Leskov enchanted wanderer analysis by chapter. Analysis "The Enchanted Wanderer" Leskov

The hero of NS Leskov's story "The Enchanted Wanderer" (1873) is a serf peasant who grew up in the count's stable. At the beginning of his life, this is a generously gifted "wild", a kind of "natural person", exhausted under the burden of irrepressible vital energy, which sometimes pushes him to the most reckless acts. A huge natural force, which "is so lively and poured over" through his veins, makes young Ivan Severyanich legendary heroes Russian epics by Ilya Muromets and Vasily Buslaev. The author notes the similarity with the first of them on the very first pages of the story. Thus, it is immediately made clear that this is a "soil" character, which has deep roots in Russian life and Russian history. For a long time, the heroic strength of Ivan Severyanich seems to be dormant in him. Being in the grip of infantile spontaneity, for the time being, he lives outside the categories of good and evil, showing extreme carelessness, reckless impudence, fraught with the most dramatic consequences in his risky actions. In the excitement of a fast ride, without wanting to, he destroys an old monk who accidentally met him, who fell asleep in a hay cart. At the same time, young Ivan is not particularly burdened by the misfortune that has occurred, but the murdered monk now and then appears to him in dreams and pesters him with his questions, predicting the hero's trials that he still has to go through.

However, the innate artistry characteristic of the "enchanted hero" eventually leads him to a new, more high level existence. The sense of beauty, organically characteristic of Ivan Severyanich, while developing, gradually ceases to be only an inner experience - it is enriched by a feeling of ardent affection for those who arouse his admiration. The development of these feelings is presented in one of the central episodes of the story, depicting the meeting of Ivan Severyanich with the gypsy Grusha. Leskov's hero, who has been fascinated by the beauty of a horse for a long time, unexpectedly discovered a new beauty - the beauty of a woman, talent, and the human soul. The experienced charm of Pear gives an opportunity to fully reveal the soul of Ivan. He was able to understand another person, to feel the suffering of others, to show brotherly selfless love and devotion.

The death of Grusha, who could not bear the betrayal of her lover-prince, was so much experienced by Ivan that, in essence, she again made him a "different person", and that, the former, she "crossed out" everything. He rises to a new moral height: the willfulness and randomness of actions are replaced by the purposefulness of all actions, now subordinated to a high moral impulse. Ivan Severyanitch thinks only about how to "suffer" him and thereby atone for sin. Obeying this attraction, he goes to the Caucasus instead of a young recruit. For military feat he is presented for a reward, promoted to an officer, but Ivan is dissatisfied with himself. On the contrary, in him more and more the voice of conscience awakens, which pushes him to do a harsh judgment on past life and recognize yourself as a "great sinner."

At the end of his life, Ivan Severyanich is obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200bheroic self-sacrifice in the name of the fatherland. He's getting ready to go to war. Calmly and simply, he tells his casual fellow travelers that he "really wants to die for the people."

The image of the "enchanted hero" created by the writer contains a broad generalization that allows to comprehend the present and future of the people. According to the author, the people are a baby hero who only enters the stage of historical action, but has the inexhaustible supply of strength necessary for this.

Leskov's concept of "artistry" is associated not only with the natural talent of a person, but also with the awakening of his soul, with the strength of character. A true artist, in the mind of the writer, is a person who has overcome the "beast" in himself, the primitive egoism of his "I".

The work of Leskov, who managed in his own way to deeply realize the contradictions of contemporary Russian life, penetrate into the peculiarities of the national character, vividly capture the features of the spiritual beauty of the people, opened up new perspectives for Russian literature.

In this article, we will look at the story that Leskov created, analyze it, describe summary... "The Enchanted Wanderer" is a complex genre work. It uses the motives of the lives of saints, as well as epics. This story reinterprets plot construction the so-called adventure novels, common in literature in the 18th century.

The Enchanted Wanderer begins with the following events. On Lake Ladoga, on the way to Valaam, several travelers meet on the ship. One of them, a typical bogatyr by sight, dressed in a novice's cassock, says that he has the gift of taming horses. This man died all his life, but he could not die. The former coner, at the request of travelers, talks about his life.

Acquaintance with the main character of the story

His name is Ivan Severyanich Flyagin. He comes from the courtyard people belonging to Count K., who lived in the Oryol province. From childhood, Ivan Severyanich loved horses and once "for the sake of laughter" scored a monk on the cart. At night, he appears to him and reproaches that Flyagin killed him without repentance, says that he is a "promised son" to God, and also gives a prophecy that Ivan Severyanich will die many times, but will not die until " true doom "will not come, and Flyagin will go to the monks. Ivan Severyanitch saves the owner from death in the abyss and receives his mercy. But then he chops off the tail of the master's cat, which was carrying pigeons from him, and as punishment Fleagin is flogged, and then sent to beat stones with a hammer in an English garden. This tormented him, and he wants to commit suicide. The rope prepared for death is cut off by the gypsies, with whom Flyagin, taking the horses, leaves the count. He parted ways with his companion and received a vacation package by selling a silver cross to an official.

Babysitting for the master

We continue to tell you about the story, describe its brief content. Leskov's "Enchanted Wanderer" tells about the following events. Ivan Severyanich is hired as a nanny for the daughter of a master. Here he is very bored, takes the goat and the girl to the river bank, and he himself sleeps over the estuary, where one day he meets the child's mother, a lady, who begs him to give the girl away. But Flyagin is relentless. He even fights with the lancer officer, the woman's current husband. But when Ivan Severyanich sees the approach of an angry master, he gives the child to the mother and decides to run with them. Ivan Severyanich, without a passport, is sent away by the officer, and he goes to the steppe, where the Tatars are driving their horses.

Tatars

The story "The Enchanted Wanderer" continues. Khan Dzhankar sells his horses, and the Tatars fight for them and set prices. They whip each other with whips to get the horses. It was such a competition. When one handsome horse is put up for sale, Ivan Severyanich does not hold back and steam up the Tatar to death, speaking for a remonterer. He is taken to the police for murder, but he runs away. To the main character He did not run away from the Tatars, Ivan Severyanich's legs "bristle". Now he can only move by crawling, serves as their doctor, dreaming of returning to his homeland. He has several wives and children, whom he regrets, but admits that he could not love them, since they are unbaptized.

Russian missionaries

The actions of the story develop further, and we describe their brief content. The Enchanted Wanderer continues with the following events. Flyagin is desperate to return home, but then Russian missionaries come to the steppe. They preach, but refuse to pay the ransom for Ivan Severyanich, claiming that everyone is equal before God, including the enchanted wanderer.

These heroes suffered losses in their missionary work. After a while, one of the preachers is killed, and Flyagin, according to Orthodox custom, buries him. From Khiva, Tatars are bringing two people who want to buy horses for the war. They demonstrate, in the hope of intimidating the sellers, the power of Talafa, their fire god, but Flyagin discovers a box with fireworks in these people, introduces himself to them as Talafa, converts the Tatars to Christianity and cures their feet, finding "caustic earth" in the boxes.

Return to hometown

Ivan Severyanich meets a Chuvashin in the steppe, but he does not agree to go with him, since he simultaneously honors both Nicholas the Wonderworker and the Mordovian Keremeti. There are Russians on the way, they drink vodka and cross themselves, but they drive away Ivan Severyanich, who is without a passport. A wanderer in Astrakhan ends up in prison, from which he is finally delivered to his hometown. In it, Father Ilya excommunicates the protagonist from the sacrament for three years, but the count, who has become pious, lets him go "for rent."

Flyagin gets a job as a horse. About him among the people glory goes sorcerer, and everyone wants to know the secret of Ivan Severyanich. Among the curious and one prince, who took him to the post of coner. Flyagin buys horses for him, but sometimes he gets drunk. Before this happens, he gives all the money for the safety of the prince. When he sells to Dido (a beautiful horse), Ivan Severyanich is very sad, makes an "exit", but keeps the money with him this time. In church, he prays and goes to a tavern, where he meets a man who claims that he began to drink voluntarily, so that it would be easier for others. This man casts a spell on Ivan Severyanich to free him from drunkenness and at the same time gets him drunk.

Meeting with Grushenka

The story "The Enchanted Wanderer" chapter by chapter continues with the following events. At night, Flyagin ends up in another tavern, where he spends all his money on Grushenka, the gypsy songstress. The main character, having obeyed the prince, learns that he also gave fifty thousand for this girl and brought her to the house, but soon he got tired of Pear, and besides, the money ran out.

Ivan Severyanich in the city overhears a conversation that took place between the prince and Evgenia Semyonovna, his former mistress, from which he learns that the owner intends to marry, and Grushenka, who sincerely fell in love with the prince, wants to marry Flyagin. Returning home, he does not find the girl, which the prince secretly takes to the forest. But Pear runs away from the guards and asks Flyagin to drown her. Ivan Severyanich fulfills the request, and he pretends to be the son of a peasant in search of imminent death.

Further adventures

Having given all his savings to the monastery, he goes to war, wanting to die. But he does not succeed, he only differs in the service, becomes an officer, and with the Order of St. George Flyagin is dismissed. After that, Ivan Severyanich gets a job at the address desk as a "reference", but the service does not go well, and he decides to become an artist. Here he stands up for the noblewoman, hits the artist and leaves for the monastery.

Monastic life

Monastic life, according to Flyagin, does not bother him. And here he is with horses. Ivan Severyanich does not consider himself worthy to take the senior tonsure, therefore he lives in obedience. He fights with demons diligently. One day Flyagin hacks to death one of them with an ax, but the demon turns out to be a cow. For a whole summer, he is once imprisoned for the next "battle" in the cellar, where he reveals the gift of prophecy. How does Leskov end the story? The Enchanted Wanderer ends as follows. The traveler confesses that he is waiting for an imminent death, since the spirit inspires him to go to war, and he wants to die for the people.

Brief analysis

Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer" wrote in 1873. At the beginning of life, the hero appears as a "natural person" who is exhausted under the burden of vital energy. Natural strength makes Flyagin related to the heroes of the epics Vasily Buslaev and Ilya Muromets. This character has deep roots in Russian history and life. For a long time, the heroic strength of Ivan Severyanich dormant in him. He lives outside the concepts of good and evil, shows carelessness, impudence, fraught with dramatic consequences, which the enchanted wanderer experiences in the future.

Analysis of the development of his character shows that he is undergoing significant transformations. The innate artistry characteristic of this person gradually brings him to a higher standard of living. Flagin's characteristic sense of beauty is enriched by a sense of affection. The hero, who was previously carried away only by the beauty of horses, reveals another beauty - a woman, a human soul, talent. The enchanted wanderer experiences its meaning with all his being. This new beauty fully reveals his soul. The death of Pear makes him essentially a different person, all of whose actions are subordinate to moral impulses. Increasingly, the enchanted wanderer hears the voice of conscience, whose analysis leads him to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to atone for his sins, to serve the country and people.

In the end, the main character is obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200bself-sacrifice in the name of the Fatherland. The image of this "hero" is a generalized one that comprehends the present and future of the Russian people. This is the main theme of this work. The enchanted wanderer is a baby hero, a collective image of the people who are just entering the historical stage, but already have an inexhaustible supply internal forcesnecessary for development.

Leskov's work "The Enchanted Wanderer" is studied in grade 10 at literature lessons. It is quite difficult to perceive and understand in school age, the issues of righteousness and faith are less relevant for adolescence. For a deep understanding and a comprehensive analysis of the work, preparation for the exam will require specific knowledge. We invite you to familiarize yourself with our version of the analysis of the "Enchanted Wanderer" according to the plan.

Brief analysis

Year of writing - 1872-1873, first published in the newspaper "Russian World" in the same year.

History of creation - the creation of the author's work was prompted by a trip on Lake Ladoga, the amazing nature of those places, the wonderful lands where monks spend their lives.

Topic - righteousness, the search for one's destiny, faith and patriotism.

Composition - 20 chapters connected by the presence of the main character, the author does not adhere to chronology, the structural components are autonomous.

Genre - a story. The work has pronounced features of ancient Russian hagiographic texts, adventures and epics.

Direction - romanticism.

History of creation

In The Enchanted Wanderer, the analysis would not be complete without a background of writing. The idea of \u200b\u200bwriting a story about a Russian hero-wanderer, homeless and morally whole, came to Leskov during his trip to Lake Ladoga. It is these places that monks choose for their earthly shelter, there is a special atmosphere and nature.

Taking up work in 1872, Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov completed the book in a year. In 1873, he took the manuscript to the editorial office of Russkiy Vestnik, but the editor-in-chief considered it unfinished and refused to publish it. Then the writer changed the title of the work from “Chernozem Telemak” to “The Enchanted Wanderer” and handed the book over to the editors of the “Russian World”, where it was published in the same year.

Leskov dedicated the story to S.E. Kushelev (a general who participated in the war in the Caucasus); the author himself read the book for the first time at his home. The meaning of the name consists in amazing ability the main character to contemplate the environment and admire, be enchanted by him, and the role of a wanderer, a man without a home and family, is destined for the character. A kind of legend about moral strength and Russian character came from Leskov's pen. As the author himself noted, the story was created “in one breath”, easily and quickly.

Topic

The story touches on many burning topics, it describes the time period of the 1820s-30s. When originally published, the title was The Enchanted Wanderer. His life, experiences, opinions and adventures ”. It is these milestones that are touched upon in the work, which is included in the cycle of legends about the Russian righteous. It is noteworthy that the image of the protagonist is fictional, but very lively and believable.

The author means issueseven at the beginning of the story: this is a story about righteousness and Orthodoxy. The righteous man, according to the author, is not one who does not commit sins, but one who realizes the need to repent and acknowledge his mistakes. The path of the righteous is a life filled with trials and mistakes, without which human existence is impossible.

The theme of nostalgia permeates the entire narrative: the hero painfully misses his homeland in captivity, prays and cries at night. He does not feel paternal feelings for his unbaptized children, born of wives in Tatar captivity. Flyagin “finds himself” in the war in the Caucasus, he turns out to be a fearless soldier, is not afraid of death, and luck favors him. Love theme touched upon by the author in several chapters, the main character does not experience true pure love, his experience of communicating with women is sad - fate decides that Flagin is not destined to be a father and a husband. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe story is that sooner or later a person finds his destiny, his whole life is a movement in this direction.

Composition

"The Enchanted Wanderer" consists of twenty chapters, which are put together according to the principle of memories and associations of the main character - the narrator. There is some semblance of a “story within a story”, when in the first chapter the monk Ishmael sails on a steamer and talks about his life at the request of passengers. From time to time, he answers questions from the audience, which allows the author to bring his point of view and emphasize especially important points of the story.

The culmination of the piece can be considered the spiritual rebirth of the hero, his coming to God, the gift of prophecy and testing of the dark forces. The denouement is still ahead of the hero, he is going to fight for the Russian people, wanting to give his life, if necessary, for the faith, for his homeland. A feature of the composition can also be considered the fact that the narrator uses different vocabulary when conveying a certain story (Tatars, the life of the prince, love for the gypsy Grusha).

main characters

Genre

Traditionally, it is customary to designate the "Enchanted Wanderer" genre as a story. In the first publications it was indicated - a story. However, the genre originality of the work goes far beyond a simple narrative.

Researchers of Leskov's work, critics find that the work combines the features of life and the features of an adventure novel that were popular in the 19th century. The story is connected with the genre of life by its structure and a special semantic load: wandering, vicissitudes, the search for peace of mind, suffering, “walking” and patiently bearing one's burden. The hero's spiritual growth, his dreams, mystical moments and much more are signs of the hagiographic genre. The Old Russian Lives of Saints are built on the principle of combining several independent stories from different periods of a person's life, and the chronological sequence in this genre is not always observed.

With the genre of an adventure novel, the work has in common the meaning of a literary text: a dynamic narrative with a change in various types of activities: the main character is a groom, a nanny, a doctor, a prisoner, a participant in military battles in the Caucasus, a circus worker, a monk. An amazing richness of events for the life of one ordinary person. In his inner and outer image, the protagonist resembles the character of Russian epics - a hero.

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“The Enchanted Wanderer” by NS Leskov

Leskov's story "The Enchanted Wanderer" dates back to 1873. Initially it was called “Chernozem Telemak”. In the image of the wanderer Ivan Flyagin, remarkable features of people who are energetic, talented by nature, inspired by an endless love for people are generalized. It depicts a man of the people in the intricacies of his difficult fate, not broken, even though "he died all his life and could not die in any way." A kaleidoscope of pictures of serf Russia arises in the story, many of which anticipate Leskov's satirical works of the 80s-90s.

“The Enchanted Wanderer” was Leskov's favorite hero, he put him next to “Lefty”. “The enchanted wanderer should immediately (by winter) be published in the same volume with Levshoy under one general title:“ Well done, ”he wrote in 1866.

The kind and simple-minded Russian giant is the main character and the central figure of the story. This man with a childlike soul is distinguished by irrepressible strength of mind, heroic mischief and that excessiveness in hobbies that is so alien to the moderation of virtuous bourgeois heroes. He acts at the behest of duty, often on the inspiration of feelings and in an occasional outburst of passion. However, all his actions, even the strangest ones, are invariably born out of his inherent humanity. He strives for truth and beauty through mistakes and bitter remorse, he seeks love and generously gives love to people. The "enchanted wanderer" is a type of "Russian wanderer" (in Dostoevsky's words). Of course, Flyagin has nothing to do with the noble "superfluous people" - Aleko, Onegin, whom Dostoevsky had in mind. But he also seeks and cannot find himself. He does not need to humble himself and wish to work in his native field. He is already humble and, by his peasant title, is put before the need to work. But he has no peace. In life he is not a participant, but only a wanderer, “black earth Telemac”.

In the story, the life of the protagonist is a chain of adventures, so varied that each of them, being an episode of one life, at the same time can make up a whole life. The postilian of Count K., a fugitive serf, a nurse of an infant, a Tatar prisoner, a coner at the prince-repairman, a soldier, a cavalier of St. George - a retired officer, a "clerk" in the address desk, an actor in a booth and, finally, a monk in a monastery - and that this is during one life, not yet completed.

The very name of the hero turns out to be fickle: “Golovan” is a nickname in childhood and adolescence; “Ivan” is the name of his Tatars) this name is not so much a proper name as a common noun: “they have everything if an adult Russian is Ivan, and a woman is Natasha, and they call boys Kolki”); Under the false name of Peter Serdyukov, he serves in the Caucasus: having gone to the soldiers for another, he seems to inherit his fate and after the expiration of his service life he can no longer regain his name. And finally, having become a monk, he is called “Father Ishmael,” but nevertheless always remains himself - a Russian man, Ivan Severyanich Flyagin.

Creating this image, Leskov will not forget anything - neither childish spontaneity, nor a kind of “artistry” and narrow “patriotism” of the “warrior”. For the first time in a writer, the personality is so multifaceted, so free, so set free.

The very wandering of Leskov's hero has the deepest meaning; it is on the roads of life that the “enchanted wanderer” comes into contact with other people, these unexpected encounters put the hero in front of problems, the very existence of which he had never suspected before.

Ivan Severyanich Flyagin amazes at first sight with his originality: “He was a man of enormous stature, with a swarthy open face and thick wavy lead-colored hair; so strangely cast his gray ... he was in the full sense of the word a hero, reminiscent of grandfather Ilya Muromets in the beautiful picture of Vereshchagin and in the poem of Count A. K. Tolstoy. It seemed that he would not walk in a duckweed, but sit on his "chubar" and ride in bast shoes through the forest and lazily sniff how "the dark forest smells of tar and strawberries."

The story of the taming of the horse does not seem to be at all connected with the two previous ones, but its finale - the death of the tamed horse - brings to mind the death of the exiled sexton. And here and there there is violence against a free being of nature. Both man and animal, who have shown disobedience, are broken and cannot bear it. From the story of the taming of the horse begins the story of Flyagin's “vast past vitality,” and this episode is not accidentally “taken out” of the sequential chain of events. This is, as it were, a kind of prologue to the life of the hero.

According to the hero's conviction, his destiny is that he is a “praying” and “promised” son, must devote his life to serving God.

Ivan Severyanich Flyagin lives primarily not with his mind, but with his heart, and therefore the course of life imperiously carries him along, that is why the circumstances in which he finds himself are so varied. The path taken by the hero of the story is the search for his place among other people, his vocation, comprehending the meaning of his life efforts, but not with reason, but with his whole life and his destiny. Ivan Severyanich Flyagin does not seem to be interested in the questions of human existence, but with his whole life, with its bizarre move, he answers them in his own way.

The theme of "tormenting" develops regardless of the fact that the hero does not attach much importance to it. The story of Ivan Severyanich about his life seems almost implausible precisely because all this fell to the lot of one person. “What a drum you are, brother, they beat you, they beat you, and they still can't finish it off,” the doctor who has listened to the whole story tells him.

Leskov's hero is deprived of life, robbed by it from the very beginning, but in the process of life itself, he multiplies the spiritual wealth that he is endowed with by nature a hundredfold. His exclusivity grows on Russian folk soil and is all the more significant because the hero responds to everything with his own heart, and not with the constructions of his mind. The idea here is opposed by something unconditional, withstanding the most difficult tests.

In the unhurried narration of Leskov's heroes, visible features of the recent past arose and the figures of real people emerged. Therefore, "The Enchanted Wanderer" unfolds before the reader the main theme of Leskov's work - the theme of the formation of a person, the tormenting torment of his spirit in the struggle of passions and prudence, in the difficult knowledge of the hero himself. Behind the incident, the incident arose in these works of the life of the individual.

The writer's keen interest in national culture, the subtlest feeling of all shades of folk life made it possible to create a kind of art world and to develop a distinctive, artistic, inimitable - “Leskovsky” way of depicting. Leskov knew how to portray the life of the people, merged together with the people's world outlook, rooted deeply in national history... Leskov believed and knew how to show that the people are able to deeply "understand the public benefit and serve it without adaptation and, moreover, serve with exemplary self-sacrifice even in such terrible historical moments when the salvation of the fatherland seemed impossible." Deep faith in the great strength of the people and love for the people gave him the opportunity to see and comprehend the “inspiration” of the people's characters. In The Enchanted Wanderer, for the first time in Leskov's work, the theme of folk heroism is fully developed. Despite many unsightly features, realistically noted by the author, the collective semi-fairytale image of Ivan Flyagin appears before us in all its grandeur, nobility of his soul, fearlessness and beauty and merges with the image of the heroic people. “I really want to die for the people,” says the enchanted wanderer ... “Black earth Telemak” deeply experiences its involvement in the native land. What a great feeling is contained in his unpretentious story about loneliness in Tatar captivity: “... There is no bottom here in the depths of melancholy ... You see, you yourself do not know where, and suddenly a monastery or temple will appear before you, and you will remember the baptized land and cry”.

In The Enchanted Wanderer, Leskov speaks of the “good Russian hero”, of the “good innocence”, of the “kind soul”, of the “kind and strict life”. The life of the described heroes is full of wild, evil and cruel impulses, but kindness rests in the hidden source of all human actions and thoughts - unearthly, ideal, mystical. It does not reveal itself among people in its pure form, because kindness is a state of the soul that has come into contact with the deity.

Those heroes who are closest to his heart, Leskov always compares with the heroes of epics and fairy tales. N. Pleshunov makes the following conclusion, talking about the "Enchanted Wanderer": "... there is a guess that this" Enchanted Wanderer "is the people under serfdom, looking for, waiting for the hour of their deliverance." Not only the heroes of The Enchanted Wanderer, but many other images of the writer were “icons”, but not in the sense that they were essentially religious, but in the fact that their most significant features were reflected by the writer “statically”, “traditionally” , in the spirit of religious genres, genres of folklore and ancient Russian literature: lives and parables, legends and traditions, legends, anecdotes and fairy tales.

The hero of the story is called an enchanted wanderer - and in this name the whole worldview of the writer appears. Charm is a wise and blessed destiny, which, like the wonderful icon in the “Sealed Angel,” itself sets a person with different temptations. Even in moments of rebellion against her, she slowly and imperceptibly fosters divine self-denial in a person, preparing a decisive change in his consciousness. Each life event casts a shadow into the soul, preparing sorrowful doubts in it, a quiet sorrow about the bustle of life.

Religious perception of the world, a tendency to superstition correspond to the level of consciousness of most Leskov's heroes, are determined by traditions and ideas about the world around them that gravitate over them. However, under the cover of the religious thoughts and reasoning of his heroes, the writer was able to see a completely worldly, everyday attitude to life and even (which is especially significant) was able to critically view the official religion and the church. Therefore, the work "The Enchanted Wanderer" has not lost its deep meaning to this day.

Whatever a religious person from the common people looks at, everything acquires a wonderful meaning for him. He sees God in appearances - and these appearances seem to him as one air chain that connects him with the last refuge of the spirit. Making his life's path, he sheds on it the light of his infant faith, not doubting that the path leads him to God. This thought runs through Leskov's entire story "The Enchanted Wanderer". Its details are striking in their originality, and in some places, through the thick colors of everyday description, one can feel the nature of the writer, with its various, explicit and secret passions.

A deep sense of moral beauty, alien to corrupting indifference, “overcomes the spirit” of the Leskov righteous. The native environment communicates by its living example not only inspirational impulses, but "strict and sober mood" to their "healthy soul, living in a healthy and strong body."

Leskov loved all of Russia as it is. He perceived it as an old fairy tale. This is a tale about an enchanted hero. He portrayed Russia as holy and sinful, unjust and righteous. Before us is an amazing country of amazing people. Where else can you find such righteous people, craftsmen, eccentrics? But she was all frozen in charm, frozen in her unexpressed beauty and holiness, and she had nowhere to put herself to. It has daring, scope, great talent, but everything is dormant, everything is constrained, everything is enchanted.

“Enchanted Rus” is a conventional literary term. This is a cumulative image recreated by the artist in his work, which has absorbed some aspects of historical reality. These are the hidden great powers that Leskov saw in his people. This is an “old tale” about him.

List of references:

1. A. Volynsky “N.S. Leskov ";

2. V. Yu. Troitsky “The Writer of the Russian Land”, “Leskov - the Artist”;

3. L. Krupchanov “Thirst for Light”;

4. G. Hunn “The Enchanted Rus of Nikolai Leskov”.

5. B. Dykhanov “The Sealed Angel” and “The Enchanted Wanderer” by NS Leskov ”.

The name "The Enchanted Wanderer" is so mysterious and polysemantic that it is rightfully considered one of the writer's highest artistic achievements. You can judge this for yourself by the number of questions that this title poses to an attentive and competent reader.

First, how do you understand the word "enchanted": as an adjective or as a participle? In this case, it is not a pseudoscientific linguistic casuistry, but a question, on the answer to which the understanding of meaning depends. If this is a passive past participle, then the "wanderer" is fascinated by someone or something. If this is an adjective, then we are fascinated by it.

Moreover, another question arises, in which of the meanings is this word used by the writer? Dictionaries give three meanings. But in an artistic context, new meanings of this word can also appear.

Think about this question, refer to dictionaries, to the text of the story, but for now, for our conversation, we will accept three main versions of the meaning: 1) the wanderer is fascinated, in the sense of bewitched, bewitched by some kind of charm: 2) the wanderer is enchanted, in other words, is delighted with someone then; 3) we, the readers, are delighted or fascinated by the wanderer, and perhaps the author too?

A. A. Gorelov: “Leskov saw the national hero at that turn of his life, when in the formerly naive and impulsive commoner, a self-conscious will to historical action began to speak and led him through life. Then not only the external "charm", but already the "charm" of some internal self-restraints of the will, which took shape in particular ... of the Russian national character, began to appear to him as something that needs to be overcome. The conflict is twofold, the conflict is fundamental - with external and internal principles that have become the nature of the people - such is the historical situation in which the reader sees the "enchanted wanderer" - the new Ilya Muromets, abundant with bright qualities and inclinations, overflowing with strength. As you can gradually see, the naming of the hero "enchanted" and the comparison with the "charmed", saved from death in battle by Ilya mean some mutual opposition, to a much lesser extent inherent in folklore sources and drawn with all the poignancy (hence the "drama comedy" of the symbolic character) by the writer XIX century, striving to reveal the needs of national development, and thereby serve as a clue to the future of the nation. "

Nikolai Semenovich Leskov is rightfully called the "magician of the word." Who does not remember his "slander" or "multiplication dolbit". But the search for special verbal forms, sometimes the creation of new words, were important for the writer not in themselves, but primarily as a means of showing, or rather depicting, the hero and expressing his attitude towards him. And this was necessary in order for the reader to understand more clearly the position of the creator, his view of the illuminated problems.

Leskov finds a special genre form. It combines classical folklore and literary genres, gives them clarifying definitions of the genre structure, allowing them to direct the interpretation in the direction necessary for the author: for example, "open letter", "family chronicle", "legendary incident", "pictures from nature." And the fate of Ivan Severyanovich Flyagin Leskov calls "everyday drama comedy".

Thus, the literary renewal of genre forms known from the folklore tradition allows them to be endowed with new meaningfulness while maintaining many of the principles of presentation familiar to the reader. And the result is a kind of genre inherent in Leskov - "story-half-fudge", about which he says: "Here is described the truth, mixed with fiction and obscured in order to have the right to be published." Pay attention to the word "shaded" when looking for answers to questions about the meaning of the name.

The composition of The Enchanted Wanderer, in fact, like the genre, can also be safely called Leskovskaya. Look, there is no cross-cutting plot, but there is one dominant theme. It spreads “into small streams of small plots and subordinate motives, united into a narrative whole by the personality of the main storyteller alone”. That is, before us, in essence, the biography of the hero, the chronicle of his life, which is an endless path of searches for the present. Note that she is told on the road.

Short chapters into which the work is divided, on the one hand, make reading more exciting (a short story with a beginning and an end), and on the other hand, they emphasize the ideological and artistic significance of each story, which individually can look like an anecdote, but when combined with others, creates a real multidimensional space for the life of the hero, country, their destinies and their purpose. Thus, the artistic world of the work begins to intertwine with the world of reality. The reader creates an artistic illusion of being present simultaneously in two spaces: artistic and real.

By the way, note that Ivan Severyanovich has some kind of special relationship with space and time, like a fabulous or epic hero. And these relations are compositionally emphasized in the "story-were". Find examples yourself.

So we conclude. The genre and composition of The Enchanted Wanderer allow you to see not only the events of the hero's life, but the panorama of the life of the country and the people through these adventurous stories.