Who invented the school uniform? History of school uniforms (26 photos).
Hello everyone, big big!)
Girls and a few boys, I ask for advice and an outside perspective.
I have a friend, we’ve been dating since July, many on the forum are aware of my personal life. 14 years older, single, wealthy, caring, sometimes it seems loving. He monitors my health and well-being, takes care of me, shows feelings that could be mistaken for love, if not for one thing - he does not limit himself to communicating with other women.
He denies this point, of course, but I’m a dead sparrow and I’m not so easily deceived.
And then a young man appears on the horizon, 12 years younger than me. Athlete, hockey player of the main team of our regional major league team. Doesn't give me a pass, young, hot and all that. I went to matches with him twice and to the cinema once.
Like. But the age difference (((
The moment is such that you either have to give up or move on.
I respect my man and am in love with him. But this freedom of his... I can't do anything about it. He proposes marriage, but hints that physical infidelity means nothing. And for me, oh, how it means!
And this hockey player too. He writes and calls constantly, comes to work with me for far-fetched reasons.
I'm confused. It seems to me that both of these options are not so suitable for me.
Help. I don't sleep at night.
Alenka
All these topics - about signs of pregnancy, about sneezing, itching in the left heel, toxicosis 3 hours after PA, contractions the next day after PA - the authors of these topics are not kidding? Do they really exist in the world? Those. people completely lack at least general knowledge in the field of physiology?????
Is it true that you need to give birth exactly on time and any deviation is a pathology? Is it true that girls know the time of conception to the minute?
And the most main question- Do these mothers have the same children?))))
Py.sy - emoticons are not included.
Let's collective wisdom Let's make a list with all the signs of pregnancy)))
Maria Proskurina
I’ve been meaning to write for a long time, maybe someone can give me some useful advice. Because I simply don’t know what to do anymore.
My husband and I have been together for 13 years, we have two children. My husband has an adult son from his first marriage; when we met, he was 12 years old; he has been living with his dad since he was 7 years old. There is a mother, but she hasn’t participated in raising the child since those 7 years, they don’t communicate at all, she has her own family. They even subsequently intended to deprive her of her parental rights, but it didn’t work out, because... She is not a drunk or an antisocial element.
The husband's son was raised by his father accordingly, and spent the summer with his grandmother in the village. When I appeared in their life, I immediately took the position of a friend, because dad was both mom and dad for him, and in general I was too young then even to give birth to my own children, and it would be stupid to “pretend to be a stepmother” , our age difference is less than with his father.
It just so happened that I learned about the existence of an adult son, having already become “firmly stuck” in this relationship. Then I didn’t even think about a relationship with a divorced man, but that’s how life turned out.
In general, I noticed even then that my then-not-husband was prone to overprotectiveness. He always had this complex in his head that his son did not have a mother. I always thought that this was to his detriment; there is no point in a teenager developing an “orphan complex.” My grandmother (my husband’s mother) also added fuel to the fire; he always came from her with the position that he was a poor orphan, and everyone owed him. Overprotection, in my opinion, has always been to his detriment. For example, at the age of 14, he wanted to work part-time with his classmates, delivering newspapers, but his husband “strangled” this initiative in the bud, like stay at home, it’s safer, otherwise they’ll hit you in the head, but you already have everything. As a result, in his free time from studying, he sat at the computer and played with toys. Then I got hooked on online games.
The husband, on the one hand, was quite strict with him, had some kind of conversations all the time, but never really limited the computer, preferring that he sit at home and not wander around. As a result, my son began to lie, starting somewhere in high school. I passed the Unified State Exam with difficulty and entered the budget, not without financial contributions from my husband. I studied with grief and lies. Every session I called the dean’s office and found out that either he was not allowed to take exams or his coursework had not been written. The husband swore, the son tearfully assured that he realized everything, that he would no longer lie, but everything was repeated again. “Students live cheerfully from session to session, and the session is only twice a year.” Then, due to failed tests, he was expelled, we missed this moment, because he lied that everything was fine with him, and it was simply a shame to call the dean’s office, tea is no longer a boy. But then, through the efforts of my husband, he was finally reinstated, but he had to take the academic job because he received a summons for expulsion. I served a year in the army, my husband didn’t make excuses on principle, he hoped that the army would change something. All this time we all lived together, then we paid off the mortgage, and my husband bought his son a one-room apartment nearby. While he was in the army, the house was completed and the apartment was renovated. We already have a daughter. Returned from the army. Within a year he had matured, he was even offered to remain in service under a contract, but they decided that he needed to “finish his diploma.” He chatted for another year, but in a separate apartment, and then he didn’t even go to defend his diploma. If I hadn’t realized it then (I always felt his lies more sensitively than my husband, apparently because he didn’t tell me dear person). It turned out that he didn’t even make a presentation for the diploma he wrote with grief in half. And so the commission is waiting, the husband arrived urgently, everyone has already defended themselves, and the husband, blushing, sets the table for them and asks them to wait while they prepare the presentation. The commission is waiting, and they are riveting slides in a free audience. It’s a disgrace, my husband almost burned with shame, he wanted to kill him there. But the commission relented and generally defended himself. A diploma in your pocket, although there is objectively zero knowledge.
Then the search for work began. There were several attempts to get a job, but I couldn’t stay anywhere for more than two months. He also constantly lied that he got a job, while he sat at home and played online games.
Then my husband and I moved to a new house, our son was born, and he didn’t want to rent out our apartment, which he got with sweat, blood and a mortgage. As a result, I persuaded him to move his son into our three-room apartment, and at least rent out this one-room apartment, so that at least the money would flow in.
Well, here’s the result: my son turns 26 this year. It doesn’t work, you can say that it’s been since I came from the army, that is, it’s been 4 years. Well, there were attempts, but they were unsuccessful. I send him vacancies, he sometimes even goes for interviews, but like kindergarteners, his psychosomatics immediately kick in, he gets sick, or there’s something he doesn’t like there, or the salary isn’t right. My husband wanted to place him in the Russian Guard with specifics according to his diploma, he underwent a medical examination for six months, all this time he did not even try to get a job, he was hanging out. He worked for a week, and then they began to impose financial responsibility on him, and his husband allowed him to quit. I’m trying to persuade my husband to let him join me, but he doesn’t want to, like his guys will do him some favors. As a result, such an enviable groom lives in three rubles, and the girls just stick to him. Now he’s been living with a regular girlfriend for a year (they started in a one-room apartment). She’s not a bad girl, she works, but she came from another city, rented a room, and now she doesn’t need to rent, but she can’t dictate terms to him, because... lives on its territory. And he pretends to be so cool in front of her, it’s funny.
Dad pays for utilities, brings him bags of groceries, or transfers money to his card. And he doesn’t need more, he has no needs. Food, shelter and sex are free. But he calls his dad when the money runs out, and he keeps babbling about how he “looks” for a job and how difficult it is for a young specialist to get a job. My husband even took his computer away from him, so now he doesn’t play, and I don’t even know what he does all day long, maybe he stares at the TV and pokes at his phone. I send vacancies, he politely thanks me, and so on day after day. There is a lot of work around, I don’t understand HOW a young man, not even a guy, but a man can sit at home all day long! And here’s the actual question in the title: how to convince, how to force him to find a job??? Depriving him of his maintenance is not an option; the husband is not ready to leave him without food, because then his girlfriend will simply spend all her money on food (this has already happened). In addition, there was a case, the husband got angry, did not give him money, and he sold an expensive gold jewelry, a gift from his husband. When he found out, he was very offended by his son, it was like a betrayal, but, quote, “you can’t leave him to die of hunger.” By the way, of course, now things are going well for us, and maintaining an over-aged kid doesn’t put a big strain on the budget, but I just can’t imagine how you can sit on your butt at 25 years old and do nothing. Yes, even on maternity leave for five years I was so tired that I gladly accept the opportunity to work, help my husband or parents with business, although there is no real need, but so to speak, for the soul, for self-realization. But he’s fine, he’s still waiting for his dream job. I'd like to be a gaming vlogger or something like that. I suggested that he start, record a test video or something similar. But he says this niche has already been filled. Well, how else can you justify your laziness?
Our relationship is good, he is kind and polite, but he is a pathological liar and lazy. But I still hope that something can motivate him. Just what????
U school uniform Russia has a very rich history.
School uniforms came to Russia from England in 1834, and at the same time a law was passed approving common system all civilian uniforms in the empire. This system included gymnasium and student uniforms. And in 1896, a regulation on gymnasium uniforms for girls appeared. Pupils of the famous Smolny Institute (the Institute of Noble Maidens, as it was called) were required to wear dresses of certain colors, depending on the age of the pupils. For pupils 6 - 9 years old - brown or coffee, 9 - 12 years old - blue, 12 - 15 years old - gray and 15 - 18 years old - white.
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Until 1917, the uniform of high school students was the preferred clothing, because... The children who studied in gymnasiums were not poor.
This uniform was a source of pride and was worn not only within the walls of the educational institution, but also on the street, at home, and also during celebrations. In 1836, a set of rules regarding color and style even appeared. Boys wore military-style uniforms, and girls wore dark, formal dresses with pleated knee-length skirts.
However, after the revolution, in 1918, a decree was issued abolishing the wearing of school uniforms, as a relic of the bourgeois past, and in fact due to the poverty of the population,
since in the first years of the existence of the Soviet state, wearing a school uniform was an unaffordable luxury in a country devastated by World War I, revolution and civil war.
School uniforms appeared again only in 1948; in 1949, a unified school uniform was introduced in the USSR, and in all respects it resembled the bourgeois one.
For girls, these are dark brown woolen dresses and black aprons; on holidays, aprons were replaced with white ones. The dresses had white collars and cuffs as decoration.
And for boys, the uniform consisted of gray military tunics and trousers.
In addition to this, girls could wear black or brown (everyday) or white (ceremonial) bows. Bows of other colors were not allowed according to the rules. In general, the school uniform for girls of the Stalin era was similar to the school uniform of Tsarist Russia.
The strict morals of the Stalin era extended, of course, to school life. The most minor experiments with the length or other parameters of the school uniform were severely punished by the administration of the educational institution.
Even the hairstyle had to meet the requirements of Puritan morality - “model haircuts” were strictly prohibited until the end of the 50s. Girls always wore braids with bows.
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The style of the Soviet school uniform was modernized in 1962, and has changed every decade since then. There were also some differences in different Soviet republics. Boys usually wore blue trousers and jackets, girls wore brown dresses with black aprons and bows (on special occasions they wore white aprons and bows).
In 1970, in the charter of the secondary educational school school uniforms were compulsory.
The “warming” of the regime did not immediately affect the democratization of school uniforms, however, it still happened.
The cut of the uniform became more identical to the fashion trends that took place in the 1960s. True, only the boys were lucky. For boys, from the mid-1970s, gray woolen trousers and jackets were replaced by trousers and jackets made of blue wool blend fabric. The cut of the jackets was reminiscent of classic denim jackets (the so-called “denim fashion” was gaining momentum in the world).
On the side of the sleeve was sewn a soft plastic emblem with a drawn open textbook and rising sun.
In the early 1980s, uniforms for high school students were introduced. (This uniform began to be worn in the eighth grade). Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it was not much higher than the knees. 
For boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The color of the fabric was still blue. The emblem on the sleeve was also blue.
Very often the emblem was cut off because it did not look very aesthetically pleasing, especially after some time - the paint on the plastic began to wear off.
In 1984 it appeared new form for high school girls, it was a blue three-piece suit, which consisted of an A-line skirt with pleats in the front, a jacket with patch pockets and a vest. These things could be combined in several variations. Soviet high school girls proudly wore blouses with this “miracle” costume, but this was already a breakthrough and the first attempts to look more fashionable.
The boys' blue trousers and jacket were transformed into a suit of the same color.
And in some union republics, the style of the school uniform was slightly different, as well as the color. Thus, in Ukraine, school uniforms were brown, although blue ones were not prohibited.
It was this uniform for girls that contributed to the fact that they began to realize their attractiveness early. A pleated skirt, a vest and, most importantly, blouses with which you could experiment, turned almost any schoolgirl into a “young lady.”
A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October uniform (in primary school), pioneer (in middle school) or Komsomol (in high school) badges.
Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie.
Gradually, by 1990, the school uniform underwent changes and became a little more free, and in 1992, by decision of the Russian Government, the school uniform was completely abolished with the introduction of a new Law on Education.
Today, the issue of wearing a school uniform is decided at the level of educational institutions, administrators and parents, and there is no uniform standard for school uniforms.
SCHOOL UNIFORMS OF DIFFERENT PEOPLES OF THE WORLD
School uniforms in other countries are different from ours: in some places they are more conservative, and in others they are very fashionable and unusual.
In most European countries, just like in Russia, there is no uniform form, but everything is limited to a fairly strict style.
In the United Kingdom UK school uniforms have been introduced for a long time in almost all schools; they are as conservative as possible and close to the classic style of clothing. Each prestigious school has its own logo, so students are required to come to classes with a “branded” tie.
Some establishments with a long history and big name have strict regulations.
For example, only one manufacturer's form is allowed.
Blouses must have buttons. Pants at waist level.
A tie must be worn with a shirt. No hats.
The belt can only be black or brown leather.
Boys can't wear earrings and so on.
In FRANCE a single school uniform existed from 1927 to 1968, and in Poland until 1988. 
IN BELGIUM Only some Catholic schools and private schools founded by the British have school uniforms. Typical clothing is dark blue trousers and skirts, a white or light blue shirt and tie.
Schoolchildren in ITALY.
IN AUSTRALIA
IN GERMANY There is no uniform school uniform, although there is debate about its introduction. Some schools have introduced uniform school clothing, which is not a uniform, since students can participate in its development.
Typically, even during the Third Reich, schoolchildren did not have a uniform - they came to classes in casual clothes, in the uniform of the Hitler Youth (or other children's public organizations).
IN CHINA
IN CUBA The uniform is mandatory for all students in schools and higher education institutions. 
IN THE USA and CANADA There is a school uniform in many private schools.
There is no uniform in public schools, although each school decides for itself what items students are allowed to wear. As a rule, tops that reveal the midriff and low-cut trousers are prohibited in schools. Jeans, wide trousers with many pockets, T-shirts with graphics - this is what students in American schools prefer.
NORTH KOREA- communist island. 
Schoolchildren of UZBEKISTAN
For most middle and high schools JAPAN school uniform is considered compulsory.
Each school has its own, but in reality there are not many options.
Usually this is a white shirt, dark jacket and trousers for boys, and a white shirt, dark jacket and skirt for girls, or a sailor fuku - “sailor suit”.
The uniform usually comes with an even larger bag or briefcase. Schoolchildren primary classes, as a rule, dress in ordinary children's clothing.
The school uniform - black jackets for boys and sailor suits for girls - is a copy of the British naval uniform early XIX century.
In many countries of the world, the question of school uniforms, as in Russia, remains open. Of course, a school uniform instills in students a sense of belonging to one large group, one team.
And yet, school uniforms have both supporters and opponents.
ARGUMENTS FOR
A school uniform, like any uniform, disciplines, leads to cohesion, and contributes to the development in students of a sense of community, collectivism, a common cause and the presence of common goals.
The uniform eliminates (or at least limits) the possibility of competition between students (and their parents) in clothing, significantly reduces the visual difference between students from families of different financial means, preventing stratification along the “rich/poor” principle.
A unified uniform standard, if adopted at the state level, ensures that schoolchildren’s clothing will meet sanitary and hygienic requirements and will not adversely affect their health.
If a uniform uniform exists, its production can be targeted with subsidies, keeping prices low and relieving poor families of part of the burden of the cost of educating their children.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST
Form is an element of equalizing education and training.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child states that every child has the right to express his or her individuality in the way he or she pleases. School uniforms limit freedom of expression and are a means of deindividuation of school students.
The requirement to wear a uniform is in itself a form of violence against the individual; the requirement to strictly adhere to the uniform can, if desired, be arbitrarily interpreted by school employees and used for groundless persecution of unwanted students.
The uniform may be too expensive for poor families.
The form proposed based on affordability may not suit the quality of families with a sufficient level of income. 
Modern teenage schoolchildren, for the most part, are strongly against school uniforms. Parents and teachers, on the contrary, advocate the introduction of this element, hoping that the school uniform:
1. Disciplines students (business style obliges students to be strict and collected).
2. Smoothes out social differences between students.
3. Helps keep distance between students and teacher.
4. Allows you to track “strangers” at school.
5. Does not allow teenagers to dress provocatively.
I personally wore a uniform almost until I graduated from school. Of course it brings back nostalgia. The girl's uniform was decorated with aprons, bows and lace collars.
Here you could give free rein to your imagination.
Congratulations to all students, their parents and teachers on Knowledge Day!
School uniforms in Russia have a rich history. Back in 1834, a law was passed that approved a common system for all civilian uniforms in the empire. This system included gymnasium and student uniforms. And in 1896, a regulation on gymnasium uniforms for girls appeared. Pupils of the famous Smolny Institute were required to wear dresses of certain colors, depending on the age of the pupils. For pupils 6 - 9 years old - brown (coffee), 9 - 12 years old - blue, 12 - 15 years old - gray and 15 - 18 years old - white.
Until 1917, the uniform was a class sign, because Only children of wealthy parents could afford to attend a gymnasium. The uniform was worn not only within the walls of the educational institution, but also on the street, at home, and during celebrations. Boys wore military-style uniforms, and girls wore dark, formal dresses with pleated knee-length skirts.
However, soon after the revolution, as part of the fight against bourgeois remnants and the legacy of the tsarist police regime, a decree was issued in 1918 abolishing the wearing of school uniforms. Undoubtedly, in the early years of the Soviet state, wearing a school uniform was an unaffordable luxury in a country devastated by world war, revolution and civil war.
School uniforms became mandatory again only after the Great Patriotic War in 1949, a unified school uniform was introduced in the USSR. From now on, boys were required to wear military tunics with a stand-up collar, and girls - brown woolen dresses with a black apron.
The dresses were modestly decorated with lace collars and cuffs. Wearing a collar and cuffs was mandatory. In addition to this, girls could wear black or brown (everyday) or white (ceremonial) bows. Bows of other colors were not allowed according to the rules. It is worth noting that in general, the school uniform for girls of the Stalin era was similar to the school uniform of Tsarist Russia.
The strict morals of the Stalin era extended, of course, to school life. The most minor experiments with the length or other parameters of the school uniform were severely punished by the administration of the educational institution.
Even the hairstyle had to meet the requirements of Puritan morality - “model haircuts” were strictly prohibited until the end of the 50s, not to mention hair coloring. Girls always wore braids with bows.
The school uniform of the era of I.V. Stalin can be seen in the films “First-Grader”, “Alyosha Ptitsyn Develops Character” and “Vasyok Trubachev and His Comrades”
In addition, after the war, separate education was introduced, which, however, was abandoned a few years later.
In 1970, in the charter of the secondary school, the school uniform existed as compulsory.
The “warming” of the regime did not immediately affect the democratization of school uniforms, however, it still happened.
The cut of the uniform became more identical to the fashion trends that took place in the 1960s. True, only the boys were lucky. For boys, from the mid-1970s, gray woolen trousers and jackets were replaced by trousers and jackets made of blue wool blend fabric. The cut of the jackets was reminiscent of classic denim jackets (the so-called “denim fashion” was gaining momentum in the world).
On the side of the sleeve was a soft plastic emblem with a drawing of an open textbook and a rising sun.
We can see schoolchildren of the late 1960s in the cult film “We'll Live Until Monday.”
In the early 1980s, uniforms for high school students were introduced. (This uniform began to be worn in the eighth grade). Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it was not much higher than the knees.
For boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The color of the fabric was still blue. The emblem on the sleeve was also blue.
Very often the emblem was cut off because it did not look very aesthetically pleasing, especially after some time - the paint on the plastic began to wear off.
For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets and a vest. The skirt could be worn with either a jacket or a vest, or the whole suit at once. In 1988, the wearing of blue trousers in winter was allowed for Leningrad, regions of Siberia and the Far North.
In some union republics, the style of the school uniform was slightly different, as was the color. Thus, in Ukraine, school uniforms were brown, although blue ones were not prohibited.
It was this uniform for girls that contributed to the fact that they began to realize their attractiveness early. A pleated skirt, a vest and, most importantly, blouses with which you could experiment, turned almost any schoolgirl into a “young lady.”
A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October (in primary school), Pioneer (in middle school) or Komsomol (in high school) badges. Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie.
In addition to the regular pioneer badge, there was a special option for pioneers actively involved in social work. It was a little larger than usual and had the inscription “For active work” on it.
School uniforms from the 1980s can be seen, for example, in the films “Guest from the Future” and “The Adventures of Electronics”
Years pass and in 1991 school uniforms still exist. Gradually, the school uniform underwent changes and became a little looser.
The school uniform was abolished only in 1992 by a decision of the Russian Government, with the introduction of a new Law on Education.
Today, the issue of wearing a school uniform is resolved at the level of educational institutions, administrators and parents. There are no official documents, orders, instructions regarding the mandatory school uniform.
However, more and more educational institutions are turning to past experience and introducing school uniforms as a mandatory attribute of school life.
School uniforms in other countries are different from ours: in some places they are more conservative, and in others they are very fashionable and unusual. For example, in Japan, schoolgirls wear sailor suits, called “sailor fuku” there. Their uniform is the standard of teenage fashion for the whole world. Even outside of school, Japanese girls wear something that reminds them of their usual school uniform.
In Cuba, uniforms are mandatory for all students in schools and higher education institutions.
In Great Britain, school uniforms are as conservative as possible and close to the classic style of clothing. Each prestigious school has its own logo, so students are required to come to classes with a “branded” tie.
In France, a single school uniform existed from 1927 to 1968. In Poland - until 1988.
Germany does not have a uniform school uniform, although there is debate about introducing one. In some schools, students can participate in the design of school clothes. Characteristically, even during the Third Reich, schoolchildren did not have a uniform uniform.
In the USA, each school decides for itself what items students are allowed to wear. As a rule, tops that reveal the midriff and low-cut trousers are prohibited in schools. Jeans, wide trousers with many pockets, T-shirts with graphics - this is what students in American schools prefer.
In most European countries there is also no uniform form; everything is limited to a fairly strict style. In many countries of the world, the question of school uniforms, like ours, remains open.
School uniforms have opponents and supporters. Modern teenage schoolchildren, for the most part, are strongly opposed. Parents and teachers, on the contrary, advocate the introduction of this element, hoping that the school uniform:
disciplines students (business style obliges students to be strict and collected), smooths out social differences between students, helps maintain a distance between students and the teacher. allows you to track down “outsiders” at school; prevents teenagers from dressing provocatively.
School uniform is a mandatory daily uniform for students while they are at school and at official school events outside of school.
Now in Russia there is a lot of debate about whether students need a school uniform and what it gives: it increases discipline and academic performance or, on the contrary, it deprives them of individuality and interferes with the formation of a full-fledged personality. Parents and teachers, journalists and psychologists argue about this. Meanwhile, children go to school in whatever they like - tracksuits and miniskirts, sweaters and tank tops. What they like and what their parents can afford.
School uniforms have existed in our country for quite a long time and we should not forget our history.
Even in the famous Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, each age was assigned to wear its own dress color: for pupils 6-9 years old - brown, 9-12 years old - blue, 12-15 years old - gray and 15-18 years old - white. There is a legend that the costumes of the students were invented by Empress Catherine II herself.
1834. A law was passed that approved the general system of all civilian uniforms in the empire. This system included gymnasium and student uniforms. The style of the school uniform for boys changed along with the style of the dress in 1855, 1868, 1896 and 1913.
1896. Regulations on gymnasium uniforms for girls were approved.
1. 1. School uniform in the USSR
Uniform (according to Ozhegov) is the essence of uniform. Form has the same meaning. UNIFORM CLOTHING is clothing that is uniform in cut and uniform in color, established for a certain category of persons. Uniforms primarily act as a sign of distinction. The presence of other individual insignia only emphasizes its functionality. Uniforms have never kept pace with fashion. The school uniform of the Soviet period was a true uniform or uniform.
In 1918, after the revolution, the gymnasium uniform in Russia was abolished.
The old uniform was considered a symbol of belonging to upper classes, and on the other hand, the uniform symbolized the student’s absolute lack of freedom, his humiliated and servile position. But this rejection of form also had another side - the poverty of the people. Students went to school in what their parents could provide them with.
However, over time, they decided to return to their former image - to brown formal dresses with a black apron, aprons, student jackets and turn-down collars. This happened in 1949. Now “loose clothing” has become associated with laxity.
IN Soviet era The school uniform was compulsory for every student, but it changed several times.
There were several models. Girls have a classic brown dress with a black (everyday) or white (for special occasions) apron, tied at the back with a bow. School dresses were modestly decorated with lace turn-down collars and cuffs. Wearing a collar and cuffs was mandatory.
In addition to this, girls could wear black or brown (everyday) or white (ceremonial) bows. Bows of other colors were not allowed according to the rules. In general, the uniform for girls almost completely copied the uniform of the Russian pre-revolutionary girls' gymnasium, with the exception that the gymnasium students wore straw hats.
The most minor experiments with the length or other parameters of the school uniform were severely punished by the administration of the educational institution.
Even the hairstyle had to meet moral requirements - “model haircuts” were strictly prohibited until the end of the 1950s, not to mention hair coloring. Girls always wore braids with bows. The school uniform of the era of I.V. Stalin can be seen in the films “First-Grader”, “Alyosha Ptitsyn Develops Character” and “Vasyok Trubachev and His Comrades”.
1962. The boys were dressed in gray wool suits with four buttons. The uniform for girls remains the same.
1973. From the mid-1970s, boys' gray wool trousers and jackets were replaced by trousers and jackets made of blue wool blend fabric. The cut of the jackets was reminiscent of classic denim jackets with shoulder straps and chest pockets with brace-shaped flaps. The jacket was fastened with aluminum buttons. On the side of the sleeve was sewn a soft plastic emblem with a drawn open textbook and a rising sun - a symbol of enlightenment.
In the early 1980s (1976), a uniform for high school students was introduced: a skirt and jacket made of blue wool blend fabric. They started wearing this uniform in the eighth grade. Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it was not much higher than the knees.
In the 80s, there was no longer any particular strictness in schoolchildren’s clothing. Middle school boys, not to mention high school students, could wear ordinary suits to school, including ones with a vest. For girls, garment factories made dresses and aprons of various styles and cuts, but only one color, dark brown with different shades. To be honest, from a distance the difference in styles was not very noticeable. Girls, especially in high school, always tried to somehow “decorate” their uniforms, used different shaped cuffs, and shortened the length of the dress. The process of democratization of school clothes began from within; teenagers needed change.
For high school boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The color of the fabric was still blue. The emblem on the sleeve was also blue. Very often the emblem was cut off because it did not look very aesthetically pleasing, especially after some time - the paint on the plastic began to wear off. School uniforms from the 1980s can be seen, for example, in the films “Guest from the Future” and “The Adventures of Electronics”
For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats in the front, a jacket with patch pockets (without sleeve emblem) and a vest. The skirt could be worn with either a jacket or a vest, or the whole suit at once. It was this uniform for girls that contributed to the fact that they began to realize their attractiveness early. A pleated skirt, a vest and, most importantly, blouses with which you could experiment, turned almost any schoolgirl into a “young lady.” It was allowed to wear loose hair.
A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October (in primary school), Pioneer (in middle school) or Komsomol (in high school) badges. Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie.
In addition to the regular pioneer badge, there was a special option for pioneers actively involved in social work. It was a little larger than usual and had the inscription “For active work” on it.
In 1988, the wearing of blue trousers in winter was allowed for Leningrad, regions of Siberia and the Far North. In the same year, some schools were allowed, as an experiment, to waive the compulsory wearing of school uniforms.
In September 1991, the wearing of pioneer ties and October badges was canceled due to the abolition of the Pioneer Organization of the USSR.
Compulsory wearing of school uniforms in Russia was abolished in the spring of 1992.
1. 2. Modern Russia
Perestroika changed attitudes towards school uniforms. It began to be considered one of the means of suppressing individuality, which interferes with the harmonious development of the individual. The school uniform was abandoned, and for some time she Russian schools was absent altogether. However, then school uniforms began to return again - only now at the level of individual schools, as a kind of corporate clothing that serves as a sign of difference between the students of a given school and all others.
The ban has been lifted, you can wear whatever you want, as long as the clothes are clean. Teenagers spend most of their time within the walls of school, and they do not care what they wear in front of their classmates. Children's demands to buy a new outfit have increased, in accordance with fashion trends. It is indecent to wear the same outfit to school all week, just as it is indecent to go to work. Psychologists, reflecting on the topic of social inequality, believe that the absence of a uniform school uniform only emphasizes this inequality.
Now there are very different opinions about the need for school uniforms. A year ago
The Russian Ministry of Education conducted a survey of schoolchildren, parents and teachers. Among teenagers, only 38% showed interest in the form, the rest were strongly against it. Most adults believe that a uniform is necessary; it teaches children discipline and develops a corporate spirit. A school uniform is not so much an outfit as it is everyday clothing that a child wears five days a week. The ideal option is a beautiful, comfortable and inexpensive uniform, consisting of several accessories for different seasons.
Many schools enter into contracts with garment factories. At the same time, teachers and parents (children also take part) determine the style, choose the style and color of the uniform.
Child psychologists advise:
Choose calm, muted colors and do not use direct colors of the rainbow, they increase fatigue in children and can provoke hidden irritation;
It is better to avoid a combination of colors such as black and white; such a sharp contrast greatly tires the eyesight and can even cause a headache;
The most suitable colors are beige or diluted green;
For boys, a classic three-piece suit. It is better to choose fabric without synthetic additives - they accumulate static electricity;
This is how the management of educational institutions and parents who want to see their children neat, well-mannered, educated and smart solve the problem of school uniforms. First-graders are happy to put on the school uniform. They consider themselves adults. From about the 6th grade, teenagers are very reluctant to put on a uniform, and high school students often simply ignore it and do not want to wear it like an “incubator.”
1. 3. Dress code
Over the past 100 years, the concept of a dress code has migrated from London to all major cities peace. This concept is actively used.
Dress-code translated from English means “clothing code,” that is, professional clothing or uniform. If it is customary to wear a uniform at school, gymnasium or college, then this clothing is dress code. Business style – clothes for work and important meetings. Main characteristics of style: solid, self-confident, attractive, trustworthy, elegant. These are clothes that don't attract attention. The most business colors for suits and dresses are considered dark: dark blue, dark gray, brown, black, blue-green; light: beige, light gray.
II. Main part.
We conducted a survey among students in grades 2, 3 and 4, as well as parents.
Survey questions:
1. Are you faced with a problem: what to wear to school?
2. Do elementary school students need uniforms?
3. Do you face a problem: what to send your child to school with? (Adults)
4. Is it necessary elementary school form? (Adults)
The diagrams show that many children are faced with the problem of choosing clothes for school – this is 43% of respondents. 51% of respondents want to wear a uniform, 48% do not want to, 1% are neutral.
The majority of adults - 77% - are faced with the problem of what to send their child to school in. 85% definitely said that their children need a uniform at school, and only 15% of those surveyed believe that a child can go to school in whatever he wants.
Based on the literature we read and a survey, we found out that school uniforms have their pros and cons.
Pros of school uniform:
The form helps to avoid visible signs of social differences among children and adolescents and the difference in the income of their families is not so noticeable.
The school uniform disciplines. The design of any form is strict and business-like, allowing no liberties and not distracting students from the main lesson - studying the school curriculum.
It, like any corporate clothing, promotes team unity.
Disadvantages of school uniforms:
No form can completely hide social differences. There are also shoes, cosmetics and perfumes, jewelry, mobile phones, and so on and so forth. Children from wealthier families will always find a way to emphasize their social status. In addition, children and adolescents spend most of their lives outside of school, and here they, in any case, wear their regular clothes, and not a uniform.
Form is the suppression of individuality. For children and adolescents, the inability to express themselves in clothing can be quite a sensitive stress that interferes with the full and harmonious development of their personality.
Another disadvantage concerns parents. Additional expenses on clothes that the child will not wear anywhere except school.
The next disadvantage is the uniform style of school uniform. No matter how good a fashion design is, it will never appeal to everyone equally. And for a child, and especially for a teenager, wearing clothes that he does not like is very serious stress.
III. Conclusion.
The idea of returning school uniforms, as corporate clothing, to educational institutions is becoming increasingly relevant. Today, in many schools, gymnasiums and lyceums, school uniforms are becoming mandatory.
Based on the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. School uniforms for girls and boys have the following advantages:
Smoothing social inequality, which can negatively affect the child’s psyche;
Instilling in a child internal discipline and good taste for an elegant business style;
Forming a sense of community and cohesion with the class and school.
2. A school uniform, like any children’s clothing, should be comfortable, practical, high quality, fashionable, and most importantly, the schoolchildren themselves should like it.
3. B educational institutions Those who do not have a school uniform may have dress codes.
Do you remember dark brown cloth dresses, wool-blend trousers, ties and crisp white bows to match the apron on holidays? Or are you a little younger than we think and only remember your principal's attempts to enforce a dress code at your own school? Or maybe you've never encountered any kind of uniform at all and think that trying to make different people look exactly the same infringes on rights?
In fact, throughout world history, school uniforms had two purposes: they either elevated students of elite schools above “mere mortals” and, in such cases, were made from exquisite expensive materials, or they were introduced at the state level, served as an “equalizer” and were sewn made of cheap cloth.
Prototypes of school uniforms appeared long before this phenomenon overtook Russia. In the schools of scribes in the cities of Mesopotamia, in the first Pythagorean school in Greece, in the schools of Ancient India, students had to appear for classes in special clothes, different from everyday ones. 
Sumerian school of scribes (Mesopotamia, III millennium BC)
Students of the Pythagorean school
Uniforms for European schoolchildren first appeared in 1522 in England. At Christ's Hospital, a costume was introduced for students: a dark blue jacket with tails to the ankle, a vest, a leather belt and trousers just below the knees. The form has remained approximately in this form to this day, the only difference is that these days the students of Christ’s Hospital are no longer orphans, but the future economic and cultural elite of Great Britain.
The first English school uniform of Christ's Hospital
In Rus', from the moment the first mentions of organized education appeared, there was no talk of any form at all. The first evidence of the appearance of a school uniform dates back to 1834. Then Nicholas I issued a decree approving a separate type of civilian uniform. These included gymnasium and student uniforms.
Sample of a school uniform approved by Nicholas I
The uniform was worn anywhere and everywhere: at school, on the street, during holidays. She was a source of pride and distinguished schoolchildren from other teenagers. The uniform was of a military style: invariably caps, tunics and overcoats, which differed only in color, piping, buttons and emblems.
The first girls' school uniform appeared in 1764 at the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, founded by Empress Catherine II. 
Graduate of the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens
Students of the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens
Over the next hundred years Russian Empire was filled with various kinds of schools and gymnasiums for girls, but each educational institution sought to distinguish its pupils and introduced its own uniform.
Schoolgirls in Russia XVIII century
High school students in Russia XIX century
After the revolution of 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided that all attributes of education in pre-revolutionary Russia- a relic of the bourgeois past, introduced the decree “On a unified labor school” and abolished the division of schools into colleges and gymnasiums. Along with the gradation of schools, the bourgeois school uniform has also become a thing of the past, and since there is no money to sew new ones for everyone government agencies The authorities had no education, parents began to dress their children themselves - whoever wanted.
School graduates in 1917
Students after the 1917 revolution
Since 1949, seven-year education has become compulsory, and with this a common school uniform has appeared for all. The boys wore gray-blue tunics with a patent black belt, trousers in the color of the tunics and caps. The girls dressed in dark brown dresses and aprons: black on ordinary days, white on holidays. Braids became mandatory, and bows had to be chosen to match the color of the apron.
School in the 1950s
Schoolgirl in 1956
Schoolchildren of the 1950s
1950s school uniform
Schoolchildren of the 1950s through the lens of French scientist Jacques Dupaquier
Schoolchildren of the 1950s
Due to demilitarization in 1962, tunics for boys gave way to jackets. But for girls, practically nothing has changed.
It is quite possible that someone did not like the general demilitarized uniform
Gray wool blend school suit
Pioneer uniform from the 1970s
After the collapse Soviet Union The general school uniform has sunk into oblivion. Since 1992, schools have been free to introduce uniforms for their students. All that is required for this is to fix the dress code provision in the local normative act educational institution.
