Biochemistry where. What is biochemistry? How is the preparation for biochemical analysis

In this article we will answer the question of what is biochemistry. Here we will consider the definition of this science, its history and research methods, pay attention to some processes and define its sections.

Introduction

To answer the question of what biochemistry is, it is enough to say that it is a science devoted to the chemical composition and processes occurring inside a living cell of an organism. However, it has many components, having learned which, you can get a more specific idea of it.

In some time episodes of the 19th century, the terminological unit "biochemistry" began to be used for the first time. However, it was introduced into scientific circles only in 1903 by a chemist from Germany - Karl Neuberg. This science occupies an intermediate position between biology and chemistry.

Historical facts

To answer the question clearly, what is biochemistry, mankind could only about a hundred years ago. Despite the fact that society used biochemical processes and reactions in ancient times, it did not suspect the presence of their true essence.

Some of the most remote examples are bread-making, wine-making, cheese-making, etc. A number of questions about the medicinal properties of plants, health problems, etc. made a person delve into their basis and nature of activity.

The development of a common set of directions that eventually led to the creation of biochemistry is already observed in ancient times. A scientist-physician from Persia in the tenth century wrote a book on the canons of medical science, where he was able to describe in detail the description of various medicinal substances. In the 17th century, van Helmont proposed the term "enzyme" as a unit of reactant chemical nature involved in the digestive processes.

In the 18th century, thanks to the work of A.L. Lavoisier and M.V. Lomonosov, the law of conservation of the mass of matter was derived. At the end of the same century, the importance of oxygen in the process of respiration was determined.

In 1827, science made it possible to create a division of biological molecules into compounds of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. These terms are still in use today. A year later, in the work of F. Wöhler, it was proved that the substances of living systems can be synthesized by artificial means. Another important event was the preparation and compilation of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.

The foundations of biochemistry were formed over many hundreds of years, but they adopted a clear definition in 1903. This science became the first discipline from the category of biological, which had its own system of mathematical analyzes.

25 years later, in 1928, F. Griffith conducted an experiment, the purpose of which was to study the mechanism of transformation. The scientist infected mice with pneumococci. He killed the bacteria of one strain and added them to the bacteria of another. The study showed that the process of refining disease-causing agents resulted in the production of nucleic acid, not protein. The list of discoveries is being replenished at the present time.

Availability of related disciplines

Biochemistry is a separate science, but its creation was preceded by an active process of development of the organic section of chemistry. The main difference lies in the objects of study. In biochemistry, only those substances or processes are considered that can occur in the conditions of living organisms, and not outside them.

Ultimately, biochemistry included the concept of molecular biology. They differ among themselves mainly in the methods of action and the subjects they study. At present, the terminological units "biochemistry" and " molecular biology' began to be used as synonyms.

Availability of sections

To date, biochemistry includes a number of research areas, including:

Branch of static biochemistry - the science of the chemical composition of living things, structures and molecular diversity, functions, etc.

There are a number of sections that study biological polymers of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, amino acid molecules, as well as nucleic acids and the nucleotide itself.

Biochemistry, which studies vitamins, their role and form of influence on the body, possible disturbances in vital processes in case of shortage or excessive quantity.

Hormonal biochemistry is a science that studies hormones, their biological effect, the causes of deficiency or excess.

The science of metabolism and its mechanisms is a dynamic section of biochemistry (includes bioenergetics).

Molecular Biology Research.

The functional component of biochemistry studies the phenomenon chemical transformations, responsible for the functionality of all components of the body, starting with tissues, and ending with the whole body.

Medical biochemistry - a section on the patterns of metabolism between body structures under the influence of diseases.

There are also branches of the biochemistry of microorganisms, humans, animals, plants, blood, tissues, etc.

Research and problem solving tools

Biochemistry methods are based on fractionation, analysis, detailed study and consideration of the structure of both a separate component and the whole organism or its substance. Most of them were formed during the 20th century, and the most widely known was chromatography - the process of centrifugation and electrophoresis.

At the end of the 20th century, biochemical methods began to increasingly find their application in the molecular and cellular sections of biology. The structure of the whole genome was determined human DNA. This discovery made it possible to learn about the existence of a huge number of substances, in particular, various proteins that were not detected during the purification of biomass, due to their extremely low content in the substance.

Genomics has called into question a huge amount of biochemical knowledge and has led to the development of changes in its methodology. The concept of computer virtual simulation appeared.

Chemical component

Physiology and biochemistry are closely related. This is explained by the dependence of the norm of the course of all physiological processes with the content of a different series chemical elements.

In nature, you can find 90 components of the periodic table of chemical elements, but about a quarter is needed for life. Our body does not need many rare components at all.

The different position of the taxon in the hierarchical table of living beings causes a different need for the presence of certain elements.

99% of the human mass consists of six elements (C, H, N, O, F, Ca). In addition to the main amount of these types of atoms that form substances, we need another 19 elements, but in small or microscopic volumes. Among them are: Zn, Ni, Ma, K, Cl, Na and others.

Protein biomolecule

The main molecules studied by biochemistry are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and the attention of this science is focused on their hybrids.

Proteins are large compounds. They are formed by linking chains of monomers - amino acids. Most living beings obtain proteins through the synthesis of twenty types of these compounds.

These monomers differ from each other in the structure of the radical group, which plays huge role during protein folding. The purpose of this process is to form a three-dimensional structure. Amino acids are linked together by the formation of peptide bonds.

Answering the question of what biochemistry is, one cannot fail to mention such complex and multifunctional biological macromolecules as proteins. They have more tasks than polysaccharides or nucleic acids to perform.

Some proteins are represented by enzymes and catalyze various reactions of a biochemical nature, which is very important for metabolism. Other protein molecules can act as signaling mechanisms, form cytoskeletons, participate in immune defense, etc.

Some types of proteins are capable of forming non-protein biomolecular complexes. Substances created by the fusion of proteins with oligosaccharides allow the existence of molecules such as glycoproteins, and interaction with lipids leads to the appearance of lipoproteins.

nucleic acid molecule

Nucleic acids are represented by complexes of macromolecules consisting of a polynucleotide set of chains. Their main functional purpose is to encode hereditary information. Nucleic acid synthesis occurs due to the presence of mononucleoside triphosphate macroenergy molecules (ATP, TTP, UTP, GTP, CTP).

The most widespread representatives of such acids are DNA and RNA. These structural elements are found in every living cell, from archaea to eukaryotes, and even in viruses.

lipid molecule

Lipids are molecular substances, composed of glycerol, to which are attached through ester bonds fatty acid(from 1 to 3). Such substances are divided into groups according to the length of the hydrocarbon chain, and also pay attention to saturation. The biochemistry of water does not allow it to dissolve compounds of lipids (fats). As a rule, such substances dissolve in polar solutions.

The main task of lipids is to provide energy to the body. Some are part of hormones, can perform a signaling function or carry lipophilic molecules.

carbohydrate molecule

Carbohydrates are biopolymers formed by combining monomers, which in this case are represented by monosaccharides such as, for example, glucose or fructose. The study of plant biochemistry allowed a person to determine that the main part of carbohydrates is contained in them.

These biopolymers find their application in the structural function and the provision of energy resources to the body or cell. In plants, the main storage substance is starch, while in animals it is glycogen.

The course of the Krebs cycle

There is a Krebs cycle in biochemistry - a phenomenon during which the predominant number of eukaryotic organisms receive most of the energy spent on the processes of oxidation of ingested food.

It can be observed inside cellular mitochondria. It is formed through several reactions, during which reserves of "hidden" energy are released.

In biochemistry, the Krebs cycle is an important part of the overall respiratory process and material metabolism inside cells. The cycle was discovered and studied by H. Krebs. For this, the scientist received the Nobel Prize.

This process is also called the electron transfer system. This is due to the concomitant conversion of ATP to ADP. The first compound, in turn, is engaged in providing metabolic reactions by releasing energy.

Biochemistry and medicine

The biochemistry of medicine is presented to us as a science covering many areas of biological and chemical processes. Currently, there is a whole branch in education that trains specialists for these studies.

Here they study all living things: from bacteria or viruses to the human body. Having the specialty of a biochemist gives the subject the opportunity to follow the diagnosis and analyze the treatment applicable to the individual unit, draw conclusions, etc.

To prepare a highly qualified expert in this field, you need to train him in the natural sciences, medical fundamentals and biotechnological disciplines, conduct many tests in biochemistry. Also, the student is given the opportunity to practically apply their knowledge.

universities of biochemistry are currently gaining more and more popularity, which is due to the rapid development of this science, its importance for humans, demand, etc.

Among the most famous educational institutions where specialists in this branch of science are trained, the most popular and significant are: Moscow State University. Lomonosov, PSPU im. Belinsky, Moscow State University. Ogarev, Kazan and Krasnoyarsk public universities and others.

The list of documents required for admission to such universities does not differ from the list for enrollment in other higher educational establishments. Biology and Chemistry are the main subjects that must be taken upon admission.

Biochemical analysis - the study of a wide range of enzymes, organic and mineral substances. This analysis of the metabolism in the human body: carbohydrate, mineral, fat and protein. Changes in metabolism show whether there is a pathology and in which particular organ.

This analysis is done if the doctor suspects a hidden disease. The result of the analysis is the pathology in the body at the very initial stage of development, and the specialist can navigate the choice of medicines.

With the help of this analysis, leukemia can be detected at an early stage, when symptoms have not yet begun to appear. In this case, you can start taking the necessary drugs and stop the pathological process of the disease.

Sampling process and analysis indicator values

For analysis, blood is taken from a vein, about five to ten milliliters. It is placed in a special test tube. The analysis is carried out on an empty stomach of the patient, for more complete veracity. If there is no health risk, it is recommended not to take pre-blood medications.

To interpret the results of the analysis, the most informative indicators are used:
- the level of glucose and sugar - an increased indicator characterizes the development of diabetes mellitus in a person, its sharp decrease poses a threat to life;
- cholesterol - its increased content states the fact of the presence of atherosclerosis of the vessels and the risk of cardiovascular diseases;
- transaminases - enzymes that detect diseases such as myocardial infarction, liver damage (hepatitis), or the presence of any injury;
- bilirubin - its high levels indicate liver damage, massive destruction of red blood cells and impaired bile outflow;
- urea and creatine - their excess indicates a weakening of the excretion function of the kidneys and liver;
- total protein - its indicators change when a serious illness or any negative process occurs in the body;
- amylase - is an enzyme of the pancreas, an increase in its level in the blood indicates inflammation of the gland - pancreatitis.

In addition to the above, a biochemical blood test determines the content of potassium, iron, phosphorus and chlorine in the body. Only the attending physician can decipher the results of the analysis, who will prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Life and non-living? Chemistry and biochemistry? Where is the line between them? And does she exist? Where is the connection? The key to unraveling these problems has long been kept by nature behind seven locks. And only in the 20th century it was possible to slightly reveal the secrets of life, and many cardinal questions were clarified when scientists reached research at the molecular level. The knowledge of the physicochemical foundations of life processes has become one of the main tasks of natural science, and it is in this direction that the most interesting results, which are of fundamental theoretical significance and promise a huge output in practice, have been obtained.

Chemistry has long been eyeing the natural substances involved in life processes.

Over the past two centuries, chemistry was destined to play an outstanding role in the knowledge of living nature. At the first stage, the chemical study was descriptive in nature, and scientists isolated and characterized various natural substances, waste products of microorganisms, plants and animals, which often had valuable properties (drugs, dyes, etc.). However, only relatively recently this traditional chemistry of natural compounds was replaced by modern biochemistry with its desire not only to describe, but also to explain, and not only the simplest, but also the most complex in living things.

Extraorganic biochemistry

Extraorganic biochemistry as a science took shape in the middle of the 20th century, when new areas of biology burst onto the scene, fertilized by the achievements of other sciences, and when specialists of a new mindset came to natural science, united by the desire and desire to more accurately describe the living world. And it is no coincidence that under the same roof of an old-fashioned building at 18 Akademichesky Proyezd there were two newly organized institutes representing the newest areas of chemical and biological science at that time - the Institute of Chemistry of Natural Compounds and the Institute of Radiation and Physico-Chemical Biology. These two institutions were destined to start a battle in our country for the knowledge of the mechanisms of biological processes and a detailed elucidation of the structures of physiologically active substances.

By this period, the unique structure of the main object of molecular biology - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the famous "double helix", became clear. (This is a long molecule, on which, like on a tape recorder or matrix, the full “text” of all information about the body is recorded.) The structure of the first protein, the hormone insulin, appeared, and the chemical synthesis of the hormone oxytocin was successfully performed.

And what, in fact, is biochemistry, what does it do?

This science studies biologically important natural and artificial (synthetic) structures, chemical compounds- both biopolymers and low molecular weight substances. More precisely, the patterns of connection of their specific chemical structure with the corresponding physiological function. Bioorganic chemistry is interested in the fine structure of a molecule of a biologically important substance, its internal connections, the dynamics and specific mechanism of its change, the role of each of its links in the performance of a function.

Biochemistry is the key to understanding proteins

Bioorganic chemistry undoubtedly has made great strides in the study of protein substances. Back in 1973, the elucidation of the complete primary structure of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase, consisting of 412 amino acid residues, was completed. It is one of the most important biocatalysts of a living organism and one of the largest structurally decoded proteins. Later, the structure of other important proteins was also determined - several neurotoxins from the venom of the Central Asian cobra, which are used in the study of the mechanism of transmission of nervous excitation as specific blockers, as well as plant hemoglobin from yellow lupine nodules and antileukemic protein actinoxanthin.

Of great interest are rhodopsins. It has long been known that rhodopsin is the main protein involved in the processes of visual reception in animals, and it is isolated from special systems of the eye. This unique protein receives the light signal and provides us with the ability to see. It has been found that a rhodopsin-like protein also occurs in some microorganisms, but has a very different function (because the bacteria "can't see"). Here he is an energy machine, synthesizing energy-rich substances at the expense of light. Both proteins are very similar in structure, but their purpose is fundamentally different.

One of the most important objects of study was an enzyme involved in the implementation of genetic information. Moving along the DNA matrix, it reads, as it were, the hereditary information recorded in it and, on this basis, synthesizes informational ribonucleic acid. The latter, in turn, serves as a matrix for protein synthesis. This enzyme is a huge protein, its molecular weight approaches half a million (remember: water has only 18) and consists of several different subunits. The elucidation of its structure was destined to help answer the most important question of biology: what is the mechanism for "removing" genetic information, how is the decoding of the text recorded in DNA - the main substance of heredity.

Peptides

Scientists are attracted not only by proteins, but also by shorter chains of amino acids called peptides. Among them are hundreds of substances of great physiological significance. Vasopressin and angiotensin are involved in the regulation of blood pressure, gastrin controls the secretion of gastric juice, gramicidin C and polymyxin are antibiotics, which include the so-called memory substances. Huge biological information is recorded in a short chain with several "letters" of amino acids!

Today, we can artificially obtain not only any complex peptide, but also a simple protein, such as insulin. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of such works.

Method has been created complex analysis spatial structure of peptides using a variety of physical and computational methods. But the complex volumetric architecture of the peptide determines all the specifics of its biological activity. The spatial structure of any biologically active substance, or, as they say, its conformation, is the key to understanding its mechanism of action.

Among the representatives of a new class of peptide systems - depsipeltides - a team of scientists discovered substances of an amazing nature, capable of selectively transporting metal ions through biological membranes, the so-called ionophores. Chief among them is valinomycin.

The discovery of ionophores constituted a whole era in membranology, since it made it possible to directionally change the transport of alkali metal ions - potassium and sodium - through biomembranes. The transport of these ions is associated with the processes of nervous excitation, and the processes of respiration, and the processes of reception - the perception of signals external environment. Using the example of valinomycin, it was possible to show how biological systems are able to choose only one ion from dozens of others, bind it into a conveniently transportable complex and transfer it through the membrane. This amazing property of valinomycin lies in its spatial structure, which resembles an openwork bracelet.

Another type of ionophore is the antibiotic gramicidin A. This is a linear chain of 15 amino acids, in space forms a helix of two molecules, and, as it was found, this is a true double helix. The first double helix in protein systems! And the spiral structure, being built into the membrane, forms a kind of pore, a channel through which alkali metal ions pass through the membrane. The simplest model of an ion channel. It is clear why gramicidin caused such a storm in membranology. Scientists have already obtained many synthetic analogues of gramicidin; it has been studied in detail on artificial and biological membranes. How much beauty and significance in such a seemingly small molecule!

Not without the help of valinomycin and gramicidin, scientists were drawn into the study of biological membranes.

biological membranes

But the composition of membranes always includes one more main component that determines their nature. These are fat-like substances, or lipids. Lipid molecules are small in size, but they form strong giant ensembles that form a continuous membrane layer. Protein molecules are embedded in this layer - and here is one of the models for you biological membrane.

Why are biomembranes important? In general, membranes are the most important regulatory systems of a living organism. Now, in the likeness of biomembranes, important technical means are being created - microelectrodes, sensors, filters, fuel cells ... And further prospects for the use of membrane principles in technology are truly limitless.

Other biochemistry interests

A prominent place is occupied by research on the biochemistry of nucleic acids. They are aimed at deciphering the mechanism of chemical mutagenesis, as well as at understanding the nature of the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins.

Special attention has long been focused on artificial gene synthesis. A gene, or, to put it simply, a functionally significant section of DNA, today can already be obtained by chemical synthesis. This is one of the important areas of the now fashionable “genetic engineering”. Works at the intersection of bioorganic chemistry and molecular biology require the mastery of the most complex techniques, the friendly cooperation of chemists and biologists.

Another class of biopolymers is carbohydrates, or polysaccharides. We know typical representatives of this group of substances - cellulose, starch, glycogen, beet sugar. But in a living organism, carbohydrates perform a wide variety of functions. This is the protection of the cell from enemies (immunity), it is the most important component of cell walls, a component of receptor systems.

Finally, antibiotics. In laboratories, the structure of such important groups of antibiotics as streptothricin, olivomycin, albofungin, abikovchromycin, aureolic acid, which have antitumor, antiviral and antibacterial activity, has been elucidated.

It is impossible to tell about all the searches and achievements of bioorganic chemistry. It can only be said with certainty that bioorganicists have more plans than they have done.

Biochemistry closely cooperates with molecular biology, biophysics, which study life at the molecular level. It became the chemical foundation of these studies. The creation and widespread use of its new methods, new scientific concepts contributes to the further progress of biology. The latter, in turn, stimulates the development of chemical sciences.

Biochemistry (from the Greek "bios" - "life", biological or physiological) is a science that studies the chemical processes inside the cell that affect the vital activity of the whole organism or its certain organs. The goal of the science of biochemistry is the knowledge of chemical elements, the composition and process of metabolism, and the methods of its regulation in the cell. According to other definitions, biochemistry is the science of the chemical structure of cells and organisms of living beings.

To understand what biochemistry is for, let's imagine the sciences in the form of an elementary table.

As you can see, the basis for all sciences is anatomy, histology and cytology, which study all living things. On their basis, biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology are built, where they learn the functioning of organisms and the chemical processes inside them. Without these sciences, the others that are represented in the upper sector will not be able to exist.

There is another approach according to which sciences are divided into 3 types (levels):

Those that study the cellular, molecular and tissue level of life (the sciences of anatomy, histology, biochemistry, biophysics);
Study pathological processes and diseases (pathophysiology, pathological anatomy);
Diagnose the body's external response to diseases (clinical sciences such as medicine and surgery).

This is how we found out what place biochemistry, or, as it is also called, medical biochemistry, occupies among the sciences. After all, any abnormal behavior of the body, the process of its metabolism will affect chemical structure cells and will manifest itself during the LHC.

What are tests for? What does a biochemical blood test show?

Blood biochemistry is a diagnostic method in the laboratory that shows diseases in various areas of medicine (for example, therapy, gynecology, endocrinology) and helps to determine the functioning of internal organs and the quality of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the sufficiency of microelements in the body.

BAC, or a biochemical blood test, is an analysis that provides the widest information regarding a variety of diseases. Based on its results, you can find out the functional state of the body and each organ in a particular case, because any disease that attacks a person will somehow manifest itself in the results of the LHC.

What is included in biochemistry?

Not very convenient, and not necessary, to carry out biochemical research absolutely all indicators, and besides, the more there are, the more blood you need, and also the more they will cost you. Therefore, there are standard and complex tanks. The standard one is prescribed in most cases, but the doctor prescribes an extended one with additional indicators if he needs to find out additional nuances depending on the symptoms of the disease and the goals of the analysis.

Basic indicators.

Total protein in the blood (TP, Total Protein).
Bilirubin.
Glucose, lipase.
ALT (Alanine aminotransferase, ALT) and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase, AST).
Creatinine
Urea.
Electrolytes (Potassium, K/Calcium, Ca/Sodium, Na/Chlorine, Cl/Magnesium, Mg).
total cholesterol.

The Expanded Profile includes any of these additional metrics (as well as others that are very specific and narrowly focused and not included in this list).

Biochemical general therapeutic standard: adult norms

Blood chemistry	Norms

(TANK)
total protein	from 63 to 85 g/liter
Bilirubin (direct, indirect, total)	total up to 5-21 µmol/liter
	direct - up to 7.9 mmol / liter
	indirect - calculated as the difference between direct and indirect indicators
Glucose	3.5 to 5.5 mmol/liter
Lipase	up to 490 units/liter
AlAT and AsAT	for men - up to 41 units / liter
	for women - up to 31 units / liter
Creatinine phosphokinase	up to 180 units/liter
ALKP	up to 260 units/liter
Urea	2.1 to 8.3 mmol/l
Amylase	from 28 to 100 U/l
Creatinine	for men - from 62 to 144 µmol / liter
	for women - from 44 to 97 µmol / liter
Bilirubin	8.48 to 20.58 µmol/liter
LDH	from 120-240 units/liter
Cholesterol	2.97 to 8.79 mmol/liter
electrolytes	K from 3.5 to 5.1 mmol/liter
	Ca from 1.17 to 1.29 mmol/liter
	Na from 139 to 155 mmol/liter
	Cl from 98 to 107 mmol/liter
	Mg 0.66 to 1.07 mmol/liter

Deciphering biochemistry

The decoding of the data that was described above is carried out according to certain values \u200b\u200band norms.

total protein is the amount of total protein found in the human body. Exceeding the norm indicates various inflammations in the body (problems of the liver, kidneys, genitourinary system, burn disease or cancer), dehydration (dehydration) during vomiting, sweating on a particularly large scale, intestinal obstruction or multiple myeloma, a lack of imbalance in a nutritious diet, prolonged starvation, bowel disease, liver disease, or in violation of synthesis as a result of hereditary diseases.
Albumen It is the protein fraction in the blood with a high concentration. It binds water, and its low amount leads to the development of edema - water does not stay in the blood and enters the tissues. Usually, if the protein decreases, then the amount of albumin decreases.
Analysis of bilirubin in plasma, general(direct and indirect) is the diagnosis of the pigment that is formed after the breakdown of hemoglobin (it is toxic for humans). Hyperbilirubinemia (exceeding the level of bilirubin) is called jaundice, and there are clinical suprahepatic jaundice (including in newborns), hepatocellular and subhepatic jaundice. It indicates anemia, extensive hemorrhages subsequently hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, liver destruction, oncology and other diseases. It is frightening with liver pathology, but it can also increase in a person who has suffered blows and injuries.
Glucose. Its level determines carbohydrate metabolism, that is, energy in the body, and how the pancreas works. If there is a lot of glucose, it can be diabetes, physical activity, or the intake of hormonal drugs has affected, if it is low, hyperfunction of the pancreas, diseases of the endocrine system.
Lipase - it is a fat-breaking enzyme that plays an important role in metabolism. Its increase indicates pancreatic disease.
ALT- "liver marker", it monitors the pathological processes of the liver. An increased rate informs about problems in the work of the heart, liver or hepatitis (viral).
AST- "cardiac marker", it shows the quality of the work of the heart. Exceeding the norm indicates a violation of the heart and hepatitis.
Creatinine- provides information about the functioning of the kidneys. Increased if a person has acute or chronic kidney disease or there is destruction of muscle tissue, endocrine disorders. High in people who use a lot meat products. And therefore, creatinine is lowered in vegetarians, as well as in pregnant women, but it will not affect the diagnosis very much.
Urea analysis- This is a study of the products of protein metabolism, the work of the liver and kidneys. An overestimation of the indicator occurs when there is a violation in the work of the kidneys, when they cannot cope with the removal of fluid from the body, and a decrease is typical for pregnant women, with diet and disorders associated with the liver.
ggt in biochemical analysis informs about the metabolism of amino acids in the body. Its high rate is visible in alcoholism, and also if the blood is affected by toxins or dysfunction of the liver and biliary tract is assumed. Low - if there is chronic liver disease.
Ldg in the study characterizes the course of energy processes of glycolysis and lactate. A high rate indicates a negative effect on the liver, lungs, heart, pancreas or kidneys (pneumonia, heart attack, pancreatitis, and others). Low lactate dehydrogenase, as well as low creatinine, will not affect the diagnosis. If LDH is elevated, the causes in women may be the following: increased physical activity and pregnancy. In newborns, this figure is also slightly overestimated.
electrolyte balance indicates the normal process of metabolism in the cell and out of the cell back, including the process of the heart. Nutritional disorders are often the main cause of electrolyte imbalance, but it can also be vomiting, diarrhea, hormonal imbalance, or kidney failure.
cholesterol(cholesterol) total - increases if a person has obesity, atherosclerosis, dysfunction of the liver, thyroid gland, and decreases when a person goes on a low-fat diet, with septicemia or other infection.
Amylase- an enzyme found in saliva and pancreas. High level will show if there are cholecystitis, signs of diabetes mellitus, peritonitis, parotitis and pancreatitis. It will also increase if you use alcoholic beverages or drugs - glucocorticoids, it is also typical for pregnant women during toxicosis.

There are a lot of biochemistry indicators, both basic and additional, and complex biochemistry is also carried out, which includes both basic and additional indicators at the discretion of the doctor.

Pass biochemistry on an empty stomach or not: how to prepare for analysis?

A blood test for Bx is a responsible process, and you need to prepare for it in advance and with all seriousness.

These measures are necessary for the analysis to be more accurate and no additional factors he was not affected. Otherwise, you will have to retake the tests, since the slightest changes in conditions will significantly affect the metabolic process.

Where do they take and how to donate blood

Donating blood for biochemistry occurs by taking blood with a syringe from a vein on the elbow bend, sometimes from a vein on the forearm or hand. On average, 5-10 ml of blood is enough to make the main indicators. If you need a detailed analysis of biochemistry, then the volume of blood is also taken more.

The norm of biochemistry indicators on specialized equipment from different manufacturers may differ slightly from the average limits. Express method means getting results within one day.

The blood sampling procedure is almost painless: you sit down, the procedural nurse prepares a syringe, puts a tourniquet on your arm, treats the injection site with an antiseptic and takes a blood sample.

The resulting sample is placed in a test tube and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. The laboratory doctor places a plasma sample in a special device that is designed to determine biochemistry parameters with high accuracy. He also carries out the processing and storage of blood, determines the dosage and procedure for conducting biochemistry, diagnoses the results obtained, depending on the indicators requested by the attending physician, and draws up a form of biochemistry results and laboratory and chemical analysis.

Laboratory and chemical analysis is transmitted during the day to the attending physician, who makes a diagnosis and prescribes treatment.

The BAC, with its many diverse indicators, makes it possible to see an extensive clinical picture of a particular person and a particular disease.

Biochemistry is a whole science that studies, firstly, chemical composition cells and organisms, and secondly, the chemical processes that underlie their vital activity. The term was introduced into the scientific community in 1903 by a German chemist named Carl Neuberg.

However, the processes of biochemistry themselves have been known since ancient times. And on the basis of these processes, people baked bread and cooked cheese, made wine and dressed animal skins, treated diseases with herbs, and then medicines. And all this is based on biochemical processes.

So, for example, without knowing anything about science itself, the Arab scientist and physician Avicenna, who lived in the 10th century, described many medicinal substances and their effect on the body. And Leonardo da Vinci concluded that a living organism can only live in an atmosphere in which a flame can burn.

Like any other science, biochemistry applies its own methods of research and study. And the most important of them are chromatography, centrifugation and electrophoresis.

Biochemistry today is a science that has made a big leap in its development. So, for example, it became known that of all the chemical elements on earth, a little more than a quarter is present in the human body. And most of the rare elements, except for iodine and selenium, are completely unnecessary for a person in order to maintain life. But such two common elements as aluminum and titanium have not yet been found in the human body. And it is simply impossible to find them - they are not needed for life. And among all of them, only 6 are those that a person needs every day and it is from them that our body consists of 99%. These are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium and phosphorus.

Biochemistry is a science that studies such important components of products as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Today, we know almost everything about these substances.

Some confuse two sciences - biochemistry and organic chemistry. But biochemistry is a science that studies biological processes that occur only in a living organism. And here organic chemistry- this is a science that studies certain carbon compounds, and these are alcohols, and ethers, and aldehydes, and many, many other compounds.

Biochemistry is also a science, which includes cytology, that is, the study of a living cell, its structure, functioning, reproduction, aging and death. Often this branch of biochemistry is called molecular biology.

However, molecular biology, as a rule, works with nucleic acids, but biochemists are more interested in proteins and enzymes that trigger certain biochemical reactions.

Today, biochemistry is increasingly using the developments of genetic engineering and biotechnology. However, in themselves they are also different sciences, which each study their own. For example, biotechnology studies cell cloning methods, and genetic engineering tries to find ways to replace a diseased gene in the human body with a healthy one and thereby avoid the development of many hereditary diseases.

And all these sciences are closely interconnected, which helps them develop and work for the benefit of mankind.