How are the planets arranged in order. Planets of the solar system in order
solar system - These are 8 planets and more than 63 of their satellites, which are opening more and more often, several dozen comets and a large number of asteroids. All cosmic bodies move along their clear directional trajectories around the Sun, which is 1000 times heavier than all bodies in the solar system combined. The center of the solar system is the Sun - a star around which planets revolve in orbits. They do not emit heat and do not shine, but only reflect the light of the Sun. Eight planets are now officially recognized in the solar system. Briefly, in order of distance from the sun, we list them all. And now a few definitions.
Planet Is a celestial body that must satisfy four conditions:
1. the body should circulate around the star (for example, around the Sun);
2. the body must have sufficient gravity to have a spherical or close shape to it;
3. the body should not have other large bodies near its orbit;
4. the body should not be a star
Satellites of the planets. The Moon and the natural satellites of other planets, which all of them except Mercury and Venus, also enter the solar system. More than 60 satellites are known. Most of the satellites of the outer planets discovered when they received photos taken by automatic spacecraft. The smallest satellite of Jupiter - Leda - is only 10 km across.
- This is a star, without which life on Earth could not exist. It gives us energy and warmth. According to the classification of stars, the Sun is a yellow dwarf. Age about 5 billion years. It has a diameter at the equator of 1,392,000 km, 109 times that of the earth. The rotation period at the equator is 25.4 days and 34 days at the poles. The mass of the Sun 2x10 in 27 degrees tons, approximately 332950 times the mass of the Earth. The temperature inside the core is approximately 15 million degrees Celsius. The surface temperature is about 5500 degrees Celsius. By its chemical composition, the Sun consists of 75% hydrogen, and of the other 25% of the elements, helium is the largest. Now, in order, we will figure out how many planets around the sun rotate, in the solar system and the characteristics of the planets.
Four inner planets (closest to the Sun) - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - have a solid surface. They are smaller than the four giant planets. Mercury moves faster than other planets, scorching by the sun during the day and freezing at night.
Period of revolution around the Sun: 87.97 days. Diameter at the equator: 4878 km.
Rotation period (revolution around the axis): 58 days.
Surface temperature: 350 during the day and -170 at night.
Atmosphere: very rarefied, helium.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
More similar to the Earth in size and brightness. Observation of it is difficult due to the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert. 
Period of revolution around the Sun: 224.7 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12104 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 243 days.
Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: dense, mainly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
Apparently, the Earth was formed from a gas-dust cloud, like other planets. Colliding particles of gas and dust, gradually "grew" the planet. The surface temperature reached 5000 degrees Celsius. Then the Earth cooled and became covered with hard stone bark. But the temperature in the bowels to this day is quite high - 4500 degrees. Rocks in the bowels are molten and during the eruption of volcanoes spill onto the surface. There is water only on earth. Therefore, there is life. It is located relatively close to the Sun to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough so as not to burn out.
Period of revolution around the Sun: 365.3 days. Diameter at the equator: 12756 km.
Planet rotation period (rotation around an axis): 23 hours 56 min.
Surface temperature: 22 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
Number of satellites: 1.
The main satellites of the planet: the moon.
Because of its resemblance to the Earth, it was believed that life exists here. But the spacecraft descended to the surface of Mars showed no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order. 
Period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km.
Rotation period (revolution about an axis): 24 hours 37 min.
Surface temperature: –23 degrees (average).
Atmosphere of the planet: rarefied, mainly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 2.
The main satellites in order: Phobos, Deimos.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are composed of hydrogen and other gases. Jupiter surpasses the Earth more than 10 times in diameter, 300 times in mass and 1300 times in volume. It is more than twice as massive as all the planets of the solar system combined. How much does the planet Jupiter need to become a star? It is necessary to increase its mass by 75 times!
Period of revolution around the Sun: 11 years 314 days. Diameter of the planet at the equator: 143,884 km.
Rotation period (revolution about an axis): 9 hours 55 min.
The surface temperature of the planet: -150 degrees (average).
Number of satellites: 16 (+ rings).
The main satellites of the planets in order: Io, Europe, Ganymede, Callisto.
This is number 2, the largest of the planets of the solar system. Saturn attracts glances thanks to the system of rings formed from ice, stones and dust that revolve around the planet. There are three main rings with an external diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters. 
Period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days.
The diameter of the planet at the equator: 120536 km.
Rotation period (revolution about an axis): 10 hours 14 min.
Surface temperature: –180 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings).
Main Companions: Titan.
Unique planet of the solar system. Its peculiarity is that it does not revolve around the Sun like everyone else, but "lying on its side." Uranus also has rings, although they are harder to see. In 1986, Voyager-2 flew at a distance of 64,000 km, he had six hours to photograph, which he successfully implemented.
Period of circulation: 84 years 4 days. Diameter at the equator: 51118 km.
Planet rotation period (rotation around an axis): 17 hours 14 min.
Surface temperature: –214 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mainly hydrogen and helium.
How many satellites: 15 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titania, Oberon.
At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet of the solar system. Its discovery took place by the method of mathematical calculations, and then they saw it through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew by. He took striking photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest companion, Triton. 
Period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days.
Diameter at the equator: 50538 km.
Rotation period (revolution about an axis): 16 hours 7 min.
Surface temperature: –220 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 8.
Main satellites: Triton.
On August 24, 2006, Pluto lost its status as a planet. The International Astronomical Union has decided which celestial body should be considered a planet. Pluto does not meet the requirements of the new formulation and loses its "planetary status", at the same time, Pluto passes into a new quality and becomes the prototype of a separate class of dwarf planets.
How the planets appeared. Approximately 5-6 billion years ago, one of the gas-dust clouds of our large Galaxy (Milky Way), which has the form of a disk, began to shrink to the center, gradually forming the present Sun. Further, according to one theory, under the influence of powerful forces of attraction, a large number of particles of dust and gas rotating around the Sun began to stick together into balls - forming future planets. As another theory says, a gas-dust cloud immediately broke up into separate clusters of particles, which, compressed and condensed, forming today's planets. Now 8 planets around the sun rotate constantly.
The solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago. This happened as a result of explosions of stars and the formation of a cloud of dust and gases. Subsequently, as the dust particles moved, the Sun appeared and the other planets of its system.
Until 2006, scientists counted nine planets orbiting the Sun, but after they excluded Pluto from this list, ranking it as dwarf planets.
So, we know eight planets of the solar system, each of which, revolving around the Sun, has its own light year.
Here is the list of planets:
- Mercury
- Venus
- Land
- Jupiter
- Saturn
- Neptune
How do we remember these planets so that we know their exact names and sequence one after another? For this, I suggest that you apply memorization techniques that will help you effectively remember this type of information.
Creating images on the planets of the solar system
To begin, come up with images-pictures in your imagination for each of these planets. It can be your personal associations or consonant images.
Well, in this article I present to your attention my own images of the planets:
- Mercury - Mercedes + CHICKEN, I imagine how a chicken sits at the wheel of a Mercedes;
- Venus - the statue "Venus of Milos";
- Land - green lawn;
- Mars - chocolate "Mars";
- Jupiter - motorcycle "Jupiter";
- Saturn - GARDEN with URNami;
- Uranus - Hurricane;
- Neptune - a trident.
Remembering the order of the planets
Now that we have our associations on each planet, we need to remember their sequence, starting from the Sun. There are several ways to do this. Below I describe each of them.
Unusual Story Method
We need to come up with a story in which we connect our images with an unusual plot sequentially with each other. For example, it might look like this:
A Mercedes with a chicken at the wheel crashed into a statue of Venus de Milo, which in turn fell on a green lawn, and Mars chocolates grow on this lawn. Jupiter motorcycles crawl out of chocolate and ride around the garden with urns. In this garden a strong hurricane is constantly blowing, which can only be stopped by a trident.
Chain Method
Connect these images sequentially among themselves, clearly fixing the connection between them. Remember that this connection must be unusual. Here's what my chain of images looks like:
A statue of Venus de Milo protrudes from the hood of a Mercedes, behind the wheel of which a chicken sits. Her head falls off and falls on a green lawn. Mars chocolates graze on this lawn, a Jupiter motorcycle protrudes from the chocolate wrapper, the front wheel of which is skidding in the garden with urns. A hurricane blows from this garden and a trident blows away.
I suggest you to watch the video “How to tie images?”:
Applying these two methods, you will know how the planets are arranged in turn, but you will not be able to immediately name the serial number of any planet. In order to remember not only the sequence of planets in the solar system, but also the serial numbers of the planets, you should use any of the following methods.
Location Method
Here, use your locations according to the "Cottage" or "Towns" method, having previously determined their numbering.
Unsubscribe in the comments, which of the described methods of memorization is closer to you? Share this information with your friends, develop your memory and ask questions on memory techniques!
Since ancient times, man, peering into the endless cosmic expanses, tried to explain what the Cosmos is. Naturally, the first ideas about stars and planets were associated with religion and magic. This is reflected in the name of the planets.
Still carriers of Trypillian culture, 5000 BC already knew the concept of the universe, depicting it in the form of an infinite spiral. In large numbers, such “Universes” are found by archaeologists on the dishes of Trypillians and settlements, where spiral universes are lined with stone.
With the development of scientific knowledge, the piggy bank of ideas about the cosmos was replenished. Now we know a lot about planets, but at the same time, very little.
As in the distant past, and now looking into the sky, we are fascinated by its mystery and infinity. We will reveal the features of some beautiful and amazing planets in our story. First, we consider the objects of the solar system close to us, and then we make a space journey beyond it.
The beauty of most planets lies not only in appearance, but also in special properties that fundamentally distinguish them from other objects of the Galaxy. And we can see and appreciate this beauty only in photographs, drawings of artists, according to the conclusions of scientists or with the help of heavy-duty equipment.
He said, “Let's go!” ... We begin the space journey and consider the most beautiful planets.
The planet closest to the Sun is also the fastest in the solar system. Its orbital speed is 47 km per second. Because Mercury and received the name of the god of commerce, fast, small and nimble.
Mercury can be observed from the Earth, but it is not easy to find, since the planet from the Earth has a very low angular distance to the Sun.
In the photo: Comparative dimensions of the Earth and Mercury In general, the Sun is very active in Mercury. There are very sharp temperature drops on the planet, a loose surface conducts heat very poorly.
Recently, scientists say that the surface of the planet may contain ice. Perhaps the ice is concentrated at the poles, in deep craters, where the sun's rays do not look.
A planet bearing the name of the Roman goddess of love cannot be ugly.
We clearly see the beauty of Venus from the surface of the Earth, since it is the third brightest object after the Sun and Moon in our horizon. Even with the simplest telescope, one can observe changes on the surface of the planet. The first to examine it in this way was Galileo in 1610.
But the Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov was the first to discover the existence of the atmosphere on Venus. He saw a glow over the planet during the passage of Venus through the solar disk on June 6, 1761.
In the photo: Comparative dimensions of the Earth and Venus Venus is alone in the solar system, as is Mercury. She has no satellites. But in literature, Venus takes the second place after Mars by remembrance in fiction.
In size, composition and distance from the Sun, this planet is very reminiscent of the Earth. But, being on Venus, it is very difficult to notice similarities with the Earth. The planet has a very dense sulfur atmosphere, such that the atmospheric pressure on the surface is 92 times higher than on Earth. The greenhouse effect on Venus warmed its surface to 467 ° C, and the temperature difference at the equator and at the poles does not exceed 2 ° C.
Blue Planet, World, Terra, whatever you want, call our common home. The only known object in the universe that is inhabited by living organisms.
But let's hope this is temporary. People and everything on the planet travels through space at a speed of 29.783 km / s. And in 365 days the Earth turns around its closest star - the Sun.
Planet Earth, as scientists have found, formed 4.54 billion years ago, and 30 million years after our planet found its place in the cosmos, life was born on it.
We all know that our home planet contains countless beautiful corners. But even from space, the Earth is amazingly beautiful. See how beautiful our planets are from space. Before you is the very first photograph in which the illuminated Earth has fully entered the frame. The photo was taken on December 7, 1972 by the crew of the Apollo 17 ship.
Flying into space and photographing the planet confirmed that the Earth is the most beautiful planet in the universe. But we go further on a big journey.
Due to iron oxide on the surface of Mars, this object of the solar system is also called the Red Planet. Mars was named in honor of the Roman God of war, and the moons of the planet Phobos and Deimos from ancient Greek are translated as “fear” and “horror”.
Mars is half the size of the Earth and moves in its orbit at a speed of just over 24km / s.
There is a rarefied atmosphere on the planet, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide. On the surface there are dark and bright areas. The bizarre forms of craters, rocks and canals, riverbeds often become the subject of debate about who could create these objects, because Mars has long been considered a planet where life exists.
In the photo: Comparative dimensions of the Earth and Mars The beautiful appearance of Mars varies depending on the time of year. In winter, polar white caps appear, consisting of frozen carbon dioxide. During these periods, the planet brightens. In the spring, the size of white fields decreases and Mars becomes dark.
It is noteworthy that Mars was and remains a space object, in relation to which programs are being developed to launch a person to it.
In the photo: Comparative sizes of Jupiter and Zemlya Jupiter is significantly different in size from the rest of the planets of the Solar System. Its mass is more than 2 times the mass of all known planets of the Solar System combined.
This giant has its own special beauty. Huge hurricanes on the planet's surface form bizarre spots of various colors. In addition, colorful stripes are clearly visible on the surface of Jupiter, the nature of which is still the subject of controversy among scientists.
In the photo: Jupiter's big red spot Some atmospheric phenomena have been observed in Jupiter for several tens or even hundreds of years. For example, a vortex called the Great Red Spot has been known to mankind for over 350 years. Some of these spots change their colors over time. The spectacle is truly amazing.
I advise you to watch an excellent video in high resolution about Jupiter:
In the photo: Comparative sizes of Saturn and the Earth Saturn, original in its structure, is the sixth planet from the Sun. It consists entirely of gases, mainly hydrogen and helium, and, according to scientists, does not have a solid surface.
Saturn's decoration, of course, is its rings. Of the four gas giants in space known to science, Saturn has the most noticeable rings. Thanks to the Cassini spacecraft, we can admire high-quality photographs of Saturn and its rings.
What distinguishes this planet from others is the aurora at one of the poles, most recently discovered by British astronomers.
Oddly enough, Pluto is the largest dwarf planet in the solar system. The surface area of \u200b\u200bthis trans-Neptune facility is 17.7 million km².
Pluto, like its prototype of Greek and Roman mythology, is harsh and courageous. The planet is mainly composed of stone and ice.
Interestingly, but gliding in orbit, Pluto is either approaching or moving away from the Sun. Approaching a star at a distance of 29.7 astronomical units, it becomes closer to the Sun closer to Neptune.
As for the future of Pluto, the increasing activity of the Sun can create the conditions for the emergence of life on this planet. But this can happen in 1.1 billion years.
In the photo: Comparative sizes of Pluto and the Earth In 2006, according to new requirements, the Dodger drops out of the number of planets due to its small mass. But many countries have decided to always consider Pluto as the planet of the solar system.
In the summer of 2015, the New Horizons automatic interplanetary station approached 12,500 km to Pluto, transmitting high-quality images of this distant object to the ground for the first time. This allowed all people to enjoy the beauty of this planet and gave scientists a lot of material for analysis.
From the planets of the solar system, we turn to exoplanets.
The planet from the constellation Eridanus, like Jupiter, also has gas and dust rings. Epsilon Eridanus orbiting in a very elongated orbit around a large star.
In 2006, it was finally confirmed that the planet has two asteroid belts, consisting of rock and metal debris left over from the early stages of planet formation. It is hard to imagine this, but the spectacle is probably spectacular.
By earthly standards, the year on this planet lasts 2500 days, and it is located at a distance of 10.5 light years from us. According to recent reports, this planet is the closest known exoplanet to the solar system.
Perhaps the final stage of its final formation is still taking place on it.
In the photo: Comparative dimensions of CoRoT-7b and Earth This unusual planet has an amazing structure, on one side it has a rocky surface, on the other - a large lava ocean. You can only imagine this fantastic and unusual landscape of the planet CoRoT-7b.
Permanent volcanic eruptions occur on CoRoT-7b. Like mythical titans, it scatters huge stones on its rocky surface.
The temperature on the planet, which is located in the constellation Unicorn, reaches + 2500-2600 ° C. Another amazing feature of this planet is the shortest year. Around his luminary, the planet CoRoT-7b turns around in 20 hours.
The planet, which is located in the beautiful constellation Scorpio, is by far the coldest and most distant from the solar system among astronomers found.
Due to the fact that OGLE-2005-BLG-390L b revolves around a red dwarf, the temperature on the surface of the planet is -220 ° C. And the distance to it is even hard to imagine in our imagination - 28,000 light years.
A mysterious and distant planet was discovered in 2006 using gravitational microlensing. Scientists have calculated that there is such a planet in this place of the Universe, it is not yet possible to see it through a telescope.
From the coldest to the hottest planet outside the solar system. The temperature on the WASP-12b is approximately 2200 ° C.
It rotates around its star in just 24 hours, that is, a year on WASP-12b is equal to Earth day.
The scientists attribute the unique properties of the planet to the fact that it exchanges matter with a star around which it rotates. Previously, only binary stars had this property. Planet WASP-12b is the only planet in this plan in Space. But this process is fatal for her, after about 10 million years, WASP-12b will be completely absorbed by its star.
Artistic performance of CoKu Tau / 4 The youngest of the known planets CoKu Tau / 4 is located in the constellation Taurus. The age of the exoplanet is 1 million years. At that time, as the Neanderthal began to develop the earth, this planet was just formed.
The distance from Earth to CoKu Tau / 4 is 420 light years. The beauty of the planet gives a dust disk. In the very center of the disk, whose diameter is 10 times the diameter of the orbit of our planet, is the “young” CoKu Tau / 4.
Interestingly, not the planet’s gravitational field holds a huge dust ring, but the influence of other stars. A planet, one of four found that have a similarly beautiful shape.
Artistic vision of a planet from satellite HD 188753 A b The unique triple star system in outer space is located in the constellation Cygnus. Simplistically, the system is called the "planet of the three suns."
The stellar system consists of three stars that are located at a distance approximately the same as from the Sun to Saturn. One star is a yellow dwarf, the second is an orange dwarf, and the third is a red dwarf.
Scientists have not yet confirmed the exact existence of the planetary system, but among the people, by analogy with Star Wars, the name Tatooine was assigned to HD 188753 A b.
Presumably, HD 188753 A b belongs to the type of hot gas giants, and revolves around the main star of a mysterious planetary complex in 3.5 days. Imagine what sunrises and sunsets on this planet! Probably indescribable beauty. But, most likely there will be absolutely no nights in the usual sense.
In the photo: Comparative sizes of TrES-4 and Jupiter TrES-4 is one of the most mysterious planets. It is removed from the earth at a distance of 1600 light years.
The planet enters into a binary system and is gravitationally connected with another large star. A fairly common phenomenon in space.
The density of TrES-4 is very low and is referred to as the so-called loose planets. Its mass is 1.7 times that of Jupiter.
In 3.5 days, hot Jupiter, as they call this planet, revolves around its mother star.
The beauty of the planet is that due to strong heating, it loses part of its atmosphere and a tail, similar to a comet, stretches behind it in Cosmos.
HD 209,458 b (Osiris)
This planet, like the previous TrES-4, is an evaporating planet. It revolves around a star at a very close distance of less than 5 million km, which is more than 10 times closer than the distance between the planet Mercury and the Sun.
The diameter of the planet is almost one and a half times the diameter of Jupiter, although it is lighter than the latter. Surprisingly, every second, HD 209458 b loses millions of tons of the substance that it carries into a stellar system in a huge loop.
Methuselah (PSR B1620−26 b)
Artistic vision of the planet PSR B1620−26 b The planet PSR B1620−26 b, located in the constellation Scorpio, is by far the oldest planet in the galaxy. Scientists determine her age at 12.7 billion years.
Unique, but Methuselah does not revolve around one, but around two stars at once - a pulsar and a white dwarf. The planet completes a full revolution in 6 earth months. It is interesting how this system was formed, because as a result of a super-explosion in which a pulsar is formed, the nearest objects with the star would be destroyed.
Drifting in a globular cluster, these three space objects are approaching the center of the M4 cluster. Scientists suggest that in the future, because of this movement, the planet is waiting for new cosmic disasters and we will learn about the appearance of new planets in the field of the constellation Scorpio.
Artistic Vision Gliese 581 c In terms of its parameters and, as scientists model, by its conditions this planet is very similar to our beloved Earth.
Almost everything is similar: the orbit, size, and its remoteness of 20 light years brings it into the orbital zone. So in the future, man will be able to send interplanetary spacecraft to her.
It is noteworthy that the planet Gliese 581 c is in the zone of life and it is likely that water may be present on it. And as we know from the experience of the Earth, water is an indispensable condition for the origin of life.
In the photo: Comparative dimensions of TrES-2b and Jupiter Due to the fact that the surface of TrES-2b reflects only 1% of the light of the nearest star, it is considered the blackest planet known in space today.
Despite this, the black gas giant TrES-2b is quite hot. The temperature of the planet’s atmosphere is more than 980 ° C. TrES-2b is located 750 light-years from Earth.
Despite its “blackness," TrES-2b has a beautiful appearance and probably looks like the planet of our solar system - Jupiter.
Artistic image 1SWASP J1407 b Having discovered the planet in 2012, scientists have not decided which category of objects to assign 1SWASP J1407 b. To the gas giants or the brown dwarf. For a planet this object is quite large, but for a star, on the contrary, it is not too large. And since we are talking about planets today, let's temporarily rank 1SWASP J1407 b as planets.
This is the only planet known to date that revolves around the star 1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6.
She is beautiful with her ring system. This is the largest known ring system in the universe. The diameter of the largest ring is approximately 90 million km, which is slightly more than half the distance from the Earth to the Sun and 200 times larger than the largest ring of Saturn.
Such planets are of great interest to the scientific community for studies of the formation of natural satellites of planets and new gas giants in outer space.
Pictured: Artwork Gliese-436-b One of the most amazing planets outside our solar system. The beautiful and unique Gliese 436 b is comfortably located in the constellation Leo.
The uniqueness of the planet is that its surface consists of water. But at a temperature of 300 ° C, because of the very high pressure, water crystallizes and its condition is called by scientists “hot ice”.
A huge hydrogen tail stretches out from the hot ice behind the planet, which gives it romance in a bottomless outer space.
55 Cancer e
In the photo: Artistic representation of 55th Cancer Beautiful 55 Cancer e, according to scientists, is 8 times heavier than Earth. The proximity to its star allows the planet to make an orbital revolution in 17.5 hours.
But the uniqueness and beauty of the planet 55 Cancer e in its structure. The main element on it is carbon, which means that most of the planet consists of crystalline diamonds. Therefore, it is not only a beautiful, but also a very expensive planet.
Conclusion
Imprisoned in the four walls of apartments and houses, it is difficult for us to imagine that the Universe is limitless. And since it is unlimited, it means that the probability that we are not alone in the vastness of the Cosmos is unlimited. One thing, and in a good way, excites and worries who is the first to discover whom, we are other civilizations or they are us.
Like the planets of our solar system, exoplanets are diverse in structure and surface topography, the method of formation and even the nature of behavior in outer space.
Every year, scientists discover new objects, processes and phenomena in space. Many secrets are open, and how many more amazing clues are waiting for Mankind to come.
Planets of the Solar System
According to the official position of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), an organization naming astronomical objects, there are only 8 planets.
Pluto was excluded from the category of planets in 2006. because in the Kuiper belt there are objects that are larger / or equal in size to Pluto. Therefore, even if we take it for a full-fledged celestial body, then it is necessary to attach Eris to this category, which has almost the same size with Pluto.
According to the MAC definition, there are 8 known planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
All planets are divided into two categories depending on their physical characteristics: the earth group and gas giants.
Schematic representation of the arrangement of the planets
Earth type planets
Mercury
The smallest planet in the solar system has a radius of only 2,440 km. The period of revolution around the Sun, for simplicity of understanding, equated to the earth year, is 88 days, while the revolution around its own axis Mercury manages to complete only one and a half times. Thus, its day lasts approximately 59 earth days. For a long time it was believed that this planet was always turned to the Sun on the same side, since the periods of its visibility from the Earth were repeated with a periodicity of approximately four Mercury days. This misconception was dispelled with the advent of the ability to apply radar research and conduct continuous observations using space stations. The orbit of Mercury is one of the most unstable, changing not only the speed of movement and its distance from the Sun, but also the position itself. Anyone interested can observe this effect.
Mercury in color, MESSENGER image
The proximity to the Sun has caused Mercury to be subject to the largest temperature drops among the planets of our system. The average daytime temperature is around 350 degrees Celsius, and the nighttime temperature is -170 ° C. Sodium, oxygen, helium, potassium, hydrogen and argon were detected in the atmosphere. There is a theory that he was previously a satellite of Venus, but so far this remains unproven. He does not have his own satellites.
Venus
The second planet from the Sun, the atmosphere of which is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide. It is often called the Morning Star and the Evening Star, because it becomes the first of the stars after sunset, just as before dawn it continues to be visible even when all the other stars are out of sight. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 96%, there is relatively little nitrogen in it - almost 4%, and water vapor and oxygen are present in a very small amount.
Venus in the UV spectrum
Such an atmosphere creates the effect of a greenhouse, the surface temperature is therefore even higher than that of Mercury and reaches 475 ° C. It is considered the most leisurely, Venusian days last 243 Earth days, which is almost the same as a year on Venus - 225 Earth days. Many call her the sister of the Earth because of the mass and radius, the values \u200b\u200bof which are very close to earthly indicators. The radius of Venus is 6052 km (0.85% of the Earth). There are no satellites, like Mercury.
The third planet is from the Sun and the only one in our system where there is liquid water on the surface, without which life on the planet could not develop. At least life is in the form in which we know it. The radius of the Earth is 6371 km and, unlike other celestial bodies of our system, more than 70% of its surface is covered with water. The rest of the space is occupied by continents. Another feature of the Earth are tectonic plates hidden under the mantle of the planet. Moreover, they are able to move, albeit at a very low speed, which over time causes a change in the landscape. The speed of movement of the planet on it is 29-30 km / s.
Our planet from space
One revolution around its axis takes almost 24 hours, and the full passage in orbit lasts 365 days, which is much more in comparison with the nearest neighboring planets. Earth day and year are also accepted as a standard, but this is done only for the convenience of perceiving time periods on other planets. The Earth has one natural satellite - the Moon.
Mars
The fourth planet from the Sun, known for its rarefied atmosphere. Since 1960, Mars has been actively explored by scientists from several countries, including the USSR and the USA. Not all research programs were successful, but the water found in some areas suggests that primitive life on Mars exists, or existed in the past.
The brightness of this planet allows you to see it from the Earth without any instruments. Moreover, once every 15-17 years, during the Confrontation, it becomes the brightest object in the sky, eclipsing even Jupiter and Venus.
The radius is almost half that of the earth and amounts to 3390 km, but the year is much longer - 687 days. He has 2 satellites - Phobos and Deimos .
Visual model of the solar system
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The sun
The sun is a star, which is a hot ball of hot gases in the center of our solar system. Its influence extends far beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. Without the Sun and its intense energy and heat, there would be no life on Earth. There are billions of stars like our Sun scattered across the Milky Way galaxy.
Mercury
Sun-scorched Mercury is only slightly larger than Earth’s moon satellite. Like the Moon, Mercury is practically devoid of atmosphere and cannot smooth out traces of impact from meteorites, therefore, like the Moon, it is covered with craters. The daytime side of Mercury is very hot in the sun, and on the nighttime the temperature drops hundreds of degrees below zero. In the craters of Mercury, which are located at the poles, there is ice. Mercury makes one revolution around the Sun in 88 days.
Venus
Venus is a world of monstrous heat (even more than on Mercury) and volcanic activity. Similar in structure and size to the Earth, Venus is covered in a thick and toxic atmosphere, which creates a strong greenhouse effect. This scorched world is hot enough to melt lead. Radar images through a mighty atmosphere revealed volcanoes and deformed mountains. Venus rotates in the opposite direction, from the rotation of most planets.
Earth is an ocean planet. Our home, with its abundance of water and life, makes it unique in our solar system. Other planets, including several moons, also have ice deposits, atmosphere, seasons and even weather, but only on Earth did all these components come together in such a way that life became possible.
Mars
Although the details of the surface of Mars are difficult to see from Earth, telescope observations show that there are seasons and white spots at the poles on Mars. For many decades, people believed that the bright and dark areas on Mars are spots of vegetation and that Mars may be a suitable place to live, and that water exists in polar caps. When the Mariner-4 spacecraft arrived at Mars in 1965, many of the scientists were shocked to see photographs of a gloomy planet covered with craters. Mars turned out to be a dead planet. Later missions, however, have shown that Mars has many secrets to solve.
Jupiter
Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system, has four large moons and many small moons. Jupiter forms a kind of miniature solar system. To turn into a full-fledged star, Jupiter needed to become 80 times more massive.
Saturn
Saturn is the farthest of the five planets that were known before the invention of the telescope. Like Jupiter, Saturn consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Its volume is 755 times greater than that of the Earth. Winds in his atmosphere reach speeds of 500 meters per second. These fast winds, combined with the heat rising from the bowels of the planet, cause the appearance of yellow and golden stripes that we see in the atmosphere.
Uranus
The first planet discovered with a telescope, Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel. The seventh planet is so far from the Sun that one revolution around the Sun takes 84 years.
Neptune
Nearly 4.5 billion kilometers from the Sun, distant Neptune rotates. It takes 165 years for one revolution around the Sun. It is invisible to the naked eye due to its enormous distance from Earth. It is interesting that its unusual elliptical orbit intersects with the orbit of the dwarf planet Pluto due to which Pluto is inside the orbit of Neptune for about 20 years out of 248 for which it makes one revolution around the Sun.
Pluto
The tiny, cold and incredibly distant Pluto was discovered in 1930 and has long been considered the ninth planet. But after the discoveries of Pluto-like worlds that were even further, Pluto was transferred to the category of dwarf planets in 2006.
Giants Planets
There are four gas giants located beyond the orbit of Mars: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are in the outer solar system. They are distinguished by their massiveness and gas composition.
Planets of the solar system, scale not respected
Jupiter
Fifth from the Sun and the largest planet in our system. Its radius is 69912 km, it is 19 times larger than the Earth and only 10 times smaller than the Sun. The year on Jupiter is not the longest in the solar system, it lasts 4333 Earth days (less than 12 years). His own day has a duration of about 10 earth hours. The exact composition of the planet's surface has not yet been determined, however, it is known that krypton, argon and xenon are on Jupiter in much larger quantities than on the Sun.
It is believed that one of the four gas giants is actually a failed star. This theory is also supported by the largest number of satellites, of which Jupiter has many - as many as 67. To imagine their behavior in the orbit of the planet, a fairly accurate and clear model of the solar system is needed. The largest of them are Callisto, Ganymede, Io and Europe. At the same time, Ganymede is the largest satellite of the planets in the entire solar system, its radius is 2634 km, which is 8% more than the size of Mercury, the smallest planet in our system. Io is distinguished by being one of the three atmospheric satellites.
Saturn
The second largest planet and the sixth in a row in the solar system. Compared to other planets, the composition of chemical elements is most similar to the Sun. The radius of the surface is 57350 km, the year is 10 759 days (almost 30 Earth years). A day here lasts a little longer than on Jupiter - 10.5 Earth hours. By the number of satellites, he was slightly behind his neighbor - 62 against 67. The largest satellite of Saturn is Titan, just like Io, which is distinguished by the presence of the atmosphere. A little smaller in size, but from this no less famous - Enceladus, Rhea, Dion, Tethius, Iapetus and Mimas. These satellites are the objects for the most frequent observation, and therefore we can say that they are most studied in comparison with the rest.
For a long time, rings on Saturn were considered a unique phenomenon inherent only to him. It has only recently been established that all gas giants have rings, but the others are not so clearly visible. Their origin has not yet been established, although there are several hypotheses about how they appeared. In addition, it was recently discovered that Rey, one of the satellites of the sixth planet, also has a certain likeness of rings.
The endless space that surrounds us is not just a huge airless space and emptiness. Here, everything is subject to a single and strict order, everything has its own rules and obeys the laws of physics. Everything is in constant motion and is in constant relationship with each other. This is a system in which every celestial body takes its own specific place. The center of the universe is surrounded by galaxies, among which is our Milky Way. Our galaxy, in turn, is formed by stars around which large and small planets revolve with their natural satellites. Wandering objects - comets and asteroids complement the picture of a universal scale.
Our solar system is also located in this endless cluster of stars - a tiny astrophysical object by cosmic standards, to which our cosmic home belongs - planet Earth. For us earthlings, the size of the solar system is colossal and difficult to perceive. In terms of the scale of the universe, these are tiny numbers - a total of 180 astronomical units, or 2,693e + 10 km. Here, too, everything is subject to its laws, has its own well-defined place and sequence.
Brief description and description
The interstellar medium and the stability of the solar system provides the location of the sun. Its location is an interstellar cloud entering the sleeve of Orion-Cygnus, which in turn is part of our galaxy. From a scientific point of view, our Sun is on the periphery, 25 thousand light-years from the center of the Milky Way, if we consider the galaxy in the diametrical plane. In turn, the movement of the solar system around the center of our galaxy is carried out in orbit. The full revolution of the Sun around the center of the Milky Way is carried out in different ways, within 225-250 million years and amounts to one galactic year. The orbit of the solar system has an inclination to the galactic plane of 600. Nearby, in the vicinity of our system, other stars and other solar systems with their large and small planets run around the center of the galaxy.
The approximate age of the solar system is 4.5 billion years. Like most objects in the Universe, our star was formed as a result of the Big Bang. The origin of the solar system is explained by the action of the same laws that acted and continue to operate today in the field of nuclear physics, thermodynamics and mechanics. First, a star formed around which, due to the centripetal and centrifugal processes, the formation of planets began. The sun was formed from a dense accumulation of gases - a molecular cloud, which became the product of a colossal explosion. As a result of centripetal processes, the molecules of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and other elements were compressed into one continuous and dense mass.
The result of grandiose and so large-scale processes was the formation of a protostar, in the structure of which thermonuclear fusion began. This long process, which began much earlier, we observe today, looking at our Sun after 4.5 billion years from the moment of its formation. The magnitude of the processes occurring during the formation of a star can be represented by evaluating the density, size and mass of our Sun:
- density is 1.409 g / cm3;
- the volume of the Sun is almost the same figure - 1.40927x1027 m3;
- star mass - 1,9885x1030kg.
Today, our Sun is an ordinary astrophysical object in the Universe, not the smallest star in our galaxy, but far from the largest. The sun abides in its mature age, being not only the center of the solar system, but also the main factor in the appearance and existence of life on our planet.
The final structure of the solar system falls on the same period, with a difference of plus or minus half a billion years. The mass of the entire system, where the Sun interacts with other celestial bodies of the Solar system, is 1.0014 M☉. In other words, all the planets, satellites and asteroids, cosmic dust and particles of gases orbiting the Sun, in comparison with the mass of our star, are a drop in the sea.
In the form in which we have an idea of \u200b\u200bour star and planets orbiting the sun - this is a simplified version. For the first time, a mechanical heliocentric model of the solar system with a clockwork was presented to the scientific community in 1704. It should be borne in mind that the orbits of the planets of the solar system do not lie all in one plane. They rotate around at a certain angle.
The model of the solar system was created on the basis of a simpler and more ancient mechanism - tellurium, with the help of which the position and motion of the Earth in relation to the Sun was modeled. Using tellurium, it was possible to explain the principle of motion of our planet around the sun, to calculate the duration of the earth's year.
The simplest model of the solar system is presented in school books, where each of the planets and other celestial bodies occupy a certain place. It should be borne in mind that the orbits of all objects orbiting the sun are located at different angles to the diametrical plane of the solar system. The planets of the solar system are located at different distances from the sun, make a revolution at different speeds and turn around their own axis in different ways.
A map - a diagram of the solar system - is a drawing where all objects are located in one plane. In this case, such an image gives an idea only about the sizes of celestial bodies and the distances between them. Thanks to this interpretation, it became possible to understand the location of our planet in a number of other planets, to evaluate the scale of celestial bodies and to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe enormous distances that separate us from our heavenly neighbors.
Planets and other objects of the solar system
Almost the entire universe is a myriad of stars, among which there are large and small solar systems. The presence of stars of their satellite planets is a common occurrence for space. The laws of physics are the same everywhere and our solar system is no exception.
If you wonder how many planets there were in the Solar System and how many are there today, it is definitely quite difficult to answer. The exact location of 8 major planets is currently known. In addition, 5 small dwarf planets revolve around the Sun. The existence of the ninth planet is currently disputed in scientific circles.
The entire solar system is divided into groups of planets, which are arranged in the following order:
Earth group planets:
- Mercury;
- Venus;
- Mars.
Gas planets are giants:
- Jupiter;
- Saturn;
- Uranus;
- Neptune.
All planets presented in the list differ in structure, have various astrophysical parameters. Which planet is bigger or smaller than others? The sizes of the planets of the solar system are different. The first four objects, similar in structure to the Earth, have a solid stone surface, endowed with an atmosphere. Mercury, Venus and Earth are inner planets. Mars closes this group. Following him are the gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - dense, spherical gas formations.
The life process of the planets of the solar system does not stop for a second. Those planets that we see today in the sky - this is the arrangement of celestial bodies that the planetary system of our star has at the moment. The state that was at the dawn of the formation of the solar system is very different from what was studied today.
The astrophysical parameters of modern planets are evidenced by the table, which also indicates the distance of the planets of the solar system to the sun.
Existing planets of the solar system are about the same age, but there are theories that at the beginning there were more planets. This is evidenced by numerous ancient myths and legends that describe the presence of other astrophysical objects and disasters that led to the death of the planet. This is also confirmed by the structure of our star system, where, along with the planets, there are objects that are products of violent space disasters.
A striking example of such an activity is the asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. There are concentrated in a huge number of objects of extraterrestrial origin, mainly represented by asteroids and small planets. It is these fragments of irregular shape in human culture that are considered the remains of the protoplanet Phaeton, which died billions of years ago as a result of a massive cataclysm.
In fact, in scientific circles there is an opinion that the asteroid belt was formed as a result of the destruction of a comet. Astronomers discovered on the large asteroid Themis and on the small planets Ceres and Vesta, which are the largest objects of the asteroid belt, the presence of water. Ice found on the surface of asteroids may indicate the cometary nature of the formation of these cosmic bodies.
Previously, one of the large planets Pluto, today is not considered a full planet.
Pluto, which was previously ranked among the large planets of the solar system, is now converted to the size of dwarf celestial bodies orbiting the sun. Pluto, along with Haumea and Makemake, the largest dwarf planets, is located in the Kuiper belt.
These dwarf planets of the solar system are located in the Kuiper belt. The area between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud is the most distant from the Sun, however, outer space is not empty there either. In 2005, they discovered the farthest celestial body of our solar system - the dwarf planet Eris. The process of exploring the most remote areas of our solar system continues. The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud are hypothetically hypothetical border regions of our stellar system, the visible boundary. This cloud of gas is located at a distance of one light year from the Sun and is the area where comets are born, wandering satellites of our luminary.
Characteristics of the planets of the solar system
The terrestrial group of planets is represented by the planets closest to the Sun - Mercury and Venus. These two cosmic bodies of the solar system, despite the similarities in physical structure with our planet, are hostile to us. Mercury is the smallest planet of our star system, closest to the Sun. The heat of our star literally incinerates the surface of the planet, virtually destroying the atmosphere on it. The distance from the surface of the planet to the Sun is 57,910,000 km. In size, only 5 thousand km in diameter, Mercury is inferior to most of the major satellites in the power of Jupiter and Saturn.
Saturn’s satellite Titan has a diameter of over 5 thousand km, Jupiter’s satellite Ganymede has a diameter of 5265 km. Both satellites are second only to Mars in size.
The very first planet rushes around our star with great speed, making a complete revolution around our star in 88 earth days. It is almost impossible to notice this small and nimble planet in the starry sky due to the close presence of the solar disk. Among the terrestrial planets, it is on Mercury that the largest daily temperature drops are observed. While the planet’s surface facing the Sun is heated up to 700 degrees Celsius, the back of the planet is immersed in universal cold with temperatures up to -200 degrees.
The main difference between Mercury and all the planets of the solar system is its internal structure. Mercury has the largest iron-nickel inner core, which accounts for 83% of the mass of the entire planet. However, even uncharacteristic quality did not allow Mercury to have its own natural satellites.
Next to Mercury is the planet closest to us - Venus. The distance from Earth to Venus is 38 million km, and it is very similar to our Earth. The planet has almost the same diameter and mass, slightly inferior to our planet in these parameters. However, in everything else, our neighbor is fundamentally different from our space house. The rotation period of Venus around the Sun is 116 Earth days, and the planet rotates extremely slowly around its own axis. The average temperature of the surface rotating around its axis for 224 Earth days of Venus is 447 degrees Celsius.
Like its predecessor, Venus is devoid of physical conditions conducive to the existence of known life forms. The planet is surrounded by a dense atmosphere, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Both Mercury and Venus are the only planets in the solar system that are devoid of natural satellites.
Earth is the last of the inner planets of the solar system, being about 150 million km from the sun. Our planet makes one revolution around the Sun in 365 days. It rotates around its own axis in 23.94 hours. Earth is the first of the celestial bodies located on the path from the Sun to the periphery, which has a natural satellite.
Digression: The astrophysical parameters of our planet are well studied and known. Earth is the largest and most dense planet of all other internal planets of the solar system. It was here that the natural physical conditions were preserved under which the existence of water is possible. Our planet has a stable magnetic field that holds the atmosphere. Earth is the best-studied planet. The subsequent study is mainly not only of theoretical interest, but also practical.
Closes the parade of the planets of the terrestrial group Mars. The subsequent study of this planet is mainly not only of theoretical interest, but also practical, associated with the development of man extraterrestrial worlds. Astrophysicists are attracted not only by the relative proximity of this planet to Earth (an average of 225 million km), but also by the lack of difficult climatic conditions. The planet is surrounded by an atmosphere, although it is in an extremely rarefied state, has its own magnetic field, and temperature differences on the surface of Mars are not as critical as on Mercury and Venus.
Like Earth, Mars has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos, whose natural nature has recently been questioned. Mars is the last fourth planet with a solid surface in the solar system. Following the asteroid belt, which is a kind of internal boundary of the solar system, the kingdom of gas giants begins.
The largest cosmic celestial bodies of our solar system
The second group of planets that make up the system of our star has bright and large representatives. These are the largest objects of our solar system, which are considered external planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the most distant from our star, and their astrophysical parameters are huge by Earth standards. These celestial bodies are distinguished by their massiveness and composition, which mainly has a gas nature.
The main beauties of the solar system are Jupiter and Saturn. The total mass of this pair of giants would be enough to fit in it the mass of all the known celestial bodies of the solar system. So Jupiter - the largest planet in the solar system - weighs 1876.64328 · 1024 kg, and the mass of Saturn is 561.80376 · 1024 kg. These planets have the most natural satellites. Some of them, Titan, Ganymede, Callisto and Io, are the largest satellites of the solar system and are comparable in size to the planets of the earth group.
The largest planet in the solar system - Jupiter - has a diameter of 140 thousand km. In many ways, Jupiter is more like a failed star - a vivid example of the existence of a small solar system. This is evidenced by the size of the planet and astrophysical parameters - Jupiter is only 10 times smaller than our star. The planet rotates around its own axis quickly enough - only 10 Earth hours. The number of satellites, of which 67 have been detected to date, is also amazing. The behavior of Jupiter and its moons is very similar to the model of the solar system. Such a number of natural satellites in one planet poses a new question, how many planets of the solar system were at the early stage of its formation. It is assumed that Jupiter, having a powerful magnetic field, turned some planets into their natural satellites. Some of them - Titan, Ganymede, Callisto and Io - are the largest satellites of the solar system and are comparable in size to the planets of the earth group.
Its smaller brother, the gas giant Saturn, is slightly inferior in size to Jupiter. This planet, like Jupiter, consists mainly of hydrogen and helium - the gases that are the basis of our star. With its size, the diameter of the planet is 57 thousand km, Saturn also resembles a protostar, which has stopped in its development. The number of satellites at Saturn is slightly inferior to the number of satellites of Jupiter - 62 against 67. On the satellite of Saturn, Titan, as well as on Io - the satellite of Jupiter - has an atmosphere.
In other words, the largest planets Jupiter and Saturn with their systems of natural satellites strongly resemble small solar systems, with their distinct center and system of motion of celestial bodies.
The two gas giants are followed by cold and dark worlds, the planets Uranus and Neptune. These celestial bodies are located at a distance of 2.8 billion km and 4.49 billion km. from the sun, respectively. Due to the great distance from our planet, Uranus and Neptune were discovered relatively recently. Unlike the other two gas giants, Uranus and Neptune have a large amount of frozen gases - hydrogen, ammonia and methane. These two planets are also called ice giants. Uranus is smaller than Jupiter and Saturn and is third in the solar system. The planet is the cold pole of our star system. On the surface of Uranus, an average temperature of -224 degrees Celsius is recorded. From other celestial bodies orbiting the sun, Uranus is characterized by a strong tilt of its own axis. The planet seems to roll, revolving around our star.
Like Saturn, Uranus is surrounded by a hydrogen-helium atmosphere. Neptune, unlike Uranus, has a different composition. The presence of methane in the atmosphere is indicated by the blue color of the spectrum of the planet.
Both planets slowly and majestically move around our luminary. Uranus wraps around the Sun in 84 Earth years, and Neptune runs around our star twice as long - 164 Earth years.
Finally
Our solar system is a huge mechanism in which every planet, all the satellites of the solar system, asteroids and other celestial bodies move along a clearly defined route. The laws of astrophysics apply here, which have not changed for 4.5 billion years. On the outer edges of our solar system, dwarf planets move in the Kuiper belt. Frequent guests of our star system are comets. These space objects with a frequency of 20-150 years visit the inner regions of the solar system, flying in the zone of visibility from our planet.
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