Abstract on the structure and function of the kidneys. Lesson "structure and function of the kidneys"
The child is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be ignited.
Guests decorate the table and children decorate the house.
He does not die, who does not leave children.
Be truthful even in relation to the child: keep your promise, otherwise you will teach him to lie.
- L.N. Tolstoy
Children need to be taught to speak, and adults to listen to children.
Let childhood mature in children.
Life must be interfered with more often so that it does not turn sour.
- M. Gorky
Children need to be given not only life, but also the opportunity to live.
Not the father-mother who gave birth, but the one who gave drink, nurtured, and taught good.
Children's games of antiquity
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Knowledge of the world begins with a game. What children play and how they play tells which of them will grow up to be adults. The expression “Children are real people, and adults are what is left of them” reminds us to keep playing even when we become adults and not stop. This is useful and, moreover, makes us better.
The games of Slavic children keep the antiquity and are deeply traditional. In them, with words and gestures, actions and emotions, the living and the eternal are preserved. All of them are from ancient times. They convey faith in the existence of souls and spirits, faith in the animality of all nature and totemism, the inexhaustible diversity of the world, natural and human unity.
In the old days, when both the townspeople and the villagers lived in approximately the same conditions, the games were similar. The heroes of these games were, first of all, animals - horses, bears, wolves and foxes, lambs and goats, birds (geese, swallows, larks, quails, sparrows, chickens and roosters, ducks, cranes). Everything that surrounded the children migrated to their game world.
In total, there are several types of traditional children's games. Some are still popular with children.
Finger games - for the smallest ("Magpie-magpie", "Kiselyok", "Horned goat") - the most ancient. Such games are conducive to development fine motor skills and the general physical development of the baby. And all because there are active points on the palms that affect the entire body.
Round dance games for youth grow from pagan roots, since the times when a round dance, tank, loach, was considered an indispensable attribute of the spring-summer rite. His goal was to praise the spirits of nature, to appease them in order to ensure the well-being and prosperity of people. Gradually, the original meaning was erased, but the round dances remained. These are "Stream", "Flax", "Swan". Children also played games similar to elements of a wedding ceremony and other rituals in general - abducting the bride, walking in rye, flax, driving a spikelet, unlocking the ground, calling and others.
Games with abduction, war, and stealing are popular and loved. These are "Geese-Swans", "Wolf and Geese", "Krynochka" and many others.
Ornamental games clearly outlined the movement of the children. To a song or melody, they had to move in a certain way. The game itself had a beginning, a culmination and an end: a kind of small performance, but very clear and formed, it was impossible to break away from the custom of the game itself. The rules are immutable, the participants are distributed unconditionally and perform only their own roles. These are the "Zarya-zarynitsa", "Zastenkom".
Competitive games, especially loved by boys, are aimed at strength, endurance, agility, courage and attentiveness. The support of friends and mutual assistance is important here. These are the games themselves: Lapta, Gorodki, Leapfrog and others.
What is left in our time from the ancient games of our little ancestors? Even if only for the smallest, but still curious contemporaries, there were “Salki-traps” of all kinds (“Salki-squats”, “Sorcerers”, “Pristenochki”), “Hide and Seek”. Truly immortal game of all, without exception, children - “Cossacks-robbers” in dozens of variants, “Twelve sticks”, “Holes”, “Knives”, “Wolf in the moat”, “Geese-swans and a wolf”, “Ring”, “They sat on the golden porch”, “The goat was walking through the forest”. By the way, only boys used to play the game "Classes".
Here are just a few fun and active games for little Slavs.
Game "Zarya-zarynitsa"
Children stand in a circle, hold their hands behind their backs. Driver - Zarya walks behind the players' backs in a circle with a ribbon or handkerchief and says:
Dawn-charger,
Red maiden,
I walked across the field
I dropped the keys.
The keys are golden
The ribbons are blue
Entwined rings -
I went to fetch water!
With the last words, Zarya carefully puts the tape on the shoulder of one of the players, who, noticing this, takes the tape, and both run in different directions in a circle. The one who ran first takes an empty seat in the circle. The one who was left without a place becomes Zarya and the game repeats itself.
Details: Runners should not cross the circle, those who play in the circle do not turn around while Zarya chooses whom to put a handkerchief on.
Russian folk round dance game "Bubble"
This game is very fun and dynamic. Children play it with pleasure. The guys join hands, form a circle. Before the start of the game, the round dance converges as close to the center as possible. The bubble is deflated. Then the bubble is "inflated", i.e. diverge to the sides, trying to make the round dance as large as possible. The round dance bubble "inflates" until one of the participants in the round dance, unable to withstand the tension, releases his hands. This means that the bubble has "burst". The game is accompanied by the following text:
Inflate, bubble
Pout is great!
Swell up, hold on
Don't be torn!
Game "Leapfrog". Option 1
According to the rules of the game, the driver is selected, who will have to squat with his head bent. The rest of the participants must jump over it.
After all the participants have jumped over the driver, he changes position, standing up a little. Participants must again jump over it in turn.
So, each time the driver gets up higher and higher, and the game continues until one of the players, jumping over, touches the driver. If this happens, he takes his place and the game starts over.
Game "Leapfrog". Option 2
In the rules of another version of the game, there is no driver, and the children are simply having fun by jumping over each other.
All participants in the game must line up, so that the distance between them is about 1-2 meters. All players, except for the one who closes the chain, stand in a bent position, leaning on their knees, or squat down.
The player at the end of the chain starts jumping over all the participants in turn. After he has jumped over the player who is standing first, he also becomes at a distance from him and takes the desired pose, and at this time the player who is at the end of the chain begins to jump over the participants.
Squatting game
This game is for four or more people. The host is chosen by a rhyme. They play like ordinary tag. The difference is that a crouched player cannot be fired! Salka can deceive players - he pretends to run after one, and then abruptly changes direction. And one more condition - more than two players cannot sit down at the same time! If three players crouch at once, the tag can fire the last crouch. The salted player becomes a tag.
Game "Twelve sticks"
This game requires a board and 12 sticks. The board is placed on a small log to make it look like a swing. All the players gather around this swing. 12 sticks are placed on the lower end, and one of the players strikes the upper end so that all the sticks fly apart.
The driver collects the sticks, while the players run away and hide at this time. When the sticks are collected and laid on the board, the driver goes to look for those who have hidden. The found player is eliminated from the game.
Any of the hidden players can sneak up on the swing and break the sticks again, unnoticed by the driver. At the same time, hitting the board, he must shout out the name of the driver. The driver collects the sticks again, and all the players hide again. The game ends when all the hidden players are found and the driver has managed to keep his sticks. The last player found becomes the driver.
Details: The driver picks up and puts the sticks back on the swing strictly one at a time.
Children can play a wide variety of these games even now. They are simple, understandable and do not require specific skills, special training and any equipment, except for the simplest: Children's games are full of laughter, joy and movement.
Target: the formation of a positive attitude towards the results of human labor.
Tasks:
- to enrich the initial ideas about the life and life of primitive people;
- to stimulate the manifestation of cognitive interest in changing a person's lifestyle;
- to form the skills of independent application of the acquired knowledge in game activities;
- didactic game "Historical tape" (dwellings, lighting items).
Equipment e: a video letter, a video player, a projector, slides (an image of a primitive man, a cave where he lived), board-printed games "The labor of ancient people", "Who needs what for work?", "Draw and paint the huts", pieces of boiled and raw carrots (according to the number of children), voice recorder.
GCD move
Educator... Guys, a video letter came to our group: “Dear guys! First grade students turn to you for help. We love to take part in contests, holidays, exhibitions that take place in the Children's House of Creativity. An exhibition on the theme “Prehistoric Life” will soon be held there. At this exhibition, you need to present drawings, applications, crafts, models that tell about how primitive people lived. We, a group of first grade students, decided to make a model of the "Corner of the Ancient World" together. In general terms, we imagine how it should look like: there must be a dwelling. But when discussing the question of what the primitive man's house was, our opinions were divided: some guys believe that the first dwelling of ancient people was a cave, others think it was a hut, and one boy said that a dugout was the dwelling of a primitive man. And suddenly someone remembered that you have such a layout in your group, and you know so much about the life of primitive people. Therefore, we decided to turn to you for help: tell us, please, about how primitive people lived ”. Guys, how can we help our friends?
Children. We can tell them about the life of primitive people, we can send our drawings, applications, invite them to visit, pick up illustrations.
Educator... I am very glad that you are ready to help the guys. And to make your stories interesting, I propose today to remember everything you know about the life of primitive people. Guys, do you know why ancient people were called primitive?
Children... Because they were the first.
Educator... Yes, the word "primitive" consists of two parts: "first" and "life". Everyday life is what a person uses in his life (furniture, dishes, house) to eat, not to freeze from the cold, to light the room. Do you think the first man on earth had all this? Was life easy for him?
Children answer.
Why was life very difficult for him?
Children... Without clothes, he was cold, there was nowhere to hide from the rain, wind, to hide from wild animals, he often starved.
Educator... Guys, why couldn't a primitive man build a dwelling for himself, because on all sides he was surrounded by forests and mountains?
Children... He didn’t know how to build a house, he didn’t have the right tools.
Educator... Yes, guys, the person did not yet know how to use trees, stones or clay. It was difficult for a man without a home. Listen to a poem about it.
Child
How to build a reliable house
The man did not know yet.
In a complex primitive world
He was looking for a place to live.
He suffered from the winter cold
The beast of prey threatened him.
The man needed a home
Where would he live peacefully
Where would he cook food,
He ate and rested peacefully.
He wanted to have a home
Where would I stop being afraid.
And in the worries of the gloomy
Sometimes a man dreamed
As with heavy prey
Returns home.
How the family greets him,
Sitting tightly by the fire ...
And now he knows for sure -
It's time to find a house for him!
K. Nefedova
Educator. Guys, where did man find his first home?
Children... In the cave.
Educator. Right! At first, people lived in caves, which they did not build themselves, but found them.
The teacher through a media projector shows the children an image of the cave in which the primitive man lived.
Guys, were there any furniture or dishes in the caves?
Children. No.
Educator. How did people do without all this?
Children... They sat on stones, ate with their hands, slept on the ground, on warm skins, without beds or pillows.
Educator. Guys, in order to remember what primitive man ate, I suggest playing one more game.
Lotto game "Labor of Ancient People"
Around a large map with a picture ancient man you need to lay out small cards, each of which depicts one of the types of labor of ancient people (hunt, fish, collect nuts, berries, roots, mushrooms, bird eggs). Children choose the necessary cards from among others, on which, in addition to the work of ancient people, modern types of labor for cooking are drawn. In the course of the assignment, they talk about what is drawn in the pictures.
The teacher invites the children to try one piece at a time, first boiled and then raw carrots, asks which one is softer, chews easier, and concludes with the children that it is a boiled carrot.
Educator. Primitive people made a very important discovery - they learned to use fire, to cook food on it. At first, people were very afraid of fire - they did not know how to get it and saw it only when lightning hit a tree, set it on fire and a big fire began. Gradually, people began to notice that fire gives warmth, scares away wild animals, that roots or meat that have been on fire are much softer than raw ones. And they decided to use fire - after a forest fire, they collected still hot coals, brought them to their dwellings and stored them in a special depression in the ground - they made a hearth. Why did they carefully protect it from wind and water?
Children. Because they themselves did not know how to light a fire yet.
Educator... How did man learn to make fire on his own?
Children. They began to receive fire as a result of friction between wood and wood.
Educator... Right! Man has learned to independently produce fire from a spark that occurs when a tree is rubbed, striking a stone against a stone. Do you think the life of the ancient man became easier after the fire appeared in his cave?
Children... Yes.
Educator... Why?
Children... The fire gave warmth, scared away wild animals, illuminated the cave; food cooked over a fire tasted better than raw food.
Educator. Let's continue our conversation about the life of ancient people. The first objects that a person used were very simple; complex tools were not required for their manufacture. What were they made of?
Children. Made of wood, stone, animal bones.
Educator. I propose to play a game that will remind you of what important adaptations the ancient man invented for the work to be successful.
Game "Who needs what for work?"
A punch card is used, which is an A4 sheet, on different sides of which ancient people are drawn, engaged in different labor: a hunter, a fisherman, a woman who sews clothes, and tools, devices necessary for these people: a spear with a deer horn tip, arrows with stone and bone tips, a knife made of sharp stone and large fish bones, a bone needle for sewing clothes, a boat, hollowed out and £ a tree trunk. In the center of the sheet is a cut out rectangle. Completing the task, the children put a sheet of paper under the punched card and draw lines on it. Children need to connect people and devices, tools of labor with lines; name objects, tell about them and tell what they are for the people depicted here.
Educator... Guys, who taught the ancient people to make these objects and devices?
Children. They invented them themselves.
Educator... Yes, a person often discovered the possibilities of using or making objects by accident: a spoon appeared when one day, stirring food with a wide stick with a depression, he noticed that there was food left in it; fork - after he realized that taking hot food with a stick with two cloves is more convenient than one. Guys, what was the purpose of the work of the ancient man?
Children... In order to get food, to protect yourself from bad weather, from wild animals.
Educator... Right! The work of ancient man was aimed at protecting himself from the elements (rainfall, hail), from wild animals, in order to make objects that are convenient to use. Guys, our first-grader friends asked me to tell you more about the dwellings of ancient people. Do you think it was convenient for people to live in caves?
Children... No.
Educator... Why?
Children... There were no doors or windows in them, the smoke from the fire remained in the cave, the light penetrated through the entrance, so it was dark there.
Educator... Yes, guys, the cave served as a shelter from the cold and predators for a long time, but it was still an unreliable dwelling. The door had not yet been invented, so the entrance had to be constantly guarded from uninvited guests. Over time, a person began to understand that living in a cave is inconvenient: water flows into it, it is damp, dark and cold. In addition, there were not caves in every locality, but you have to live somewhere! The man began to think about whether to build a home for himself? I propose to play a game in which you will remember what dwellings the ancient people learned to build themselves.
Game "Draw and paint the huts"
Children are divided into three microgroups, each of which receives an unfinished image of the dwelling of ancient people (hut, shack, hut). You need to guess what a person is building a house from in each picture, finish drawing and coloring the pictures. After completing the assignment, the children talk about what is drawn in the pictures, from which a person builds a house, why he built such houses.
Educator... Guys, so we remembered how primitive people lived. I recorded your stories about the life of primitive people on a dictaphone. Today, after sleep, we will select drawings, applications, illustrations about the life of ancient people and, together with the recording of your stories, we will send them to our friends, first graders. I think this will help the children in making the model, and they will be able to take part in the exhibition, which will be held in the Children's House of Creativity.
Educator: Komarova A.A.
Software content:
Introduce children to external appearance and the way of life of primitive man;
Expand vocabulary the introduction of new words: leader, tribe, skin, mammoth, etc .;
Promote the development of pantomimic and mimic abilities in children, the development of fine motor skills;
Develop imagination, fantasy, logical thinking.
Materials and equipment: illustrations on the topic; cave model, campfire model; skins-clothes; sticks, ropes and "spears" by the number of children; winding toys; sanguine.
Course of the lesson
Guys, today amazing adventures await you and me, and I will tell you an interesting story.
It was a long time ago. On our green and blooming planet, where different animals and birds already lived, a man appeared. Where did it come from? Whether it came from a monkey, whether it came from space, we do not know. But he still appeared. This is what he was (showing an illustration). Tell me, what was he wearing? (Answers of children). Yes, in those days there were no clothes, as there were no factories or factories. A man had to do everything with his own hands. Why do you think he needs a skin? What do you need clothes for? Want to try on caveman clothes? (Children wear skins-clothes). So we turned into cavemen.
Ancient people, in those ancient times, lived in human flocks. And in every flock there was a leader, an elder. While the older members of the pack hunted, the children learned from the wisest and most experienced mentors. Today I will be your leader.
Where do you think the ancient people lived? (Answers of children). They lived in caves. And here is our cave. It's dark and cold here, brrr. I began to freeze. What to come up with, what would become warmer and brighter. (Answers of children). Yes, it would be nice to make a fire, so the firewood is ready. But the trouble is, how to make fire? (Answers of children). I'll tell you one secret. Primitive people waited for a tree to light up in the forest from lightning, and they cherished this fire in their cave. But there is another way to get fire. You need to take some forest moss, put a stick on it and quickly rotate it with your palms. This must be done until fire appears. (Children "get" the fire). Yes, this process is difficult and long. To speed it up, I suggest blowing the fire. (Children are blowing on the fire, a "light" appears). Well, it immediately became light and warm.
(The voices of the forest are heard). You hear someone big and angry walking near our cave. These are probably predators! I'm afraid! What to do? (Answers of children). We need to arm ourselves. Ancient people made weapons from different materials: from stone - knives and darts, spearheads; from wood - spears and ax handles. They tied the stone point to a tree with the help of flexible plants - vines. Let's try and make the spear of a primitive man. True, we will replace stone tips with cardboard ones, and creepers with ropes. But it will do for the protection of our cave. Do you agree? (Children make spears.) We have real weapons, and now we are not afraid of any predators, or saber-toothed tigers, or even mammoths.
(Display of illustrations).
What animal does the mammoth look like? How is he different from an elephant? And even then there were saber-toothed tigers, with large and sharp fangs like sabers, huge cave bears.
I want to eat something. Are you hungry? Let's go fishing. (The game "Who will catch the fish faster"). What a great catch! How can we cook it? I know that ancient people were very fond of dried fish, as this was the easiest way to cook it, because people did not have any dishes. Let's spread it out in the sun.
After eating, the cavemen loved to enjoy delicious food. But, there were no sweets or cookies in those days. But in the woods there were apparently invisibly tasty and sweet berries. Let's go to the forest for berries. (Game "Collect berries").
Well, near the cave, a fire is burning, a fish is drying in the sun, a weapon protects us from uninvited guests. What to do now? When the ancients were well fed and safe, they loved ... to paint. Yes, yes, paint. But not on paper, but on the rocks and walls of the cave. And the coals served as a pencil. Of course, their drawings were similar to those of small children, they have survived to this day. (Display of illustrations).
Let us, as ancient primitive people, try to paint on the walls of the cave. (Children draw).
This is how our primitive adventure ends. Let's take our skins off and be the boys and girls living in our world again. Did you like it? What were the names of the people we turned into? What did they wear? What did you eat? Who were they hunted for? Where did you live? How was the fire made? I have prepared for you in a group interesting book about the life of primitive people and I propose to go and see it. (Children go to the group).
