Does did and ending s. The most basic endings of English

An apostrophe in English is used for two reasons: to indicate abbreviation and affiliation - something belongs to someone. The rules for using the apostrophe vary depending on the type of word. Apostrophes help make the text clearer and shorter.

Steps

Part 1

Use the apostrophe to indicate ownership

Use the apostrophe after the proper name to indicate ownership. The apostrophe and “s” after the proper name mean that this person, place or thing belongs to what follows after his name or name. For example, “Mary's lemons” (Mary's lemons). We know that Mary's lemons are due to “s.” Other examples are China's foreign policy (China's foreign policy) and the orchestra's conductor (conductor Orchestra).

Affiliation can be tricky, and there are exceptions. For example, the phrase “Sunday” s football game (Sunday football match, literally “Sunday football match”) is technically incorrect (since Sunday cannot possess anything), but it is absolutely valid in writing and speaking. “A hard day" s work ”(hard work, literally“ hard day work ”) is also an absolutely correct phrase, despite the fact that the day cannot own anything.

Be consistent in using the apostrophe after words ending in "s." When someone’s name ends with “s,” you can use the apostrophe without the subsequent “s” to indicate affiliation, but Chicago Manual of Style linguists, along with many others, prefer to put “s” after the apostrophe.
- Notice the difference in use:
  - Acceptable: Jones "house (Johns house); Francis" window (Francis window); Enders "family (Anders family).
  - Preferably: Jones "s house (Jones's house); Francis" s window (Francis window); Enders "s family (Anders family).
- Whatever style you prefer to use, stick to it. It is not so important which option you choose, it is important that you stick to it.
Do not use the apostrophe to indicate affiliation with the pronoun “it”. “China's foreign policy” is correct, but let's say the reader already knows that you are talking about China and you are replacing the name of the country with a pronoun. If you plan to indicate something in China that way, you need to say "its foreign policy" (its foreign policy), but not "it" s.
- The reason is to avoid confusion between “its”, used to indicate affiliation, and it’s, used as the abbreviation “it is.” If you’re not sure whether to use the apostrophe or not, try substitute "it is" or "it has" for "it" s / its ". If the phrase changes or loses its meaning, an apostrophe is not needed. For example, the phrase “it is foreign policy” (this is foreign policy) cannot be replaced with the phrase “China's foreign policy” (Chinese foreign policy), so write “its” without an apostrophe.
Use the apostrophe to indicate membership if the noun is in the plural. One of the common mistakes is the use of the apostrophe to indicate that something belongs not to one person, but to the family. Let's say the Smart family has a boat. To indicate the boat’s ownership, the apostrophe will be used as follows: “The Smarts" boat ”(Smart boat), and not“ the Smart "s boat” (Smart boat). Since we are talking about all members of the Smart family, we put the surname in the plural, “Smarts”. And since all Smarts (at least presumably) own the boat, we add an apostrophe after the "s".
- If the last name ends with "s", bring it into the plural before adding the apostrophe. For example, if you wanted to discuss a family by the name of Williams family, then in the plural they would become "the Williamses" (Williams). If you wanted to point to their dog, you would say “the Williamses" dog. If you think this design doesn’t sound too smooth - especially with a more complicated surname, you can say “the Williams family” ( Williams family) and the Williams family "s dog" (Williams family dog).
- If you list all the owners of a particular property, know where to put the apostrophe. For example, if both John and Mary are the owners of the cat, you should write it as “John and Mary's cat” (not John's and Mary's cat. “John and Mary” in In this case, they are a collective noun, and therefore only one apostrophe is needed.
Part 2
Do not use the apostrophe to form the plural
Part 3
Use the apostrophe in abbreviations
1. The use of apostrophes in abbreviations. Sometimes, especially in informal writing, apostrophes are used to indicate that one or more letters in a letter are omitted. For example, the word don "t" is an abbreviation of "do not", similarly the words "isn" t ("is not"), "wouldn" t "(" would not "), and" can "t" (cannot "). The verbs “is”, “has”, and “have” can also be shortened. For example, we can write "She" s going to school "instead of" She is going to school "," He "s lost the game" instead of "He has lost the game" or "They" ve gone away "instead of" They have gone away. "
  
  Be careful with "its" and "it" s. Use the apostrophe with the word “it” only when you want to indicate the abbreviation “it is” or “it has”. “It” is a pronoun, and pronouns have their own possessive form, which does not require an apostrophe. For example: “That noise? It's "s just the dog eating its bone ”(What kind of noise? This dog is gnawing its bone). It may seem complicated, but “its” is formed in the same way as other possessive pronouns: his (his), hers (her), its (his / her), yours (your), ours (ours), theirs ( them).
  
  If you write in written letters, always attach the letters after the apostrophe to those that stand before it. For example, if you want to write "she" s, first write together "shes", and then add an apostrophe.
- When in doubt, always remember that apostrophes are almost always used with nouns to indicate belonging. Avoid using apostrophes for anything else.
- In the case of a name ending in “s”, linguists from the Chicago Manual of Style recommend adding “s” after the apostrophe: for example, “Charles" s bike "(Charles bike). If your teacher requires you to follow this or that rule, If you don’t have any requirements, just choose your preferred form, but be consistent and keep to the same form throughout a single written work (essay, letter, etc.).
- The Elements of Style, by W. Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White, is a handy short guide to spelling and punctuation. Try to find it on the Internet and use it when writing in English.

Total.

How to pronounce words with an apostrophe

Where is the apostrophe put

The apostrophe is placed at the end of the word, beginners in English call it the upper comma.
Comma, even the upper one, even the lower one, changes everything. Familiar to us since childhood: Execution cannot be pardoned. In Russian, a comma changes its meaning.In English, the apostrophe changes only the quantity, but it changes everything!

The girl " s phone number - girl phone number
one girl, the same

Move the apostrophe one letter to the right, after -s ":

The girls " phone number - girls phone number
many girls at once

Her number - not everyone will receive, but their number - here he is, on the Internet on a pink background, call when you want.

This is how the apostrophe works in English. His job is to form the possessive case animateda noun. The apostrophe works either in tandem with the letter s, or one. We will see.

We form the possessive case

1. Noun in the singular: apostrophe together with the letter s:

				"s
who? → girl girl		whose bag? → girls girl "s		girls bag girl "s bag

An exception is the pronoun it:
it - he, she, it + s without an apostrophe \u003d its - him, her.
Russia and its rules. - Russia and its rules.

If we see it "s with an apostrophe, then we see not a possessive case: his her, and abbreviation: it is - it is, or it has - it has.

2. Noun in the plural - an apostrophe one, without the letter s:

				"
who? - girls girls		whose bag? → girls girls "		girls bag girls " bag

There is no difference in pronunciation, it sounds the same. The difference is only visible on the letter:

girls - girls (who?)
gir ls " - girls (whose?)
girl "s - girls, girls (whose?)

In English, all nouns are multiplied. numbers end in -s, usually. But there are exceptions to this rule, for example: man - men man - men woman - women woman's woman. To these exceptions, we add an apostrophe along with the letter s.

3. The apostrophe along with -s:

			"s
who?	men - men	whose?	men "s - men

Possessive case formed. Now the letter -s at the end of the word needs to be pronounced correctly - depending on the letter that stands before it.

How to pronounce a word with an apostrophe - rules

Letter s after the apostrophe, it is pronounced either loudly or muffled, or how. Three options:

1. Loudly.
After a voiced consonant s pronounced [z] - girl "s.
I have read the story "From one girl" s diary "by Chekhov. - I read Chekhov's story" From the Diary of a Girl. "

2. It is deaf.
After a deaf consonant s pronounced deafly [s] - cat "s.
Did you see the movie Cat's Eye? - Did you see the Cat Eye movie?
No! Why do people like horror movies? - Not! I don’t understand why people like horror movies?

3. Like / iz /.
After a hissing or whistling sound -
-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z, -zz: horse’s, George’s.

Brisk English apostrophe - the result

Apostrophe - he is brisk. We see it before the letter s, then - after, however, always with an animated noun.
Apostrophe before the letter s - this is noun. in units including in attraction. case: girl "s day - girl’s day.
Apostrophe after the letter s - this is noun. in multiply. including in attraction. case: girls "day - girls' day.
Apostrophe again before the letter s - this is noun. - exception to the multip. including in attraction. case: women "s secrets - female secrets.

In English, the apostrophe is also used for abbreviations:
it "s \u003d it is - this is,
it "s \u003d it has - it has.
But the apostrophe manifests its brisk and reckless character only with the formation of the possessive case.Whose? Whose? Just add an apostrophe!

Fortunately for students of English, the number of endings in it is much less than in Russian, Ukrainian and even German. This is due to the special structure of the language, which belongs to the group of analytical ones, the connection and coordination of words in which is ensured by using prepositions, conjunctions and word order, rather than endings.

An ending in English is that part of a word that is used for shaping, matching with other words, and connecting words in a phrase and sentence. For example, we all remember very well from school that certain endings help nouns form cases and take the singular and plural forms: table-table-table-table-tables-tables and so on. We can observe the same phenomenon in adjectives, in conjugation of verbs, etc.

It is important to remember that the term english ending, as a rule, it is not used, and familiar to all of us "endings" -s, -es, -ed, -ing will more precisely be called suffixes. This is due to the peculiarities of the evolution of the language, during which it lost the original wide variety of endings proper and switched to an analytical way of connecting words. But in the educational literature for non-specialists, this name successfully functions due to its simplicity for perception.

Ending -s / -es

This ending in English has several functions.

car-cars,
tree-trees,
box-boxes.

The choice between the two endings depends on which letter is before it. The form

used if preceded by

Ss, -ch, -sh, -x, -z, -o

church-churches,
tax-taxes
potato-potatoes,
dress-dresses.

The second case of using this ending is verbs of the third person singular in present indefinite tense. The ending is added to the verbs that relate to the pronouns he, she, it or a noun similar in meaning to them. For example: he writes (he writes) and my father writes (my dad "he" writes).

Rules for using options

S / -es

Mary reads a book every day;
my brother goes to school every weekday.

Ending -ed

The -ed ending also has two main functions.

At first

, it is used to form the simple past tense of regular verbs -

past indefinite tense

. To do this, the ending is simply added to the base of the verb without any options, as is the case with

I believe - I believed
You translate - you translated
He listens - he listened

Of course, if the stem of the word ends in e, additional e is no longer required: believe - believ ednot believ еed.

Secondly, this ending is used to transform the verb into the past participle, or the term “the third form of the verb” is more familiar to beginners to learn English.

For regular verbs, formally, this formation looks exactly like a simple past tense. However, it is used as part of difficult times:

present perfect, past perfect, future perfect

He has already visited this country;
John had fixed this TV before I came home.

In addition to the formation of complex tenses, the past participle has a number of specific functions: the formation of a passive voice (the wall is painted), the definition of the noun ( she saw the closed door - she saw a closed (what?) Door), part of a compound predicate ( Jane felt terrified - Jane “felt horror”) and others.

Ending -ing

The third ending in English is used to form two specific forms of the verb: present participles and gerund.

The present participle is familiar to students of the language, first of all, by the times of the group

continuous and perfect continuous

I am drinking tea now;
he has been considering this problem all his life;
they were driving 10 hours yesterday.

barking dog - a barking dog,
running boy - a running boy
singing woman - a singing woman.

The gerund is formally indistinguishable from the present participle. However, this difference can be traced at the level of value: the participle gravitates to the adjective (the designation of the item’s attribute is running (what?) Boy), while the gerund is closer to the noun (I enjoy running - I like running).

Thus, despite the small number of endings in the English language, they are functionally very diverse and able to form formally identical words in different parts of speech. Therefore, when learning a language, they need to pay special attention and, if necessary, seek help from a specialist.

There are several distinguishing features in English. One of them is the apostrophe. This small sign, at times, becomes a big problem for students, as many people confuse when to put an apostrophe and when not to.

Today we will deal with its use once and for all. In the article you will learn:

use of the apostrophe to indicate ownership

What is an apostrophe in English?

Apostropheis a superscript comma (").

Although we do not use this sign in Russian, I think you probably saw it. Many foreign names are abbreviated using the apostrophe. For example: d "Artonyan instead of de Artonyan.

An apostrophe in English is used in 2 cases that can be easily remembered:

1. To show affiliation

2. To indicate a gap in the abbreviation of words

Let's look at each of these use cases in detail.

Use of the apostrophe to indicate ownership

The apostrophe we use to show the affiliation of the subject / person. To do this, we just need to add "s to the word that calls the owner.

To test ourselves, we can ask such a word: whose ?, whose ?, whose ?, whose ?. For example: Tom's computer (whose?), Sisters 'dress (whose?), Dogs' ball (whose?).

Examples of using the apostrophe:

Give me Ann ’S copybook.
Give me Anne’s notebook.

This is my parent "s car.
This is my parents car.

I took my friend ’S phone.
I took a friend's phone.

Books lie on teacher ’ s desk.
Books are on the teacher’s desk.

He ate his sister ’S cookies
He ate sister's cookies.

When is the apostrophe in English still put?

Also in this rule there are several nuances that you need to remember:

1. Owners are a few people / animals.

In this case, to the word that denotes them (it will be in the plural), we simply add an apostrophe (") without the letter s . Indeed, we have already added the ending -s to such words to form a plural form (cat - cats - cats ", girl - girls - girls", sister - sisters - sisters ", friend - friends - friends").

However, if the word is not formed according to the rules (you can read about such exceptions), then we add "s:

2. Two owners

For example: mother and father, Tom and Peter, Mary and Jane.

There are two options for adding an apostrophe.

One item belongs to two people.

We add "s to the last word: mother and father" s, Tom and Peter "s, Mary and Jane" s

Mother and father "s car stays in garage.
Mom and Dad's car is in the garage. (This is one car that belongs to two people)

Tom and mary "s house is big.
Tom and Mary's house is big. (This is one house belonging to both Tom and Mary)

Each owner has his own item that belongs to him.

We add "s to every word: mother" s and father "s, Tom" s and Peter "s, Mary" s and Jane "s

Mother "s and father "s cars stay in garage.
Mom and Dad's cars are in the garage. (We are talking about two cars: one belongs to mom, the other to dad)

Tom ’S and mary "s houses are big.
Tom and Mary's houses are big. (We are talking about two different houses that have different owners)

Apostrophe with possessive pronouns in English

We do not add "s to possessive pronouns (her / hers, your / yours, their / theirs), despite the fact that they answer the questions: whose ?, whose ?, whose ?.

Wrong: She lost her "s pen.
Right: She lost her pen.

Using the Apostrophe to Shorten English Words

In English, we can shorten some words. In such cases, we put the apostrophe (") in the place of missing letters.

Here are the main abbreviations accepted:

I am \u003d I "m
You are \u003d you’re
He is \u003d he’s
I have \u003d I’ve
I would \u003d I’d
I will \u003d I’ll
not \u003d n’t

Examples:

He "s studying now.
He is studying now.

We’re ready.
We are ready.

I "m calling him.
I call him.

They can’t leave.
They cannot leave.

I’ll translate.
I will translate.

So, an apostrophe is a superscript comma (") sign. It is used to show affiliation or to shorten. Now let's practice using it in practice.

Assignment task

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. This is the wedding of my friends.
2. Take Tom's car.
3. This is my dog’s ball.
4. We will live in her parents' house.
5. Bring Kate and Peter laptops.
6. He ate Dasha’s apple.
7. Peter’s friends will arrive tomorrow.
8. Phones of John and Mary are on the table.

Leave your answers in the comments under the article.

The ending -s in verbs in English

SWIMES
he, she, this is the 3rd person singular in the simple present tense gets s
yyyyyyyyyyyyyy vytfvvffgn hvgcrfvf-kgnbnbghyhreb-klk11d4
in Present Simple in the 3rd person the unit number (pronouns he, she, it or noun in unit parts) adds the ending -s,
If the verb ends with a hissing or whistling, -es is added: catch - catches, crash-crashes, pass - passes.
If the verb ends with -y, before which there is no other vowel, -y changes to -i + es: try - tries, cry - cries (but play - plays, because before -y there is another vowel)
The verbs go and do also add -es to themselves: does, goes (doing do change the sound)
to swim ending s or es
The ending -s / -es is added to the nouns to form the plural. The ending -s / -es is added to the verbs for the formation of 3 singular persons in the form of Present Simple (Present Indefinite). The rules for adding -s / -es to nouns and verbs are almost the same.
1. The standard case of adding the ending s to a noun or verb.
Examples:
book books book books;
to look (he / she / it) look s look (he / she / it) looks; 2. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends with -o or sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch,
then the ending es is added to the word

Examples:
addre ss addresses address address;
bru sh brush es brush;
cargo cargo es cargo;
tax taxes
church churches
to pass pass es pass (he / she / it) passes;
to sma sh smash es crash (he / she / it) crash;
to d o does do (he / she / it) does;
to rela x relaxes relaxing (he / she / it) relaxes;
to ca tch catch es catch (he / she / it) catches;
to teach teaches to teach (he / she / it) teaches;
Note that nouns borrowed from other languages \u200b\u200band ending with
on o, add the ending -s.

Examples:
photo photo s photography photograph;
pian o 2 piano s piano 2 piano;

3. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends with -y with the previous consonant, then the ending es is added, and y is replaced with -i.

Examples:
bab y bab ies infant babies;
to fl y flies fly (he / she / it) flies;
Note that if -y is before a vowel, then -y is saved and the ending is added
s.

Examples:
key key s key keys;
to stay stay s stop (he / she / it) stops;
4. If the noun ends in -f, -fe, then when the plural is formed
replaces -f, -fe with v and adds the ending -es.
Examples:
wife wi ves wife of the wife;
life lives life;
wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
However, for some nouns ending in -f, -fe, when forming
the plural does not replace f with v. The plural is only formed
by adding the ending s.
Examples:
chief chief s chief;
hoo f hoofs hoof hoof;
reef reef s reef reefs;
roo f - roofs roof;
sa fe safe s safe deposit boxes;
handkerchie f handkerchief s scarf shawls;
- when it comes to a third party (he, she)
In the third person singular. For example, he writes, she smiles, it seems, etc.
If the action is performed by a person of a male, female or middle gender (he, she, it, a dog, a person, a waiter, etc.), then in such cases it is set s and when they use who (who knows? - who knows? For example) . In general, if our verb ends with no em or it (knows, writes, looks), then English ending in s is mandatory - this is the easiest way to understand when to use
Then, when your action is performed by a third person, units number! He, she, it !!!
Example: He fucks, she sucks! :))) or He does dirty work every day! (pay attention to does, the third person singular! in the usual form, this verb looks like this - do!)
😉