Throat vestibule. Glottis

interactive application

The vocal apparatus from bottom to top: diaphragm - lungs - trachea (bronchi) - larynx - vocal folds (ligaments) - soft palate (pharynx) - oral cavity. It should be noted that when we talk about the voice as a musical instrument, the body of which is the person himself, then almost the entire body can be safely attributed to the vocal apparatus - from the frontal sinuses and other voids in the skull to the lower abdominal muscles involved in proper singing breathing. , and even lower. As experienced singers say, "you need to sing in such a way that you feel everything - from the top of your head to the heels resting on the floor."

Diaphragm- (lat. diaphragma) - an unpaired wide muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities, which serves to expand the lungs. Conventionally, its boundary can be drawn along the lower edge of the edges. It is formed by a system of striated muscles, which, apparently, are derivatives of the system of the rectus abdominis muscle.

The diaphragm contracts and relaxes, and just like other muscles in our body, it can be trained. It is often called "vocal support", hence the common expression of many teachers and vocalists: "sing on support". Literally, this means: to sing, leaning on the diaphragm.

The diaphragm is responsible for evenness, sound stability, singing without trembling (not to be confused with vibrato); sound strength (dynamics); partially the brightness of the timbre.

Above the diaphragm are lungs, located in the chest area above the lungs trachea- a branched air duct that connects the lungs to each other and to the larynx.

Larynx(Latin larynx) - a section of the respiratory system that connects the pharynx to the trachea and contains the vocal apparatus. The larynx is located at the level of 4-6 cervical vertebrae and is connected by ligaments to the hyoid bone. From above, the larynx is connected to the pharyngeal cavity, from below - to the trachea.

The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, which is represented by vocal cords- folds of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle. The vocal cords originate from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages and insert on the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. Above the vocal folds, parallel to them, are the folds of the vestibule.

So how to speak correctly: folds or ligaments?
In professional vocabulary and in old manuals, speech therapists, phoniatrists, vocal teachers often use the term "vocal cords" or "ligaments" instead of "folds". So both names are correct.

The vocal cords (lat. plica vocalis) are the organ responsible for the formation of a sound wave due to the vibration of the vocal muscles. The sound wave, passing through the space of the soft palate (borders: from the vocal cords to the small uvula) and the oral cavity (articulatory apparatus), is converted into a full-fledged scale, which is accessible to normal hearing.

Oral cavity(articulatory apparatus) includes lips, teeth and tongue - all of these organs are important in the formation of sounds. They are associated with concepts such as articulation and diction.

The process of voice formation looks like this: when you inhale, the diaphragm stretches, sinking down with the help of relaxation of the abdominal wall and rib muscles, the vacuum formed in the lungs is filled with air. During exhalation, the rib and abdominal muscles push the diaphragm up, which in turn leads to compression and subsequent release of air from the lungs. Air under pressure passes through the trachea to the larynx, through the vocal cords, where, with the help of vibrations of the ligamentous muscles that hold back the flow of air, it is converted into a sound wave. The sound wave passes through the soft palate (pharynx) and enters the oral cavity, where the sound wave is formed into separate sounds and sound combinations.

For some vocalists, the sound wave does not come out quite right, falling into the nasopharynx and acquiring a characteristic nasal overtone, very noticeable during performance. This is due to the fact that the resulting sound is not given enough space to exit through the oral cavity, and it fills the only free space. To avoid this, you need to monitor the position of the soft palate (pharynx), it should be well open (as in a yawn).

Head resonators

What are resonators

The voice is sound vibrations (mechanical vibrations of air molecules), that is, it propagates in the air. All the organs that air passes through on its way from the lungs to the outer space are cavities filled with air. These cavities represent a system of resonators that creates a unique instrument - the human voice. Cavities - empty spaces - are very similar to the hollow body of other musical instruments: guitars, violins, pianos, flutes, bells, drums, pipes ... All along its path, the sound wave resonates inside our body, which provides singing brightness, sharpness of sound.

The spaces above the vocal folds are called top or head resonators. Together with the nasal cavity, they include four pairs of paranasal sinuses: maxillary (maxillary), frontal (frontal), main and ethmoid. Sometimes this also includes the oropharyngeal cavity, consisting of the pharynx and oral cavity.

What do our vocal folds look like when we sing?

Larynx

The author of the article about the larynx is Olga Gurova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Associate Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. (Original article)

The larynx is an organ of the respiratory system that performs the functions of conducting air and voice formation.

Larynx- this is a kind of musical instrument of the human body that allows you to speak, sing, express your emotions in a quiet voice or loud cry. As part of the respiratory tract, the larynx is a short tube with dense cartilage walls. The rather complex structure of the walls of the larynx allows it to generate sounds of different heights and loudness.

The larynx is located in the anterior region of the neck at the level of IV-VI cervical vertebrae. With the help of ligaments, the larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone, as a result of which it descends and rises with it when swallowing. Outside, the position of the larynx is noticeable by the protrusion, strongly developed in men and formed by the thyroid cartilage. In common parlance, this ledge is called "Adam's apple", or "Adam's apple". Behind the larynx is the pharynx, with which the larynx communicates, large vessels and nerves pass from the side. The pulsation of the carotid arteries is easy to feel on the neck on the sides of the larynx. Below the larynx passes into the trachea. In front of the trachea, reaching the larynx, is the thyroid gland.

The solid skeleton of the larynx consists of three unpaired cartilages - the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis - and three paired cartilages, the most important of which are the arytenoids. The cartilages of the larynx are interconnected by joints and ligaments and can change their position due to the contraction of the muscles attached to them.

The base of the larynx forms a cricoid cartilage, resembling a horizontally lying ring: its narrow “bow” is turned forward, and the wide “signet” is turned back. The lower edge of this cartilage connects to the trachea. From above, the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages join the cricoid cartilage. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and is part of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. Two quadrangular plates are distinguished in it, connecting to each other at a right angle in men, forming an "Adam's apple", and at an obtuse angle (about 120 °) in women.

The arytenoid cartilages are pyramid-shaped, their triangular base is movably connected to the plate of the cricoid cartilage. From the base of each arytenoid cartilage, the vocal process extends forward, and the muscular process to the side. Muscles are attached to the latter, moving the arytenoid cartilage around its vertical axis. This changes the position of the vocal process, which is connected to the vocal cord.

From above, the larynx is covered with an epiglottis, it can be compared with a “lifting door” above the entrance to the larynx (see Fig. 1). The lower pointed end of the epiglottis is attached to the thyroid cartilage. The wide upper part of the epiglottis descends with each swallowing movement and closes the entrance to the larynx, thereby preventing food and water from entering the respiratory tract from the pharynx.

All cartilages of the larynx are hyaline and can undergo ossification, except for the epiglottis and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, which are formed by elastic cartilage. As a result of ossification, which sometimes occurs before the age of 40, the voice loses its flexibility and acquires a hoarse, creaky tone.

For the formation of sound, the vocal cords, which are stretched from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the inner surface of the angle of the thyroid cartilage, are of paramount importance (Fig. 2). Between the right and left vocal cords is the glottis, through which air passes during breathing. Under the influence of muscles, the cartilages of the larynx change their position. The muscles of the larynx are divided into three groups according to their function: expanding the glottis, narrowing the glottis, changing the tension of the vocal cords.

The cavity of the larynx is lined with a mucous membrane, which is extremely sensitive: the slightest touch of a foreign body to it reflexively causes a cough. Covers the mucous membrane of the larynx, excluding only the surface of the vocal cords, ciliated epithelium with a large number of glands.

Under the mucous membrane of the larynx lies a fibrous-elastic membrane. The cavity of the larynx is shaped like an hourglass: the middle section is strongly narrowed and limited from above by the folds of the vestibule (“false vocal”), and from below by the vocal folds (Fig. 3). On the side walls of the larynx, between the fold of the vestibule and the vocal fold, quite deep pockets are visible - the ventricles of the larynx. These are the remnants of the voluminous "voice sacs" that are well developed in great apes and, apparently, serve as resonators. Under the mucous membrane of the vocal fold are the vocal cord and vocal muscle, under the mucous membrane of the fold of the vestibule is the fixed edge of the fibrous-elastic membrane.

Functions of the larynx

It is customary to distinguish four main functions of the larynx: respiratory, protective, phonatory (voice-forming) and speech.

Respiratory. When you inhale, air from the nasal cavity enters the pharynx, from it - into the larynx, then - into the trachea, bronchi and lungs. When you exhale, the air from the lungs travels all the way through the airways in the opposite direction.
Protective. The movements of the cilia that cover the mucous membrane of the larynx continuously cleanse it, removing the smallest dust particles that enter the respiratory tract. Dust, surrounded by mucus, is excreted in the form of sputum. Reflex cough is an important protective device of the larynx.
Phonatornaya. The sound is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords during exhalation. The sound may vary depending on the tension of the ligaments and the width of the glottis. Man consciously regulates this process.
speech. It should be emphasized that only the formation of sound occurs in the larynx, articulate speech occurs during the work of the organs of the oral cavity: tongue, lips, teeth, facial and masticatory muscles.

The first is the voice, the second is the melody

The ability of a person to produce sounds of different strength, pitch and timbre is associated with the movement of the vocal cords under the influence of a jet of exhaled air. The strength of the sound produced depends on the width of the glottis: the wider it is, the louder the sound. The width of the glottis is regulated by at least five muscles of the larynx. Of course, the strength of the exhalation itself also plays a role, due to the work of the corresponding muscles of the chest and abdomen. The pitch of a sound is determined by the number of vibrations of the vocal cords in 1 second. The more frequent the vibrations, the higher the sound, and vice versa. As you know, strongly stretched ligaments vibrate more often (remember a guitar string). Provide the necessary tension of the vocal cords of the muscles of the larynx, in particular the vocal muscle. Its fibers are woven into the vocal cord along its entire length and can be contracted both as a whole and in separate parts. The contraction of the vocal muscles causes the vocal cords to relax, resulting in a decrease in the pitch of the sound they produce.

Possessing the ability to vibrate not only as a whole, but also in separate parts, the vocal cords produce additional sounds to the main tone, the so-called overtones. It is the combination of overtones that characterizes the timbre of the human voice, the individual characteristics of which also depend on the condition of the pharynx, oral cavity and nose, movements of the lips, tongue, and lower jaw. The airways located above the glottis act as resonators. Therefore, when their condition changes (for example, with swelling of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses with a runny nose), the timbre of the voice also changes.

Despite the similarity in the structure of the human larynx and great apes, the latter are not able to speak. Only gibbons are capable of reproducing sounds that are vaguely reminiscent of musical ones. Only a person can consciously regulate the strength of the exhaled air, the width of the glottis and the tension of the vocal cords, which is necessary for singing and speech. The medical science that studies the voice is called phoniatry.

Even in the time of Hippocrates, it was known that the human voice is produced by the larynx, but only 20 centuries later Vesalius (XVI century) expressed the opinion that the sound is produced by the vocal cords. Even at present, there are various theories of voice formation based on certain aspects of the regulation of vocal cord vibrations. As extreme forms, two theories can be cited.

According to the first (aerodynamic) theory, voice formation is the result of the vibrational movements of the vocal folds in the vertical direction under the action of an air stream during exhalation. The decisive role in this case belongs to the muscles involved in the exhalation phase and the muscles of the larynx, which bring together the vocal cords and resist the pressure of the air stream. Adjustment of the work of the muscles occurs reflexively when the mucous membrane of the larynx is irritated by air.

According to another theory, the movements of the vocal folds do not occur passively under the action of an air stream, but are active movements of the vocal muscles, carried out at the command from the brain, which is transmitted through the corresponding nerves. The pitch of the sound associated with the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords thus depends on the ability of the nerves to conduct motor impulses.

Separate theories cannot fully explain such a complex process as voice formation. In a person with speech, the function of voice formation is associated with the activity of the cerebral cortex, as well as lower levels of regulation, and is a very complex, consciously coordinated motor act.

Larynx in nuances

A specialist can examine the condition of the larynx using a special device - a laryngoscope, the main element of which is a small mirror. For the idea of this device, the famous singer and vocal teacher M. Garcia in 1854 was awarded the title of honorary doctor of medicine.

The larynx has significant age and gender characteristics. From birth to 10 years of age, the larynx of boys and girls does not actually differ. Before the onset of puberty, the growth of the larynx in boys increases dramatically, which is associated with the development of the sex glands and the production of male sex hormones. At this time, the voice of the boys also changes (“breaks”). The voice mutation in boys lasts about a year and ends at 14-15 years of age. In girls, the mutation occurs quickly and almost imperceptibly at the age of 13-14 years.

The larynx of a man is on average 1/3 larger than the female, the vocal cords are much thicker and longer (approximately 10 mm). Therefore, the male voice, as a rule, is stronger and lower than the female one. It is known that in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in Italy castrated boys 7-8 years old, who were supposed to sing in the papal choir. Their larynx during puberty did not undergo any special changes and retained children's sizes. This achieved a high tone of voice, combined with the masculine power of performance and a neutral timbre (between childish and masculine).

Many organs and systems of the body take part in the formation of the voice, and this requires their normal functioning. Therefore, voice and speech are an expression not only of the normal activity of individual organs and systems, including the human psyche, but also of their disorders and pathological conditions. By changing the voice, one can judge the state of a person and even the development of certain diseases. It should be emphasized that any changes in the hormonal background in the body (in a woman - the use of hormonal drugs, menstruation, menopause) can lead to voice changes.

The sound energy of the voice is very small. If a person continuously talks, then in only 100 years he will produce the amount of thermal energy necessary to brew a cup of coffee. However, the voice (as a necessary part of human speech) is a powerful tool that changes the world around us!

OUR LEARNING MATERIALS

Glottis- a horizontal gap less than 25 mm in length in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and (in the posterior region) by the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages, passes into the trachea.

When the vocal cords vibrate, its dimensions change. In the glottis, an anterior large section is distinguished, located between the ligaments themselves and called the intermembranous part, pars intermembranacea, and a smaller posterior one, located between the vocal processes, processus vocalis, arytenoid cartilages - the intercartilaginous part, pars intercartilaginea.

Which doctors to contact for examination of the Glottis:

Otolaryngologist

What diseases are associated with the glottis:

What tests and diagnostics need to be done for the Glottis:

Are you worried about something? Do you want to know more detailed information about the Glottis or do you need an examination? You can book an appointment with a doctor– clinic Eurolaboratory always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, advise you, provide the necessary assistance and make a diagnosis. you also can call a doctor at home. Clinic Eurolaboratory open for you around the clock.

How to contact the clinic:
Phone of our clinic in Kyiv: (+38 044) 206-20-00 (multichannel). The secretary of the clinic will select a convenient day and hour for you to visit the doctor. Our coordinates and directions are indicated. Look in more detail about all the services of the clinic on her personal page.

If you have previously performed any research, be sure to take their results to a consultation with a doctor. If the studies have not been completed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

You need to be very careful about your overall health. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. To do this, you just need to several times a year be examined by a doctor not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the body as a whole.

If you want to ask a doctor a question, use the online consultation section, perhaps you will find answers to your questions there and read self care tips. If you are interested in reviews about clinics and doctors, try to find the information you need on the forum. Also register on the medical portal Eurolaboratory to be constantly up to date with the latest news and information updates about the Voice slit on the site, which will be automatically sent to you by mail.

Other anatomical terms starting with the letter "G":

Head

Eye

Pharynx

Throat

Breast

Rib cage

glans penis

Shin

Pituitary

Brain

Hypothalamus (hypothalamus)

Larynx

Voice apparatus

vocal fold

vocal process

Laryngeal ventricle

Genes

Blood type

Hemoglobin

Sternum

Thoracic vertebrae

Ankle joint

gap- well. slit, slit, slit, slit, slit, -nka, slit, narrow and relatively long hole, through, narrow hole, along a groove, seam, or from a crack, in a solid place .........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

gap- cracks, pl. crevices, crevices, Narrow longitudinal well, through fracture. Lights shone in the windows of the houses and in the crevices of the shutters of the dugouts. L. Tolstoy. in the floor. Blows from all cracks. Look........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Slot, Tax— - tax
loophole allowing for legal
reasons to avoid or reduce
the amount of taxation.
Economic dictionary

Electronic Voice Mail - Electronic Voice Mail- a system that records the user's voice messages, which can later be listened to by the recipient. Messages can be forwarded to other phone numbers........
Economic dictionary

Voice Mail - Voice [voice] Mail- type of e-mail, when a voice message is stored in the form of a letter.
Economic dictionary

gap- and, preposition. about the crack, in the crack and in the crack; pl. cracks, -hey; well.
1. Narrow oblong hole, well. Shield in the floor. It blows in all the cracks. Look in sh. fence. Caulk the cracks in........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov

Bochdaleka Gap- (V. A. Bochdaiek) see Lumbocostal triangle.
Big Medical Dictionary

Superior Orbital Fissure- see Orbital fissure superior.
Big Medical Dictionary

Hyomandibular Fissure- (recessus hyomandibularis) deepening between the mandibular and sublingual visceral arches of the embryo; in further development it differentiates into the wall of the tympanic cavity and the auditory tube.
Big Medical Dictionary

Glazerova Shchel- (fissura Glaseri; J. H. Glaser, 1629-1675, Swiss anatomist) see Stony-tympanic fissure.
Big Medical Dictionary

ophthalmic fissure- see the gap of the eyelids.
Big Medical Dictionary

Orbital Fissure Superior- (fissura orbitalis superior, PNA, BNA; fissura orbitalis cerebralis, JNA; syn. upper orbital fissure) a slit-like space bounded by the small and large wings of the sphenoid bone, connecting ........
Big Medical Dictionary

Orbital Fissure Inferior- (fissura orbitalis inferior, PNA, BNA; fissura orbitalis sphenomaxillaris, JNA; synonym infraorbital fissure) a slit-like space bounded by a large wing of the sphenoid bone and the upper jaw, connecting ........
Big Medical Dictionary

Voice fold- (plica vocalis, PNA, BNA, JNA) a fold of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle.
Big Medical Dictionary

Glottis- (rima glottidis, PNA, BNA, JNA; rima vocalis) a horizontal fissure in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and (in the posterior region) by the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages.
Big Medical Dictionary

Glottis False- see the gap of the vestibule.
Big Medical Dictionary

Glottis— , tube less than 25 mm in length; located between the vocal cords in the lower part of the pharynx, passes into the TRACHEA. When the vocal cords vibrate, its dimensions change.
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

Gill slit- (fissura branchialis) through protrusion of the ectoderm, connecting the gill groove with the pharyngeal pocket; in humans, Zh. participates, for example, in the formation of the outer ear, the auditory (Eustachian) tube.
Big Medical Dictionary

Stony-Drum Fissure- (fissura petrotympanica, PNA, JNA; fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri), BNA; syn. Glaser's fissure) a narrow space between the tympanic part of the temporal bone and the edge of the tympanic roof protruding outward ........
Big Medical Dictionary

Stony-Scaly Gap- (fissura petrosquamosa, PNA, BNA; fissura petrosquamalis, JNA) a narrow space between the squamous part of the temporal bone and the protruding edge of the pyramid.
Big Medical Dictionary

Larrey Slit- (D. J. Larrey) see Sternocostal triangle.
Big Medical Dictionary

Lesgafta Shchel- (P.F. Lesgaft) see Lumbar tendon gap.
Big Medical Dictionary

Parts of oh slot | | No Cold!

The throat is a human organ that belongs to the upper respiratory tract.

Functions

The throat helps move air to the respiratory system and food through the digestive system. Also in one of the parts of the throat there are ligaments and a protective system (prevents food from getting past its path).

Anatomical structure of the throat and pharynx

The throat contains a large number of nerves, the most important blood vessels and muscles. There are two parts of the throat - the pharynx and the larynx. Their trachea continues. The functions between the parts of the throat are divided as follows:

The pharynx moves food into the digestive system and air into the respiratory system. The vocal cords work thanks to the larynx.

Photographed ligaments during laryngoscopy

Pharynx

Another name for the pharynx is the pharynx. It starts at the back of the mouth and continues down the neck. The shape of the pharynx is an inverted cone.

The wider part is located at the base of the skull for strength. The narrow lower part connects to the larynx. The outer part of the pharynx continues the outer part of the mouth - it has quite a lot of glands that produce mucus and help moisten the throat during speech or eating.

The pharynx has three parts - the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the swallowing section.

Nasopharynx

Uppermost part of the throat. She has a soft palate that limits her and, when swallowing, protects her nose from food entering it. On the upper wall of the nasopharynx there are adenoids - an accumulation of tissue on the back wall of the organ. The Eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx with the throat and middle ear. The nasopharynx is not as mobile as the oropharynx.

Oropharynx

Middle part of the throat. Located behind the oral cavity. The main thing that this organ is responsible for is the delivery of air to the respiratory organs. Human speech is possible due to contractions of the muscles of the mouth.

Even in the oral cavity is the tongue, which promotes the movement of food into the digestive system.

The most important organs of the oropharynx are the tonsils, they are most often involved in various diseases of the throat.

Swallowing department

The lowest part of the pharynx with a speaking name. It has a complex of nerve plexuses that allow you to maintain synchronous operation of the pharynx. Thanks to this, air enters the lungs, and food enters the esophagus, and everything happens at the same time.

Larynx

The larynx is located in the body as follows:

Opposite the cervical vertebrae (4-6 vertebrae). Behind - directly the laryngeal part of the pharynx. In front - the larynx is formed due to the group of hyoid muscles. Above is the hyoid bone. Laterally - the larynx adjoins its lateral parts to the thyroid gland.

The larynx has a skeleton. The skeleton has unpaired and paired cartilages. Cartilage is connected by joints, ligaments and muscles.

Unpaired: cricoid, epiglottis, thyroid.

Paired: horn-shaped, arytenoid, wedge-shaped.

The muscles of the larynx, in turn, are also divided into three groups:

Four muscles narrow the th fissure: thyroid-arytenoid, cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid and transverse muscles. Only one muscle expands the th gap - the posterior cricoarytenoid. She is a couple. Two muscles strain the ligaments: the lateral and cricoid.

The larynx has an entrance.

Behind this entrance are the arytenoid cartilages. They consist of horn-shaped tubercles that are located on the side of the mucous membrane. Front - epiglottis. On the sides - scoop-epiglottic folds. They consist of wedge-shaped tubercles.

The larynx is divided into three parts:

The vestibule - stretches from the vestibular folds to the epiglottis, the folds are formed by the mucous membrane, and between these folds is the vestibular gap. The interventricular section is the narrowest.

It stretches from the lower ligaments to the upper ligaments of the vestibule. Its very narrow part is called the th gap, and it is created by intercartilaginous and membranous tissues. Feeding area. Based on the name, it is clear what is located below the th gap.

The trachea expands and begins.

The larynx has three membranes:

The mucous membrane - in contrast to the ligaments (they are from a flat non-keratinizing epithelium) consists of a multinucleated prismatic epithelium. Fibrocartilaginous sheath - consists of elastic and hyaline cartilage, which are surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, and provides the entire structure of the larynx frame. Connective tissue - the connecting part of the larynx and other formations of the neck.

The larynx is responsible for three functions:

Protective - in the mucous membrane there is a ciliated epithelium, and there are many glands in it. And if the food got past, then the nerve endings carry out a reflex - a cough, which brings the food back from the larynx to the mouth.

Respiratory - associated with the previous function. The glottis can contract and expand, thereby directing air currents. Voice-forming - speech, voice. The characteristics of the voice depend on the individual anatomical structure.

and the state of th ligaments.

In the picture the structure of the larynx

Diseases, pathologies and injuries

There are the following problems:

Laryngospasm Inadequate hydration's ligaments Tonsillitis Angina laryngitis Edema larynx Pharyngitis stenosis of larynx Paratonzillit Faringomikoz abscess retropharyngeal scleroma Abscess parafaringealny Damaged throat Hypertrophic palatine tonsils Hypertrophic adenoids Injury mucosal burns mucous cancer throat Bruising fracture cartilage injury compounds larynx and trachea Choking Tuberculosis laryngeal diphtheria Intoxication acid Intoxication alkali Phlegmon

Associated problems that cause a sore throat:

Smoking Inhalation of smoke Inhalation of dusty air ARI Whooping cough Scarlet fever Influenza

To determine the exact cause of pain and irritation in the throat and to prescribe the appropriate treatment, consult a doctor immediately.

A popular video on the structure and functions of the larynx:

Source: http://net-prostuda.ru/2017/11/19/chasti-golosovoy-scheli/

1. Muscles that expand the th gap (dilators):

- posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

2. Muscles that narrow the fissure (constrictors):

- lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and cricothyroid muscle

- oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles.

3. Muscles that change the tension of the ligaments:

- cricothyroid muscle

- th muscle

The work of the muscles of the larynx, together with the th ligament, provides voice formation. The vocal cord can be compared to a string that, when a stream of air passes, vibrates and makes a sound. It should be emphasized that only the formation of sound occurs in the larynx. Lips, tongue, soft palate, paranasal sinuses take part in articulate speech.

Blood supply of the larynx happens at the expense superior thyroid artery, which is a branch of the external carotid artery, and inferior thyroidarteries- branch of the thyroid trunk.

From the superior thyroid artery superior and middle laryngeal arteries. From the inferior thyroid artery inferior laryngeal artery.

Venous outflow is carried out through the veins of the same name (associated arteries) in internal jugular vein.

Innervation of the larynx carried out two branches of the vagus nerve.Superior laryngeal nerve is a mixed nerve.

It departs from the lower node of the vagus nerve goes down and, not reaching the hyoid bone, is divided into two branches: a) outdoor, which is a motor branch and innervates the only muscle of the larynx - the anterior cricothyroid, and the lower pharyngeal constrictor; b) internal, which penetrates into the lumen of the larynx through a hole in the shield sublingual membrane and provides sensitive innervation of the mucous membrane of the larynx.

Trachea and bronchi, their position, structure, functions, blood supply and innervation.

Trachea The hollow organ of the trachea divides into two main bronchus

The location of the trachea is called bifurcation(doubling).

Function of the trachea conducting air.

The tracheal wall consists of four membranes.

mucous membrane lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium containing a large number of goblet cells.

Submucosa, gradually passes into a dense fibrous connective tissue - the perichondrium of the trachea.

Fibrous-muscular-cartilaginousshell The trachea is formed by 16-20 hyaline cartilages, each of which is a half ring, open posteriorly. The cartilages are interconnected by annular ligaments.

adventitial sheath made up of loose fibrous connective tissue.

main bronchi start directly from the trachea. Distinguish between the right and left main bronchi. The right main bronchus is wider and shorter, in the direction it is almost a continuation of the trachea.

The left main bronchus is narrower and longer than the right one. The aortic arch bends through the left main bronchus, and the azygous vein passes through the right main bronchus. The main bronchi enter the gates of the lungs.

The wall of the main bronchi is arranged in the same way as the wall of the trachea.

Blood supplytrachea provide inferior thyroid arteries.

Innervation - recurrent laryngeal nerves.

Blood supply of the bronchi carried out bronchial arteries, departing from thoracic aorta

Innervated by branches of the vagus, sympathetic and spinal nerves.

Lungs, their position, structure, functions, blood supply andinnervation.

Lungs(right and left) are located in the chest cavity, on the sides of the heart. From below they border on the diaphragm, on the sides with ribs, upwards the lungs rise above the I rib by 3-4 cm. Functions of the lungs: air passage (bronchial tree) and gas exchange (alveolar tree).

The lung is shaped like a cone, so it is distinguished top to base. Each lung has three edges - front, bottom and rear and three surfaces diaphragmatic, costal and mediastinal(adjacent to the organs of the mediastinum).

On the mediastinal surface of each lung there is a recess - the gate of the lung, where the main bronchartery and nerves enter, and the pulmonary veins and lymphatic vessels exit.

Left lung narrower and longer than the right. On its anterior edge there is a cardiac notch, which ends at the bottom with a pulmonary tongue. In addition, the left lung, unlike the starting one, consists of two lobes - the upper and lower, separated by an oblique fissure.

Right lung shorter and wider than the left, as the liver presses on it from below. It consists of three lobes - upper, middle and lower, separated by oblique and horizontal slots.

Lung- This is a parenchymal organ, covered on the outside with a visceral pleura, which fuses very closely with the parenchyma of the lung. The connective tissue of the pleura enters the parenchyma, dividing it into lobes, then segments and lobules.

Arterial supply lung tissue, except for the alveoli, bronchial arteries, extending from thoracic aorta.

The pulmonary arteries and veins perform the function of oxygenating the blood, providing nutrition only to the terminal alveoli.

Deoxygenated blood from the tissue of the lung, bronchi and large vessels flows along bronchial veins entering the system superior vena cava, and also partly in pulmonary veins.

Innervation of the lungs carried out branches of the vagus, sympathetic, spinal and phrenic nerves, forming anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses.

Anatomical characteristics of the organs of the urinary system. Age features.

urinary system performs the functions of purifying the blood, forming urine and excreting harmful substances from the body together with it.

The urinary system is made up of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

kidneys in newborns and infants, they are round, their surface is bumpy due to the lobular structure (there are 10-20 lobules), which is associated with insufficient development of the cortical substance. The length of the kidneys at birth is 4.2 cm, weight - 12 g. In infancy, the size of the kidneys increases 1.5 times, and the weight - 3 times (37 g).

Kidney growth occurs unevenly, it is most intense in the first year of life. In the period of 5-9 years, and especially at 16-19 years, the size of the kidneys increases due to the development of the cortical substance, the growth of the medulla stops by the age of 12. The thickness of the cortical layer of an adult, compared with that at birth, increases by 4 times, and that of the brain - by 2 times.

Ureters Bladder.By the time of birth, the ureters are sinuous, up to 7 cm long. By the age of 4, their length reaches 15 cm. The capacity of the bladder grows from 50-80 to 500 cm3 in an adult.

In old age there is a decrease in the mass of the kidneys. As a result of impaired hemomicrocirculation, there is a progressive decrease in the number of renal glomeruli. Changes also affect other parts of the nephrons. Blood flow in the vessels of the kidneys worsens, connective tissue grows in the cortex.

The dynamics of urine flow from the cups of the pelvis and the ureters is disturbed. Uric acid salts are deposited in the kidneys, forming stones and sand. The ureters also lose elasticity. As a result of atrophy of the muscular membrane, their walls expand, deform, the tone of the sphincters decreases, and function weakens.

These changes exacerbate the processes of stone formation in the kidneys.

Decrease in senile distensibility of the bladder leads to an increase in the frequency of urge to urinate. Difficulty urinating in men contributes to the development of prostate adenoma, which compresses the initial part of the urethra. Urinary incontinence in the elderly is due to weakness of the sphincters and impaired innervation.

Nephron, its structure, functional significance.

Nephron- structural and functional unit of the kidney. The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle, where filtration occurs, and the system of tubules, in which reabsorption (reabsorption) and secretion of substances take place.

In humans, each kidney contains about a million nephrons, each about 3 cm long.

Each nephron includes six departments, greatly differing in structure and physiological functions: renal corpuscle (Malpighian corpuscle), consisting of Bowman's capsule and renal glomerulus; proximal convoluted renal tubule; descending loop of Henle; ascending limb of the loop of Henle; distal convoluted renal tubule; collecting duct.

Renal body. The nephron begins with the renal corpuscle, which consists of the glomerulus and the Bowman-Shumlyansky capsule. Ultrafiltration of the blood plasma takes place here, which leads to the formation of primary urine.

proximal tubule- the longest and widest part of the nephron, conducting the filtrate from the Bowman-Shumlyansky capsule into the loop of Henle.

LoopHenle part of the nephron that connects the proximal and distal tubules. The loop has a hairpin bend in the medulla of the kidney. The main function of the loop of Henle is the reabsorption of water and ions in exchange for urea by a countercurrent mechanism in the medulla of the kidney.

Kidneys, their position, shape, functions, blood supply and innervation.; 22. Kidneys, their internal structure. Blood supply and innervation.

The kidneys (right and left) are bean-shaped and weigh 150-200 g. An adult kidney is 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide and up to 4 cm thick. The kidneys are located on the back wall of the abdominal cavity in the lumbar region in a special renal bed formed by the square muscle of the lower back. The right kidney is located somewhat lower than the left, as the liver presses on it from above.

The kidney is a parenchymal organ. On the frontal section of the kidney in the parenchyma, the cortex and medulla are distinguished, as well as the renal sinus located in the center.

The kidneys are not covered by the peritoneum, so they have their own fixing device.

(rima glottidis, pna, bna, jna; rima vocalis) a horizontal fissure in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and (in the posterior region) by the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages.

Medical terms. 2012