Who moves in thin air. What is thin air? Gas shell of the Earth

Don’t rush to throw away the empty bottles that have accumulated after the holidays; you can do one spectacular experiment with them. You will need a container of water. Let's pour some water into the bottle itself. Then place it in the microwave for one and a half to two minutes to bring to a boil. Then we carefully take it out, without lifting the neck up so that steam does not escape.

Place in a container of water. If you do everything quickly, you can observe the reverse process: steam condensation and filling the bottle with water. At the beginning, nothing worked. The condensation was somehow sluggish and uninteresting. The experimenter changed the heating time and the amount of water from the bottle, gained more cold water, but this did not change the picture.

The critical parameter turned out to be the temperature of the glass of the bottle itself. The more it heats up, the slower the process of steam condensation occurs. Everything was really bad with the small bottle... It all turned out only in the evening...
This is certainly not a vacuum. But the vacuum is quite decent. And most importantly, it is simple and clear to understand.

discussion

Igor Beletsky
+enikeys4ik yes, this happened for the first time, I even put plastic on the bottom of the vase so as not to break it, but it sticks to the neck and prevents water from being absorbed. Not everything is as easy to do as it might seem in the short video.

Peolepol
+mvandreymv the steam in the bottle displaced the air; when the bottle was lowered into the water, it sucked in water due to the formation of condensation (the steam turned into water), and some emptiness was formed. As they said in the video: “nature does not like emptiness. ”

Das
+peolepol As I understand it, it’s not the collection of water in the bottle that is being seen, but a sharp splash, which happened twice in the video. What is this, why does it happen and what’s the joke – I also couldn’t understand.

Airaleais
+ker arkad the steam cools evenly in the bottle, and at a certain temperature it begins to condense, drawing in water accelerates the condensation process, water rushes into the container even faster, at a certain moment all the steam simultaneously in all areas drops to the condensation temperature, which is why it sucks in water so sharply.

Kovalev Lev
+ker arkad water vapor replaced the air. When the bottle was lowered upside down into cold water, the steam began to condense, and there was almost no air in the bottle. Thus, the pressure in the bottle drops sharply, and external atmospheric pressure pushes water into the bottle.

maxim tepluk
there was an idea to try to achieve a good vacuum in a sealed container by chemical reactions. For example, purge a vessel being evacuated with oxygen, displacing the air from it. Then seal. And the final stage is to convert the oxygen contained in a closed vessel into a solid substance of some oxide, maybe a metal. For example, burn electric shock a wire spiral pre-placed in the vessel.

Petr Timchenko
but drawing water into a bottle is not so interesting; it will be much more interesting to attach a pressure-vacuum meter to the container and detect the “dry” vacuum during external cooling of the container and internal condensation of vapors in the mixture.

Mrdeltik
Hurray, it worked the first time! True, when the zilch happened. I took a bottle of quail vodka, 0.7 l. I poured it so that it wouldn’t spill out while lying down. Heating time is 3 minutes at maximum power.

Mrdeltik
+Igor Beletsky,
I'm delighted. I've already scared my wife too. Recently I showed my son how to put an egg in a bottle - he is 7 years old, and I tried to explain the expansion/compressibility of gases. But this effect is much more spectacular (although it is not related to compressibility, but one can be deceitful). I am grateful to you - I have already liked and subscribed.

Ivan Ivanovich
There will be no deep vacuum here, not even close! Mislead people. But people’s interest in such experiments is growing.
This is already good.

Steppeez
well, a water-steam vacuum of such depth is not enough to even ignite a smoldering electric discharge in it. And in this video it is not clear that water (this is not even fine dust of snow crystals) gushes into the volume of the bottle not through a nozzle brought to perfection and without finely dispersed refrigerant spraying in the volume of the bottle, i.e. not the way it works in working conditions chambers of vacuum steam-breathing heat machines.

Pukan Pukanovich

sergey family
if you combine a steam engine with a vacuum engine in one design and power it from a solar concentrator or, even better, from catalytic combustion. I think it will be a very entertaining video.

Dmitry Litovchenko
like! I'm your subscriber! Igor, you and Kreosan are my favorite experimentalists! You are the coolest! Courage is your thing! Igor! Huge request! Add at least a little safety instructions to the video! People are not yet immortal and mutilation does not decorate us yet!
Think about the picture: polytraumatology or burn department for subscribers of such channels! This could soon become real!
Real - 1995. Odessa Hospital of Eye Diseases named after. V. P. Filatova, children's burn department! Seven blind boys from 11 to 14 years old, putting right hand on the shoulder of the one in front! The first one distinguishes shadows and can navigate a little! That's why he's in charge! And in the evening, on a large and beautiful balcony, with a guitar, he sang a song with the words “Dad, what do clouds look like? “His mother sat next to him with a stony face. The boys were from the Donetsk region, children of miners. Curiosity and ignorance forced me to throw an oxygen tank into the fire. And the light went out. And the gentlemen for life will have to be reconsidered.

Safe curiosity - fast progress!
Illiterate curiosity is, at best, a quick death!
It is rightly said: “It is not a fool who is terrible, but a fool with initiative!”

Thank you very much for your understanding and quick response! An accident can happen at any minute. YouTube works around the clock! The author is sleeping, and the children are jumping in a noisy crowd to the next world! Remember this! Please! This is no joke! I know what I'm talking about! I am a disabled worker! And on the safety pages there are 2.5 liters of my blood!

Petr Timchenko
An example of the operation of Dalton’s law: “the pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituent components.” Air-water vapor mixture. During condensation, the partial pressure of steam decreases, but the air remains constant. The mixture loses its total pressure and a vacuum occurs. A greater vacuum in the vessel can be achieved by condensing the air itself, and then there will be a real “supervacuum” (within the limits of physics). I didn’t watch the video in order to analyze the situation myself.

Anatoly Parkhomenko
What does this mean when it rains - rarefaction? Or in this case, the steam replaced the air and, falling into the condensate, dragged the liquid with it? The steam has completely displaced the air and the steam pressure is less than the air; the pressure difference squeezes water into the bottle! Cool!

Evgeny E.
As soon as you start heating it, it will immediately boil – i.e. Some of the water from the liquid will quickly turn into steam, the pressures will equalize and the “boiling” will stop until the next increase in temperature.
The explanation is simple - boiling begins when the pressure saturated vapors becomes equal to external pressure.

Evgeny E.
That is, in the bottle, the vapor and liquid will be in thermodynamic equilibrium - as many molecules from the liquid fly away into the vapor, the same number will fly back. If you increase the temperature, the rate of evaporation will be greater than the rate of condensation.
If the temperature is raised slowly, then bubbles may not be visible, since there is enough surface area to provide the desired evaporation rate. If you increase it quickly, then bubbles will appear - that’s the same “boiling”

ivan88587
no, it’s not the air that doesn’t draw in water, but the air is not steam, it doesn’t condense when cooled and doesn’t create a vacuum. Steam is heavier than air and displaces it in any boiling container and then, if the container is closed, condensing into water, it forms a vacuum.

gustafa111
from this series: take a 200 liter barrel (from a solvent, for example), fill it with water, boil it (you can put steam in there right away, it’s easier) and let it cool (with the lid closed!), It is important not to touch it until it cools down) then we throw a stone at it and it collapses (tearing the fabric of the universe, forming a black hole that will swallow the earth). By the way, it's quite spectacular

Alik litvinov
I also invented different ways to obtain a vacuum, remade a bicycle pump, etc. And then I bought this little thing http: //lavrplus. Prom. Ua/p52544665-vakuumnyj-nasos-2rs. HTML
True, it cost 1200 hryvnia in 2013, and not 2700 as it is now. This pump creates a vacuum sufficient, for example, for experiments on boiling water at a temperature of only 2 - 3 degrees. And if you need a high vacuum, as in a kinescope, you also need a turbomolecular pump, unfortunately, its price is not affordable for a mere mortal, from about 20 thousand hryvnia.
High vacuum became available to people only some 120 - 150 years ago. It’s hard to believe, such a simple and at the same time difficult to achieve substance.

Igor Beletsky
+max frosts because there are no schoolchildren who watch more often and a lot. Post a link to this video on social networks, help me promote the channel and do cooler experiments, it's all in your hands!

Smdfb
Igor, you’ve probably seen a bunch of videos on the Internet about endless energy (like how they take a surge protector and its light bulb is always on). How do you think these pranks are done? All that comes to my mind is only electromagnetic induction. Somewhere nearby there must be a source that creates an alternating electromagnetic field. Is this true?

Igor Beletsky
+den, but of course they won’t show it and haven’t shown it to anyone, because how they heat up a bottle of water quickly without a microwave, you can heat up an iron can, but then you won’t see all the beauty of the process.

Id vlog
Igor, please help me solve the problem. In a socket electromechanical timer https: //youtu. Be/kgf51me3xms the mechanism is driven by a roller magnet rotating in a magnetic field created by a 220 V coil. Is it possible to rewind the coil (and how?) so that it runs on 2 AA batteries. And how to position permanent magnets on iron brackets so that it works only from magnets. The first question is more important. Thank you.

Igor Beletsky
+ it’s time-consuming and difficult to do the right thing, try to do at least something yourself, but while complex experiments are being done, it was necessary to post something so that people don’t forget, is it really difficult to guess for yourself.

Azpuka kusa
+Igor Beletsky (investigator) if you do a fairly complex experiment, then the audience will be more attracted, and accordingly everything will pay off. We are waiting for cool experiments from you

Igor Beletsky
+ azpuka kusa I understand this perfectly well and now I’m preparing two such experiments at once, but it takes a lot of time to bring them to a normal form, I haven’t posted at least one video a week and that’s it – don’t expect the channel to grow.

Igor Beletsky
+hofrin rus yes it is school physics, but you don’t want to say that you or any of us were shown this at school before, or especially today.

Andrey Rybin
the effect is not explained well enough, i.e. what causes the vacuum in the bottle? As a result of the fact that the water heats up, and the air heats up from contact with it, then expands and is forced out of the bottle?

Petrogor
+Andrey Rybin To understand, you need to pay attention to how water vapor differs from air. Steam, when water boils, displaces all the air from the bottle and there is virtually no air left in the bottle. There is only water in the bottle gaseous state. When water changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, a vacuum occurs.

Poluchankin Mikhail
For some reason I didn’t understand how this works, but what if you heat the bottle in oil to 120″ and do the same? It will probably burst. I haven’t woken up yet, but it seems to me that in order for steam to form, you need a hot, dry surface. And in the video you are in a hurry to drain the water, while the bottle is wet, the water rises smoothly, and when it reaches the dry surface, steam is formed.

Aquadevice
Now you can make a piston steam vacuum engine. The efficiency will be much greater than that of a conventional steam locomotive. And if the working fluid is not water, but light-boiling, then you can use the natural temperature difference.

Igor Beletsky
+scwobu if there is such an effect, there will always be a use. For example, the same suction cup (to quickly attach something to a smooth surface), or a primitive pump to quickly pump out something, etc.

Igor vorob
+Igor Beletsky (investigator) no offense, but this is not the first comment you write the preposition “so that” separately, in the form “so that”. I understand illiterate, dropout schoolchildren; they don’t know when to write “so that” and when to write “what” with the subjunctive particle “would”.
But you seem to consider yourself a popularizer of science. You should pay more attention to literacy, eh?
And thanks for the experience, clearly. Only for those who confuse “tsya” - “tsya”, “so that” and “what would” - it would be nice for them to explain the essence of the phenomenon. And as accessible as possible.

Format128
and I
a nuclear power plant costs, for example, a billion. But if every day a couple of million people pay 2 rubles each, then it pays off. What percentage uses solar panels? So you won’t be able to sell them cheaply

trapwalker
you can make an effective vacuum pump for pumping out large volumes of air. It is necessary to insert a thin tube from the steam generator into a durable container, coaxial valves close the steam supply tube and switch the volume of the container to the pumped circuit. After this, the container must be cooled until condensation and the valves must be switched back. The installation can easily be doubled by installing a similar tank with valves in antiphase.

Nikolay Pshonnikov
+trapwalker s https: //ru. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/%d0%9f%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%8f_%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b8%d0 %bd%d0%b0_%d0%9d%d1%8c%d1%8e%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0

trapwalker
+nikolay pshonnikov my description does not include any piston. A piston, cylinder, sealing rings - this is exactly what is very difficult to obtain at home. But plastic pipes, fittings of any diameter and ball valves are sold very inexpensively in any hardware store and are easy to install without special skills.

Trapwalker
+bang bang. I didn’t understand something, if this is not a question, then. Why? Explain. If the question is... Idk. It's pretty useless. I love generating ideas, this is my hobby, but these ideas go nowhere beyond ideas (for the most part), because this is no longer my hobby (for the most part.

Jwserge
Holy shit
I just made a discovery for myself
thank you

Igor Beletsky
+jwserge I’ve seen videos of aluminum cans and even large barrels collapsing in this way, but I haven’t seen water getting in there yet, so I decided to try it.

Alexei Belousov
I don’t even understand, there is still air there when the neck of the bottle is dipped into water. But where does he go then? Does it dissolve in water? It's not clear in general.

Gluckmaker
18 grams of water in a gaseous state at atmospheric pressure occupies a volume of 22.4 liters
so to fill a half-liter bottle with steam you need about 1/3 cc of water. Therefore, if steam has displaced all the air from the bottle and it is immediately sealed, then a decent vacuum will arise there.

Andrey sc
+nradrus no. The maximum pressure that can be achieved in this way is equal to the pressure of saturated water vapor at the temperature of the experiment. Even at zero Celsius it is about 600 pascals, which is a lot for lamps.

ID13
+andrey sem
, it is possible with something that is activated above the boiling point of water at the existing pressure. That is, first, clogging with 100% water vapor and a supply of reagents and a structure (radio lamp, for example), then calcination to activate the chemical substance that absorbs water.

Since the air pressure at altitude is less than at sea level, the air there is less dense and rarefied. With each breath, there is less oxygen in your lungs, namely its molecules, than when breathing in the lowlands, closer to sea level. At the same time, the oxygen content (its percentage) in the air does not change.

This means that in such conditions it is more difficult for the human body to absorb the amount of oxygen it needs than when it is at sea level. When the body's need for oxygen exceeds the ability to absorb it from rarefied air (this can happen during significant physical exertion), hypoxia develops - oxygen deficiency. The reason for the appearance of hypoxia even before the start of the descent from the mountain is often the heavy physical exertion that the rider experiences while climbing. Signs and symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue, dizziness, weakness and complete loss of energy. It seems to you that the work you are doing is much more difficult than usual.

Fortunately, hypoxia is easy to avoid. Being high above sea level, you need to limit your physical activity and rest more often. Give extra time to packing, do not take more than necessary and remember that in the mountains every kilogram is worth three. Make sure you don't lose your breath. If you live high above sea level, or spend a lot of time in the mountains, then your body, accustomed to thin air, is less susceptible to hypoxia.

The state of hypoxia can occur unexpectedly, in the final phase of your physical exercises. In the lowlands, your body is affected by atmospheric pressure to a greater extent than in the mountains, and your body easily receives the oxygen it needs. In the mountains, in a rarefied atmosphere, after heavy physical exertion, it is difficult to restore your breathing.

If you feel signs of hypoxia, immediately stop making any physical efforts, take a break and restore your breathing. Resume activity only after breathing has returned to normal, and do everything at a slower pace. If you get a little tired while doing exercise, rest and catch your breath before the next climb up the mountain.

The intensity of development of mountain sickness depending on altitude:

1000-2500 Physically untrained people experience some lethargy, slight dizziness, and rapid heartbeat. But there are no symptoms of altitude sickness yet.

2500-3000 Most physically healthy people will already feel the effects of altitude and thin air. A headache will appear, pain in the muscles and joints is possible, a decrease in appetite, respiratory rhythm disturbances, and drowsiness are possible. But most likely there will be no obvious symptoms of altitude sickness. But some untrained or weakened people may experience behavioral deviations. High spirits, excessive gesticulation and talkativeness, causeless fun and laughter. Very similar to slight alcohol intoxication.

4000-5000 Perhaps she will appear here. Mountain sickness. In its most unpleasant symptoms. Acute and severe mountain sickness may occur in some cases. A sharp deterioration in breathing, disruption of the rhythm of respiratory movements, complaints of suffocation. Nausea and vomiting, pain in the abdominal area are common. The excited state is replaced by apathy, indifference, loss of mood, melancholy. Pronounced symptoms of altitude sickness may not appear immediately, but after some time at this altitude.

5000-7000 A feeling of general fatigue, loss of strength, heaviness throughout the body. Pain in the temples. With sudden movements - dizziness. Lips acquire a blue-purple tint, body temperature rises. There may be blood discharge from the nose and lungs. And sometimes stomach bleeding. Hallucinations occur.

Mountain sickness is best overcome by acclimatization. Before the onset of the disease itself. Acclimatize in advance. Take more vitamins and carbohydrates. The most important condition here is a complete cessation of alcohol and nicotine consumption.

In case of an attack, first aid, as mentioned above, is cessation of all physical activity; in case of fainting, artificial respiration, rest.

Prevention of mountain sickness, we repeat – acclimatization. Take a break and relax. Let the body itself get used to this altitude and adapt to new conditions. But in very severe cases, immediate descent into the valley is recommended. There the altitude sickness will go away on its own. Preventative agents are: caffeine - 0.1 g, pyramidon - 0.3 g, enhanced nutrition, vitamins, glucose with vitamin C.

Using the Russian translation, the Adventures in Diving PADI textbook and 1000+1 advice for tourists

The amount of oxygen and nitrogen decreases sharply with altitude. It's all about the pressure difference between the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere. The upper layers put a lot of pressure on the lower ones, so the latter have much more air and lower pressure. Climbers, when climbing to great heights, experience some difficulties.

It all depends on the height at which the person is located. If it does not exceed 1 km, the difference is almost imperceptible, and there will be no harm to the body. An altitude of 1 to 3 km also cannot harm a healthy person (the body easily compensates for the lack of oxygen). Sick people, especially those who suffer from asthma, should not go on such a dangerous journey.

At an altitude of 5 to 6 km, the body of a healthy person mobilizes all systems and forces them to work in increased mode due to lack of oxygen. A trained person can cope with such a height, which is why various research bases and observatories are often located here. Healthy sleep and proper nutrition help scientists' bodies cope with stressful situations.

Places located at an altitude of 7 km and above are unsuitable for human life. There is so little oxygen here that the blood cannot fully deliver it to all organs. They begin to experience oxygen starvation. A person feels tired, headaches, and their general condition worsens. A person can spend no more than 3 days at an altitude of 8 km and above.

Life in the Highlands

Residents of mountainous areas have much better health and live longer than residents of the plains. What explains this? Oxygen by its nature is a strong oxidizing agent. Any oxidizing agent in the body causes aging to a greater or lesser extent. But a person cannot live either. To improve health, you need a slightly lower oxygen content in the air than on the plains.

The optimal altitude for a comfortable life is about 1500 meters above sea level. The body experiences slight oxygen starvation, which turns on all systems in enhanced mode. Blood circulation and ventilation of the lungs improve, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood increases.

American scientists have noticed that people living in the mountains are characterized by guttural sounds in their speech. At high altitudes, it is much easier to pronounce such sounds, since this requires compressing the air in the throat. This is easiest to do in the highlands, since the air here is thinner than on the plains.

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