How sounds are formed. How does sound come about?

The emergence of speech in humans and the formation of sounds is possible thanks to the speech apparatus. The speech apparatus is a set of coordinated organs that help form the voice, regulate it and form it into meaningful expressions. Thus, the human speech apparatus includes all elements directly involved in the creation of sounds - the articulatory apparatus, including the central nervous system, respiratory organs - lungs and bronchi, throat and larynx, oral and nasal cavities.

The structure of the human speech apparatus, that is, its structure, is divided into two sections - the central and peripheral sections. The central link is the human brain with its synapses and nerves. The central speech apparatus also includes higher departments central nervous system. The peripheral department, also known as the executive department, is a whole community of elements of the body that ensure the formation of voice and speech. Further, according to the structure, the peripheral part of the speech apparatus is divided into three subsections:

Voice formation

In every language on our planet there is specific number sounds that create the acoustic image of the language. The sound finds meaning only in the scheme of sentences and helps to distinguish one letters from others. This sound is called a phoneme of the language. All sounds of a language differ in articulatory characteristics, that is, their difference comes from the formation of sounds in the human speech apparatus. And by acoustic characteristics - by differences in sound.

• respiratory, otherwise energetic – includes the lungs, bronchi, trachea and throat;
• voice-forming department, otherwise generator - the larynx along with sound cords and muscles;
• sound-producing, otherwise resonator - the cavity of the oropharynx and nose.

The work of these departments of the speech apparatus in complete symbiosis can only occur through the central control of speech and voice-formation processes. This suggests that the respiratory process, articulatory mechanism and sound formation are completely controlled by the human nervous system. Its impact also extends to peripheral processes:

• the functioning of the respiratory organs regulates the power of the voice;
• the functioning of the oral cavity is responsible for the formation of vowels and consonants and for the difference in the articulatory process during their formation;
• The nose section provides adjustment of the overtones of the sound.

The central speech apparatus occupies a key place in the formation of the voice. The human jaw and lips, palate and supraglottic lobe, pharynx and lungs are all involved in the process. The air flow leaving the body, going further through the larynx and passing through the mouth and nose is the source of sound. On its way, the air passes through vocal cords. If they are relaxed, then the sound is not formed and passes freely. If they are close and tense, the air creates vibration as it passes. The result of this process is sound. And then, with the work of the movable organs of the oral cavity, the direct formation of letters and words occurs.

Structural components of speech

Responsible for speech function:

1. The sensory speech center is the perception of speech sounds, based on the sound discrimination system of the language; Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for this process.
2. The center of motor speech - Broca's area is responsible for it, thanks to it it is possible to reproduce sounds, words and phrases.

In this regard, in clinical psychology there is the concept of impressive speech, in other words, the understanding and presentation of oral and writing. There is also the concept of expressive speech - that which is spoken out loud accompanied by a certain tempo, rhythm, and emotions.

In the process of speech formation, each person should have a clear understanding of the following subsystems native language:

• phonetics (what syllables, sound combinations can be, their correct structure and combination);
• syntax (understanding exactly how the relationships and combinations between words occur);
• vocabulary (knowledge vocabulary language)
• semantics (the ability to understand the meaning of words long before acquiring pronunciation skills);
• pragmatics (relationships between sign systems and those who use them).

The phonological component of a language means knowledge of the semantic units of the language (phonemes). Physically, speech sounds can be divided into noises (consonants) and tones (vowels). Any language is based on a certain distinctive feature; if you change one of them, the meaning of the word will change dramatically. The main semantic distinguishing features include deafness and sonority, softness and hardness, as well as stress and unstress. It is these features that act as the basis of the phonemes of the language system. Each language has a different number of semantic units, usually from 11 to 141.

The Russian language involves the use of 42 phonemes, in particular, 6 vowels and 36 consonants.

It has been scientifically proven that any healthy infant in the first year of life has the ability to reproduce 75 different shortest sound units, in other words, can learn any language. But, most often, children, at the initial stages of their development, are in only one language environment, so over time they lose the ability to reproduce sounds that do not belong to their native Russian language.

Diagnosis of problems with the speech apparatus

The assimilation of the norms of the native language occurs by copying what a person hears. And all parents have different attitudes towards speech development problems in their children. Some begin to sound the alarm when a child at the age of two does not use detailed phrases to communicate, others are more careless and may stubbornly not notice that the child’s speech apparatus is not functioning properly.

The presence of problems largely depends on how well a person’s speech apparatus is formed. It is important that each department involved in the formation of voice functions fully and accurately.

The reasons for the violations can be many factors, since the structure of the human speech apparatus is a very structurally complex scheme. But there are only three main reasons:

• incorrect use of speech organs;
• structural disorders of speech organs or tissues;
• problems with the parts of the nervous system that ensure the process of reproducing sounds and voices.

Under delay speech development(ZRR) implies quantitative underdevelopment vocabulary, unformed expressive speech or absence of phrasal speech by 2 years and coherent speech by 3 years in children. With a deficiency of vocal functions, communication is limited, the amount of verbal information received from the outside world decreases, which can further lead to serious problems with reading and writing.

Such children need consultation from a pediatric neurologist, pediatric otolaryngologist, speech therapist, and also a psychologist to select the scope of correctional assistance.

Knowledge of the structure of the speech apparatus and its functions will help you pay attention to deviations from the norm in time and increases the chance of a quick and complete correction of the pathology.

Sound

Sound is a type of energy that is perceived by the ear. It occurs due to vibrations in solid, liquid and gaseous media, which propagate in the form of waves.

We are accustomed to thinking that sound travels only through air, but in reality it is also perceived through other media. For example, immersing our head in a bathtub, we will hear what is happening in the room, because water and other liquids conduct sound well. And noisy neighbors disturb us because their loud voices can be heard through the floor and walls - solid substances.

The emergence of sound

It is easy to make a sound by hitting two objects - for example, pot lids. They begin to sound, so when we strike, we transfer energy to them, causing them to vibrate (oscillate quickly). Vibrating, the object alternately compresses and dilutes the surrounding air. Therefore, the air pressure around it either rises or falls. These weak air vibrations create sound waves. They reach our eardrums and we hear the sound.

Air vibrations

Sound is produced by subtle changes in air pressure. When someone talks near us, it causes air pressure to rise and fall by about 0.01 percent of normal. We feel the same pressure when we place a sheet of paper on our palm. The air vibrates, causing the thin membrane in the ear called the eardrum to vibrate. This is why we perceive air vibrations as sound. But our hearing does not pick up all vibrations. Firstly, the vibration must be strong enough for us to detect, and secondly, it must not be too fast and not too slow - in other words, it must have a certain frequency.

Sound propagation

Sound waves propagate from the vibrating side object. The further the sound source is from us, the more energy the waves spend on their path, and therefore the sound becomes quieter. Waves are reflected from hard surfaces - for example, from glass and stone walls, creating an echo. If the person who is talking is in the same room as us, the sound of her voice reaches our ears both directly and reflected from the walls, floor and ceiling. If the room is large, a loud echo will occur, a phenomenon called reverberation.

Volume

The harder we hit an object, the more energetically it vibrates, creating noticeable changes in air pressure, which means the sound becomes louder. Our ear can perceive pressure changes over a very wide range. People with acute hearing can feel a difference that is millions of times less than atmospheric pressure; the sound of such volume is created by a hairpin that fell on the floor. At the other extreme, there is a drop of one-fifth of the atmospheric pressure—the kind of noise a jackhammer creates.

Frequency

Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). Our ear only perceives sounds in the range from 16 to 20,000 Hz. The car signal has a frequency of 200 Hz, a high female voice reaches notes up to 1200 Hz, and a low male bass can reach a frequency of 60 Hz. Sounds with frequencies up to 16 Hz are called infrasound, and sounds with a frequency of 2 x 10 ^ 4 - 10 ^ 9 are called ultrasound.

Speed ​​of sound

Sound travels in air at a speed of about 1,224 kilometers per hour."As the temperature or air pressure decreases, the speed of sound decreases."In thin, cold air at an altitude of 11 kilometers, the speed of sound is about 1,000 kilometers per hour."The speed of sound in water is much higher, than in the air (about 5,400 kilometers per hour).

The voice occurs when air coming from the lungs passes through the vocal cords.” The pitch of the voice depends on how quickly the cords vibrate. The movement of air, which fills the lungs and then comes out, is controlled by the diaphragm. The muscles of the tongue and lips make the sounds that connections make intelligible.” The cavities of the nose, larynx, and chest help amplify sound through resonance.

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How does sound appear?

We hear a huge number of different sounds every second - the noise of cars, people's voices, the rustling of leaves... Even those that we don't pay attention to. Now we will tell you how sound appears...

All sounds are formed as a result of vibrations, i.e. very fast movements of particles of objects back and forth. In the air, sound travels in the form of waves (no, not sea waves, but air waves). Our ears perceive sound waves passing through the air around us. Sound can travel in other gases, as well as in liquids and solids Oh. Therefore, sounds can be heard underwater.

But in space, where there is no air, astronauts cannot communicate without a walkie-talkie. Although if their helmets touch, they can hear each other. Because the air inside the helmet, together with the contact of solid bodies, creates a dense medium through which sound waves can travel.

Sometimes sound waves bounce off hard surfaces and come back. This phenomenon, observed, for example, in caves, long corridors and in mountains, is called an echo.

When you pluck a guitar string, it vibrates very quickly, producing sound waves. By lightly touching the sounding string with your finger, you will feel its vibrations. And if you press your finger harder, the vibration will stop and the sound will stop. The vibrations of the guitar strings, spreading in the form of sound waves, cause the air to vibrate, thus producing sound.

The speed of sound is about 1225 km/h. This is 30 times faster than a runner's speed, but almost a million times slower than the speed of light! Sounds are loud and quiet. The stronger the vibrations, the larger the sound waves and the louder the sound. Loudness is measured in decibels. A leaf quietly falling to the ground produces a rustling sound of 10 decibels. The roar of a jet engine taking off reaches 120 decibels.

In addition, sounds are divided into high and low. A large trumpet (meaning a musical instrument) sounds lower than a small whistle. The huge tiger makes a deep bass sound, and the mouse squeaks thinly and high-pitched. This is due to the fact that they produce different vibrations. The higher the vibration speed, the higher the sound.

Dogs hear both higher and lower sounds than humans. Bats and dolphins can reproduce and hear very high-pitched sounds - ultrasound - and use this ability to orient themselves in space. Humans do not have the ability to hear ultrasounds.

In noisy workplaces, for example, people wear headphones to reduce the impact of sound. This is because loud noise can cause pain and even lead to deafness if it continues for a very long time.