English scientific literature in the field of linguistics. List of literature on the subject "linguistics"
When making comparisons between beast and animal, people go to extremes. Using the word “beast” in relation to uncontrollable people, evil and merciless, and the word “animal” as a humiliation, like a consumer creature that only eats and litters. Although people often do not realize that they themselves are animals. Who are the animals, and who are the animals in nature? Are animals animals and what distinguishes them? Let's draw parallels between them, as far as possible, and answer the questions in this article.
Animal - who is it?
So, all living beings on the planet, as far as we know from biology lessons, are divided into classes and kingdoms. There are four of them in total, this is the Kingdom of animals, fungi, bacteria and plants. Many of them have the ability to move and give birth, as well as feed on organic matter. We also enter the animal kingdom, but more on that later.
Heterotrophy(nutrition organic substances) is one of the main properties for animals, and all animals also have a stomach, where this food, in principle, goes.
The animal kingdom includes creatures such as humans, fish, insects, birds, amphibians, reptiles, arachnids, crustaceans, birds, worms, and mollusks. More precisely, these are the classes into which animals are divided, and the classes, in turn, are divided into species and subspecies of living beings. Here we can already name more specific animals - fox, hare, spider, crab, whale, cat, dog, butterfly, for example. That is, all living organisms that move and inhabit the air, water spaces and the surface of the earth.
Beast as part of the animal world
We found out that animals are a kingdom that includes most living organisms, they all move, in different ways They give birth and they feed differently. In all textbooks and books on biology and zoology, you can find the concept of “animal”, and also how they are divided into classes, orders, families. So, among the classes of animals, a place is given to mammals, in other words, “beasts”. IN different sources information there is the concept of “beast”, as a synonym for the word “mammal”, essentially being one and the same. 
Since an animal is a vertebrate mammal that feeds its young with milk, then people are also animals, since the mother feeds the children until they reach a certain age. This comparison brings up strange thoughts: how can a person be a beast? Yes, this is true, only a more intelligent beast, capable of creating new technologies, which in turn make products not only from organic compounds, taken from nature, the usefulness of these products is a completely different topic.
Commonality and difference between animals and beasts
So, what do animals and beasts have in common? This, of course, is that animals are essentially animals, but not every animal is a beast. The beast is a subclass of mammals that are included in the animal kingdom.
Animals, including humans, differ from other animals of other classes in the following parameters:
- All animals are viviparous mammals, that is, they give birth immediately in the form of cubs.
- Animals feed their young with milk until the children reach a certain age.
- Animals is a broad concept that includes animals, but the animals themselves are a narrower concept.
Whatever one may say, these concepts are all taken from science and are spoken as such and appear only in the literature on biology. In our perception, a different meaning of the words animal and beast is often used. For example, it is not for nothing that they say to a person that he has become brutal, meaning a ferocious wild animal. It is capable of hunting and tearing the prey it finds into small pieces. Thus, people use other meanings of these words. A wild wolf is considered a beast, and a cow is an animal. I wonder why, you ask, and they will answer you - after all, a cow is an artiodactyl with horns, and a wolf is a predator. This is true, but only partly. These two types of creatures are animals, one type of animal is domesticated and is usually called domestic, and those from the forest are wild. 
The terms “beasts” and “animals” are used practically as synonymous words by many ordinary people, songwriters and writers. And only those who did not miss biology lessons at school will hear the dissonance in the inappropriate use of these words.
Animals- This is one of the subclasses of Mammals. It contains representatives of all mammals currently existing on Earth, but Monotremes are excluded from it. Representatives of this subclass are also called Primal Beasts. These include echidnas and platypuses, which have a single passage, lay eggs, but feed their young with milk secreted by “primitive”, primitive mammary glands.
Animals carry their heirs in the placenta or in special bags, do not lay eggs, and feed the cubs with milk, which they suck from the formed mammary glands. An interesting feature of animals, in addition to the reproduction system, is the presence of external ears, differentiated teeth, hair and warm-bloodedness.
The animals owe their origin to cynodonts, small organisms that appeared at the end of the Triassic. Mass extinction lizards allowed the ancestors of modern animals to survive and spread throughout almost the entire earth, except for the interior regions of Antarctica.
The suborder Animals has 28 orders, among which some of the most prominent are: Carnivores and Cetaceans, Ungulates and Odd-toed ungulates, Primates and Rodents.
Animals- This is one of the basic units of the living world. The old classification, which was used in Soviet biology, spoke of the existence of the Kingdom of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Today, Animals are a kingdom that falls under the domain of Eukaryotes or organisms whose cells have a nucleus. The science of zoology deals with animals, and the organisms themselves have a number of distinctive properties that distinguish them from other representatives of living organisms inhabiting the Earth.
The animal kingdom surprises with the number of organisms and diversity of forms. It includes unicellular and multicellular organisms. Entire taxa are given over to Sponges, Coelenterates, Protostomes and Deuterostomes. In the last group, there was a place for the Type Chordata, in which many organisms known to ordinary people feel great - from the lancelet to the shark, from the snake to Homo sapiens, from starfish to the eagle.
Conclusions website
- The concept of animals is much broader than animals. The Beasts subclass is just part of the Animal Kingdom.
- There are many more representatives of the Animal Kingdom than Beasts.
- Beasts are the most highly organized subclass of the Animal Kingdom.
Goal: to introduce students to the distinctive features of animals, external structure, and the diversity of the animal world.
Equipment: A.A. Pleshakov “The world around us”. 1st grade; personal computer, multimedia projector, Microsoft Power Point program, interactive whiteboard, training manual, emoticons.
Lesson plan:
I. Organizational moment– 1 minute.
II. Repetition of previously studied material
III. Introduction to new material – 15 minutes
IV. Physical minute – 2 minutes.
V. Consolidation of the studied material – 9 minutes.
VI. Lesson summary: 3 minutes.
Lesson progress
I. Organizational moment.
A violinist lives in a meadow,
He wears a tailcoat and walks at a gallop.
(Grasshopper)
He sings beautifully in the spring,
Loud, fun, playful!
Guess quickly
What kind of bird?
(Nightingale)
Black vest,
Red beret
Nose like an ax
The tail is like a stop.
(Woodpecker)
4. Prickly, but not a hedgehog. (Ruff)
Apples on the branches in winter!
Collect them quickly!
And suddenly the apples flew up,
After all, this is... (bullfinches).
Well done! So, we have solved the crossword puzzle and in the highlighted squares you can see the topic of our lesson. What is the topic of our lesson?
- Absolutely right! The topic of our lesson is “Animals”. We will get acquainted with the distinctive features of animals, that is, how they differ from each other, and the diversity of the world of animals.
III. Main part.
Appendix 1. Slide 3. The slide shows animals (pike, stork, grasshopper, cow).
Tell which group each animal belongs to. What signs help determine group membership?
(Grasshopper is an insect that has wings and six legs. Pike is a fish, the body is covered with scales, lives in water. The stork is a bird, the body is covered with feathers, has wings, flies).
What can you say about a cow? (Cow is an animal).
Tell us about the structure of a cow. (A cow has a head, neck, torso, legs, tail, body is covered with hair, has an udder, and gives milk).
Remember the topic of our lesson and name which group the cow belongs to. (The cow belongs to the group of animals).
What sign helps determine that an animal belongs to a group of animals? (The body is covered with hair, the animal gives milk).
Let's test our knowledge using the textbook. Open the textbook on page 26, look at the structure of a giraffe at the bottom of the page.
Students compare the structure of a giraffe, cat, cow.
Draw a conclusion. (Beasts are animals whose bodies are covered with fur.)
- What is wool? (Wool is the hair of an animal, fur).
Now look at the illustration on page 26 at the top of the page and name which animal is the beast? (A mouse is an animal because its body is covered with fur.)
We looked at the animals: giraffe, cow, cat, mouse. On what basis can these animals be divided into two groups? (For domestic animals and wild animals).
Draw a conclusion. (The group of animals includes both wild animals and domestic animals.)
Name wild animals, domestic animals.
Physical moment.
Appendix 1. Slide 4. The guys are offered animations of animals that move. It is necessary to repeat the movements after the animals.
Appendix 1. Slide 5. Find the animals hidden in this picture and you will learn the task.
Students name the animal, and the teacher uses a pencil on the interactive board to circle the part of the body that belongs to this animal.
Answers: elk, bear, hare, squirrel.
The class is divided into 4 groups, each group receives a task with an image of an animal.
1st group - determine what type of animal the hare belongs to. By what signs were they identified?
2nd group - determine what species the animal moose belongs to. By what signs were they identified?
3rd group - determine what species the bear animal belongs to. By what signs were they identified?
Group 4 – determine what type of animal the squirrel belongs to. By what signs were they identified?
We listen to the groups perform.
Below on page 27 is a black and white drawing. Read the assignment for the drawing.
Find four animals and name them.
To color a drawing correctly, you need to know what time of year is depicted.
Remember the seasons.
What time of year is shown? (Summer is depicted).
Why do you think so? (There are leaves on the trees, a bear walks through the forest, he sleeps in winter).
What color is a hare's fur in summer? (In summer, the hare’s fur is gray, and in winter it is white)
What color is a squirrel's fur in summer? (In summer, squirrels have red fur.)
Students independently color the picture on page 27 of the textbook.
Appendix 1. Slide 6,7,8. Guys! Let's watch the videos and tell us who we are talking about. (deer, cheetah, wolf, fox, tiger, elephant, zebra, walrus, monkey, etc.)
What do all these animals have in common?
(These animals are beasts).
Appendix 1. Slide 9. The slide shows a bat, a zebra, a lion.
What do the animals presented on the slide eat? (The bat is insects, the zebra is plants, the lion is animals.)
What conclusion can be drawn? (Animals eat animal and plant foods).
Appendix 1. Slide 10. The slide shows a sloth, a dolphin, a tiger, and a mole.
Where do these animals live? (Sloth - in the trees, dolphin - in the water, tiger - on the ground, mole - in the ground).
Make a conclusion about the diet and habitat of animals. (Animals live where they have adapted to life and can get their own food).
What does the structure of an animal’s body depend on? (The structure of the animal’s body depends on its habitat.)
Now look at the picture above on page 27. Prepare your own answers to the questions.
Students' responses are heard.
IV. Lesson summary.
What new did you learn in class today? Was the lesson interesting for you? If yes, then raise a cheerful smiley and explain why? If not, then raise a sad smiley face and explain why?
Animals or mammals are the most highly organized Developed nervous system, feeding their young with milk, viviparity, and warm-bloodedness allowed them to spread widely throughout the planet and occupy a wide variety of habitats. Mammals are animals that live in forests (wild boars, moose, hares, foxes, wolves), mountains (rams, steppes and semi-deserts (jerboas, hamsters, ground squirrels, saigas), soil (mole rats and moles), oceans and seas ( dolphins, whales). Some of them (for example, bats) spend a significant part of their active life in the air. Today, the existence of more than 4 thousand species of animals is known. Orders of mammals, as well as the characteristic features of animals - we will talk about all this in. in this article. Let's start with a description of their structure.
External structure
The body of these animals is covered with hair (even whales have its remains). There are coarse straight hairs (hair) and fine curly hairs (undercoat). The undercoat protects the hair from contamination and matting. The coat of mammals can consist only of awns (for example, in deer) or from undercoat (as in moles). These animals shed periodically. In mammals, this changes the thickness of the fur, and sometimes the color. The skin of animals contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands and their modifications (mammary and odorous glands), horny scales (as on the tail of beavers and rats), as well as other horny formations found on the skin (horns, hooves, nails, claws). Considering the structure of mammals, we note that their legs are located under the body and provide these animals with more advanced movement.
Skeleton
They have a highly developed braincase in their skull. In mammals, teeth are located in the cells of the jaws. They are usually divided into molars, canines and incisors. The cervical spine in almost all animals consists of seven vertebrae. They are movably connected to each other, except for the sacral and two caudal ones, which, fused, form the sacrum - a single bone. The ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae, which are usually from 12 to 15. In most mammals, the girdle of the forelimbs is formed by paired shoulder blades and clavicles. Only a small part of the animals have crow bones preserved. The pelvis consists of two pelvic bones fused to the sacrum. The skeleton of the limbs is made of the same bones and sections as those of other representatives of four-legged vertebrates.
What sense organs do mammals have?
Mammals are animals that have ears that help them detect odors and also determine their direction. Their eyes have eyelids and eyelashes. On the limbs, belly, and head there are vibrissae - long, coarse hairs. With their help, animals sense even the slightest touch of objects.
Origin of mammals
Just like birds, mammals are descendants of ancient reptiles. This is evidenced by the similarity of modern animals with modern reptiles. It is especially evident in the early stages of embryonic development. An even greater number of similarities were found in them with wild-toothed lizards, which became extinct many years ago. Also, the relationship with reptiles is evidenced by the fact that there are animals that lay eggs containing many nutrients. Some of these animals have cloaca, developed crow bones and other signs indicating low organization. We are talking about proto-beasts (egg-laying). Let's talk about them in more detail.
Primordial beasts
This is a subclass of the most primitive mammals alive today. Along with the signs already mentioned, it should be noted that they do not have a constant body temperature. The mammary glands of primal beasts do not have nipples. The cubs, hatched from the eggs, lick the milk from the mother's fur.
In this subclass, one order stands out - Monotremes. It includes 2 species: the echidna and the platypus. These animals can today be found in Australia, as well as on the islands adjacent to it. The platypus is a medium-sized animal. It prefers to settle along the banks of rivers and leads a semi-aquatic lifestyle here. He spends most of his time in a hole he dug in a steep bank. In the spring, the female platypus lays eggs (usually two of them) in a special burrow equipped with a nesting chamber. Echidnas are burrowing animals. Their body is covered with hard hair and spines. The females of these animals lay one egg, which they place in a pouch, a fold of skin located on the abdomen. The baby hatched from it remains in the pouch until needles appear on its body.
Marsupials
The order Marsupials includes animals that give birth to underdeveloped young, after which they carry them to term in a special pouch. Their placenta is poorly developed or does not form at all. Marsupials are widespread mainly in Australia, as well as on the islands adjacent to it. The most famous of them are the marsupial and the giant kangaroo.
Insectivores
Insectivores are an order that unites ancient placental primitive animals: hedgehogs, shrews, moles, muskrats. They have an elongated muzzle and an elongated proboscis. Insectivores have small teeth and five-toed feet. Many of them have scent glands near the root of the tail or on the sides of the body.
Shrews are the smallest representatives of insectivores. They live in meadows, bushes, and dense forests. These animals are voracious and attack small animals. In winter, they make tunnels under the snow and find insects.
Moles are animals that lead an underground lifestyle. They dig numerous holes with their front legs. The mole's eyes are poorly developed and appear as black dots. The ears are in their infancy. The short, thick coat does not have a specific direction and lies tightly to the body when moving. Moles are active all year round.
Chiroptera
Squad Bats or Chiroptera includes animals of medium and small sizes that are capable of long flight. In the subtropics and tropics they are especially numerous. These type of teeth. The most common in our country are earflaps, leather jackets, and vechnitsy. They settle in the attics of houses, in tree hollows, and in caves. During the day they prefer to sleep in their shelters, and at dusk they go out to catch insects.
Rodents
This order unites a third of the mammal species inhabiting our planet today. These include squirrels, gophers, rats, mice and other animals of medium and small size. Rodents for the most part are herbivorous animals. They have highly developed incisors (two in each jaw), molars with a flat chewing surface. Rodent incisors have no roots. They constantly grow, self-sharpen and wear off when eating food. Most rodents have a long intestine with a cecum. Rodents lead an arboreal lifestyle (dormouse, flying squirrels, squirrels), as well as a semi-aquatic (muskrat, nutria, beaver) and semi-subterranean (gophers, rats, mice). These are fertile animals. Most of them have cubs born blind and naked. This usually occurs in nests, hollows and burrows.
Lagomorpha
This order unites various pikas and pikas - animals that are similar in many ways to rodents. The main distinguishing feature of lagomorphs is their specific dental system. They have 2 small incisors behind the 2 large upper ones. Hares (hares, hare) feed on the bark of bushes and young trees, and grass. They come out to feed at dusk and at night. Their cubs are born sighted, with thick fur. Unlike hares, rabbits dig deep holes. Before giving birth to naked and blind cubs, the female makes a nest from the fluff that she pulls out of her chest, as well as from dry grass.
Predatory
Representatives of this order (bears, stoats, martens, lynxes, arctic foxes, foxes, wolves) usually feed on birds and other animals. The predatory mammal actively pursues its prey. The teeth of these animals are divided into incisors, molars and canines. The most developed are the canines, as well as 4 molars. Representatives of this order have a short intestine. This is due to the fact that the predatory mammal eats easily digestible and high-calorie food.
Pinnipeds
Let's move on to consider pinnipeds. Their representatives (walruses, seals) are large predatory marine mammals. The body of most of them is covered with sparse coarse hair. The limbs of these animals are modified into flippers. A thick layer of fat is deposited under their skin. The nostrils open only during inhalation and exhalation. When diving, the ear openings close.
Cetaceans
True marine mammals - whales and dolphins - are included in this order. Their body is fish-shaped. These marine mammals for the most part do not have hair on their bodies - they are preserved only around the mouth. The forelimbs have been transformed into flippers, but the hind limbs are missing. In the movement of cetaceans great value has a powerful tail that ends in a caudal fin. It is incorrect to say that marine mammals are fish. These are animals, although in appearance they resemble fish. Representatives of cetaceans are the largest mammals. The blue whale reaches a length of 30 meters.
Artiodactyls
This order includes medium-sized and large omnivorous and herbivorous animals. Their legs have 2 or 4 toes, most of them are covered with hooves. Based on the structural features of the stomach and methods of feeding, they are divided into non-ruminant and ruminant animals. The latter (rams, goats, deer) have incisors only on the lower jaw, and the molars have a wide chewing surface. Non-ruminants have a single-chamber stomach, and their teeth are divided into molars, canines and incisors.
Odd-toed ungulates
Let us continue to describe the orders of mammals. Even-toed ungulates are animals such as horses, zebras, donkeys, tapirs, and rhinoceroses. Most of them have developed toes on their feet, on which there are massive hooves. Today, only Przewalski's horse has survived.
Primates
These are the most highly developed mammals. The order includes prosimians and apes. They have grasping five-fingered limbs, while thumb the brush is contrasted with the rest. Almost all primates have a tail. The vast majority of them live in the subtropics and tropics. They inhabit mainly forests, where they live in small family groups or herds.
Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians - all of them can be described for a very long time. We have only briefly described the animals and described the existing units. The mammal family is diverse and numerous, as you have just seen. We hope that getting to know him was useful to you.
