What types of sensations exist? What are the feelings, emotions and sensations of a person.
Sensation - a reflection of specific, individual properties, qualities, sides of objects and phenomena of material reality, affecting the senses at the moment.
The physiological basis of sensations is the complex activity of the senses.
The anatomophysiological apparatus, specialized for receiving the effects of certain stimuli from the external and internal environment and processing them into sensations, is called an analyzer. Each analyzer consists of three parts:
1. Receptor - a sense organ that converts the energy of external influences into nerve signals. Each receptor is adapted to receive only certain types of exposure (light, sound), i.e. possesses specific excitability to certain physical and chemical agents.
2. Conducting nerve pathways - along them, nerve signals are transmitted to the brain.
3. The brain center in the cerebral cortex.
The sensations are objective, since they always reflect an external stimulus, and on the other hand, are subjective, since they depend on the state of the nervous system and individual characteristics.
The English physiologist I. Sherrington identified three main classes of sensations:
1. Exteroreceptive sensations reflect the properties of objects and environmental phenomena (“five senses”). These include visual, auditory, taste, temperature and tactile sensations. Receptors are on the surface of the body.
2. Interoreceptive sensations reflect the state of internal organs. They include a sensation of pain, hunger, thirst, nausea, suffocation, etc. Pain sensations signal damage and irritation of human organs, are a kind of manifestation of the protective functions of the body.
3. Proprioceptive sensations (musculoskeletal). These are sensations that reflect the position and movements of our body. With the help of musculoskeletal sensations, a person receives information about the position of the body in space, about the relative position of all its parts, about the movement of the body and its parts, about the contraction, stretching and relaxation of muscles, the condition of joints and ligaments, etc.
Group I - distant sensations:
1. Vision - electromagnetic waves, the reflection of light from objects.
2. Hearing - sound vibrations.
3. Smell - odorous particles, chemical analysis.
Group II - contact sensations:
4. Tactile - sensations of touch and pressure. Even a slight decrease in tactile sensitivity negatively affects the psyche. The most sensitive:
a) language
b) lips
c) fingertips.
5. Temperature - separate receptors for cold and heat. Body temperature is taken as 0.
6. Flavoring - receptors in the papillae of the tongue that respond to the chemical composition of food.
7. Vibration sensitivity - a response to low-frequency environmental fluctuations. The oldest sensitivity. The progenitor of hearing and tactile sensations. There are no special receptors, all body tissues are involved in the transmission of information.
8. Pain sensitivity - stands in the service of the instinct of self-preservation. People without pain sensitivity do not live up to 10 years.
Group III - sensations related to the body itself:
Sensations of events within the body.
9. Vestibular - determine how the body is placed in relation to gravity. We need to understand where the top, where the bottom. Receptors in the inner ear.
10. Muscular - kinesthetic, dynamic, musculoskeletal, proprioreception. Special sensors in all muscles, places of attachment of tendons and joints. React to stress and relaxation. Thanks to them, we can say with closed eyes what our body does. All types of skeletal movements are regulated by the psyche with the participation of muscle sensations.
11. Introceptive sensations - interoreception - the combined result of several types of sensors inside the body (chemoreceptors - chemical events inside the body, baroreceptors - respond to pressure changes, pain, etc.). Often they do not reach the psyche, to awareness. Managed by subcortical structures. What comes to consciousness (Sechenov): "dark gross sense of the body" - poorly recognized, undifferentiated. Events within the body affect external sensory sensitivities.
Sensation Properties:
1. Adaptation is the adaptation of sensitivity to constantly acting stimuli.
2. Contrast - a change in intensity and quality of sensations under the influence of a previous or concomitant stimulus.
3. Sensitization - increased sensitivity under the influence of the interaction of sensations and exercises.
4. Synaesthesia is manifested in the fact that sensations of one modality can be accompanied by sensations of another modality.
Not every stimulus affecting the receptor ends of one or another analyzer is capable of causing sensation. For this, it is necessary that the stimulus has a certain size or strength.
The lower absolute threshold of sensation is the minimum value, or force, of the stimulus at which it is able to cause enough nervous excitation in the analyzer to cause sensation.
The absolute sensitivity of one or another sensory organ is characterized by the value of the lower threshold of sensation. The smaller the value of this threshold, the higher the sensitivity of this analyzer. Most analyzers have very high sensitivity. For example, the absolute lower threshold of auditory sensation, measured in units of pressure of air sound waves on the eardrum, is equal to an average of 0.001 boron in a person. How great is this sensitivity can be judged by the fact that one boron is equal to one millionth of normal atmospheric pressure. The sensitivity of the visual analyzer is even higher. The absolute lower threshold for sensing light is 2.5-10 "" erg / s. With this sensitivity, the human eye can notice light at a distance of one kilometer, the intensity of which is only a few thousandths of a normal candle.
The upper absolute threshold of sensation corresponds to the maximum value of the stimulus, beyond which this stimulus ceases to be felt. So, the absolute upper threshold of audibility of tones in an average person is 20,000 vibrations of sound waves per second.
The world around us, its beauty, sounds, colors, smells, temperature, size and much more, we learn through the senses. Using the senses, the human body receives in the form of sensations a variety of information about the state of the external and internal environment.
FEELING is a simple mental process, which consists in reflecting the individual properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as the internal conditions of the body with the direct action of stimuli on the corresponding receptors.
Sensory organs are irritated. It is necessary to distinguish between stimuli adequate for a particular sense organ and inadequate for it. Sensation is the primary process with which the knowledge of the world begins.
FEELING - cognitive mental process of reflection in the human psyche of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena with their direct impact on his senses.
The role of sensations in life and cognition of reality is very important, since they constitute the only source of our knowledge about the outside world and about ourselves.
The physiological basis of sensations. Sensation arises as a reaction of the nervous system to a particular stimulus. The physiological basis of sensation is the nervous process that occurs when the stimulus acts on an analyzer adequate to it.
The sensation is reflex; physiologically, it provides an analyzer system. The analyzer is a nervous apparatus that performs the function of analysis and synthesis of stimuli that came from the external and internal environment of the body.
ANALYZERS - These are the organs of the human body that analyze the surrounding reality and highlight those "or Other varieties of psychoenergy in it.
The analyzer concept was introduced by I.P. Pavlov. The analyzer consists of three parts:
The peripheral section - the receptor, turns a certain type of energy into a nervous process;
Afferent (centripetal) pathways that transmit the excitation that has arisen in the receptor in the centers of the nervous system located above, and efferent (centrifugal), through which impulses from the centers located above are transmitted to the lower levels;
Subcortical and cortical projective areas where the processing of nerve impulses from the peripheral regions occurs.
The analyzer is the initial and most important part of the entire path of nervous processes, or the reflex arc.
Reflex arc \u003d analyzer + effector,
An effector is a motor organ (a specific muscle) into which a nerve impulse enters from the central nervous system (brain). The interconnection of the elements of the reflex arc provides the basis for the orientation of a complex organism in the environment, the activity of the organism, depending on the conditions of its existence.
For the sensation to arise, the work of the entire analyzer as a whole is necessary. The action of the stimulus on the receptor causes the appearance of irritation.
Classification and varieties of sensations. There are various classifications of the sensory organs and the body's sensitivity to stimuli entering the analyzers from the outside world or from the inside of the body.
Depending on the degree of contact of the senses with stimuli, sensitivity is distinguished between contact (tangent, taste, pain) and distant (visual, auditory, olfactory). Contact receptors transmit irritation in direct contact with objects that affect them; such are the tactile, taste buds. Distant receptors respond to irritation * that comes from a distant object; distant receptors are visual, auditory, olfactory.
Since sensations arise as a result of the action of a certain stimulus on the corresponding receptor, the properties of the stimuli that cause them and the receptors that are affected by these stimuli are taken into account in the classification of sensations.
For the placement of receptors in the body - on the surface, inside the body, in the muscles and tendons - sensations are distinguished:
Exteroceptive, reflecting properties of objects and phenomena of the external world (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory)
Interoceptive, containing information about the condition of internal organs (feeling of hunger, thirst, fatigue)
Proprioceptive, reflecting the movements of the organs of the body and the state of the body (kinesthetic and static).
According to the system of analyzers, there are such varieties of sensations: visual, auditory, tactile, painful, temperature, taste, olfactory, hunger and thirst, sexual, kinesthetic and static.
Each of these varieties of sensation has its own organ (analyzer), its own patterns of occurrence and function.
The subclass proprioception, which is a sensitivity to movement, is also called kinesthesia, and the corresponding receptors are called kinesthetic, or kinesthetic.
Independent sensations include temperature, which is the function of a special temperature analyzer that carries out thermoregulation and heat transfer of the body with the environment.
For example, the organ of visual sensations is the eye. The ear is the organ of perception of auditory sensations. Tactile, temperature and pain sensitivity are a function of organs located in the skin.
Tactile sensations provide knowledge about the degree of equality and relief of the surface of objects, which can be felt during their palpation.
Pain sensations signal a violation of the integrity of the tissue, which, of course, causes a protective reaction in a person.
Temperature sensation - a feeling of cold, warmth, it causes contact with objects that have a temperature higher or lower than body temperature.
An intermediate position between tactile and auditory sensations is occupied by vibrational sensations, signaling the vibration of the object. The organ of vibrational sensation has not yet been found.
The olfactory sensations signal the state of shelf life of the products for consumption, clean or polluted air.
The organ of taste sensation - special cones sensitive to chemical stimuli located on the tongue and palate.
Static or gravitational sensations reflect the position of our body in space - lying, standing, sitting, balance, falling.
Kinesthetic sensations reflect the movements and conditions of individual parts of the body - arms, legs, head, body.
Organic sensations signal such conditions of the body as hunger, thirst, well-being, fatigue, pain.
Sexual sensations signal the body's need for sexual discharge, which provides pleasure due to irritation of the so-called erogenous zones and sex in general.
From the point of view of the data of modern science, the separation of sensations into external (exteroceptors) and internal (interoceptors) is not enough. Some types of sensations can be considered externally internal. These include temperature, pain, taste, vibration, muscle and joint, genital and static-di and iamich n and.
General properties of sensations. Sensation is a form of reflection of adequate stimuli. However, various types of sensations are characterized not only by specificity, but also by properties common to them. These properties include quality, intensity, duration and spatial localization.
Quality is the main feature of a certain sensation, which distinguishes it from other types of sensations and varies within this type. So, auditory sensations differ in height, timbre, volume; visual - by saturation, color tone, and the like.
The intensity of sensations is its quantitative characteristic and is determined by the strength of the stimulus and the functional state of the receptor.
The duration of sensation is its temporal characteristic. it also determines the functional state of the sensory organ, but mainly the duration of the stimulus and its intensity. During the action of the stimulus on the sensory organ, the sensation arises not immediately, but after some time, which is called the latent (hidden) period of sensation.
General patterns of sensations. General patterns of sensation are sensitivity thresholds, adaptation, interaction, sensitization, contrast, synesthesia.
Sensitivity. The sensitivity of the sensory organ is determined by the minimum stimulus, which in specific conditions becomes capable of causing a sensation. The minimum strength of the stimulus, causes a barely noticeable sensation, is called the lower absolute threshold of sensitivity.
Smaller irritants, the so-called subthreshold, do not cause sensations, and signals about them are not transmitted to the cerebral cortex.
The lower threshold of sensations determines the level of absolute sensitivity of this analyzer.
The absolute sensitivity of the analyzer is limited not only by the lower, but by the upper threshold of sensation.
The upper absolute threshold of sensitivity is the maximum strength of the stimulus, at which sensation adequate to a certain stimulus still arises. A further increase in the strength of the stimuli acting on our receptors causes only pain in them (for example, an ultra-loud sound, dazzling brightness).
The difference in sensitivity, or sensitivity to discrimination, is also inversely related to the value of the threshold of discrimination: that the threshold of discrimination is greater, the smaller the difference in sensitivity.
Adaptation. The sensitivity of the analyzers, the determined value of the absolute thresholds, is not constant and changes under the influence of a number of physiological and psychological conditions, among which the adaptation phenomenon occupies a special place.
Adaptation, or adaptation, is a change in the sensitivity of the senses under the influence of the stimulus.
There are three varieties of this phenomenon:
Adaptation as a continuous disappearance of sensation during the long-term action of the stimulus.
Adaptation as dulling sensation under the influence of a strong irritant. The two types of adaptation described can be combined with the term negative adaptation, since the sensitivity of the analyzers decreases as a result of it.
Adaptation as an increase in sensitivity under the influence of a weak irritant. This type of adaptation, inherent in some types of sensations, can be defined as positive adaptation.
The phenomenon of increasing the sensitivity of the analyzer to the stimulus under the influence of mindfulness, orientation, installation is called sensitization. This phenomenon of the senses is possible not only as a result of the use of indirect stimuli, but also through exercise.
The interaction of sensations is a change in the sensitivity of one analyzer system under the influence of another. The intensity of sensations depends not only on the strength of the stimulus and the level of adaptation of the receptor, but also on stimuli that affect other senses at this moment. Changing the sensitivity of the analyzer under the influence of irritation of other senses mage. name of the interaction of sensations.
In this case, the interaction of sensations, as well as adaptations, will be in two opposite processes: increasing and decreasing sensitivity. Here, the pattern of weaknesses is that weak stimuli increase and strong stimulants lower the sensitivity of analyzers by their interaction.
Changing the sensitivity of analyzers can cause the effect of lugosignal stimuli.
If you carefully, carefully peer, listen, relish, then the sensitivity to the properties of objects and phenomena becomes more clear, bright - objects and their properties are much better distinguished.
The contrast of sensations is a change in the intensity and quality of sensations under the influence of a previous or concomitant stimulus.
With the simultaneous action of two stimuli, a simultaneous contrast occurs. Such a contrast can be clearly seen in visual sensations. One piece you yourself will appear lighter on a black background, darker on a white one. A green object on a red background is perceived more saturated. Therefore, military installations are often masked so that there is no contrast. This should include the phenomenon of consistent contrast. After a cold, a faint warm stimulus will seem hot. Sensation of sourness increases sensitivity to sweets.
Sinesthesia of feelings is the occurrence of sex by the outpouring of a stimulus of one analyzer nidchutgiv. which are characteristic of another analyzer. In particular, during the action of sound stimuli, such as airplanes, rockets, etc., a person has their visual images. Or one who sees a wounded person also feels pain in a certain way.
The activity of the analyzers will be in interaction. This interaction is not isolated. It is proved that light increases auditory sensitivity, and weak sounds increase visual sensitivity, cold washing of the head increases sensitivity to red color and the like.
Feel - the simplest mental process, consisting in the reflection of the individual properties of objects and phenomena with their direct impact on the corresponding receptors
Receptors - These are sensitive nerve formations that perceive the effects of the external or internal environment and encode it in the form of a set of electrical signals. These signals then enter the brain, which decrypts them. This process accompanies the emergence of the simplest mental phenomena - sensations.
Some of the human receptors are combined into more complex formations - sensory organs. A person has an organ of vision - an eye, an organ of hearing - an ear, an organ of balance - a vestibular apparatus, an organ of smell - a nose, an organ of taste - a tongue. At the same time, some receptors do not combine into one organ, but are scattered across the surface of the whole body. These are receptors for temperature, pain and tactile sensitivity. A large number of receptors are located inside the body: pressure receptors, chemical senses, etc. For example, receptors that are sensitive to blood glucose provide a feeling of hunger. Receptors and sensory organs are the only channels through which the brain can receive information for further processing.
All receptors can be divided into distant that can perceive irritation at a distance (visual, auditory, olfactory) and contact (taste, tactile, pain).
Analyzer - the material basis of sensations
Sensations are the product of activity analyzers person. An analyzer is an interconnected complex of nerve formations that receives signals, transforms them, sets up the receptor apparatus, transfers information to nerve centers, processes it and decrypts it. I.P. Pavlov believed that the analyzer consists of three elements: sensory organ , pathway and cortical department . According to modern concepts, the analyzer includes at least five departments: receptor, conductor, tuner, filtering unit, and analysis unit. Since the conductor section is essentially just an electric cable that conducts electrical impulses, the four departments of the analyzer play the most important role. The feedback system allows you to make adjustments to the work of the receptor department when changing external conditions (for example, fine-tuning the analyzer with different strengths).
Thresholds of sensations
In psychology, there are several concepts of the threshold of sensitivity.
Lower absolute sensitivity threshold defined as the smallest stimulus that can cause sensation.
Human receptors are very sensitive to an adequate stimulus. So, for example, the lower visual threshold is only 2-4 quanta of light, and the olfactory is 6 molecules of odorous substance.
Irritants with a power less than threshold do not cause sensations. They're called subliminal and are not realized, however, they can penetrate the subconscious, determining the behavior of a person, as well as forming the basis of his dreams, intuition, unconscious drives.A study of psychologists shows that a person’s subconscious mind can respond to very weak or very short stimuli that are not perceived by the consciousness.
Upper Absolute Sensitivity Threshold changes the very nature of the sensations (most often - to pain). For example, with a gradual increase in water temperature, a person begins to perceive not heat, but already pain. The same thing happens with a strong sound and or pressure on the skin.
Relative threshold (threshold of discrimination) is called the minimum change in the intensity of the stimulus, causing changes in sensations. According to the Bouguer-Weber law, the relative threshold of sensations is constant when measured as a percentage of the initial value of irritation.
Bouguer-Weber Law: “The threshold of discrimination for each analyzer has
constant relative value ":
DI / I = const, where I is the strength of the stimulus
Classificationsensations
1. Exteroreceptive sensations reflect the properties of objects and phenomena of the external environment ("five senses"). These include visual, auditory, taste, temperature and tactile sensations. In fact, there are more than five receptors that provide these sensations, and the so-called “sixth sense” has nothing to do with it. For example, visual sensations occur when excited wand (“Twilight, black and white vision”) and cones ("Daytime, color vision"). Thermal sensations in a person arise with separate excitation cold and heat receptors. Tactile sensations reflect the effect on the surface of the body, and they occur when excited or sensitive receptor touch in the upper layer of the skin, or with a stronger effect on pressure receptors in the deeper layers of the skin.
2. Interoreceptive sensations reflect the state of internal organs. They include a sensation of pain, hunger, thirst, nausea, suffocation, etc. Pain sensations signal damage and irritation of the human organs, are a kind of manifestation of the protective functions of the body. The intensity of pain is different, reaching in some cases a lot of power, which can even lead to a shock condition.
3. Proprioceptive sensations (musculoskeletal). These are sensations that reflect the position and movements of our body. With the help of musculoskeletal sensations, a person receives information about the position of the body in space, about the relative position of all its parts, about the movement of the body and its parts, about the contraction, stretching and relaxation of muscles, the condition of joints and ligaments, etc. Musculoskeletal sensations are complex. Simultaneous irritation of receptors of various quality gives a peculiar quality of sensation: irritation of the receptor endings in the muscles creates a sensation of muscular tonicity when performing movement; sensations of muscle tension and effort are associated with irritation of the nerve endings of the tendons; irritation of the receptors of the articular surfaces gives a sense of direction, shape and speed of movement. To the same group of sensations, many authors include sensations of equilibrium and acceleration, which arise as a result of excitation of receptors of the vestibular analyzer.
Sensation Properties
Sensations have certain properties:
·adaptation,
·contrast,
Thresholds of sensations
Sensitization
· Sequential images.
english sensation) - ^ the psychophysical process of directly sensory reflection (cognition) of the individual properties of phenomena and objects of the objective world, i.e. the process of reflection of the direct impact of stimuli on the senses, irritation of the latter (see. Analyzer), as well as 2) arising from this process subjective (mental) experience of strength, quality, localization and other characteristics of the impact on the senses (receptors).
Initially, the doctrine of O. arose and developed in philosophy as part of the theory of knowledge. According to the established tradition, in philosophy the term O. is interpreted broadly, covering all phenomena of sensory reflection (see Sensual reflection), including perception and representations of memory. Already in the V century. BC e. Heraclitus and Protagoras considered O. as a source of human knowledge. In the XVIII century. O. becomes the central topic of discussion of representatives of empirical psychology and philosophy. The mechanistic understanding of O. as elementary "bricks" of the psychic was especially widespread in associative psychology. So, V. Wundt distinguished O. and perception, while perception was understood as a complex of associatively connected O.
In the works of Russian psychologists (e.g., A.N. Leontyev), the idea of \u200b\u200bthe active, effective nature of the processes of reflection of even individual properties of objects was established. In the course of these processes, the dynamics of the movement of the sense organs are “likened” to the properties of perceived objects (see Perceptual actions), and it is clear that such active “likening” is also reconstruction, restoration, and not passive copying. Of great importance for overcoming the naive-associative views on O. were the work of representatives of gestalt psychology, who rightly rejected the existence of isolated O., from which perception is built as a result of association. It was clearly shown that the same stimulus does not always give rise to the same O., on the contrary, it can be felt very differently depending on the whole in which it appears. Currently, O.'s problems are being intensively developed in the psychophysics of sensory processes and various sections of psychology.
Variety O. reflects the qualitative diversity of the world. O.'s classification can have different bases. 1. The division of O. by modality is widespread, in connection with which visual, auditory, tactile, and others are distinguished. O. Within individual modalities, a more detailed classification is possible into qualities or submodalities, for example, spatial and color visual O. Known difficulties for such a classification represents the existence of intermodal O., or synesthesia. 2. English physiologist C. Sherrington (1906) proposed O.'s classification based on the anatomical position of the receptors and their function. He singled out 3 main classes of O .: 1) exeroceptive, arising from the action of external stimuli on receptors that are located on the surface of the body; 2) proprioceptive, reflecting the movement and relative position of parts of the body due to the work of receptors located in the muscles, tendons and joint bags (see Proprioceptors); 3) interoceptive (organic), signaling with the help of special receptors about the course of metabolic processes in the internal environment of the body (see. Interceptors, Organic Sensations). In turn, exteroceptive O. are divided into distant (visual, auditory) and contact (tactile, taste). Olfactory O. occupy an intermediate position between these subclasses of exteroception. This classification does not take into account the well-known independence of the O. function from the morphological localization of receptors. In particular, visual O. can carry an important kinesthetic function (N. A. Bernshtein, J. Gibson). 3. An attempt to create a genetic classification of O. made English. neurologist X. Head (1918) singling out an older proto-pathic sensitivity and a younger epicritical one.
O. arises in phylogenesis on the basis of elementary irritability as sensitivity to stimuli that do not have direct environmental significance (neutral stimuli), thereby reflecting the objective relationship between biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Unlike animals, animals, animals are mediated by their practical activities, the whole process of the historical development of society. In favor of O.'s historical understanding of it as a “product of the development of all world history” (K. Marx), numerous data speak of the possibility of extensive restructuring of sensitivity under the influence of objective labor activity. As a source of human knowledge about the world, O. enter into a holistic process of cognition, forming the sensory fabric of human consciousness. A variety of psychosensory disorders should be distinguished from true O. See also Duration of sensation, Intensity of sensation.
FEELING
the construction of images of individual properties of objects of the world in the process of direct interaction with them. In the classifications of sensations, different bases are used. By modality, visual, gustatory, auditory, tactile and other sensations are distinguished. Exteroreceptive, proprioreceptive and interoreceptive sensations are distinguished according to the neuro-physiological substrate. According to the genetic basis (G. Head, 1918), an older protopathic and younger epicritical sensitivity is distinguished.
FEELING
Sensation Empfmdung) is a psychological function that comprehends direct reality through the senses.
"By sensation, I understand what French psychologists call" la fonction du reel "(a function of reality), which is the totality of my awareness of external facts that I have received through the function of my senses. Sensation tells me that there is something," it doesn’t tells me that it is, but only testifies that it is something present "(AP, p. 18).
“Sensation should be strictly distinguished from feeling, because feeling is a completely different process that can, for example, join the sensation as a“ sensual coloring, ““ sensual tone. ”The sensation applies not only to external physical irritation, but also to internal, that is, to changes in internal organic processes "(PT, par. 775).
“Therefore, sensation is primarily sensory perception, that is, perception accomplished through sensory organs and“ bodily feeling ”(kinesthetic, vasomotor sensations, etc.). Sensation is, on the one hand, an element of representation, because it conveys a perceptual image of an external object, on the other hand, is an element of feeling, because through perception of bodily change it gives the feeling an affect character. By transmitting bodily changes to the consciousness, sensation is representative and physiologically s drives. However, it is not identical with them, because it is purely perceptual function "(ibid, pg. 776).
"The distinction between sensory (sensory) or concrete sensation and abstract sensation should be understood.<...> The fact is that a specific sensation never appears in a “pure” form, but is always mixed with ideas, feelings and thoughts. On the contrary, abstract sensation is a differentiated kind of perception, which could be called “aesthetic” insofar as it, following its own principle, is isolated both from any impurity of differences inherent in the perceived object, and from any subjective admixture of feeling and thought, since he thereby rises to a degree of purity never accessible to a concrete sensation. For example, a concrete sensation of a flower conveys not only the perception of the flower itself, but also its stem, leaves, the place where it grows, etc. In addition, it immediately mixes with feelings of pleasure or displeasure caused by the appearance of the flower, or with the olfactory perceptions caused at the same time, or with thoughts, for example, about its botanical classification. On the contrary, the abstract sensation immediately highlights some sensual flower attribute, for example its bright red color, and makes it the only or main content of consciousness, in isolation from all the above impurities "(ibid., Par. 777).
“A sensation, since it is an elementary phenomenon, is something unconditionally given, not subject to rational laws, as opposed to thinking or feeling. Therefore, I call it a function of irrational, although my mind manages to introduce a large number of sensations into rational relationships. Normal sensations are proportional, t. that is, when assessing, they correspond, to one degree or another, with the intensity of physical irritations, while the pathological sensations are not proportional, that is, they are either abnormally reduced or abnormally high; case they are detained in the second - exaggerated Inhibiting arises from the predominance of the other functions of the sense of -. the same exaggeration of the abnormal merging with another function, such as the fusion of sensations with more undifferentiated function of feelings or thoughts (PT, 779 pairs.).
FEELING
sensation) The elementary particles of experience from which PERCEPTIONS and perceptions are formed, i.e. light, sound, olfactory, tactile, taste, pain, heat, cold. Sensations depend on the organ being stimulated, and not on the object that stimulates it.
FEELING
The first stage of cognitive activity of man. O. - a reflection of the properties of objects of the objective world, both the external environment and its own organism. They arise as a result of the influence of objects of the external world on the senses. O. represent the process of sensually-shaped reflection of objects and phenomena in the unity of their properties. Based on sensations, a perception process is formed. Sensations are distinguished by modality (visual, auditory, etc.). Three main classes of O.: exteroceptive (distant and contact); proprioceptive or kinesthetic; interoceptive or organic. In a genetic aspect, H. Head shared an older protopathic and younger epicritical sensitivity.
Sensation
According to my understanding - one of the main psychological functions (see). Wundt [For the history of the concept of sensation, see / 78- Bd.I. S.350; 117; 118; 119 /] also considers sensation to be one of the elementary psychic phenomena. Sensation or the process of sensation is that psychological function, which, mediating, transfers perception to physical irritation. Therefore, sensation is identical with perception. Sensation should be strictly distinguished from feeling, because feeling is a completely different process, which, for example, can join sensation as a “sensual coloring”, “sensual tone”. Sensation refers not only to external physical irritation, but also to internal, that is, to changes in internal organic processes.
Therefore, sensation is, first of all, sensory perception, that is, perception accomplished through sensory organs and “bodily feelings” (kinesthetic, vasomotor sensations, etc.). Sensation is, on the one hand, an element of representation, because it conveys to the representation a perceptual image of an external object, on the other hand, is an element of feeling, because through perception of bodily change it gives the feeling the character of affect (see). Transmitting bodily changes to the consciousness, sensation is a representative of physiological drives. However, it is not identical with them, because it is a purely perceptual function.
It should be distinguished between sensory (sensory) or concrete (see) sensation and abstract sensation (see). The first includes the forms discussed above. The latter denotes an abstract kind of sensation, that is, isolated from other psychological elements. The fact is that a specific sensation never appears in a “pure” form, but is always mixed with ideas, feelings and thoughts. On the contrary, abstract sensation is a differentiated kind of perception, which could be called “aesthetic” insofar as it, following its own principle, is isolated both from any impurity of differences inherent in the perceived object, and from any subjective admixture of feeling and thought, and since he thereby rises to a degree of purity never accessible to a concrete sensation. For example, the concrete sensation of a flower conveys not only the perception of the flower itself, but also its stem, leaves, the place where it grows, etc. In addition, it immediately mixes with feelings of pleasure or displeasure caused by the appearance of the flower, or caused by at the same time with olfactory perceptions, or with thoughts, for example about its botanical classification. On the contrary, the abstract sensation immediately sets off some striking sensual sign of a flower, for example, its bright red color, and makes it the only or main content of consciousness, in isolation from all the above impurities. Abstract sensation is inherent mainly to the artist. It, like any abstraction, is a product of functional differentiation, and therefore there is nothing original in it. The initial form of functions is always concrete, that is, mixed (see archaism and concretism). A concrete sensation, as such, is a reactive phenomenon. On the contrary, an abstract sensation, like any abstraction, is never free of will, that is, of a guiding element. The will, directed to the abstraction of sensation, is an expression and confirmation of the aesthetic attitude of sensation.
The sensation is especially characteristic of the nature of the child and primitive man, because it, in any case, dominates thinking and feeling, but not without fail over intuition (see). For I understand sensation as conscious perception, and intuition as sensation unconscious. Feeling and intuition seem to me a pair of opposites or two functions that mutually compensate for one another, like thinking and feeling. The functions of thinking and feeling develop as independent functions from sensation both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. (Of course, also from intuition, as it is necessary to supplement the opposite of sensation.) An individual whose attitude is generally oriented by sensation belongs to the sensory (sensitive) type (see)
Sensation, since it is an elementary phenomenon, is something unconditionally given, not subject to rational laws as opposed to thinking or feeling. Therefore, I call it the irrational function (see), although the mind manages to introduce a large number of sensations into rational relationships. Normal sensations are proportional, that is, when assessed, they correspond, to one degree or another, with the intensity of physical irritations. The pathological sensations are disproportionate, that is, they are either abnormally reduced or abnormally high; in the first case they are detained, in the second - exaggerated. Retention arises from the predominance of another function over sensation; exaggeration is from an abnormal merging with another function, for example, from the unity of sensation with the still undifferentiated function of feeling or thought. But in this case, the exaggeration of sensation ceases as soon as the function fused with the sensation differentiates by itself. The psychology of neurosis gives particularly striking examples, where very often significant sexualization of other functions is found (Freud), that is, the unity of sexual sensations with other functions.
FEELING
the construction of images of the individual properties of objects of the external world in the process of direct interaction with them. From the point of view of materialism, according to the theory of reflection, sensations are really a direct connection of consciousness with the outside world, the transformation of the energy of external irritations into facts of consciousness into information. Provide a direct connection of consciousness with the external environment, reflect the properties of objects of the objective world. Reflection in sensation is the result of not only the impact of an object on a living creature, but the result of their interaction - the interaction of processes that meet each other and give rise to an act of knowledge; the result of the interaction of the body with the physical and chemical properties of the medium with their direct effect on receptors.
In the act of sensation, through the senses, a connection is established with the environment. It is in him that the transition of the energy of the external world into the act of consciousness takes place. The images of sensations perform regulatory, cognitive and emotional functions. Sensations and preservation of their traces is the natural basis of the psyche in phylogenesis and ontogenesis.
The central pattern of sensations is the existence of a threshold of perception.
In the framework of the reflex concept I.M. Sechenova and I.P. Pavlova conducted studies showing that according to physiological mechanisms sensation is a holistic reflex that combines the direct and inverse connections of the peripheral and central parts of the analyzer.
The problems of sensations are being intensively developed in the psychophysics of sensory processes and various sections of physiology. The variety of sensations reflects the qualitative diversity of the world.
Classification of sensations can be carried out on various grounds. They, like perceptions, can be classified by modality, highlighting visual, gustatory, auditory, tactile sensations, etc. Within individual modalities, a more detailed classification is possible - for example, spatial and color visual sensations. Known difficulties for such a classification are intermodal sensations, or synesthesia.
You can divide the sensations into contact and distant.
One of the classifications distinguishes three main classes of sensations:
1) sensations are exteroceptive, arising from the action of external stimuli on receptors located on the surface of the body; they, in turn, are divided into two subclasses: a) distant - visual, auditory; b) contact - tactile, gustatory; olfactory sensations are intermediate between these subclasses.
2) sensations proprioceptive (kinesthetic), reflecting the movement and relative position of parts of the body (due to the work of receptors located in the muscles, tendons and joint bags);
3) sensations interoceptive (organic), signaling with the help of specialized receptors about the course of metabolic processes in the internal environment of the body.
But this classification does not take into account the well-known independence of the sensation function from the morphological localization of receptors. Thus, visual sensations can perform an important proprioceptive function.
Attempts to create a genetic classification of sensations are known (G. Head, 1918). So, the older - yarotopathic and younger - epicritical sensitivity stand out. Protopathic sensations, unlike epicritical ones, do not give an exact localization of the source of irritation in either the outer space or the body space, are characterized by constant affective coloring and reflect subjective states rather than objective processes.
According to the ideas developed in Russian psychology, sensation arises in phylogenesis based on elementary irritability - as sensitivity to stimuli that do not have direct environmental significance, reflecting the relationship between biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
Unlike animal sensations, human sensations are mediated by his practical activity and the whole process of the historical development of society. From the standpoint of materialism, in favor of understanding sensation as a product of the development of world history, there are numerous data on the possibility of wide changes in sensitivity under the influence of objective labor activity, as well as on the dependence of the perception of individual properties of objects on socially developed systems of sensory qualities (as a system of phonemes of the native language, scales tones of music or color).
sensation) - feeling: the result of processing in the brain information about objects surrounding a person, which enters into it in the form of messages (signals) from receptors. Messages from exteroreceptors are interpreted by the brain in the form of specific sensations - visual and auditory images, smell, taste, temperature, pain, etc. Messages from interceptors usually very rarely reach consciousness and cause a person to experience any sensations.
Sensation
Kinds. In the classifications of sensations, different bases are used. By modality, visual, gustatory, auditory, tactile and other sensations are distinguished. Exteroreceptive, proprioreceptive and interoreceptive sensations are distinguished according to the neuro-physiological substrate. On a genetic basis, G. Head (1918) identified an older protopathic and younger epicritical sensitivity.
FEELING
1. Any unprocessed, elementary experience of feeling or awareness of some conditions inside or outside the body, caused by the excitation of some receptor or receptor system, sensory data. This definition represents a kind of operational principle of a number of theories of sensory experience and is what is presented in most introductory textbooks, where sensation is usually distinguished from perception, the latter being characterized as obtained as a result of interpretation and detailed development of sensations. However, many psychologists dispute the very idea that one can have any sensations without developing, interpreting, naming, or recognizing what that sensation is. 2. In Titchener's structuralism, one of the three basic elements of consciousness (along with feelings and images). 3. The process of sensation. 4. The name of the field of psychology that explores these basic processes of sensory experience. The focus here is on the study of physiological and psychophysical principles.
Types of sensation
Sensations can be classified on various grounds. According to the leading modality (qualitative characteristic of sensations), the following sensations are distinguished: visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, tactile, motor, internal (sensations of the internal state of the body).
Visual sensations are a reflection of both achromatic (white, black and intermediate shades of gray between them), and chromatic (various shades of red, yellow, green, blue) colors. Visual sensations are caused by exposure to light, i.e. electromagnetic waves emitted (or reflected) by physical bodies to the visual analyzer. The external receptive "device" is the retina of the lining of the eye. Auditory sensations are a reflection of sounds of various heights (high - low), strength (loud - quiet) and various qualities (musical sounds, noises). They are caused by the action of sound waves created by vibrations of bodies. The olfactory sensations are a reflection of odors. The olfactory sensations arise due to the penetration of particles of odorous substances spreading in the air into the upper part of the nasopharynx, where they act on the peripheral ends of the olfactory analyzer embedded in the nasal mucosa. Taste sensations are a reflection of some chemical properties of flavors dissolved in water or saliva. Taste sensations play an important role in the nutrition process, in distinguishing between different types of food. Tactile sensations are a reflection of the mechanical properties of objects that are detected by touching them, rubbing against them, impact. These sensations also reflect the temperature of environmental objects and external pain. These sensations are called exteroceptive and constitute a single group by the type of analyzers located on or near the surface of the body. Exteroceptive sensations are divided into contact and disco. Contact sensations are caused by a direct touch to the surface of the body (taste, touch), distant sensations are caused by stimuli acting on the senses at a certain distance (vision, hearing). The olfactory sensations occupy an intermediate position between them.
The next group consists of sensations that reflect the movements and conditions of the body itself. They are called motor or proprioceptive. Motor sensations reflect the position of the limbs, their movement and the degree of effort applied. Without them, it is impossible to carry out movements normally and coordinate them. Sensations of position (balance) along with motor sensations play an important role in the process of perception (for example, stability) .; In addition, there is a group of organic sensations - internal (iteroceptive). These sensations reflect the internal state of the body. These include a feeling of hunger, thirst, nausea, internal pain, and others. By the time the sensation occurs, they are relevant and irrelevant. Different types of sensations are characterized not only by specificity, but also by properties common to them. Such properties include: quality - an essential feature of sensations, which allows to distinguish some types of sensations from others (for example, auditory from visual), as well as various variations of sensations within a given species (for example, by color, saturation); intensity - a quantitative characteristic of sensations , which is determined by the strength of the active stimulus and the functional state of the receptor; duration is a temporary characteristic of sensations. It is determined by the functional state of the sensory organs, the time of exposure to the stimulus, and its intensity. The quality of sensations of all kinds depends on the sensitivity of the analyzers of the corresponding type.
Psychophysical law
Fechner's law.
The relation E \u003d C1x ln (R / R1) is called the Fechner law or sometimes the Weber – Fechner law.
The absolute threshold of sensation is the smallest stimulus intensity sufficient to cause sensation;
the differential threshold of sensation is an increase in the intensity of the stimulus, sufficient to cause the subject to change the sensation.
