - 98 (one hydrogen ion participates), in the reaction (A.1.3) - half the molecular weight - 49 (two hydrogen ions participate). Therefore, the same substance can have different equivalent masses depending on the type of reaction.

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 = K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O. (A.1.4)

In this reaction, heptavalent manganese ions turn into divalent ones: Mn + 7 + 5e → Mn2 + - five electrons are attached to each manganese ion. These electrons are “acquired” from divalent iron ions, which are converted into trivalent ones: Fe2+ – e→ Fe3+.

In total, ten electrons (ten FeSO4 molecules) participate in the reaction. One electron corresponds to 2/10 of the molecular weight of KMnO4 and 10/10 of the molecular weight of FeSO4. Hence, in this reaction, the equivalent mass of KMnO4 is equal to 1/5 of the molecular mass, and the equivalent mass of FeSO4 is equal to the molecular mass

Cit. according to F.I. Belan.

Accepted designations:

ρ is the density of the solution, g/cm3;

m is the molecular weight of the solute, g/mol;

E is the equivalent mass of the dissolved substance, that is, the amount of substance in grams, interacting in this reaction with one gram-atom of hydrogen or corresponding to the transition of one electron.

P.1.32. Water hardness and alkalinity

According to GOST 8.417-2002, the unit of the amount of a substance is established: mol, multiples and submultiples (kmol, mmol, µmol). The unit of measure for hardness in SI is mmol/l; µmol/l.

In different countries, the canceled units of water hardness often continue to be used:

Russia and CIS countries – mg-eq/l, mcg-eq/l, g-eq/m3; Germany, Austria, Denmark and some other countries of the Germanic group of languages - 1 German degree - (H ° - Harte - hardness) ≡ 1 hour CaO / 100 thousand hours of water ≡ 10 mg CaO / l ≡ 7.14 mg MgO / l ≡ 17.9 mg CaCO3/l ≡ 28.9 mg Ca(HCO3)2/l ≡ 15.1 mg MgCO3/l ≡ 0.357 mmol/l.

1 French degree ≡ 1 hour CaCO3 / 100 thousand hours of water ≡ 10 mg CaCO3 / l ≡ 5.2 mg CaO / l ≡ 0.2 mmol / l. 1 English degree ≡ 1 grain/1 gallon of water ≡ 1 h CaCO3/70 thousand hours of water ≡ 0.0648 g CaCO3/4.546 L ≡ ≡ 100 mg CaCO3/7 L ≡ 7.42 mg CaO/L ≡ 0.285 mmol/ l.

Sometimes the English degree of hardness is referred to as Clark.

1 US degree ≡ 1 hour CaCO3 / 1 million hours water ≡ 1 mg CaCO3 / l ≡ 0.52 mg CaO / l ≡ 0.02 mmol / l.

Here: h - part; the conversion of degrees to their corresponding amounts of CaO, MgO, CaCO,3 Ca(HCO3)2, MgCO3 is shown as examples mainly for German degrees; the dimensions of degrees are tied to calcium-containing compounds, since in the composition of hardness ions calcium, as a rule, is 75–95%, in rare cases - 40–60%. Numbers are rounded mostly to the second decimal place.

Both the International Standards Organization (ISO - ISO) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC - IUPAC), since 1973 and 1975, respectively, do not include the "gram equivalent" unit of measurement in their publications. And the degrees of rigidity were previously absent in the recommendations of these organizations.

This imaginary contradiction has long been resolved. Both ISO and IUPAC and the Scientific Council for Analytical Chemistry b. USSR Academy of Sciences ("Journal of Analytical Chemistry", vol. XXXXVII, issue 5, pp. 946–961) established: mmol is the amount of a substance - in this context - in a solution that contains the same number of structural units as is contained in 12 g carbon12. And it was established: the number of all units - both real and conditional - is measured in moles. Structural real units: atoms, ions, radicals, electrons, molecules, complexes. Structural conventional units: equivalents of substances, for example, 1/2 Ca2+, 1/2 SO 2, etc.

At the same time, the notion of equivalence is, of course, retained. And therefore it is necessary to indicate what structural unit we are talking about.

For example, n = 1 mmol/l; n = 4 mmol/l; n = 5 mmol/l, etc. In the entry after the number, the unit "mol" does not decline in cases. GOST 6055-86 “Water. Units of hardness” also unambiguously establishes: the unit of hardness is mol/m3. The total hardness is the sum of the molar concentrations of the equivalents of Ca (1/2 Ca2+) and Mg (1/2 Mg2+) ions. The amount of substance equivalent - the amount of substance in moles, in which the particles are equivalents.

The ratio between the mentioned water hardness units is: 1 mmol/l = 1 mg eq/l = 2.80°N (German degrees) = 5.00 French degrees = 3.51 English degrees = 50.04 American degrees.

Since January 1, 2005 GOST R 52029-2003 “Water. Unit of hardness. GOST applies to natural and drinking water. Contrary to ISO rules, this GOST introduces a new unit of measure for water hardness - the Russian degree of hardness - °F, defined as the concentration of an alkaline earth element (mainly Ca2+ and Mg2+), numerically equal to 1⁄2 of its mole in mg/dm3 (g/m3).

Alkalinity units are mmol, µmol.

P.1.33. Specific electrical conductivity and electrical resistance

The unit of electrical conductivity in SI is µS/cm. The electrical conductivity of solutions and the opposite electrical resistance characterize the mineralization of solutions, but only the presence of ions. When measuring electrical conductivity, non-ionic organic substances, neutral suspended impurities, interferences that distort the results - gases, etc. cannot be taken into account. In natural water, different ions have different electrical conductivity, which simultaneously depends on the salinity of the solution and its temperature. To establish such a dependence, it is necessary to experimentally establish the ratio between these quantities for each specific object several times a year.

1 µS/cm = 1 MΩ cm; 1 S/m = 1 ohm m.

For pure solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the distillate, the approximate ratio is: 1 µS/cm ≈ 0.5 mg NaCl/l.

The same ratio (approximately), subject to the above reservations, can be taken for most natural waters with mineralization up to 500 mg/l (all salts are converted to NaCl).

With a mineralization of natural water of 0.8-1.5 g / l, you can take: 1 μS / cm ≈ 0.65 mg of salts / l, and with mineralization - 3-5 g / l: 1 μS / cm ≈ 0.8 mg salts/l.

P.1.34. The content of suspended impurities in water, the transparency and turbidity of water The content of suspended impurities is measured

in mg/l, transparency in cm.

The turbidity of water is expressed in units:

JTU (Jackson Turbidity Unit) - Jackson turbidity unit;

FTU (Formasin Turbidity Unit, also referred to as EMF) - formazin turbidity unit;

NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) - nephelometric turbidity unit.

1 mg/L (suspended solids) ≡ 1-5 NTUs.

If the clouding mixture (diatomaceous earth) has a particle size of 325 mesh, then: 10 units. NTU ≡ 4 units JTU.

GOST 3351-74 * and SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 equate 1.5 units. NTU (or 1.5 mg/l as silica or kaolin) 2.6 units FTU (EMF).

P.1.35. Mineralization

The unit of measure in SI is mg/l, g/m3, µg/l.

In the USA and in some other countries, mineralization is expressed in relative units (sometimes in grains per gallon, gr / gal):

ppm (parts per million) is a millionth part (1 10-6) of a unit; sometimes ppm (parts per mille) also denotes a thousandth (1 10-3) of a unit;

ррb – (parts per billion) billionth (billionth) share (1 10-9) units;

ppt - (parts per trillion) trillionth share (1 10-12) units;

‰ – ppm (also used in Russia) – thousandth (1 10-3) units.

Correlation between units of measurement of mineralization:

1mg/l=1ppm=1 103ppb=1 106ppt=1 10-3‰= =1 10-4%; 1gr/gal=17.1ppm=17.1mg/l= = 0.142 lb/1000 gal.

To measure the salinity of salt waters, brines and salinity of condensates, it is more correct to use units: mg / kg. In laboratories, water samples are measured by volume, not mass fractions, therefore it is advisable in most cases to refer the amount of impurities to a liter. But for large or very small mineralization values, the error will be sensitive.

According to SI, the volume is measured in dm3, but measurement in liters is also allowed, because 1 l \u003d 1.000028 dm3. Since 1964, 1 liter has been equated to 1 dm3 (exactly).

For saline waters and brines, units of measure of salinity in degrees Baumé are sometimes used (for salinity > 50 g/kg): 1°Be corresponds to a solution concentration of 1% in terms of NaCl. 1% NaCl = 10 g NaCl/kg.

P.1.36. Dry and calcined residue

Measured in mg/l. The dry residue does not fully characterize the mineralization of the solution, since the conditions for its determination (boiling, drying the solid residue in an oven at a temperature of 102–110 ° C to constant weight) distort the result: in particular, part of the bicarbonates (conventionally accepted - half) decomposes and escapes in the form of CO2.

P.1.37. Characteristics of textile fibers

Metric number (N - obsolete) - the ratio of the length of the thread (textile fiber) in meters to its mass in grams, m / g.

Tex (T) (from Latin: texo - weave, weave) - the ratio of the mass of the thread (fiber) in grams to its length in kilometers, g / km. T \u003d 1000 / N 1 T \u003d 10-6 kg / m.

The number of twisted yarn is indicated by a fraction: the numerator is the number of an individual thread, the denominator is the number of threads in a strand (strand). Example: filter diagonal N 20/5 - the yarn is twisted from primary threads No 20 and consists of 5 additions.

P.1.38. Decimal multiples and submultiples of quantities

And also their names and designations should be formed using the multipliers and prefixes given in Table. Clause 1.7.