Brdball's attention model and its experimental check. Donald Trump Jr., Eric Trump

(1993-04-10 ) (66 years old)

Experimental confirmation of an early selection model

Frankolini (Francolini) and Egiet (EGETH) conducted in 1980, in 1980, the experiment, which represented a type of Stroop Effect (STROOP EFFECT), was confirmed by an early selection model. The test participants were given symbols of two different colors, they had to concentrate attention on the symbols of the same color, and the symbols of another color were ignored. At the same time, at the first stage, the symbols of another color did not have any correlation with the characters to which attention was paid, in the second case, the symbols of another color were correlated, they were imposed by their meaning to the symbols of another color, but contained incorrect information, for example, contained a number close, but not The corresponding number of first color characters (for example, five red letters and blue digit 6). Thus, the symbols of another color (blue figure 6) were probably needed to form a tendency to respond incorrectly to the question about the number of monitored color characters, calling that figure that was among the characters of the ignored color (blue figure 6). As the tests showed, errors associated with the imposition of symbols of another color were not. This suggests that the subjects did not possess knowledge about a number of ignored color. The results of this experiment contradict the model of late selection.

Criticism and development of Broadgetary ideas

Further studies have shown that symbols that are not on the concentration of attention are not ignored during the test completely, they create a negative fixation of the installation for the symbols of a series of control color.

Neville Moray suggested that some incentives are so strong that they are able to overcome the mechanisms of the selective filter, reaching the level of perceptual processing. So, in experiments with a dicotic listening part, some of the information (for example, the name of a person), who was not associated with perceptual treatment, was still recognized by a person.

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In addition to the robbers, the people are the most diverse, inhibitable - who is curiosity, who is a duty of service, who is the calculation, is homeowners, clergy, higher and lower officials, merchants, artisans, men - from different sides, like blood to heart, - poured to Moscow.
A week later, men who came with empty bass, in order to take things from things, were stopped by the bosses and are forced to export dead bodies from the city. Other men, glancing about the failure of comrades, came to the city with bread, oats, hay, knocking up the price of each other to the price below for the same. The artels of the carpenters, hoping on the expensive earnings, every day included in Moscow, and new on all sides, they were drunk, they reinforced at home. The merchants in the Balagans opened trade. Harchevni, the stall courtyards were arranged in burnt houses. The clergy resumed the service in many not polling churches. The donors brought looted church things. Officials adjusted their tables with cloth and cabinets with papers in small rooms. The highest superiors and the police managed the distribution of the well-remaining good after the French. The owners of those houses, in which there were many things left for things, complained about the injustice of their all things to the grain fest; Others insisted that the French from different homes were brought to one place in one place, and because he was unjustly to give the owner at home those things that he was found. Branled the police; bribed it; They wrote ahead of the estimates on the chasing statements; Required assistance. Count Mozpotchin wrote his proclamation.

At the end of January, Pierre arrived in Moscow and settled in the surviving flaghel. He went to the count to the count, to some familiar who returned to Moscow, and was going to go to St. Petersburg on the third day. All tried victory; All boiled life in the ruined and coming capital. Pierra were all glad; Everyone wanted to see him, and everyone asked him about what he saw. Pierre felt particularly friendly located to all people he met; But unwittingly now he kept himself with all people's relatives, so as not to tie himself with something. He for all the questions he was done - important or the most insignificant, - answered the same indefinitely; They asked him: where will he live? Will it be built? When is he going to St. Petersburg and will the drawers take rebel? - He answered: yes, maybe I think, etc.
He heard about the growth that they are in Kostroma, and the thought of Natasha rarely came to him. If she came, then only as a pleasant memory of the last past. He felt not only free from everyday conditions, but also from this feeling that he, as he seemed to be deliberately in favor.
On the third day of his arrival in Moscow, he learned from Drubetsk, which Princess Marya in Moscow. Death, suffering, the last days of Prince Andrei often occupied Pierre and now with a new liveliness came to his head. Having learned at the lunch that Princess Marya in Moscow and lives in his not burnt house on an exaggeration, he drove to her at that same evening.
Dear to Princess Marya Pierre without ceasing thought about Prince Andrei, about his friendship with him, about various meetings with him and especially about the last in Borodin.
"Did he died in that evil mood in which he was then? Isn't it revealed to his explanation of life before death? " - thought Pierre. He remembered the Karataev, about his death and involuntarily began to compare these two people, so different and at the same time as much like love he had to both, and because both lived and both died.
In the very serious arrangement of the spirit, Pierre drove up to the house of the old prince. This house survived. There were traces of destruction in it, but the nature of the house was the same. The old waiter who met the old waiter with a strict face, as if wishing to give to feel the guest, that the lack of prince does not violate the order of the house, said that Princess was known to go into their rooms and accepted on Sundays.
- Ministers; Maybe they will take, - said Pierre.
- I listen to, - the waiter answered, - please in portrait.
A few minutes later, the waiter and the desala came to Pierre. The desala on behalf of the Princess handed over to Pierre that she was very glad to see him and asks if he excuses her for the unceremoniousness, enter the top in her room.
In a low room, lit by one candle, was sitting princess and someone else with her, in a black dress. Pierre remembered that with the prince there were always companions. Who are and what they are, these companions, Pierre did not know and did not remember. "This is one of the companion," he thought, looking at the lady in a black dress.
Princess quickly got to meet him and stretched out his hand.
"Yes," she said, peering into his changed face, after he kissed her hand, "this is how we meet you." He and recently often spoke about you, "she said, translating his eyes from Pierre on a companion with shyness, which for a moment I am struck by Pierre.
- I was already glad to find out about your salvation. It was the only joyful news that we received from a long time. - Again, more restlessly, the princess looked back at the companion and wanted to say something; But Pierre interrupted it.
"You can imagine that I knew nothing about him," he said. - I thought it was killed. All I learned, I learned from others, through third hands. I only know that he got to Rostov ... What a fate!
Pierre spoke quickly, lively. He looked at the face of the companion, saw a carefully curious look as directed to him, and, as it often happens during a conversation, he for some reason felt that this companion in a black dress was a cute, kind, glorious being that would not hurt him Sound conversation with prince Marya.

One of the first models of attention, which became the starting point for all others, was suggested by D.E. Broadbent, 1958). In the future, she got the name of the filter model. When it is created, the author relied on the theory of K. Shannon and W. Vever, who believed that the processing of information in the central nervous system is limited only by one channel, the bandwidth of which determines the amount of attention.

D.E. Broadbent suggested that the nervous system, having a large number of sensory inputs, in the process of communication can only be used by one channel. On the channel inputs are installed filters that select the most significant signals at the moment. Unclaimed information is kept in short-term memory for some time in front of the filter and

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the channel is only if the shift will occur.

Fig. 10.3.Possible attention mechanism (Broadbent, 1958).

According to Broadbands, messages passing through a separate nerve differ in both the number of pulses and the quality of the transmitted information. When you excite multiple nerves at the same time, the brain can take all messages that are then processed by parallel touch channels (Fig. 10.3). Each channel has its own nervous code for which signals for processing are selected. If further attention is paid to this information, it is transmitted to a channel with limited bandwidth, where its further processing occurs. A distinctive feature of Broadpanta's representations is that the selection of the material is not made by its content, but by physical characteristics

perceived signal.

In confirmation of its hypothesis, he refers to the observation of John / Webster, according to which air traffic controllers can identify one / prominent signals to call two aircraft, although they understand only one and :? These messages. Broadbend explains this ability to be the fact that one message is understood as the dispatcher foresaw him, and the other is not understood as he did not know what he wants to report.

However, Broadgetary theory does not explain why attention is shown if a person does not know which information is located in front of the filter. In addition, the experiments carried out demonstrated the partial processing of information on which active attention does not appear. In one of these studies, it turned out that with sufficiently attentive tracking of some signals, the test may give some information about the information that it was necessary to ignore. A person, dikhothic, perceiving unequal information in the presence of an instruction that requires attention to some particular incentives on one channel, will give answers in detail on them on this channel. At the same time, he will be able to determine, male or female turned out to be a voice for the ignored channel and whether he sounded at all, notice some features of the signal. However, the subject will not be able to recall the specific content of the information or report whether the voice changed during the time in which a message was made to distinguish a coherent speech from nonsense (Lindsay, Norman, 1975). To check the hypothesis D.E. Broaddrates made a large number of research. S. Cherry (Cherry, 1953) offered an experimental procedure called shading.The subject in oral form was presented by some text that should be exactly repeated. It turned out that. If the message was uttered quickly, the subject did not have time to reproduce it completely.

In the future, the experiment S. Cherry complicated: at the same time, various information was filed for each ear. Although both texts read the same announcer, the subjects easily coped with the task, reproducing the message only from that ear in which, according to the instructions, a significant information was received. The ignored message was remembered worse, although the subjects could remember whether it was about this channel or not, but could not see the moment when English was replaced by German. Nevertheless, in cases where the name of the subject was pronounced on the ignored channel, he remembered the information following the name (MOBU, 1959). Such results are also obtained in the experiment on the perception of visual information. The subjects presented the text in which two messages scored different colors were intermitted. Experiment participants easily read the information of the right color, not remembering the text printed by another. At the same time, all the tests perceived by ignored color their own name (Neisser, 1976).

Similar results were demonstrated for information (NEISSER, BESCLEN, 1975). The subjects presented a film consisting of two different films superimposed on each other (Fig. 10.4), and asked to trace the significant events of only one of them. As in other

Fig. 10.4.The overlay frames of two films in the experiment on the study of attention mechanisms. A - Frame from the movie "Game Hands", B - Frame from the "Basketball" film, in the resulting frame, created by imposing two previous two (Neisser, Becklen, 1975). The experiments, the tests could not tell about what happened in the ignoring film.

Despite all these results, D.E. hypothesis Broadbent was questioned by the J.A. Experiment Gray and A.A. Laderburn (Gray, Wedderburn, 1960). These authors were diotically presented to the phrase in such a way that its individual parts were sent to different ears, and it was possible to compile all the proposal only by listening to all the information. For instance:

T information filed

!___________ Jane___________.___________________

All subjects without work reproduced the proposal completely, although information from the ignored channel was needed to be prepared. It should be noted that, seeking to understand the meaning, the participants of the experiment, of course, quickly switched attention from one ear to another. It was a hook for D.E. Brdball, which refuted the ability to check its own hypothesis with this experiment.

In some studies, individual label words supplied to the incompreients of the ear were accompanied by an electric current impact. When they re-present them with the subject in the stream of other words, it was precisely a large amount of RAG, which also testified to the possibility of semantic processing of information on which attention did not appear (and not only its physical properties, as Broadbent was postulated) (Moray, 1970). It was revealed that changes in the amplitude of the RAG occurred even upon presentation of the synonym for the word, which in the previous experiment was supported by an electric shock.

Proof of the existence of the semantic processing of information that does not fall into the circulation is and prying effect.Prica - Impact of an unconscious incentive for cognitive activity produced at the conscious level (Schacter e. A., 1993) (see ch. 11). All this together indicates that the model D.E. Broadbell can not cover all data related to the problem of attention.

Other models of attention

Available data suggest that although the analysis ignores /! Information and stops on fairly early stages, in one or another stratum it is still carried out. In this regard, it was assumed that all signals were processed, which then enter the brain, but some (for which attention drawn) reaches the central nervous system completely, others are pre-weakened. Such a hypothesis was put forward by A.M. Traceman (Treisman, 1964). He suggested that all sensory incentives enroll in the structure - a logical analyzer, where their processing occurs. Some signals have a low threshold of awareness, so even at a weakened form are capable of activating the input (Treisman, 1964).

To confirm this concept, the experiment was improved. The subjects were offered to follow the message that came to one ear, while the meaning part came on it to the same, then to another ear. In this situation, the tests preferred to follow the meaning, and not beyond the presentation.

According to the model A.M. Traceman, before the start of a detailed analysis of the signal arises a decision on the need to process its characteristics. At the same time, at first, the analysis of information occurs on the basis of the general physical properties of phenomena, and the meaning is also processed. The filter can be located in two possible places (Fig. 10.5).

J. and D. Doych (Deutch, Deutch, 1963) suggested that almost all signals reach a logical analyzer, where they, in accordance with previous experiments of the subject, are distributed in importance, regardless of the strength of their impact. Thus, the analysis of signals occurs at an unconscious level, while its result is realized.

Subsequently, this model was revised by D.A. Normant (Norman, 1968; 1976). According to his ideas, all signals come to some focus switch, i.e. it does not occur pre-selection of information at the level of perception. Norman believed that the focus switch in this case works as attenuator -a device that reduces the amount of information but not completely disconnecting it. The processing of the information occurs at the short-term memory level (Fig. 10.6,10.7).

Fig. 10.7.A model that includes short-term memory in the analysis of sensory signs (Lindsay, Norman, 1974).

This model was named model. the process of active synthesis.It puts a significant emphasis on the context and syntax that can prevent information on the perception of information relative to the expected signals and allow you to choose the correct signal when it appears, even

At the same time, experimental data suggests that if information is significant for a person, it is processed anyway. From the point of view of Norman, the restrictions are only for active synthesis, since it requires conscious perception. Passive processes are automatic and may possibly be accompanied by a continuous analysis of the signals. The passive part of the analysis is not able to eliminate the deviations and distortions of the signal and to extract the sophisticated sense enclosed in it. From the signals received by non-working

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channels pass only by those

which correspond to the expectations of active synthesis. For a complete analysis of these signals, information is necessary supplied by the active mechanism (Fig. 10.9).

Both in the models of normal, and in the Broadgana model recognizes the limited ability of the brain to process information. However, they differ as to where the filter is located, which cuts the meaningful information from insignificant (Fig. 10.10).

U.A. Johnston and J. Wilson (Johnston, Wilson, 1980) offered a more complex model providing for several levels of analysis and the beginning of the primary processing immediately after receipt of the signal.

An attempt was made about
Believe the effectiveness immediately carried
ring theories (Johnston, Heinz,
1978). Test in the process of E- *

information benefits were offered to respond to certain words called target. In one experimental series, both sets of dicotic-clearing words read the same announcer-man, in the other -, all the inappropriate words read a man, target - woman. The results showed that in the first case, the identification of target words was more difficult.: The degree of treatment of non-target stimuli changed depending on the tasks set before the subjects, which the model A.M. Traceman, assumed some analysis of all signals without exception.

Donald Eric Broadbent. (May 6, 1926 - April 10, 1993) Was An Influential British Experimental Psychologist, Most Famous for His Work on Attention. Broadbent Helped Nurture What Was Then The Infant Field of Psychology in England, Becoming Famous Worldwide for His Groundbreaking theories and Experimental Work. HIS 1958 Publication Perception and Communication Was Radical In Its Approach, Taking The New Field of Information Processing to Model Unobservable Mental Processes in A Time WHEN BEHAVIORISM WAS DOMINANT. His Career and Research Work Bridged The Gap Between The Pre-Second World War Approach of Sir Frederic Bartlett and Its Wartime Development Into Applied Psychology, And What from the Late 1960s Became Known AS Cognitive Psychology.

Broadbent "s influence continues not just through his theories, which as he expected have been modified greatly through further research, but through his influence on numerous students and colleagues. His philosophy, scientific rigor, and good character impressed and inspired many to work towards the Solution to Real Human Problems Even When They Appear Intractable. Broadbent Joins The Ranks of Those Who Have Contributed to Better Understanding of Human Nature.

Contents.

Life.

Donald Broadbent. Was Born on May 6, 1926 in Birmingham, England. His Family Was Quite Well Off FINANCIALLY. HOWEVER, THIS CHANGED WHEN HE WAS 13 AND HIS PARENTS DIVORCED AND HIS HOME MOVED TO WALES. HE WON A SCHOLARSHIP TO THE PESTIGIOUS WINCHESTER COLLEGE, AN English Independent School and Completed His Schooling There.

AS A BOY HE WAS FASCINATED BY FLYING, AND AT AGE 17 HE Volunteered to Join The Royal Air Force (RAF). DURING HIS TIME IN THE RAF, HE OBSERVED COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES OFTEN AROSE FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL, NOT PHYSICAL, CAUSES. In Particular, He Noticed That Inefficient Processes of Attention, Perception, And Memory Led to Problems, Rather Than Failures of Technical Equipment. An Ancecdote He Often Told to Illustrate The Importance of Psychological Processes In Pratice Was Recounted by His Long-Time Colleague, Dianne Berry:

The AT6 Planes Had Two Identical Levers Under the Seat, One to Pull Up the Flaps and One to Pull Up the Wheels. Donald Told of the Monotonous Regularity with Which His Colleagues Would Pull The Wrong Lever While Taking Off and Crash Land An Expensive Aeroplane in The Middle of A Field (Berry 2002).

Having Made This Observation, Broadbent "S Interests Began to Zero In On Psychology, Rather Than His Previous Interest In The Physical Sciencees. Psychology Had The" Concrete "Quality of the Physical Sciences But It Could Also Sed Light on Human Problems.

Broadbent spent a short time after the war working in the personnel selection branch of the RAF before beginning his studies at Cambridge "s psychology department. Due to its natural sciences orientation and emphasis on practical application, Broadbent found Cambridge ideal. The department was headed by Sir Frederick Bartlett and was eager to apply newfound cybernetic ideals towards understanding human behavior, especially in terms of control systems, practical problems, and psychological theory in general. Broadbent found his place in the Applied Psychology Unit (APU) which had been set up there In 1944, by The UK Medical Research Council (MRC) on Bartlett "S Persuasion.

In 1958, Broadbent Became Director of the UNIT, A Position He Held for 16 years. Although Much of The Work of The Apu Was Directed At Practical Issues of Military Or Industrial Significance, Broadbent Rapidly Became Well Known for His Theoretical Work. His Theories of Selective Attention and Short-Term Memory Were Developed AS Digital Computers Were Becomemic Community and Were Among The First to Use Computer Analogies to make a Serious Contribution to the Analysis of Human Cognition. HIS 1958 Book, BECAME ONE OF THE CLASSIC TEXTS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY.

In 1974, Broadbent Became A Felow of Wolfson College, Oxford University and Returned to Applied Problems. There, Together With His Colleague Dianne Berry, He Developed New IdeaS ABOUT IMPLICIT Learning From Consideration of Human Performance In Complex Industrial Processes (Berry 2002). He Continued This Work Until His Retirement in 1991.

Donald Broadbent Died on April 10, 1993.

Work

Donald Broadbent Is Best Known for His Contribution to the Development of Cognitive Psychology. HIS 1958 Book, PERCEPTION AND COMMUNICATION, Has Been Rated "The Single Most Influential Book In The History of Cognitive Psychology" (Parasuraman 1996). Broadbent Was The First Person to Bring Togener The Work of Attention, A Radical Move At A Time When Behaviorism Was The Dominant Paradigm in Psychology. Broadbent Used Data From Behavioral Experiments and Inferred (Unobservable) Functional Stages Of Processing and Their Order of Occurrence from These Data. In SO Doing, He Invented The Modern Study Of Attention (Berry 2002).

In All His Work, Broadbent Never Abandoned Practical Problems. For example by Communication with Gunnery and Air Control Systems, In Which Many Channels of Communication Were Delivered at One Time. His Work Effectively Bridged The Gap Between The Laboratory And The Field, Constantly Working On Topics That Had Significance for People and Society.

Broadbent Contributed Both Experimental Methods and Theory to the World of Psychology. His Best Known, and Still Widely Used, Method Is The Dichotic Listening Experiment, and His Filter Model of Attendion Is His Best Known Theory. Both Were Developed During His Time At The Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge University.

Dichotic Listening Experiments.

Although Most People Spend Their Lives Surrounded by Many Different Types of Stimuli, They Cannot Respond To Or Describe The Majority of Them. A Practical Example of this is Found in the "Cocktail Party Effect," Described by Colin Cherry (1953) As The Ability to Focus One "S Listening Attention On A Single Talker Among A Mixture of Conversations and Background Noises, Ignoring Other Conversations. Cherry Conducted Experiments in Which Subjects Were Asked to Listen to Two Different Messages From A Single Loudspeaker At The Same Time And Try to Separate Them, Repeating One But The Other, Known As A "Shadowing" Task. His Work Revealed That Our Ability to Separate Sounds from the Speaker, The Direction From The Gender of the Speaker, The Direction From The Gender of the Speaker, The Direction From Which The Sound IS COMING, THE PITCH, OR THE SPEAKING SPEED. WHEN THE MESSAGES WERE SIMILAR IN THESE CHARACTERISTICS SUBjects Were Unable To Complete The Task SuccessFully.

Broadbent Extended This Work by Devising What is Known AS The "Dichotic Listening" Experiment. In These Studies, Subjects Were Asked to Listen To and Separate Different Speech Signals Present To Each Ear Simultaneously (Using Headphones). For example, in One Experimental Setup, Three Pairs of Different Digits Were Preenented Simultaneously, Three Digits in One Ear and Three In The Other. Most Participants In The Study Recalled The Digits Ear By Ear, Rather Than Pair by Pair. Thus, If 496 Were Present to One Ear and 852 to the Other, The Recall Would BE 496-852 Rather Than 48-95-62.

From The Results Of Such Experiments, Broadbent Suggested That "Our Mind Can Be Conceived As A Radio Receiving Many Channels at Once." The Brain Separates Incoming Sound Into Channels Based on Physical Characteristics (Such As Location).

Other experiments were concerned with the subject "s ability to answer one of two questions posed at the same time. Subjects with advance knowledge of which question they should attend to scored around 48 percent accuracy. Those informed after the questions had been given had almost no Success:

The Present Case IS An Instance of Selection In Perception. Since The Visual Cue To The Correct Voice IS Useless WHEN IT Arrives Towards The Ends of The Message, IT IT CLEAR THAT PROCESS OF DISCARDING PART OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE MIXED VOICES HAS ALREADY TAKEN PLACE ... IT SEEMS POSSIBLE THAT ONE OF THE TWO VOICES Is Selected For Response Worthood The Other Is Ignored ... If One Of The Two Voices Is Selected (Attended To) in the resulting mixture There Is No Guarantee That It Will Be The Correct One and Both Call Signs Cannot Be Perceived atne Any More Than Both Messages Can Be Received and Stored Till A Visual Cue Indicates The One To Be Answered (Broadbent 1952).

Filter Model Of Attention

Broadbent Developed His Theory of Selective Attention Based On His and Other Researchers "Experimental Findings Using The Information Processing Model. The Major Points of His Filter Theory Can Be Summarized As Followows:

Stimuli Present At the Same Time Are Held in a Short-Term Sensory Buffer. Information CAN BE Retained There For A Short Period Being Processed; After That It Disappears from the Processing System.
A Filter Selects ONE OF THE INPUTS ON THE BASIS OF ITS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PASSING IT THROUGH A LIMITED CAPACITY CHANNEL FOR FURTHER PROCESSING.
The Input Selected For Semantic Content (Meaning) And Comes Into Conscious Awareness.
Any Stimuli Not Selected By The Filter Do Not Receive This Semantic Analysis and Never Reach Conscious Awareness.

This theory Provides An Explanation of the "Cocktail Party" Phenomenon, Since The Voice That A Person Is Attending to Has Different Physical Characteristics from Those of Other People in the Room. No Semantic Analysis Is Necessary to Differentiate Them. IT ALSO EXPLAINS BOTH CHERRY "S AND BROADBENT" S Experimental Findings-Unattended Messages Are Rejected by The Filter and Thus Receive Very Little Processing.

Later Findings, However, Raised Problems for this "All-orothing" Filter Model. In Terms of the Cocktail Party, Hearing One "S Name Spoken by Anyone in The Room Leads to a Switching of Attention to That Speaker. This implies that the content of the message Was Analyzed Prior to The Filtering, Which Was Supposed to Occur Before Such Analysis. This Paradox Did Not Deter Broadbent, And He Accepted Such Data As Reason To Revise His Theory (Craik and Baddeley 1995). His Second Book On The Topic, Decision and Stress (1971) Began with His Filter Model and Was Modified "To AccCommodate New Findings That The Model ItSelf Had Stimulated" (Massaro 1996). This Was Typical of Broadbent "S Approach to Scientific Research-He Regarded All theories As Temporary Accounts of the Current Information, Likely to Need Revision and Improvement When New Data Emerged.

Legacy.

A lecture in Broadbent "s honor is given every year at the annual conference of the British Psychological Society. Broadbent gave the inaugural lecture in 1991. After his death in 1993, tributes and biographical acknowledgments were written in his honor. A special issue of Applied Cognitive Psychology, Edited by His Long Time Colleague, Dianne Berry, Was Written to Commemorate His Contributions (Berry 1995).

Broadbent Is Credited with Being A Major Force In The Development of Cognivive Psychology, Particularly The Study of Attention. HIS 1958 Book, PERCEPTION AND COMMUNICATION, IS A Classic That Continues to Inform The Area Today.

Broadbent's Contributions to Experimental Psychology Were Noteworthy Not Only for Research On Attention, But Because The Need for Societal Relevance in Research-That Is, Practical Application. He Believed WholeHeartedly That Research Should Not Be Driven Solely by Theory But Should Be Guided by Important Practical Problems, And Converse That Experimental Results Should Be Used to Modify Theories (Parasuraman 1996). In addition, His Informal Speaking Style and Use Of Commonplace Analogies to Reprement Complicated Ideas Made Him Memorable to Society As A Whole, Allowing People of All Walks of Life Access to His theories. AS NOTED by Craik and Baddeley (1995), Broadbent's "Psychology Was Intended for Society and Its Problems, Not Merely for the Dwellers in Ivory Towers."

His Influence Continues Not Just Through His Work But Through the Influence He Had On Numeron Students and Colleagues. HE IS REMEMBERED FOR THE THE UNISTAKABLE IS REMEMBERED FOR THE UNMISTAKABLE, AS "The Man, The Scholar, The Scientist, The Philosopher of Science, and of His Commitments to Empirical Psychology, to Explicit Models or theories, and to the application of psychological Knowledge to Real-Word Problems "(Massaro 1996). Unfailingly Polite, Helpful, and Tolerant of the Most Naive Questions Posed by Students, Broadbent Was Always Approachable and Generous with His Time (Berry 2002). Yet He Made A Powerful Impression on Those Who Knew Him, Inspiring In Them The Conviction That Good Science Would Lead to Solutions to Real Human Problems.

Major Works.

Broadbent, Donald E. 1952. Listening to One of Two Synchronous Messages. Journal of Experimental Psychology 44: 51-55.
Broadbent, Donald E. 1958. PERCEPTION AND COMMUNICATION. ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd. ISBN 0080090907.
Broadbent, Donald E. 1961. Behavior. Basic Books. ISBN 0465005993.
Broadbent, Donald E. 1962. Attention and The Perception of Speech Scientific American 206: 143-51.
Broadbent, Donald E. 1971. Decision and Stress. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0121355500.
Broadbent, Donald E. 1973. IN Defense of Empirical Psychology. Methuen Young Books. ISBN 041676780x.
Broadbent, Donald E. 1993. The Simulation of Human Intelligence (Wolfson College Lectures). Blackwell. ISBN 0631185879.
Broadbent, Donald E., And James T. REASON (EDS.). 1990. Human Factors in Hazardous Situations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019852191X.
Pribram, Karl H., And Donald E. Broadbent (EDS.). 1970. Biology of Memory.. ACADEMIC PRESS, 1970. ISBN 0125643500.

References.

Baddeley, Alan, and Lawrence Weiskrantz (EDS.). 1995. Attention: Selection, Awareness and Control. A TRIBUTE TO DONALD BROADBENT. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198523742.
BERRY, DIANNE C. (ED.). 1995. Special Issue: Donald Broadbent and Applied Cognitive Psychology. AppLied Cognitive Psychology. 9 (7): S1-S215.
Berry, Dianne. 2002. Donald Broadbent. The Psychologist. (15) (8) (August 2002): 402-405. RETRIEVED OCTOBER 20, 2008.
Cherry, Colin E. 1953. Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech with One and Two Ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society Of The America 25: 975-979.
Craik, Fergus I. M. 2000. Broadbent, Donald E. Encyclopaedia of Psychology. 1: 476-477.
Craik, Fergus I. M., and Alan Baddeley. 1995. Donald E. Broadbent (1926-1993). American Psychologist. 50(4): 302-303.
HOTHERSALL, DAVID. 2003. History of Psychology.. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0072849657.
Massaro, D. W. 1996. Attention: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. 109(1): 139-150.
Moray, N. 1995. Donald E. Broadbent: 1926-1993. American journal of psychology 108: 117-121.
Parasuraman, Raja. 1996. PROFILES IN PSYCHOLOGY: DONALD BROADBENT. C S L NOTES 20. RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 8, 2008.

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Holly theory of attention was the first to develop an English psychologist D. Broadbent. . It was based on the so-called " single Channel»Theories and position that information processing is limited to the bandwidth of the channel, according to the theory of information processing K. Shannon and W. Vomeva .

In the book " Perception and communication » D. Broadbent. As follows outlined the foundations of its theory:

first, the processing of information at the level of consciousness is limited by the bandwidth of the channel;
secondly, there is a filter that provides selection and protects the channel from overload.

D. Broadbent. It claims that messages passing through a separate nerve may vary depending on which of the nerve fibers they stimulate or how many nerve pulses they reproduce. So, if several nerves are excited simultaneously, there can be several touch messages to the brain at the same time.

In the model D. Broadbent Such messages are processed by several parallel touch channels. Further processing of information is possible after attention will be sent to this signal and it will be transmitted through the selective filter in " channel with limited bandwidth».

D. Broadbent. It was believed that to exclude the overload system, the selective filter can be switched to some other touch channel or take ozone therapy. If the selection is conducted on the basis of the physical characteristics of the signal, as at first believed D. Broadbent. The switching of attention should not be associated with the message content.

To verify this assumption, he used method of a dichotic hearing . In one ear of the test, he presented three numbers, and in the other ear at the same time - three other numbers. The subject, therefore, could hear, for example, with the right ear - 4, 9, 3; left ear - 6, 2, 7 . In one case, the subjects were asked to reproduce numbers perceived through any one ear: 493 or 627 .

In another case, they were asked to reproduce the numbers in order of their presentation. Since two digits were presented at the same time, the subjects could reproduce one of the first pair numbers, but they had to be called both before continuing the sequence. The test report looked like this: " 4, 6… 2, 9… 3, 7 ».

Taking into account the number of information reproduced ( six units) and the rates of presentation ( two per second) D. Broadbent. I expected that the accuracy of playback will be around 95 % . However, in both experiments, the subjects reproduced less than the expected result: in the first case - 65 % , in the second - 20 %. The scientist explained this difference with the need for a test when conducting a second experiment more frequently switch attention from one source of information to another.

However B. 1960. Oxford graduates J. Gray and A. Vadddenburn We conducted an experiment, the results of which were put the theory of breeding D. Broadgetty questioned. They were presented through the left and right ear of the syllables, constituting together one word, and random figures so that when one ear heard the syllable, the other heard the figure.

If the theory D. Broadbent , based on the physical nature of the auditory signals, is true, then the tests when they were asked to repeat what they heard through one channel would have to pronounce something wrongful, namely: " twist" or " six-ek-nine" Instead, they uttered the word " lens", Demonstrating the ability to quickly switch from one channel to another.

In the second experiment, scientists used the same procedure, only instead of individual syllables were presented whole phrases ( sometimes this task is called "Dear Aunt Jane" or "What the hell"). As in the experiment with numbers and divided words, the subjects tend to hear the whole phrase, i.e., as stated J. Gray and A. Vadddenburn The testes in this situation acted wisely.

By approval R. Solso. , authors research " they played not quite honest": The desire to understand the meaning of a separated word or phrase forced the tests to quickly switch from the channel to the channel, which is not typical for the usual perception of information. Be that as it may, the theory of early filtration based on the principle " all or nothing"I demanded further evidence or refutation.

In the book " Perception and communication » D. Broadbent. As follows outlined the foundations of its theory:

· first, the processing of information at the level of consciousness is limited by the bandwidth of the channel;

· secondly, there is a filter that provides selection and protects the channel from overload.

E. Traysman suggested that each familiar word is stored in a long-term memory system in the form of a dictionary unit. The probabilities of the transition from some words to other words of unequal and reflect grammatical and semantic ties characteristic of this language. The identification of this word in the stimulus material that occurs in the course of its processing after the filter leads to activation, that is, the excitation of a certain vocabulary unit. In the event that the signal is not weakened by the filter, its excitation reaches the threshold level, and this vocabulary unity flashes, temporarily lowering the thresholds of other units, with it, connected. In this way, anticipating setting of a dictionary units corresponding to the context of an already perceived message occurs. Without such a setting, perception and understanding of speech will be broken. For example, if when talking with a foreigner in Russian, you will suddenly go to his native language, then at some point we will put it in complete confusion.

Models of early breeding (Broadbent, Traisman):

1. Broadbent (1957): model of information processing system in the human nervous system -dana in the form of mechanical devices. The essence: CNS is a channel of information transfer, with limited bandwidth! (Capacity). Those. Human opportunities are limited! - About 10 bits / s (eg information) Excess this limit - a sharp increase in errors. So, the model of information transfer in humans: 1 option includes 2 stages of information transfer. Stimulation from many sources enters the first stage of processing (s). All incoming messages pass it at the same time and unhindered. Second, later stage R (Perception - Perception) can at the moment skip without errors and loss only one message. It is possible only consistent, alternate processing of other, simultaneously incoming messages. So, the effective operation of the system as a whole involves the selection of one message or information channel among many others in the transition point from the first stage second (channel is a conductor or transfer path of sensory messages of this class, which can be rejected or selected for further processing) . In the early model, D. Bodbent, the channels are formed at the stage of sensory parallel processing. Those. S - stage of sensory, parallel processing and there is a selection based on physical signs (i.e., in the auduality, there are canals of male and female votes; channels of information going to the left or right; channels of quiet and loud speech, in a visual modality - Channels of perception, direction and remoteness of the source of stimulation, colors, brightness, etc.), further processing goes in the R. system

Final model:On first stage At the same time processed and stored (about 2 seconds) all input information - physical signs distinguish between individual information flow channels. Then goes filter, behind him buffer short-term storage unit Raw sensory data (it corresponds to a limited bandwidth channel in an early model) identification of objects or analysis of verbal material value occurs in the second stagethat is, in the system P with limited bandwidth. The filter protects this system from overload, overlapping the inputs of all, except one, relevant, stimulation channels.

So, attention, according to D. Bodbert, performs the function of selection and is a special mechanism (filter) located at an early stage of reception and processing information. Therefore, this theory of attention is called the early selection model.

2. Model of early breeding Treisman: Working out the theory of the filter, it has discovered that the temporary capacity of information storage systems on sensory (anticational) and perceptual stages are different! Traceman dichically presented the same text, but with a shift in a few seconds. The subjects were asked to carefully track, that is, to retire, the message running along the relevant channel. If the secondary message was underestimated by more than 10 s, then the subject could not say anything about the nature of the wrong text. With a gradual decrease in the lags of the non-relevant text relative to the relevant up to 5-6 s, he suddenly stopped, exclaiming: "They are the same!". If the subject fired the text coming behind the irrelevant, it also noticed their identity, but when the shift in 1-2 s.

Traceman revised the concept of early breeding breeding. Traceman, after analyzing all incoming stimulation on the first sensory stage, both messages arrive at the filter. Based on a certain physical sign The filter relaxes the intensity of irrelevant signals (and does not block, like Broadganas!) And freely skips the signals of the relevant channel. Thus, irrelevant stimulation can be recycled and to a greater extent, and in exceptional cases and completely, but only in the part of its part, which corresponds to the settings of a number of identification mechanisms.

Despite the indicated differences, the E. Traysman model of the ideas of D. Brdball's ideas regarding the function, place and selection mechanism: selection is needed to prevent the perception system overload, it occurs at an early stage of stimulation processing and is carried out by filtration.

22. The theories of late breeding along D. Broadbent (not sure about correctness!)

Theories of late breeding

In parallel and in the controversy with the theories of early selection in cognitive psychology, an alternative look at the place of selection in the sequence of information processing processes occurs. In addition, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe selection process as a whole is expanding. In addition to filtering, classification and categorization processes are entered. The classification process occurs at the output of the Limited Capacity Channel. It consists in setting up the system in favor of certain answers. The third, and the last, the process of breeding D. Broadbent calls a category. It includes both the system entry setting and exit. Setting up the output, similar to the process of classification, means an increase in the inclination to answer or a group of responses of a certain species. The entry setting is to reduce the number of distinguished signs. Saving, that is, the unloading of the channel of limited capacity is obtained under the action of any of the three selection mechanisms. Most effective filtration strategy. The processes of classification and especially categorization are less effective, but it is more often used in everyday situations. The overall processing strategy may include a combination of filtering and, for example, classification. These studies contradicting it with early ideas, D. Broadbent explains important, but previously not taken into account by the difference of experimental instructions