Perelman Grigory where he is now. Pererelman was tired of retirement Mom and began to lecture in Europe

Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman (R. June 13, 1966, Leningrad, USSR) is an outstanding, first-proven Poincaré hypothesis.

Gregory Perelman was born on June 13, 1966 in Leningrad in a Jewish family. His father Yakov was an electrician engineer, in 1993 emigrated to Israel. Mother, Love Labovna, remained in St. Petersburg, worked as a teacher of mathematics in vocational school. It was the mother who played a violin, put the future math love for classical music.

Up to 9th grade Perelman studied in high school on the outskirts of the city, however, in the 5th grade began to study in the Mathematical Center at the Poland of Pioneers under the leadership of the Association of RGPU Sergey Rukish, whose students won many awards on mathematical Olympiads. In 1982, the team of Soviet schoolchildren won the Gold Medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in Budapest, having received a full score for the impeccable solution to all tasks. Perelman graduated from the 239th physical and mathematical school of the city of Leningrad. Well played in table tennis, visited a music school. The gold medal did not receive only because of physical education without passing the norms of the GTO.

Were without exams enrolled at the Mathematics and Mechanical Faculty of the Leningrad State University. Winned at the faculty, urban and all-union student mathematical Olympiads. All the years studied only on "excellent." For success in study, Lenin scholarship was received. After graduating with honors from the University, entered the graduate school (head - academician A. D. Alexandrov) with the Leningrad branch of the Mathematical Institute. V. A. Steklov (Lomi - until 1992; then - help). Protecting the PhD dissertation in 1990, it remained to work at the institute with a senior researcher.

In the early 1990s, Perelman arrived in the United States, where he worked as a researcher in different universities, it attracts one of the most difficult, at that time not yet solved, the problems of modern mathematics - Poincare hypothesis. Surprised colleagues ascetic life, his beloved food was milk, bread and cheese. In 1996, he returned to St. Petersburg, continuing to work in help, where alone worked on solving the problem of Poincare.

In 2002-2003, Grigory Perelman publishes its three famous articles on the Internet, in which he briefly outlined his original method of solving the problem of Poincare:

• The Entropy Formula for the Ricci Flow and Its Geometric Applications
• Ricci Flow with Surgery On Three-Manifolds
• Finite Extinction Time for the Solutions to the Ricci Flow on Certain Three-Manifolds

The emergence of the first article of Perelman on the entropy formula for the Ricci flow caused an immediate international sensation in scientific circles. In 2003, Grigory Perelman took an invitation to visit a number of US universities, where he made a series of reports on his work on the proof of the problem of Poincare. In America, Perelman spent a lot of time, explaining his ideas and methods both in public lectures organized for him and during personal meetings with a number of mathematicians. After his return to Russia, he answered numerous questions of his foreign colleagues by email.

In 2004-2006, three independent groups of mathematicians were engaged in the verification of the results of Perelman: 1) Bruce Kleiner, John Lott, Michigan University; 2) Zhu Sipin, University Sun Yatsena, Cao Huaidun, Likhai University; 3) John Morgan, Columbia University, Gan Tien, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All three groups came to the conclusion that the problem of Poincaré was successfully solved, but Chinese mathematicians, Zhu Sipin and Cao Huaidun, together with his teacher, Yau Shntan attempted to plagiarism, stating that they found "complete proof." From this statement, they refused later.

In December 2005, Grigori Perelman left the post of leading scientist of the laboratory of mathematical physics, quit from helping and almost completely interrupted contacts with his colleagues.

Further scientific career interest did not show. Currently lives in Kupchino in the same apartment with his mother, leads a closed lifestyle, ignores the press.

Scientific contribution

Main article: Poincare hypothesis

In 1994, he proved a hypothesis about the soul (differential geometry).

Gregory Perelman, in addition to the outstanding natural talent, being a representative of the Leningrad geometric school, at the beginning of work on the problem of Poincare had a wider scientific horizon than his foreign colleagues. In addition to other major mathematical innovations, which made it possible to overcome all the difficulties faced by mathematicians engaged in this problem, Perelman developed and applied a purely Leningrad theory of Aleksandrov spaces to analyze Ricci's streams. In 2002, Perelman first published his innovative work dedicated to the decision of one of the special cases of the hypothesis of the geometrization of William Turstone, from which the justice of the famous Poincaré hypothesis, formulated by the French mathematician, physicist and philosopher Henri Poincare in 1904. Described by scientists The method of studying the flow of Ricci received a name theories of Hamilton - Perelman.

Recognition and evaluation

In 1996, a premium of the European Mathematical Society for Young Mathematics, but refused to receive it.

In 2006, Gregory Poincarp was awarded the International Prize "Medal of Finds" (official formulation at awarding: "For the contribution to the geometry and revolutionary ideas for the study of the geometric and analytical structure of the Ricci flow"), but he refused it from her.

In 2006, Science magazine called the proof of the Poincaré Theorem by a scientific breakthrough of the year (English. Breakthrough of the Year). This is the first work on mathematics, which deserves such a title.

In 2006, Silvia Nazar and David Gruber published an article by Manifold Destiny, which talks about Gregory Perelman, his work on solving the problem of Poincare, ethical principles in science and the mathematical community, and also contains a rare interview with him himself. The article paid a considerable place to criticize the Chinese mathematics Yau Shintan, who, together with his students, tried to challenge the complete proof of Poincaré's hypothesis proposed by Gregory Perelman. From an interview with Grigory Perelman:

In 2006, the newspaper The New York Times published an article by Dennis Overbay (Dennis Overbye) "Scientist At Work: Shing-Tung Yau. The Emperor of Math. " The article is devoted to the biography of Professor Yau Shintan and the scandal associated with the accusations of his address in an attempt to silence the contribution of Poincarp on the proof of Poincar's hypothesis. The article presents the fact that the fact is unheard in mathematical science - Yau Shintan hired a law firm to protect his rightness and threatened the prosecution with his critics.

In 2007, the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph published a list of "one hundred now living geniuses", in which Grigory Perelman ranks 9th. In addition to Perelman, only 2 Russians - Harry Kasparov (25th place) and Mikhail Kalashnikov (83rd) were hitting this list.

In March 2010, the Mathematical Institute of Clai awarded Grigoria to Perelman's award in the amount of one million US dollars for proof of Poincare's hypothesis, which was the first in the history of the award award for the decision of one of the Millennium Problems. In June 2010, Perelman ignored the Mathematical Conference in Paris, which was assumed to present the "Millennium Prize" for the proof of Poincarian's hypothesis, and on July 1, 2010, he published his refusal from the award, motivating this as follows:

Note that such a public assessment of the merit of Richard Hamilton by Mathematics, which has proved by Poincare's hypothesis, may be an example of nobility in science, since, according to Perelman himself, Hamilton who collaborated with Yau Schintan was noticeably slowed down in his research, faced with insurmountable technical difficulties.

In September 2011, the Institute of Clai, together with the Institute of Henri Poincare (Paris), established a position for young mathematicians, the money for payment of which will be paid from awarded, but not adopted by Gregory Perelman "Millennium Prize".

In 2011, Richard Hamilton and Demetrios Christodul was awarded that. The Shao Prize in mathematics in the amount of $ 1,000,000, which is also sometimes called the Nobel Prize of the East. Richard Hamilton was awarded for the creation of a mathematical theory, which Grigory Perelman was then developed in his work on the proof of Poincaré hypothesis. It is known that Hamilton adopted this award.

Interesting Facts

• In its work, the formula of entropy for the flow of ricchi and its geometric applications "(English. The Entropy Formula for the Ricci Flow and Its Geometric Applications) Grigory Perelman not without humor modestly indicates that his work was partially funded at the expense of personal savings saved during his visits to the Kurantov Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of New York (SUNY), University of New York in Stonuni Brooke and California University In Berkeley, and thanks the organizers of these trips. At the same time, the official mathematical community has highlighted millions of grants for individual research groups in order to understand and check the works of Perelman.
• When a member of the Nam's Committee in Stanford University asked Perelman C.V. (Summary), as well as recommendatory letters, Perelman has opposed:

• The Manifold Destiny article was noticed by an outstanding mathematician Vladimir Arnold, offered to reprint it in the Moscow journal "Successes of Mathematical Sciences", where he was a member of the editorial board. The editor-in-chief of the journal Sergei Novikov answered him a refusal. According to Arnold, the refusal was associated with the fact that the editor-in-chief of the journal was afraid of revenge on the part of Yahu, as it also worked in the United States.
• About the fate of Perelman tells the biographical book of Masha Hessen "Perfect rigor. Gregory Perelman: Genius and Millennium Task »based on numerous interviews with his teachers, classmates, colleagues and colleagues. Perelman teacher Sergey Kratshin critically responded about the book.

• Gregory Perelman became the main acting person of the documentary film "Charaerty of the Poincaré Hypothesis" director Masakhito Kasugi, filmed by the Japanese public television and radio company NHK in 2008.
• In April 2010, the "Millionaire from Khrushchob" the talk show "Let them speak" was devoted to Gregory Perelman. Friends of Grigory, his school teachers, as well as journalists who communicated with Perelman took part in it.
• In the 27th issue of a "big difference" on the first channel, a parody was presented in the hall to Grigory Perelman. The role of Perelman simultaneously performed 9 actors.
• The misconception is widespread that Father Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman is Jacob Isidovich Perelman - a famous popularizer of physics, mathematics and astronomy. However, Ya. I. Perelman died more than 20 years before the birth of Grigory Perelman.
• On April 28, 2011, Komsomolskaya Pravda reported that Perelman gave an interview with the executive producer of the Moscow film company "President-film" Alexander Zabovsky and agreed to shoot on it of a feature film. Masha Hesse, however, doubts that these statements correspond to reality. Vladimir Gubalovsky also believes that interview with Perelman is fictional.

In social networks, there has made noise a message that the famous mathematician Grigory Perelman stimps in poverty. The message of Peterburger Alexander Rodina was divided by Facebook with calls to help a scientist. He drew attention to the man in front, in very short and crumpled pants, quite without socks, "and when this man greeted him, I realized that it was Perelman.

"My heart is ready to shout from this terrible spectacle: one of the greatest mathematicians of the world, in fact, dies in full solitude and poverty ... With each week, he is getting closer to that fatal drawing, behind which he is waiting for inevitable hungry death ... We will not be able to find an opportunity to help him now, Gregory will not be right soon ... ", - leads his words another user, Mikhail Bogomolov By calling the Petersburgers to cooperate.

However, those who are familiar with Perelman, have not seen problems in his image.

"You just saw that he was in the galosh on a boss foot? - surprised Director who has previously shot a film about mathematics. - I already live with this shocking fact. He is another and this is his choice. But it is, of course, in vain is so dressed for the season. It is possible that he experiments on himself. He is good. Maybe still plenty. "

I disagree with the fact that the Perelman has some problems, and neighbors - according to them, he used to be so dressed and notice. Guests to mathematics did not come, he did not talk to unfamiliar people. But with the neighbors politely greet and congratulated the New Year.

The social worker denied the rumors that Perelman has no money - the last year he reads lectures on mathematics and gets good money transfers.

Later, the Motherland deleted a message from his page, and Bogomolov asked everyone to no longer worry and thanked about the responses.

Perelman is famous for his refusal of remuneration for the proof of Poincaré hypothesis.

The mathematician explained that one of the reasons for refusal from the award was his disagreement with solutions of an organized mathematical community.

"If we talk quite short, then the main reason is disagreement with an organized mathematical community. I do not like their decisions, I consider them unfair, "Perelman. He also added that he considers no less contribution to the proof of Poincare's hypothesis on the part of American mathematics.

The Mathematical Institute of Clai announced his decision to give Prize Perelman on March 19, 2010. Works for which mathematician awarded award was written by him in 2002, and they were laid out in the archive of electronic preprints, and not printed in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. In his calculations, Perelman completed proof of the hypothesis of the geometrization of Treston, which is directly related to Poincaré hypothesis.

Two articles with a total of 61 pages stirred the entire mathematical public.

From all sides, Perelman fell out proposals to write strict proof, publish articles in leading magazines in the world, to go to work in the best institutions, etc. The editorial office of Nature magazine invited Perelman to write an article about his opening for them. Perelman from all refused and, according to acquaintances, "went to the forest."

In 2006, the Fieldsovskaya Prize was awarded for these works by Perelleman, which is often called the Nobel Prize for Mathematics. From this award, the Russian mathematician also refused.

The refusal of the Fields Award was tougher.

"I am not interested in money or glory. I do not want to be exhibited in front of people as an animal in the zoo, "said Perelman then. - I am not a hero of mathematics. I'm not even successful, that's why I don't want everyone to look at me. "

After refusing the premium for the proof of Poincaré's hypothesis, Perelman's neighbors gave foreign media shocking comments on how mathematics lives.

"Once I was in his apartment, and I was amazed. There is only a table, a chair and a bed with dirty mattresses, which remained from the previous alcoholic owners who sold him an apartment. In addition, there are so many cockroaches that we cannot withdraw them from our apartments located on the same site, "said the neighbor Vera Petrovna.

He himself did not come to journalists. Only stated through the closed door: "I have everything I want."

After graduation, without examinations, he was credited to the Mathematical and Mechanical Faculty of Leningrad State University (now St. Petersburg State University). In the student years, Perelman repeatedly defeated on mathematical Olympiads. After graduating with honors from the University, he entered the graduate school under the Leningrad branch of the Mathematical Institute. V.A. Steklov (since 1992 - St. Petersburg branch of the Mathematical Institute).

In 1990, he defended his thesis and was left at the institute as a senior researcher.

In 1992, the scientist received an invitation to read a course of lectures at the University of New York and the University of Stoni Brooke, and then worked for some time at the University of Berkeley (USA). Being in the USA, Perelman worked as a researcher in American universities.
In 1996, he returned to St. Petersburg, where he worked at the St. Petersburg branch of the Mathematical Institute until December 2005.

In the period from November 2002 to July 2003, Perelman wrote three articles in which the decision of one of the special cases of the hypothesis of Geometrization of William Treston, which follows the justice of Poincaré hypothesis. The method described by the Pererelman, the study of the Ricci flow received the name of the theory of Hamilton-Perelman, since the American mathematician Richard Hamilton began to study him first.

Poincare's hypothesis was formulated by the French mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1904, it is a central problem of topology, science on the geometric properties of bodies that do not change when the body is drawn up, twisted or compressed. Poincaré Theorem was considered one of the insoluble mathematical problems.

The mathematician is known for the fact that it is categorically and advocated publicly.

According to the media, in 2014 Gregory Perelman received a Swedish visa for a period of 10 years and moved to Sweden, where the local private firm engaged in scientific developers offered him a highly paid job. However, it was later reported that he lives in St. Petersburg, and in Sweden happens as necessary.

In 2011, Gregory Perelman was published about the life and actions of the Russian scientist.

Mathematics Grigory Perelman, the one that refused a million dollars, no less strongly rejected the proposal of the Russian Academy of Sciences to enter into its members. Rather, he just ignored this proposal without leaving his voluntary shutter ...

The apparent strange behavior of Gregory Yakovlevich, which takes more and more shocking forms, is inspired by its deepest contempt for any kind of publicity. It would be strange if he agreed to jump into academicians from a candidate of science, and nothing else, except for the interests of Piara, this proposal is impossible to explain.

"I know how to manage the universe.

And tell me - why should I run over a million? "

But even more strange is the desire not only to journalists from TV programs, whose Credo "Scandals, Intrigue, Investigations", but also serious scientists to pride to the glory of an eccentric mathematical genius.

He proved the hypothesis of Poincare - a puzzle, which was not amenable to anyone more than 100 years and which his efforts became theorem. For that Russian citizen, a resident of St. Petersburg Grigory Perelman awarded one of the promised millions. The Millennium Task, solved by the Russian mathematical genius, is related to the origin of the Universe. Understand the essence of the riddles is given not to every mathematics ...

The riddle, solidified by the Russian genius, affects the foundations of the mathematics section called the topology. It is a topology - often referred to as "geometry on a rubber sheet". It deals with the properties of geometric shapes, which are preserved if the form is stretched, twisted, bended. In other words, it is deformed without breaks, cuts and gloves.

The topology is important for mathematical physics, since it makes it possible to understand the properties of space. Or evaluate it without being able to look at the form of this space from the side. For example, on our universe.

Grisha in youth - already then he was a genius

Explaining the Poincaré hypothesis, start like this: imagine a two-dimensional sphere - take the rubber disk and pull it on the ball. So that the disk circle turned out to be assembled at one point. Similarly, for example, you can pull the cord sports backpack. As a result, it turns out the sphere: for us - three-dimensional, but from the point of view of mathematics - only two-dimensional.

Then they offer to pull the same disk on the bagel. It seems to be. But the edges of the disk will fall into a circle that is no longer tightened to the point - it will cut a bagel.

Next, it begins the inaccessible imagination of an ordinary person. Because it is necessary to imagine a three-dimensional sphere - namely stretched on something, leaving for another dimension, ball. So, according to Poincaré hypothesis, the three-dimensional sphere is the only three-dimensional thing, the surface of which can be pulled into one point with a certain hypothetical "hyperstrome".

Jules Henri Poincare suggested this in 1904. Now Perelman convinced everyone understanding that the French topologist was right. And turned his hypothesis to theorem.

Proof helps to understand what form of our universe. And makes it very reasonable to assume that it is the three-dimensional sphere. But if the Universe is the only "figure", which can be pulled to the point, then, probably, it is possible to stretch out of the point. What serves as an indirect confirmation of the theory of a large explosion, which claims: just from the point of the Universe and occurred.

It turns out that Pererelman, together with Poincar, was upset by the so-called creationists - supporters of the divine start of the universe. And shed water to the mill of physician-materialists.

To communicate with the great mathematician was lucky to Alexander Zabovsky - He left Moscow from Moscow a few years ago and guessed to contact Mom Grigory Yakovlevich, through the Jewish community of St. Petersburg, having assisted her. She talked with her son, and after her good characteristic, he agreed to the meeting. This truly can be called an achievement - to journalists did not manage to "catch" the scientist, although they sat down at his entrance.

Psychologists are almost officially referring to his "crazy professor" - that is, a person is so immersed in his thoughts that she puts on different boots and forgets to suit. But in modern Russia it is practically disappeared.

As Zabovsky said, Perelman made the impression "absolutely sane, healthy, adequate and normal person": "Realistic, pragmatic and sensible, but not devoid of sentimentality and excitement ... All that he was attributable in the press, as if he was" not in himself " - Full nonsense! He firmly knows what he wants, and knows how to achieve the goal. "

The film, for which the mathematician went to contact and agreed to help, would not be about himself, but about cooperation and confrontation of three major world mathematical schools: the Russian, Chinese and American, most advanced study of the study and management of the universe.

Scientist offends, as it is called in the Russian press

Perelman explained that he did not communicate with journalists, because those occupy not science, but personal and domestic issues - starting with the reasons for refusing from a million and ending with the haircut of hair and nails.

Specifically, with the Russian media, he does not want to contact also because of the disrespectful relationship. For example, in the press it is called Grisha, and such familiarity offends.

Gregory Perelman said that since school years is used to "train the brain". Remembering how, being a "delegate" from the USSR, received a gold medal at the Mathematical Olympiad in Budapest, he said: "We tried to solve the tasks where the ability to think abstractly thought.

But in our zero, the national idea was finally formed, the essence of which is simple: personal enrichment at any cost. In the people it sounds like this: Warm, while they give, and Vali, if you have time. Any behavior that comes against this ideology seems strange and crazy, but the Casus Perelman was especially alien.

It is impossible to explain any other reasoning to explain the behavior of academics that this conveyed man with untidy hands has explained a hundred times: he does not want anything to do with modern establishment. Never never. And how thinks something like that, then in the scientific blog will publish, nat, carry, like those Chinese who first wanted the famous proof to be assigned.

The man bends us, yes, but he is alone, maybe it has a moral right. Perelman is completely devoid of civilian pathos. But he is the only one who radically opposes modern consumption and imposed by wild capitalism loss of national identity.

I do not exclude that Grigori Yakovlevich himself is not aware of his civil mission and does not think about it in general. It just lives in a world parallel to our cattle reality, where the main measure of the exclusivity is the Forbes list.

Perelman is a sample of normality, unlike the buffets from the well-being of the "Life owners". It is unlikely that someone in the place of Perelman would not be tempted by honorable and wealth, but he will never do it. Someone must demonstrate to society, in which it is state and in what place is his conscience.

The history of mankind knows many people who thanks to their outstanding abilities became famous. However, it is worth saying that it was rare some of them to become a real legend during life and achieve fame not only in the form of deploying portraits in school textbooks. Few celebrities reached such a top of glory, which was confirmed by conversations and the global scientific community, and grandmothers sitting on a bench at the entrance.

But in Russia there is such a person. And he lives in our time. This is a mathematician Perelman Grigory Yakovlevich. The main achievement of this great Russian scientist was proof of Poincaré hypothesis.

The fact that Grigory Perelman is the most famous mathematician in the world, it is also known to any ordinary Spaniard. After all, this scientist refused to receive the Fields Prize, which he had to give the King of Spain himself. And this is capable, without any doubt, only the greatest people.

Family

Gregory Perelman was born on June 13, 1966 in the Northern capital of Russia - the city of Leningrad. Father of the future genius was an engineer. In 1993, he left the family and emigrated to Israel.

Mother Gregory, Love Labovna, worked as a mathematics teacher in vocational school. She, who owns the game on the violin, grafted his son's love for classical music.

Grigory Perelman was not the only child in the family. He has a sister who is 10 years old. The name is Elena. She is also a mathematician, at one time graduated from St. Petersburg University (in 1998). In 2003, Elena Perelman defended the dishoves the dissertation to the degree of doctor of philosophy at the Recherman Institute. Since 2007, she lives in Stockholm, where it works as a programmer.

School years

Gregory Perelman, whose biography has developed so that today it is the most famous mathematician in the world, he was a shy and quiet Jewish boy. However, despite this, according to knowledge, he significantly superior to his peers. And this allowed him to communicate with adults practically on equal. His peers were still playing in the courtyard and sculpting her sandeds from sand, and Grisha had already comprehended by math mathematical science. Make it allowed him the books that were in the family library. I promoted the acquisition of knowledge and mom of the future scientist, which was just in love with this accurate science. Also, the future Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman was passionate about the story and played chess perfectly, what he taught his father.

Sitting over the textbooks of the boy nobody forced. Persian Perelman Gregory never got the son of morals that knowledge is power. He discovered the world of science completely naturally and without any observation. And this was completely promoted by the family, the main cult of which was not at all money, but knowledge. Parents never swore Grisha for a lost button or dirty sleeve. However, the shame was considered, for example, to fill, playing a melody on the violin.

A future mathematician Perelman went to school for six years. It was thoroughly cut to this age in all subjects. Grisha has written easily, read and performed mathematical actions using three-digit numbers. And it was a time when his classmates only learned the bill to a hundred.

At school, the future mathematician Perelman was one of the strongest students. He repeatedly became the winner of All-Russian mathematical competitions. Up to grade 9, the future Russian scientist visited the secondary school, which was located on the outskirts of Leningrad, where his family lived. Then he switched to the 239th school. She had a physical and mathematical bias. In addition, the Mathematical Center, open at the Palace of Pioneers, visited the fifth grade of Grigory. Classes here were held under the leadership of Sergei Rushin - Associate Professor RSUP. Pupils of this mathematics constantly conquered awards at various mathematical Olympiads.

In 1982, Gregory, as part of the team of Soviet schoolchildren, defended the country's honor at the International Mathematical Olympiad, held in Hungary. Our guys took the first place. And Perelman, who gained the maximum number of possible points, received a gold medal for the impeccable fulfillment of all tasks offered at the Olympics. To date, it can be said that it was the last reward that he accepted for his work.

It would seem that Grigory, an excellent student in all subjects, without any doubt, should have graduated from school with a gold medal. However, he was led by physical education, according to which he could not pass the necessary standard. The class teacher had to just begging teachers to put the boy four to the certificate. Yes, the gris did not like sports loads. However, on this occasion, it is absolutely not complex. Physical culture simply did not occupy it as other disciplines. He always said that he was convinced that our body needs training, but at the same time preferred not to train her arms and legs, and the brain.

Relationships in the collective

At school, the future mathematician Perelman was a favorite. He was sympathetic not only teachers, but also classmates. Grisha was not a cluster and a meager. He did not allow himself and to trump the knowledge gained, the depth of which sometimes led to the confusion of even teachers. He was simply a talented child who was fond of not only the proof of complex theorems, but also classical music. The girls appreciated their classmate for the originality and mind, and the boys are for a firm and calm character. Grisha not only studied with ease. He helped in mastering the knowledge and his lagging classmates.

In Soviet times, a strong student was attached to each two, who helped him pull into any subject. The same commission was given and Gregory. He had to help a classmate, whom the study was absolutely not interested. There were no two months of classes like Grisha made a solid good one from a two-way. And there is nothing surprising. After all, the supply of complex material at an affordable level is one of the unique abilities of the famous Russian mathematics. In many ways, thanks to this quality in the future, the Poincaré Theorem Poincaré Theorem was proved.

Student years

After the successful end of school, Grigory Perelman became a student of the Leningrad State University. Its without any exams were enrolled on the mathematic and mechanical faculty of this higher educational institution.

Perelman did not lose their interest in mathematics in student years. He constantly became the winner of university, urban, as well as the All-Union Olympiads. The future Russian mathematician studied as successfully as in school. For excellent knowledge, he was awarded the Lenin scholarship.

Further learning

After graduation with honors from the University of Grigory Perelman entered the graduate school. His scientific leader in those years was the famous mathematician A.D. Alexandrov.

The graduate paper was under the Leningrad branch of the Mathematics Institute. V.A. Steklov. In 1992, Grigory Yakovlevich defended his dissertation. The topic of his work refers to saddle surfaces in Euclidean spaces. Later Perelman remained working at the same institute, taking the position of senior researcher in the laboratory of mathematical physics. During this period, he continued to study the theory of space and was able to prove several hypotheses.

Work in the USA

In 1992, Grigori Perelman was invited to the University of Stoni Brooke and New York University. These educational institutions of America offered a scientist to spend on one semester there.

In 1993, Grigori Yakovlevich continued to teach Berkeley, at the same time leading scientific work there. It was at this time that Penrelman Gregory Theorem Poincarp was interested in. It was a hardest, not solved at that time the problem of modern mathematics.

Return to Russia

In 1996, Grigori Yakovlevich returned back to St. Petersburg. He again received the position of a researcher at the Institute. Steklov. At the same time, he was alone worked on Poincare's hypothesis.

Description of the theory

The problem arose in 1904. It was then precisely by the French scientist Andri Poincare, who was considered a mathematical universal in scientific circles due to the development of new methods of heavenly mechanics and the creation of topology, put forward a new mathematical hypothesis. He suggested that the space around us is a three-dimensional sphere.

Describe the essence of the hypothesis for a simple ordinary man is quite difficult. There are too many scientific calculations in it. As an example, you can imagine a regular air ball. The circus from it can make a variety of figures. It can be dogs, kinks and flowers. And what's the result? The ball from this remains the same. It does not change either his physical properties, no molecular composition.

The same is the case with this hypothesis. Her topic refers to topology. This section of geometry studying the variety that spatial objects possess. The topology considers various, externally, no similar objects and finds general features.

Poincare tried to prove the fact that our universe has the form of a sphere. According to his theory, all single-connected three-dimensional manifolds have the same device. Self-connected they are due to the presence of a single continuous area of \u200b\u200bthe body, in which there are no through holes. It can be a sheet of paper and a glass, a rope and an apple. But the colander and a cup with a handle belong to completely different subjects in their essence.

From the topology flows the concept of geomorphism. It includes the concept of geomorphic objects, that is, such when from one can be obtained by another by stretching or compression. For example, a ball (piece of clay), from which potter makes the usual pot. And if the product does not like the master, he can immediately turn it back into the ball. If the potter decides to make a cup, then the handle will have to do separately. That is, it creates its own object in another way, it is not solid, and the composite product.

Suppose that all items in our world consist of elastic, but at the same time a non-stuff. This material does not allow us to glue individual parts and sticking holes. With it, you can only compress or squeeze. Only in this case, it turns out a new form.

This is the main meaning of Poincare's hypothesis. She says that if you take any three-dimensional object that does not have holes, then it is, when performing various manipulations, but without gluing and cutting, can take the shape of the ball.

However, the hypothesis is only expressed by the version. And it continues until it exists an accurate explanation. The assumptions of Poincaré and remained as such as they were not confirmed by the exact calculations of the young Russian mathematics.

Work on the problem

Poincarra Poincari Poincari Poincarm has spent several years of his life. All this time he thought only about his work. He constantly looking for faithful ways and approaches to solving the problem and understood that the proof is somewhere nearby. And the mathematician was not mistaken.

Back in the student years, the future scientist often loved to repeat the phrase that there are no insoluble tasks. There are only difficult to solid. He always believed that everything depends only on the source data and the time spent on the search for the missing.

During his stay in America, Grigory Yakovlevich often visited various events. Special interest among Perelman caused lectures that Mathematics Richard Hamilton. This scientist also tried to prove Poincare's hypothesis. Hamilton even developed his own methods of Ricci's flows, which rather belong to not mathematics, but to physics. However, all this is very interested in Gregory Yakovlevich.

After returning to Russia, Perelman literally looked at work on the problem. And after a short period of time, he managed to significantly advance in this matter. To solve the problem, he approached absolutely non-standard. As a tool of evidence, he used Ricci streams.

Perelman sent his calculations to American colleague. However, he did not even try to delve into the calculations of a young scientist and flatly refused to carry out collaboration.

Of course, his doubts can be easily explained. After all, leading proof, Perelman rests over the postulates available in theoretical physics. Topological geometric task was solved by them using related sciences. This method was at first glance completely incomprehensible. Hamilton did not understand the calculations and skeptically reacted to an unexpected symbiosis for him, which was applied as evidence.

He was engaged in what was interesting to him

In order to prove the Poincaré theorem (the mathematical formula of the Universe), Grigory Perelman did not appear in scientific circles for many years. Colleagues did not know which he was developing, what is the scope of his occupation. Many could not even answer the question "Where are Gregory Perelman now?".

Everything was resulted in November 2002. It was during this period that at one of the scientific resources, where it was possible to familiarize themselves with the latest developments and articles of physicists, the 39-page work of Perelman appeared, in which the proof of the geometry theorem was provided. Poincare's hypothesis was considered as a private example, allowing to explain the essence of the study.

Simultaneously with this publication, Grigory Yakovlevich sent the work of Richard Hamilton, as well as Mathematics Jene Tyan, from China, with which he talked back in New York. They received proof of theorem and several other scientists whose beliefs were particularly trusted.

Why is the work of several years of life mathematics was so easily released, because these evidence could be simply stolen? However, Perelman, who performed a million dollars, did not want to deal with her or emphasize his uniqueness. He believed that if his evidence had a mistake, they could be taken as the basis of other scientists. And this would have gone to him satisfaction.

Yes, Grigory Yakovlevich has never been an upset. He always knew exactly what he wants from life, and had for any reason his own opinion, which was often distinguished from the generally accepted.

Money can not buy happiness

What is famous to Gregory Perelman? Not only by the fact that he proved the hypothesis introduced into the list of seven mathematical problems of the Millennium, not solved by scientists. The fact is, Perelman Grigory refused to a million dollars award, which he was ready to pay the Boston Institute of Mathematics. Clai. And it was not accompanied by any explanations.

Of course, Perelman really wanted to prove Poincare's hypothesis. He dreamed of shaking a puzzle, the solution of which was not received by anyone. And here the Russian scientist showed an excitement researcher. At the same time, he intertwined with a discerning sense of awareness of himself with the discoverer.

Interest in the hypothesis of Grigory Yakovlevich moved to the category of "done things." Does true mathematics need a million dollars? No! The main thing for him is a sense of own victory. And it is simply impossible to measure it with terrestrial standards.

According to the rules, the award of the CLAE premium is possible in the case when a person who has solved one or several "Millennium tasks" will send his research article to the editorial board of the Institute's magazine. Here it is considered in detail and carefully check. And only two years later, the verdict may be delivered, which will confirm or refute the correctness of the decision.

Verification of the results obtained by Perelman was carried out from 2004 to 2006. This work has been engaged in three mathematician groups independent of each other. They all made an unequivocal conclusion that Poincare's hypothesis is completely proved.

Gregory Perelman's award was awarded in March 2010. For the first time in history, the reward was to be awarded to solve one of the tasks in the Millennium Mathematical Problems. However, Perrelman simply did not come to the conference in Paris. July 1, 2010, he stated publicly about his refusal from the premium.

Of course, for many people, Perelman's act seems inexplicable. The person easily refused the honors and glory, and also missed a chance to move to America and to live without sides to the end of his days. However, for Grigoria Yakovlevich, all this does not carry any semantic load. Just as sometime school physical education lessons.

Pointer

Today, neither the word nor the case reminds of Himself Grigory Perelman. Where does this outstanding person live? In Leningrad, in one of the usual high-rise buildings in Kupchino. Together with his mother lives Grigory Perelman. He did not have a personal life. However, the mathematician does not leave hope to make a family.

Grigory Yakovlevich with Russian journalists does not communicate. He retained his contacts only with a foreign press. However, despite the recovery, interest in this person does not fade away. About him write books. Gregory Perelman is often mentioned in scientific articles and essays. Where is Gregory Perelman now? Still in the homeland. Many believe that they will hear this name more than once, and maybe, in connection with the decision of the next "Millennium problem".