Results of the modernization of Japan in the 19th century. Features of the modernization of Japan
The history of Japan at the end of the XIX - beginning. XX centuries is saturated with important events. They are associated with Japan's accession to the capitalist pathway. In the history of Japan this period there is a lot of common with the countries of Europe and the United States. At the same time, Japan had its own specific features.
Japan's opening until the middle of the XIX century, Japan was a "closed country". This led to the economic, political and military weakness of the country. In 1854, the United States, using the strength of the weapons, forced the Government of Sögun to "open" the country. A contract on peace and friendship was signed. Following the United States in Japan, European countries were allowed.
Revolution Maidi End of 60s. The XIX century was marked by events that were called "Maidi them" or "Revolution of Maidi". It is associated with the restoration of the power of the emperor and the deployment of "Sögunata". In 1867, Sögun refused the authorities in favor of the 15-year Emperor Mucchito.
On April 6, 1868, the emperor made a solemn statement in which he put forward the following program of actions: all public affairs will be solved in accordance with public opinion all people should unanimously devote themselves to successful nation. It will be allowed to carry out their own aspirations and develop their activities. Knowledge will be borrowed all over the world
Japan joined the era of modernization. The task facing the government was very difficult: to modernize the Western model and not lose its independence, tradition.
For this, Maidi conducted a number of cardinal reforms: reform direction Content content The value of reforms Agricultural reform peasants was transferred under certain conditions. Part of the Earth. In agriculture began to develop capitalist way. Administrative reform confiscation of part of the land and deprivation of power of the princes. Destroyed the power of the princes and dividing the country on the principality. Military reform introduced universal military service. Liquidated a military refortel structure. The Japanese army acquired high combat capability. Monetary reform introduced a single monetary unit - yen. Created conditions for the formation of a unified national market. Education reform adopted a decree on compulsory initial education, the estate system of education is destroyed.
In the 80s G. G. The country turned into a broad movement for the Constitution. A special mission was sent to Europe and the United States (familiar with and choose the most appropriate version of the Constitution). The mission opted his choice on the Prussian version of Bismarck. Emperor Parliament Upper Chamber Lower Chamber
Features of Japan's development at the beginning of the XX century. Japan stood on the path of accelerated upgrades. The government has been actively patronized by the development of industry and trafficking, seeing in the country's industrialization protection against the danger of foreign interference in the affairs of the state. By order of the emperor, "exemplary plants" were built at the expense of the state treasury, which were then sold or given to firms close to the Imperial Dvor. Especially generous gifts received the companies "Mitsui" and "Mitsubishi".
At the end of the 19th century, Japanese capitalism entered the monopolistic stage of development. Trade could not develop without good roads. Therefore, the state itself engaged in railway construction.
Conclusion Japan The only non-European state, whose level of development by the beginning of the 20th century reached the level of leading European countries. The development of imperialism occurred in the conditions of a narrow domestic market, the poverty of the overwhelming part of the population and this did Japan an aggressive country, striving for the seizures of foreign lands.
In this lesson, we will talk about the country of the Rising Sun. Japan with antiquity and about the XVII-XVIII centuries. No special economic, political and social development and was a traditional state. Why in the middle of the XIX - early XX centuries. She made such a rapid jump and literally over 50 years old from the outsiders of world civilization broke into undisputed leaders in all areas of the country's life? You solve this riddle, having studied the lesson "Japan on the way of modernization". About how Japan has become a backward closed country into a powerful world power, as well as the premises and reasons for this says in this lesson.
In the fight for the combination of Japan, the sogunam did not need rivals. Those were Europeans who began to penetrate the Japanese islands at the end of the XVI - the beginning of the XVII centuries. And actively spread. As a result, the Christian community arose in the southern and western part of the archipelago. In 1637, she raised the uprising in order to extend its influence on Japan; But the uprising was brutally suppressed. Sigunov began to see in Christians a danger to the ruling elite and therefore moved to the policies of the closure of the country (the policy of Sakoku is "the border on the castle").
From the middle of the XVII to the middle of the XIX century. Japan was one of the most closed countries in the world, and it was practically impossible to get into it. The exception was made only for Dutch traders (and then, the Dutch could only pester to one southern island), because Holland at one time helped the Japanese to cope with the revolt of Catholics, arranged by Portuguese colonizers.
Such a policy of self-insulation of the country contributed to the fact that the government united in the hands of Syugunov, but Japan, without contacting other more developed countries, more and more left them in their technological and economic development. At some point, Japan's self-insulation policy has become a powerful brake for the country. For example, in 1825, a decree was issued, according to which the Japanese troops were allowed to fire on any foreign ship, which appeared near the Japanese islands.
It was impossible to cope with the policy of self-insulation of Japan, it was not for the European state, and it was not necessary for them in view of almost not mastered Africa and other territories of Asia. The blockade was pounding only to Americans. Commander MK Perry (Fig. 2) In 1853, organized an expedition to the Japanese Islands. Approaching them as part of a serious military fleet, he forced the Japanese to make concessions. Japan has signed non-equivance trading agreements with Americans (Kanagava Treaty), as a result of which America could also trade with Japan almost freely. To do this, American traders were discovered by the ports of the Simer and Hokudata, they were allowed to create American settlements on their territory. Thus, the first blow to the self-insulation of Japan was inflicted by the Americans.
Fig. 2. Commander M.K. Parry ()
After signing the Canagava Treaty, Japan was forced to sign similar agreements with European countries. In 1855, the Simo-Japanese agreement was signed between Japan and Russia - the first Russian-Japanese agreement for which the southern part of the Kuril Islands was rejected into the zone of influence of Japan. Such contracts were signed by Japan with other countries in 1858. They were called Assay agreements, which were concluded between Japan and France, England, Holland, USA. Thus, Japan has established official diplomatic relations with the countries of the West. The conclusion of international treaties and the yield of Japan from self-insulation was only the first step towards modernization.
In 1867, the Japanese emperor Komoy died and the Emperor Mutsukhito, who was 15 years old asked the throne. After an addende on the throne, Mutsukhito took himself a new name - Maidzi (Fig. 3), which meant "Enlightened Board". Since 1868, in Japan, the transformations are beginning to be held in history entitled "Maidzi reform" or "Maidzi Restoration". These reforms can be divided into two large groups:
Transformations aimed at association of the country;
Economic and political transformations (European standards were taken as the basis).
Fig. 3. Emperor Maidzi ()
As for reforms aimed at the centralization of the country, the following can be distinguished:
Destruction of the principalities and division of Japan on prefectures in 1871;
Introduction of a single monetary unit (yen) in 1871;
Replacing the samurai militia of the regular army, the introduction of a universal military service in 1872;
Translation of the Imperial Capital from Kyoto to the Political and Economic Center Edo (Modern Tokyo City).
Also, antipodeal reforms were conducted in the abolition of class privileges (for example, the nobles were forbidden to wear swords-katana).
Surnames were assigned to all residents of Japan, and not just nobles. The most important reform was the opening of the free market for the sale of land. The feudal ownership of the land was canceled.
In economically, the transformation convened freedom of movement of people and goods. Freedom of trade and movement in the country were introduced. In 1872, the first Tokyo-Iokohama railway was built in order to facilitate the economic connection between the regions. In addition, Emperor Maidzi banned the workshop and shop regulation, having laid the foundation for the creation of a European type industry.
One of the most important reforms of the Maidzi era was the reform of the education system. Tokyo University was opened, and in all Japan a large number of schools were opened. According to official statistical data by 1907, 97% of Japanese boys attended school. Such a percentage of literacy exceeded the indicators of England, France and Russia. There was no feminine education at that time.
A feature of this period was the blind copying of European-type standards, which did not take into account the features of Japan's development (for example, in the portrait of 1872, the Japanese emperor is depicted in traditional Japanese clothes, and in the photograph of 1873 the emperor appears before us in the European appearance: in the military uniform and with Sabley).
Emperor Maidie convened the first parliament in Asia. He was arranged on a European sample. Parliament discussed laws on those canons that were adopted in Europe. Emperor Maidzi also created the first Japanese constitution. The Constitution was written on the sample of the Basic Law of Germany (Constitution Bismarck).
Fig. 4. Emperor Maidie at the parliament meeting. 1890 ()
In Japan, the European title system was also introduced: princes and barons appeared.
From an economic point of view, all carried out reforms led Japan to progress. The Japanese emperor and his approximal used the method used by Peter I in Russia: the state itself created manufactory and resell them to individuals, but at a reduced price. The benefit was double: on the one hand, the state received taxes from manuff owners, and on the other hand, the vast masses of the country's population were employed. It is important to note that the workforce in Japan was very cheap, so Japanese manufactices, and later factories and factories got the opportunity to have a big profit. It is in the era of Maidzi in Japan, manufactory, or Zaibats, many of which exist to this day appear in Japan. All over the world are well known Japanese trading houses of Mitsui and Mitsubishi (Mitsui, Mitsubishi).
Such a rapid economic development of Japan led to the fact that the Japanese became interested in new markets for raw materials, sales and labor. Japan followed European countries to join the colonization policy. She was interested in neighboring territories - Korea, which was called "a knife directed in the heart of Japan", and China.
In 1894-1895, the Japan War was held. The completion of the war was the signing of a Simonoski peace treaty. Japan won this war, and China lost its territory: Taiwan Island, Pescador Islands, and, most importantly, China has lost its economic independence. Under the conditions of the Simonosek Treaty, the formal independence of Korea was proclaimed, which was beneficial to both Japan and Western European countries. But the European countries did not like the fact that Japan decided to seize the Liaodan Peninsula, located near the Chinese capital. This territory was a tailed piece for Russia and other European countries. The Liaoda Peninsula was an important strategic point, in addition, there it was possible to equip the modern port, and Russia was very necessary such a port in the Far East. As a result, the Liaodan Peninsula was lease from the Russian Empire.
Fig. 5. Battle in the Japanese War ()
Japan did not like such a turn of events, and she entered the Union with England. In 1902, an agreement was signed between Japan and England about the conclusion of the military union. This union was directed against Russia. Japan and England considered Russia their main strategic opponent at this time. The British provided the development of the Japanese army and provided it with weapons. In 1904-1905, the Russian-Japanese war broke out, where England supported his ally - Japan. This war for Japan was victorious and losing for Russia. The Russian Empire in this war lost South Sakhalin, was forced to refuse to rent a Liaodo Peninsula, and did not acquire the Kuril Islands that had long dreamed of. All these territories received Japan. But she felt her increasing power and was not limited to the Japanese and Russian-Japanese war, so Japan was one of the main participants in the First World War, which began in 1914.
4. Norman. The formation of capitalist Japan. - M.: 1952.
5. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. The history of the new time, 1800-1900, grade 8. - M.: 2012.
Homework
1. Tell me about the features of the development of Japan in the period from 1603 to 1868 (Sögunat Tokugava)
2. Give examples of the most important reforms in the "Revolution of Maidzi"
3. Tell about the war that Japan led in 1894-1895. and 1904-1905, what was their result?
Japan over the entire history has more than once experienced the stages of modernization of the economic and social system. Starting from the period of Nara and up to the 20th century, large-scale reforms were conducted in the country. The desire to constantly borrow the advanced ideas of more advanced neighbors and their use in practice is a generic feature of Japanese culture, which contributed to its continuous development. The very close to our time are the two "modernization" - these are reforms of Meiji period and post-war reforms, who finally bred Japan on the path of development of Western countries.
Before the invasion of Commodore Perry and the US Fleet in Japan in 1854c Thranda It was absolutely isolated from other countries in an economic and cultural plan. Before the reforms of Maidi, which began in 1869, there was a feudal system in Japan, and the Supreme Ruler was a military leader - Songun. With the onset of Era Maidzi, the power of the emperor was restored, and at the same time the country began to actively participate in international economic and political relations. Understanding that in order to compete with other world powers, the country needs modernization, Emperor Mutshito, focusing on the most powerful states of that time, decided to adopt their experience and modernize the country in a western pattern, completely reforming the army, the educational system and other spheres. However, the mechanical copying of Western culture and the economic model did not occur, and on the contrary, it was focused on its traditions and morality. This concept was called Vaccons Yosei - "Western shape and Japanese content."
The beginning of the 20th century was a period of militarization of Japan. The country for the first time declared itself on the world arena. However, the present economic development of Japan, as a result of which it broke into the world leaders on a par with the countries of Western Europe and the United States, it began only after its defeat in World War II.
During the occupation of Japan (1945-1952), the American occupation administration developed a Japanese economy restoration program. All: everything is subject to reform: from the economic structure to the state device.
After defeat in World War II, demilitarization of the economy was carried out. The share of military expenses of Japan wasbut 1% of GDP. High savings level ensured maintaining high rates of economic growth in Japan.
In the first postwar years, a system of priority productions necessary for economic recovery was established: Metallurgy, coal industry, electric power industry, railways, sea transport. Later, petrochemicals, synthetic fibers and electrical engineering were added to them. A strategy of comprehensive stimulation of export production was adopted.
The elimination of feudal remnants on the village contributed to the massive influx of the workforce from the village.
In 1947, a system of compulsory nine-year-old training was introduced, and later a full secondary education. Trade unions were legalized. In 1947, the antimonopoly legislation earned.
In the 1950s and 60s, there was an active borrowing of technical innovations of other countries.
After the war, Japan was a real leader in the growth rates of production and income. Real incomes grew up with a pace of 7.7% per year (USA- 2% per year). The reasons for such a rapid growth - an increase in labor productivity, an increase in technical equipment, a high savings and investment rate (70% of income Japanese firms sent to investments).
A sharp rise in prices for energy resources forced Japan to switch to energy and materials-saving technologies.
The share of the manufacturing industry has grown to 1970 (36.8% of GDP in 1970). In the manufacturing industry, the share of mechanical engineering has grown from 30% in 1960 to 57% in 1995, mainly due to electrical engineering.
The share of agriculture decreased from 12, 9% in 1960 to 2.1% of GDP in 1995. Nevertheless, agriculture remained relatively backward, with low labor productivity and high costs.
The transition to a new type of reproduction was accompanied by a sharp increase in independent research work. R & D expenses increased from 2.1% GNP in 1975 to 3.1% in 1985, making up four fifths of American.
As a result of such shifts in the structure of production, Japan has become the world's largest producer of robots, semiconductors, passenger cars, machines, steel and household appliances.
It has become a modern country oriented to the use of its scientific and technical potential. Its further development goes precisely along the path of specialization on advanced technologies and exports of investments, which ensures its stable position in the list of world leaders.
Website
Objectives and lesson tasks.
Show features of the formation of imperialism in a country with traditional Eastern civilization. Students should take into account that Japan without any interference from the outside, but attracting the achievements of the West, modernized industrial production, education and the country management system, while maintained its traditions and the usual way of life. On the material of this topic, students should see the action of the law of uneven development of capitalism.
Planned results.
Students learn that the clashes with the West threatened the loss of independence and in these conditions a young state using the traditional Japanese tendency to useful borrowings, the lack of contempt for someone else's culture, prepared Japanese society to understand the need for modernization and contributed to the implementation of reforms destroying the traditional society. The development of capitalism in the country occurred in the conditions of the narrowness of the domestic market. The poverty of the overwhelming part of the population, the growth of nationalist sentiment - all this did Japan an aggressive country, striving for the seizures of foreign lands.
Equipment:
- map "Japan in the XIX century";
- Yudovskaya A.Ya., Baranov P.A. "New Story", textbook;
- tables;
- exposures from documents.
Basic concepts: Sögun, Consul, Modernization, Exterriting, Yamato, Maizi, Samurai, Bouysido, Syntaism, Nationalism, Traditionalism.
During the classes
1. The history of Japan at the end of the XIX - beginning. XX centuries is saturated with important events. They are associated with Japan's accession to the capitalist pathway. In the history of Japan this period there is a lot of common with the countries of Europe and the United States. At the same time, Japan had specific features that were associated with its geographical location and historical development. Let us get acquainted with new concepts and terms.
Nationalism - The ideology based on the idea of \u200b\u200bnational exclusivity, isolation.
Traditionalism – stability of Japanese civilization based on traditional medieval values.
Maidi. – "Enlightened Board" - the time of reforms, thanks to which the country began to turn into a great power.
Bushido – samurai Code of Honor.
Samurai– Closed Military Casta (Samurau - serve, soldier, nobleman).
2. Until the middle of the XIX century, Russia was a "closed country". This led to the economic, political and military weakness of the country. In 1854, the United States, using the strength of the weapons, forced the Government of Sögun to "open" the country. A contract on peace and friendship was signed. Following the United States in Japan, European countries were allowed. They imposed Japan unequal agreements, which meant the violent discovery of the country.
3. The end of the 60s. The XIX century was marked by events that influenced the entire further movement of the state. These events in the history of Japan are customary to call "Maizi them" or "Revolution of Maidi." It is related to the restoration of the power of the emperor and the deployment of "Sögunata" (the Board of the feudal aristocracy, "Sögun"), who was making a military force of samurai, the power of the emperor is only nominal. In 1867, Sögun refused power in favor of the 15-year-old emperor Mucchito.
Message about Muvichito, Saintweight.
Japan joined the era of modernization. The task facing the government was very difficult: to modernize the Western model and not lose its independence, tradition. With the help of working with the table, we will find out how this task was solved.
Filling a table using a textbook
(commented reading).
Maidi reforms.
| Direction of reform | Contents of reform | Reform value |
| Agricultural reform | The peasants were transmitted on certain conditions a part of the Earth. | In agriculture began to develop capitalist way. |
| Administrative reform | Confiscation of part of the lands and deprivation of power of the princes. | Destroyed the power of the princes and dividing the country on the principality. |
| Military reform | Universal military service has been introduced. | Liquidated a military feudal structure. The Japanese army acquired high combat capability. |
| Monetary reform | A single monetary unit has been introduced - yen. | Created conditions for the formation of a unified national market. |
| Reform Education | Adopted decree on compulsory primary education | Destroyed the estate system of education. |
Political device:in the 80s The country launched a broad movement for the Constitution. A special mission was sent to Europe and the United States (familiar with and choose the most appropriate version of the Constitution). The mission opted his choice on the Prussian version of Bismarck.
Drawing up a "political device" scheme using a document.
Suffrage:match tables. Remember what property values \u200b\u200bis?
New features of economic development:the first monopolistic associations appeared in the country in the 90s. XIX century.
What was the industrial policy of the Maidi government? (Work with the document).
What firms are mentioned in the textbook?
4. Changes in the lifestyle of society. (Individual task).
5. Foreign policy of Japan. (Individual task).
Conclusion: Japan is the only non-European state. Whose level of development by the beginning of the 20th century has reached the level of leading European countries. The development of imperialism occurred in the conditions of a narrow domestic market, the poverty of the overwhelming part of the population and this did Japan an aggressive country, striving for the seizures of foreign lands.
Sincavins about Japan.
Summing up the lesson, Task for the house: § 24, work with terms, question. 1 on page 254.
Of all the five countries of the East, where the modernization processes were not completed, Japan's experience acts as a "happy exception" from the rules of the eastern type of modernization, where traditional worlds retired not due to the internal evolution of society as in the West, but under pressure from Western capitalism and colonialism . The latter circumstance created in Eastern societies a powerful social base (both the top and bottoms) of their rejection, led to the socio-cultural split of society, gave rise to special soreness and crisis of social development.
Western pressure on the Japanese traditional society, of course, was, but there was no deep rejection of cultural and technical innovations of the West, there was no arrogant and inadequate attitude towards the outside world as the Chinese. In addition, even in the conditions of the existence of a segunte, the Japanese were not interrupted by their narch, but "communication with the Western World", with its innovations through the Dutch, far, by the way, an unwashed European people.
In addition, unlike China and other countries of the East, the Japanese tradition of statehood did not have a pronounced despotism and the suppression of the state and bureaucracy of the private sector. As we have already noted and the development of cities, and private-society relations here have been expressed more than where is -Libo in eastern countries. All this has a beneficial effect on the development of bourgeois relations in the Japanese land. And it is still very important to note, in Japanese culture there was no total rejection of the new, alien, since the Japanese in their history repeatedly and borrowed a lot, for example, in Chinese culture.
As many researchers point in Japanese national culture, there is an amazing property to form organic symbiosis of traditions and innovations, which in Japanese political science received the name Zassyusei (hybridness). What is explained by? First, the Japanese consciousness can transform and adapt borrowing so effectively that they are perceived as something organic and not contradictory tradition. Secondly, the specifics of the Japanese tradition lies in the fact that the perception of the new does not mean the violent displacement of the old new one. No, the new is organically absorbed and enters the "flesh and blood" autochthonic tradition. So in Japan, unlike other Eastern countries, there was almost no split or opposition between modernizers and conservatives.
In itself, the policy of reforming there was nothing exceptional, compared with other eastern countries, but the feature of Japan was that these reforms were carried out quickly and consistently and most importantly, with the presence of a consensus in the top. What else distinguished the modernization of Japan, this is its militarization and a manic desire to preserve and strengthen its great-maintain. In the Japanese society, in contrast, even from Chinese, there were a complete unanimity against non-equivance contracts with foreigners and their presence in the country, but also against those who found it possible to go for unacceptable concessions "Zamar Varvaram". At the same time, the Japanese carefully studied the western experience in building relationships with the eastern countries, in particular with China. It subsequently brought its fruits. Japan has become the only Asian country, which in its foreign policy with the eastern countries conducted a typical imperialist policy on the Western Pekal. Patriotic attitudes of the nation for a single whole allowed to mobilize society to the necessary reforms. All these sentiments in particular quickly helped Japan re-educate the army and fleet on Western standards and at the end of the XIX century. It itself turns into a single invoicable colonial power. But the samurai spirit of militarism and chauvinism played a twofold role in the destiny of the country: on the one hand, he helped to recognize Japan West as a single invoicable country almost equal to himself, but on the other, he deprived the Japanese sense of a sense of measure and led the Militarist state to his collapse in 1945.
The turning point in the modernization of Japan was 1868. When the power as a result of the revolutionary policy of the political coup, for the first time in the history of Japan, passed to the young Emperor Mutsukhito. From his behalf, a complex of radical reforms was conducted, which received the name of the "Mayji" revolution in Japanese historiography, which means "Enlightened Board." It was an even greater degree of modernization "from above" compared to European Germany and more went to the Russian experience of upgrading the traditional system by autocratic power (reforms of Alexander II).
Very quickly in Japan were eliminated by feudal divers and hereditary privileges of Prince Daima, turning them into officials who were headed by province and prefectures. At the same time, titles are preserved, but the class differences were very limited. The land went to the ownership of peasants, as in Russia for redemption, which opened the path of development of capitalism in the village. The sale of land was permitted without restrictions. The state began to encourage the national bourgeoisie, giving it solid social and legal guarantees. Moreover, the state taking on the construction of large industrial facilities, then for the scents they sold their privileged companies, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Furukawa. Thus, the government has demonstrated to all that it protects the interests of private business. Therefore, the Japanese bourgeoisie, tightly tied to the monarchy, supported activities aimed at preserving a police bureaucratic arbitrariness and did not fight for the provision of political power. Even in 1882, the batch of liberal bourgeoisie actively supported the internal and especially external policies of the authorities. A peculiar union "Yen and sword" has developed, which has become a characteristic feature of the Social Building of Japan until 1945
The feature of the Japanese capitalism was the cultivation of paternalistic traditions, the desire of entrepreneurs to establish direct contact with all the workers on the principles of labor and capital harmony. There was a special system of management and relationships within the company: in the eyes of the Japanese working firm, it was a peculiar traditional community, where the owner was not only an employer, but also the "caring father of a large family." Workers brought up in the spirit of devotion to the "family", unquestioned submission to the authorities. In turn, the leadership of the company gave its "children" solid social guarantees and various benefits. This practice, as the experience showed, was successful, Japan practically did not know powerful working movements, strikes, similar to those shocked leading countries in Europe and America.
Finally, in 1889, the Constitution on the Prussian model was adopted in Japan, where exceptionally broad rights were left behind the emperor: he owned the approval and publication of laws; convocation and dissolution of parliament; declaration of war and the conclusion of the world; the supreme command of the armed forces; Appointment and dismissal of all civil and military ranks, etc. In the fourth chapter (55 article) it was noted that ministers in Japan are responsible only to the emperor. It is notable to remind you that the emperor in Japan is deified, and the Japanese nation itself was considered as one big family in which the emperor played the role of a kind of spiritual father.
Victorious Wars 1894-1895. With China, in 1904-1905 With powerful Russia, only strengthened the conviction in society in the correctness of reforms and even more rallied the nation around its militarist and imperialist course. By the beginning of the XX century. Japan, the only one of the eastern countries, managed to generally complete the bourgeois reforms of the early imprint stage of capitalism, while retaining considerable tests and enter into a number of second-echelon countries of capitalist development, along with Germany, Italy and Russia. With these countries, Japan brought together the overall experience of the modernization of the "top", the preservation of numerous reactive relations and the lack of a full civil society and wide civil liberties.
What to say, and the bourgeois modernization and the political system of Japan was far from the Western Democratic Sample of the United States, which is generally due to the eastern type of Japanese state and society. But this successful in the eastern country "revolution" in the eastern country was able to break the country's vicious marking of the country on the despotic structure of power-property, break out of the shackles of tradition, go to the new quality and become a "happy exception" from modernizing with large "kickbacks" In the tradition, countries of the East.
Questions for self-test and self-control:
1.What was the general and special in attempts to modernize the eastern states in the XIX century?
2. What were the characteristic features of reforms in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the XIX-early XX centuries.
3. What is explained by the transformation of Iran into the half-colony of European powers in the XIX century?
4. Why are all the attempts by Chinese reforms in the second half of the XIX century, ended with collapse?
5. What role was played by the West in the reforms of the eastern states in the second half of the XIX first of the XX centuries.
6. How to explain the success of Maidi bourgeois reforms in Japan?
Main literature
1. Demanding history: Textbook for university students / ed. GB Pole, A.N. Markova.-3rd ed.- Uniti-Dana, 2009.
2. Vasiliev L.S. General history. At 6 t. T.4. New time (XIX century): studies. Manual. - M.: Higher. Shk., 2010.
3.Yakovlev, A.I. Essays modernization of the countries of the East and West in the XIX-XX centuries. M.: Lenand, 2010.
3.Vasiliev L.S. History of the East: at 2 t. T.1. M. Higher. Shk., 1998.
4. Kagarlitsky B.Yu. From empires to imperialism. State and occurrence of bourgeois civilization. - M.: Ed. House of State. Un-Tasp School of Economics, 2010.
additional literature
1. Theferandes-Armesto, F. Civilization / Felipe Fernandez-Armesto; Per, from English, D.Arsenyev, O. Kolelesnikova.-M.: AST: AST Moscow, 2009.
2.Guses R. History of the World Economy: West-East-Russia: studies. Manual. Novosibirsk: Sib. Unison Publishing house, 2004.
3.Nepomnin O.E. Typology of Asian societies. In-T Oriental Studies Ran.- M.: Vost. Lit., 2010.
