Higher plants. Department of Angiosperms

Question 01. Which powers have created the most extensive colonial empires? Find their property on the map.

Answer. The most extensive possessions were held by Great Britain. Also, a considerable colonial empire was created by France, but it was far behind.

Question 02. Tell us about the colonial policy of Great Britain. Expand the concepts of "dominion", "colony", "protectorate" and give examples.

Answer. Great Britain sought to obtain resources from its colonies and sell its own products to them, this entailed economic dependence, while political dependence was not necessary. The classical colony assumes full control of the metropolis over a certain territory, but by the beginning of the twentieth century, Great Britain had lost interest in this form of dependence. It turned its most developed colonies into dominions - that is, territories with broad autonomy. Their supreme ruler remained the British monarch, whose power was exercised by the governor-general, but the main part of the current Questions was decided by local self-government. Later the dominions became independent states as a result of peaceful evolution. The newly subordinated territories were often made protectorates, that is, the local government was not displaced, but all questions of domestic and foreign policy were decided for them by Great Britain, whose interests were represented by special advisers to the government. This meant the adoption of a number of trade agreements with the metropolis. Thus, the territory was able to be exploited economically with a minimum expenditure of effort and military intervention.

Question 03. What features of the colonial policy of France, USA, Germany, Japan can you name?

Answer. France, after the Napoleonic Wars, created its colonial empire in many respects anew. The USA, Germany and Japan took over their colonies after the British and French empires were already formed. Because of this, they received mainly territories with underdeveloped peoples.

Question 04. What arguments were presented in European countries in favor of colonial conquests? Do you agree with them?

Answer. The Europeans claimed that they bring the achievements of civilization, Christianity and scientific and technological progress to the underdeveloped peoples. They also took pride in eradicating wild local customs (such as the self-immolation of widows in India) and ending bloody tribal strife. In my opinion, the eradication of local cultures can hardly be called a blessing. But on the other hand, the colonialists really did not allow the local tribes to fight each other. For example, if the colonial empires were preserved, the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda, which took up to a million lives within 100 days of 1994, would not have been possible.

Question 05. What were the causes of the economic crises? In which countries and how often did they occur? Why did crises become international?

Answer. Crises have arisen in industrially developed countries due to overproduction. In a market economy, price is a balance between supply and demand. At a certain time, so much production is produced that this balance is lower than the cost price, that is, the enterprises are forced to either sell their products at a loss, or set high prices for which no one bought the products. As a result, losses ruined many enterprises. Crises became international, as the economies of these states were interconnected. Surplus products, from which entrepreneurs sought to get rid of as soon as possible, were supplied to foreign countries at dumping (artificially lowered) prices. As a result, their markets were also overstocked, and the crisis began in new countries.

Question 06. What contradictions existed in the world at the beginning of the 20th century? Why do you think their peaceful solution was impossible?

Answer. Contradictions:

1) the struggle for sales markets and sources of raw materials (that is, colonies, which Germany was especially in need of);

2) Franco-German contradictions due to France's desire for revenge for the Franco-Prussian war;

3) a large knot of contradictions has developed on the Balkan Peninsula;

4) Great Britain tried with all its might to maintain its complete domination of the sea, which Germany dreamed of shaking.

I think these contradictions could have been resolved peacefully, but few people wanted to do it. Europe missed the big war, a kind of Napoleonic one, many wanted it not only among politicians, but also among the inhabitants, among the younger generation, who were looking for loud epithets like "iron". Therefore, the news of the beginning of World War I aroused enthusiasm everywhere. The inhabitants did not understand what the big war would turn out to be between powerful industrially and technically developed states.

1. What are the main features of flowering plants.

The main feature of this group is the presence of flowers and angiosperms. Flowering plants are characterized by an intensive metabolism, rapid accumulation of organic matter in the process of photosynthesis, the formation of a variety of biologically active substances, rapid growth and, as a result, adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions. The development of male and female gametophytes in angiosperms is extremely reduced: they are represented only by some parts of the flower - the embryo sac located in the ovule and mature pollen grain. Ovules (ovules), unlike gymnosperms, are enclosed in the cavity of the ovary (hence the name of the department - angiosperms). They are characterized by double fertilization. The tracheids are replaced by vessels, which facilitates the passage of water and increases the adaptability to life on land.

2. Tell us about the structure of the flower. What is the meaning of a flower? Give examples of inflorescences.

The flower is a modified shoot. Despite the huge variety of flower shapes, common features can be found in their structure. The flower develops on a peduncle, expanding in a receptacle, on which the rest of its parts are formed. A calyx is formed from small green sepals, and a corolla is formed from brightly colored petals. They protect the main parts of the flower - the pistil and stamens from mechanical damage, and the corolla of insect pollinated plants also attracts insects. The stamens are made up of filaments and the anther, where pollen forms. In the pistil, a wide ovary, a thin column and a stigma are distinguished. Fruits develop from the ovary. In some angiosperms, flowers are bisexual, that is, they have a pistil and stamens, in others, either female - pistillate, or male - staminate flowers. In the latter case, either flowers of the same sex, or both together, can develop on one plant. In many plants, such as gladioli, hyacinths, asters, dahlias, flowers are collected in inflorescences.

3. What is a fruit? Make a table "Types of fruits and their organization."

The fruit is an organ of flowering plants that develops from a flower and serves to protect and propagate seeds. One or more parts of the flower take part in the formation of fruits: the pistil, the bases of the stamens, petals and sepals, as well as the receptacle. Depending on the consistency of the parts of the fruit, they are divided into juicy and dry.

Juicy fruits: berry (currant, gooseberry, actinidia, etc.), prefabricated juicy drupe (raspberry, blackberry), apple (apple tree), prefabricated achene (strawberry, strawberry).

Dry fruits: nuts (hazel, hazelnuts, chestnuts, pistachio), dry drupes (walnuts, almonds).

4. How is the ovule of angiosperms protected?

The ovule of angiosperms is protected from adverse effects by the ovary.

5. What is the function of the fetus?

The fruit is an organ of angiosperms that participates in the spread of seeds, protecting them from environmental factors.

6. What life forms are found in plants?

The whole variety of flowering plants can be reduced to two main types - woody (trees and shrubs) and herbaceous. The herbaceous life form, characteristic of most angiosperms, is characterized by a higher adaptability to sharp fluctuations in environmental conditions than the arboreal one.

7. What classes are the angiosperms divided into? Give a comparative description of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

Angiosperms are divided into two classes: Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous. In monocots, as the name implies, there is one cotyledon in the embryo of the seed - the first leaf of the plant. In addition, monocots differ significantly from dicotyledons in a number of characters: 1) they have a fibrous root system; 2) leaves are mostly simple, with arcuate or parallel arrangement of veins; 3) flowers of the three-membered type, that is, the number of their sepals, petals and stamens is usually a multiple of three. A systematic feature of dicotyledons is the presence of two cotyledons in the embryo. Other distinctive features of dicots are as follows: 1) the root system is taproot, with developed lateral roots; 2) leaves, both simple and complex, with net venation, only a few species have a different venation; 3) flowers of the five- and four-membered type (i.e., the number of sepals, petals and stamens is a multiple of four or five); 4) endosperm in ripe seeds is well expressed in a number of families (solanaceous, umbrella, etc.), but in legumes, Asteraceae and others (for example, beans, peas, sunflowers), it is poorly developed or completely absent, and reserve nutrients are located directly in the cotyledons the embryo.

8. Suggest your options for classifications of angiosperms. What criterion do you use as the basis for each of them?

Classification according to the life form of the plant: trees, shrubs, herbs, flowers.

9. What do you think, what features of angiosperms allowed them to occupy a dominant position among plants?

For flowering plants, double fertilization is characteristic, as a result of which a zygote and a cell are formed, from which the endosperm is subsequently formed. In angiosperms, the simultaneous development of the embryo and endosperm allows avoiding unnecessary waste of plastic substances and energy if the embryo is not formed. The seeds are enclosed in the fruit and are reliably protected from adverse environmental conditions. What helped the angiosperms to take the leading position among plants.

10. Using additional literature and Internet resources, develop a winter garden project in accordance with the aesthetic ideas about the design of the premises.

The winter garden is a heated room with natural light, designed to accommodate exotic and non-resistant plants, as well as indoor plants. The best choice for placing a winter garden is the east side, since this winter garden will not overheat. It is also necessary to consider the heating system for the garden in the winter, additional lighting and air circulation.

When choosing plants for a winter garden, in addition to your own preferences, you need to be guided by the distribution of plants according to the geographical areas where they grow.

For the winter garden, African and Asian tropical plants were chosen: pinnate asparagus, goega begonia, davallia dissected, alocasia, dracaena Sandera, large-flowered tunbergia, lyre-shaped ficus, long pepper, green pellet, and also cyperus alternate-leaved.

Winter garden maintenance rules:

Timely watering (the need for moisture of each type of plant is taken into account);

Timely application of fertilizers (applied according to the season, taking into account the age, variety and condition of the plants): different types of dressings, root and foliar;

Timely pruning and shaping (this service is necessary to maintain the decorative appearance of plants);

Aeration of the soil and restoration of the soil (the soil settles and compresses over time, preventing moisture from entering the roots and exposing the root system of flowers, which leads to the development of diseases and wilting);

Diagnostics of diseases and treatment of plants (regular preventive examination, determination of the type of pest or disease, use of adequate medicinal products);

Timely dust removal from the leaf surface.

This photographer from St. Petersburg is known not only in our country. He conducts wonderful wedding photo sessions both in Russia and abroad, and in addition, he creates beautiful portraits that involve the viewer in the scene and seem to transfer him into the reality created by the author.

- Tell us, please, how did you discover the world of photography and how long ago did you start taking photographs?

I am shooting relatively recently, although photography constantly accompanies me in my life; before it was more of an experiment, I was curious to take pictures, but I think first of all I discovered photography thanks to the Internet: I saw what it could be, and it fascinated me a lot.

I've always wanted to make movies; photography is also a way to tell a story, although there are different rules here, but still.

- Have you studied photography on your own or professionally?

The study took place on the Internet, I independently comprehended the basics and mysteries of mastery, visited numerous photo resources, read objective and not very criticism, looked for opportunities to reflect my perception of the world, images and states.

- Why are you interested in the genre of portrait photography?

This is the hardest and most addicting genre of photography. I find it very interesting to shoot people; I like to communicate, reveal or find myself in the reflection of other people. Catching such inconspicuous moments of a real person is difficult.

- Your work is very well known abroad. What do you think, what features are inherent in your style?

I don't think it has any peculiarities. Style is handwriting, technique and techniques, the angle of view on things and those topics that excite; all this in one form or another is reflected in the works.

- How important is photoshop in your work?

Photoshop is often the final stage of finishing the picture, placing accents, emotional direction with the help of color solutions; I use all this out of necessity, sometimes the presence of Photoshop in photography is minimal.

- Do you organize master classes? What are you trying to teach first?

Yes, right now my team and I are planning to launch a series of author's master classes in the form of separate thematic workshops, which will highlight my approaches to shooting and photo processing techniques. I will try to show the ways of finding ways to express myself, my ideas and the ability to implement them, finding sources of inspiration, forming my style.

- What project are you working on now?

I have just finished work on the "Twentieth Winter" project. This is the personal twentieth winter of a young Minsk woman, with all the existential problems that she brings with her: cold, anxiety, sadness and loneliness. There is nothing magical or fabulous here. This is one of the understandings of our reality, albeit hopeless.

- Very often portraitists joke that portrait photography begins with "Helios". Do you agree?

Perhaps yes. For me "Helios" is associated with portraits, this is my first and in the recent past a frequently used lens.

- What character traits do you think should be inherent in a photographer in the first place?

Curiosity and openness to new things; excitement; sociability, or more precisely, the ability to endear a person to himself; self-criticism; persistence and perseverance; a sense of humor, I think, will not hurt.

- Where do you find inspiration and sources of ideas for your photos?

Inspiration arises everywhere, it is caused by any life events, cinema, music, change of habit, travel, meeting and communication with people.

- If photography did not exist, what do you think you would become?

An artist or musician.

- What does photography mean to you?

This is a way of life, my condition, searching for answers to questions, meeting new people, traveling, in a word, my life.

- Can you give some advice to aspiring photographers?

Experiment and practice constantly. Do not retreat in the face of difficulties, keep moving, do not stop halfway. Express yourself, look for yourself in the photo, your topic where you can fully express yourself.

Application form. about the author

Name, surname, age:Vitaly Kurets, 33 years old.

Exhibitions, awards, achievements:personal photo exhibition "Sense of Silence" in Minsk in 2010, laureate of the national award "Best Photographer - 2011".

Inspiration:travel, communication with interesting people.

Best advice:shoot for your pleasure.

Reply left the guest

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