What is the suggestion. What is a suggestion? In the Universe or IN the Universe

Where is Kolobok sitting? On a stump. Preposition NA.

Rice. 6. Gingerbread Man ()

Who is the dog friends with? With cat. Suggestion S.

Rice. 7. Dog with a cat ()

What is the ship sailing on? By sea. PO preposition.

Rice. 8. The ship sails on the sea ()

Where is the student sitting? At the desk. Suggestion FOR.

Rice. 9. The student at the desk ()

Let's remember the prepositions : in, without before, from, to, on, by, o, from, before, with, through, for, with, at, for, over, about, under, about.

Unlike nouns, adjectives, and verbs, prepositions do not answer questions. However, the connection of words in a sentence without prepositions is impossible.

Let's remember:

Prepositions with words are written separately.

We already know that there are similar prefixes in Russian. But prefixes - this is part of the word, so they are written together with the words. A prepositions - this is a part of speech, so they are written with words separately.

Let's learn how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition.

Let's determine where the prefix is, and where is the preposition.

(On) wrote (on) an envelope.

The first way: you can discard or change the prefix, but not the preposition. Let's try:

Wrote (on) an envelope. The words are connected in meaning. So the first NA is a prefix.

Wrote an envelope. Communication is broken. So the second ON is a preposition.

Posted by- ON the prefix - we write together. On the envelope- ON the preposition - we write separately.

Remember: prepositions with verbs are not used!

Consider the second way:

(Pro) read (pro) animals.

The second way: you can insert another word between the preposition and the word. Let's try:

Read - What did you do? - this is a verb, PRO is a prefix, you cannot insert another word.

Read about pets. PRO - an excuse, we will write separately.

Read about animals.

Word pretext translated from Greek means " before the word". In terms of frequency of use, prepositions take the fourth place after nouns, verbs and adjectives.

Let's consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice.

Let's play with suggestions.

The name of which coniferous tree consists of four prepositions?

Pine - C, O, C, ON.

The name of which pet consists of two prepositions?

Cat - K, OT.

The name of which pet consists of three prepositions?

Goat - K, O, FOR.

Without what four excuses can you not inflate a wheel?

Pump - ON, C, O, C.

Let's compose and write down phrases with prepositions B, ON.

Sweets, vase;
Books, shelf;
Painting, wall;
Tablecloth, table;
Pencil, pencil case;
Cubes, box.

Let's check:

Sweets in a vase;
Books on the shelf;
Picture on the wall;
Tablecloth on the table;
Pencil in a pencil case;
Cubes in a box.

Insert suitable prepositions:

Birds ... in a cage.

Leaves ... branch.

Cat ... table.

Kindergarten ... corner.

Let's check:

Birds in a cage.

Leaves on a branch.

The cat is at the table.

Garden around the corner.

Prepositions with words are written separately.

Let's write, opening the brackets:

Misha (in) ran (in) class.

Vova (before) rode (to) school (on) a tram.

Nina (along) walked (along) the path (to) the garden.

The path (c) started (c) the mountains.

Flowers (under) the window (under) cut (under) the root.

Let's check:

Misha ran into the classroom. Misha What did you do? ran in. Ran in - this is a verb, so B is a prefix, we write together. I ran into a large class. You can insert a word, so B is a preposition, we write separately.

Vova went to school by tram. Vova What did you do? arrived. I arrived - this is a verb, which means DO is a prefix, we write together. I arrived at my school. You can insert a word, which means DO is a preposition, we write separately. I arrived on the red tram. You can insert a word, which means DO is a preposition, we write separately.

Nina walked along the path to the garden. Nina what did you do? went. Went - this is a verb, so software is a prefix, we write together. On a small path. You can insert a word, which means software is a pretext, we write separately. In the city garden. You can insert a word, so B is a preposition, we write separately.

The path descended from the mountain. Path what did you do? went down. Went down - this is a verb, so C is a prefix, we write together. Coming down from a high mountain. You can insert a word, which means C is a preposition, we write separately.

The flowers under the window were pruned to the root. Flowers under my window. You can insert a word, which means POD is a pretext, we write separately. what did they do? Cut off - this is a verb, which means POD is a prefix, we write together. Cut to the very root. You can insert a word, which means POD is a pretext, we write separately.

In this lesson, we learned that a preposition is a part of speech that serves to connect words. It must be remembered that prepositions with words are written separately.

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
Social network of educators Nsportal.ru ().

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 158, p. 113; ex. 161, p. 115.
Make up 4 tests with three answers on the topic of the lesson.
* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make up a few riddles following the example from the section This is interesting.

From other words in phrases and sentences. Prepositions, like all functional words, cannot be used independently, they always refer to some noun (or a word used in the function of a noun). Due to their syntactic non-independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. They serve control as a kind of subordination, being associated with the control component of the phrase.

This part of speech was formed due to other lexical and grammatical categories. This is largely due to the heterogeneity of prepositions. During the XIX-XX centuries, there is a continuous replenishment of the composition of derivative prepositions. Prepositions that express the most abstract meanings - objective, causal, target, etc. develop most interestingly. The growing role of journalistic and scientific speech in the Russian language of the 19th century is reflected in the development of new prepositions.

Some prepositions, mostly derivatives, combine a number of meanings. Yes, suggestions. for, under, from, from, into, on combine causal, spatial and temporal meanings. Pretext through, expressing spatial ( through the mountains) and temporary ( through the centuries) relationship, colloquially found when expressing causal relationships ( through you I lost my family). Other prepositions combine causal meanings with goal meanings, for example for, by.

Classification by origin and structure

Non-derivative (the oldest prepositions) - in, without, before, from, to, on, by, o, from, before, with, through, with, at, for, over, about, under, about, for.

Derivative prepositions were formed at a later time from the words of other parts of speech and subdivided into:
- adverbial - near, deep into, along, near, about, around, in front of, after and etc.;
- denominated - by, in the role of, depending on, by, about, about, in view of, on occasion, during and etc.;
- verbal (they were mostly formed from gerunds rather than verbs proper) - thanks, despite, later and others.

Structure classification

Simple (consisting of one word): in, from, to, at, over, on, before, at and etc.
complex (consist of two simple, connected by a hyphen): from under, from behind, over and etc.
compound (consisting of several words): in spite of, in spite of, due to and etc.

Classification by use with cases of nouns (valence)

with one case
with two cases
with three cases

Relationship Classification

As the researchers note, in the modern Russian language the range of meanings of prepositions, the sphere of relations expressed by them, is expanding and deepening. So, prepositions do not change and are not members of the sentence, but they express different relationships:

spatial - around, among, on and etc.;
temporary - during, in continuation and etc.;
causal - in view of , due to , because of , due to and etc.;
target - For and etc.;
object - and etc.;
comparative
defining
concessions
accompanying

Literature

Baranov M.T. Russian language grade 7. - Enlightenment, 2011. - 224 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-09-024813-6

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

Adverb
Union (disambiguation)

See what "Preposition" is in other dictionaries:

pretext- Cause, cause, reason; justification, excuse; chicane. Under a plausible pretext.. Cf. . See excuse, nitpick, reason, trick, cunning to look for a pretext, under a pretext ... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under.… … Synonym dictionary

PRETEXT Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PRETEXT- 1. PREPOSITION1, preposition, husband. A reason for something, a fictitious reason. An excuse for a fight. "Annibal, Biron's personal enemy, was sent to Siberia under a plausible pretext." Pushkin. "You only want, and there is an excuse." Dal. “I’m Dimitri, or not what ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

pretext- 1. PREPOSITION, a; m. Reason for what l., a fictitious reason. Find, find p. Blagovidny p. P. for a quarrel. P. to leave. Come up with a p. to leave. Reject under any pretext. ◁ Under the pretext of what. in sign pretext. As a result, because of Refuse to…… encyclopedic Dictionary

pretext- PROPOSITION, reason, obsolete. pretext, open lead ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

PRETEXT- PREPOSITION, a part of speech, a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (for example, enter a house). Not a member of the offer... Modern Encyclopedia

PRETEXT- part of speech is a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (eg, enter a house). Not a member of the offer... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREPOSITION 1- PREPOSITION 1, a, m. External reason for what n. Find an item for refusal. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

PREPOSITION 2- PREPOSITION 2, a, m. In grammar: a functional word expressing the relationship between grammatically dependent words (word and word form), for example. on (put on the table), by (walk across the field), at (be at the house). Dictionary… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

pretext- PROPOSITION, husband. External reason for what n. Find an item for refusal. Under the pretext of what, in the meaning. preposition with genus. explaining, justifying. than n., referring to, relying on what n. Refuse under the pretext of employment. Under the pretext that (under that ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Pretext- (gram.) An invariable particle that serves to more accurately determine the meaning of a verb or case. The original real meaning of P. has been lost, but undoubted traces of their former declination have been preserved; e.g. Greek en, eni in, on (local fall), ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

Preposition - we are familiar with it! Teaching the use of prepositions in writing, Ivanova Svetlana Vasilievna. The manual offers the author's didactic material for working with primary school students with general underdevelopment of speech, with children in classes of correctional and developmental education, ...

As you know, the Russian language is incredibly rich both from a lexical and morphological point of view. That is why foreigners have to spend far more than one year studying at least his oral speech with all the grammar and syntax. And, like any other language, in addition to independent parts of speech, it also needs auxiliary parts for linking words in a sentence, convenience of declension, and the correct formulation of questions. Therefore, in this article we will analyze one of these categories, namely: what is a preposition, why is it needed and how to use it correctly.

Concept and definition

As mentioned earlier, prepositions belong to the service parts of speech and serve to connect words in a sentence. More precisely, they express the dependence of nouns, pronouns and numerals on other words. Thus, they can show a relationship either between two objects (cloth with a pattern), or between an action and an object (go to the pier), or between a feature and an object (the most beautiful in the class). Prepositions differ from unions in that they connect words strictly within a simple sentence; the exception to their use are homogeneous terms, but otherwise their function is extensive. Their similarity with other service parts of speech lies in the fact that their properties are limited, we will talk about this later.

Properties of prepositions as parts of speech

Firstly, they cannot act as independent members in a sentence and are always attached to the word with which they are used, being an integral member with it. For example, in the sentence “The full moon was reflected in the river”, the preposition “in” along with the word “river” is emphasized as a circumstance. Secondly, since we found out what a preposition is, it, like other auxiliary words, cannot be changed by case, gender, tense and numbers, unlike the parts of speech with which they are used. However, they are always included in the question when declensing nouns, pronouns and numerals in cases and even help to do this, simplifying the task for students. For example, let's try to decline the word "mother".

I. p .: Who is standing at the stove? - Mother.
R. p .: Who has a new dress? - Mom.
V.p.: Whom does daddy love? - mom.
D. p .: I will go to whom for advice? - to Mom.
T. p .: Grandmother is proud of whom? - mom.
P. p.: I will write poems about whom? - about my mother.

Location in the offer

In addition, in order to understand what a preposition is as a part of speech, you need to learn how to quickly find them in the text. Most often they are adjacent to nouns and pronouns, and therefore are placed before them. For example, on the desk, at the table, in front of me, etc. If there is a definition (adjective, numeral, possessive pronoun, participle) before the word with which they are used, then the preposition “skips” it forward and stands in front of it. For example: on a wooden desk, at my table, for a long time, etc. However, there are some phrases in which prepositions are used after the word to which they refer. These are either well-established phrases or stylistic features of the author. For example: what for.

Classification of prepositions

For the convenience of studying morphology, all parts of speech are divided into types, types, categories according to some unifying feature. A similar division exists in the case of function words, this helps to better understand what a preposition is in Russian and why it is used.

So, there are 3 classifications of this part of speech.

Firstly, by origin, prepositions are divided into non-derivative (“primordial”, i.e., initially refer to function words: to, from, on, under, for, for, etc.) and derivatives (were formed from another part speech). The latter, in turn, can be verbal (thanks to, later, despite, despite), denominative (due to, during, in continuation, in view of, like, due to) and adverbial (inside, near, behind, ahead).

Secondly, in terms of composition, there are simple (they consist of one word and have one root: to, on, from, for), complex (several words: during, despite) and compound (one word, several roots) prepositions (examples : from under, from behind).

By semantic meaning

This classification of prepositions is the most capacious, it includes 6 main categories:

Spaces or "places" (with a defined word answer the question "where?"): in the table, outside the window, on the carpet, under the closet.
Time - "when? how long?: for half an hour, from morning to night, for a week.
Object - “about what? about what / who? ”: write about love, talk about school.
The mode of action is “how?”: with feeling, with love, with anxiety.
Reasons - “why?”: out of boredom, out of shame, out of fear.
Goals - Why? for whom? ”: for pleasure, for mom.

Theme Subtleties

So, we have studied what a preposition is and how it is classified by structure, origin and categories. For those who have not yet fully understood the complexities of this part of speech, we will explain some tricks. So, for example, a rather difficult topic: what is a derivative preposition and how to distinguish it in a sentence. A question will always serve as an assistant in this, since it can be asked to an independent part of speech, but not to a service part. For example, in the sentence: "There were many bends in the course of the river," the second word is a noun ("where? - in the course"). In the other case (for an hour I could not sleep) it is a preposition, since a single question is asked to the expression ("how long? - for an hour"). From here, another difficulty arises, namely, it is necessary to correctly determine how prepositions are written - with “E” at the end or with “I”. To do this, you will have to learn them by heart: during, in continuation, as a result, but subsequently.

Of course, by its uniqueness, any language is worthy of high marks. But can each of them boast of its richness of vocabulary, a gigantic set of grammatical forms, deep complex and simple syntax, majestic morphology? Prepositions in Russian provide a high indicator of uniqueness.

Special part of speech

Prepositions in Russian are a separate part of speech. Their classes and ranks also require close attention.

In modern Russian, they distinguish 6 independent parts of speech:

Noun.
Verb.
Adjective.
Numerals.

In addition to this group, linguists distinguish another one, which they called the service parts of speech (ch. R.). Its elements perform "secondary" functions, but in the higher formations of the language (syntax), their role is much higher, since without them it will not be possible to compose a sentence. This includes 3 main groups:

Union.
Particle.
Preposition (in addition, a special group of interjections is distinguished).

Of all the above, h. the most interesting is the third. The preposition cannot answer any of the questions and is always written before the noun. At its core, it is a kind of glue or solution used to build a syntactic whole (sentence). The text is built from sentences, which means that prepositions perform a very important function in the text. Thus, we can formulate a definition.

A preposition is an official part of speech that serves to connect words in a sentence.

Main classifications

By origin and structure, derivative and non-derivative prepositions are distinguished. Non-derivatives have never been other parts of speech or their morphemes. Derivatives were formed by the transition of an independent part of speech into auxiliary ones. For the Russian language, such a phenomenon is not rare and often happens when one part of speech gradually acquires morphological features of another. The phenomenon of part-speech transition is constantly studied by scientists. The main tool for such an analysis is the identification of patterns in modern language processes.

According to the structure, groups of simple ones are distinguished: in, under, on; and composite: in spite of, in conclusion.

To deal with the writing of derivative prepositions and their homonymous forms, it is necessary to determine the causal relationships of their formation. It should be clarified by examples how homonymous forms should be written, how they are emphasized and how they differ from each other in writing. To do this, you need to create a table.

The data in the table indicate that it is necessary to distinguish between independent parts of the river. and derivative prepositions, since it depends on which part of the sentence the words are. If it is incorrect to determine the black r., you can make a mistake in the end. This means that there is a risk of violating the rules for separating additions and circumstances.

There are three types of derivatives:

Formed from a noun (by, in continuation).
Formed from adverbs (around, during, due to, in view of, about).
Formed from the participle (thanks to, despite).

It should be noted that, passing from a noun, adverb or gerund, the word loses the morphological features of independent parts of the word. It changes one morphological category for another. For example, gender, number, case, etc. are lost.

Morphological analysis is a way to prove which part of the river. is the word. Any of them has morphological features (categories). It is necessary to familiarize yourself with an example of such an analysis.

Morphological analysis consists of 3 actions:

Definition of a part of speech. General value.
Determining the type of preposition - simple or compound, derivative or non-derivative.

Thus, an oral analysis is built. In practice (in writing), it looks like this:

The earth is buried under tall grass.

Sub - suggestion.
Buried (x) (under what?) underground.
Morphological features: simple, non-derivative.

Until now, not everyone knows how the preposition is emphasized in the sentence, and it is incorrectly highlighted graphically. According to the generally accepted rule, it can only be designated as the noun associated with it.

If in a sentence the noun is an object (underlined with a dotted line), then the n will be underlined in the same way (above the forest). If the noun in the sentence is a circumstance, then the n. will be underlined in the same way.

Many underline the n in the same way as an adjective (with a wavy line) if it comes between the noun and the preposition. This is not true. It is always associated only with a noun and reflects the case form of this part of speech, but only dependence on a noun connects it with an adjective.

With what hours. not used

Since only nouns can be used with n, we can say that this quality extends to n. r., whose morphological features similar to a noun:

Pronoun (except pronouns-adjectives).
Participle.
quantitative nouns.

With these hours. the preposition can be combined, but with adjectives, adverbs, ordinal numbers, the connection is never observed. This is due to the fact that the above hours. in their morphological categories they are similar to the adjective, and the preposition does not depend on it.

We already know that the words in a sentence are connected in meaning. Today we will learn about little helpers, without whom this connection would not be possible.

Let's consider the first example. Let's make a sentence with words cat And table based on drawings.

The cat is sitting on table.

The cat is sitting under table.

The cat is sitting behind table.

The cat is sitting at table.

Let's name the words that helped indicate where the cat is: on, under, behind, at . If you remove them from sentences, they lose their meaning and coherence.

Pretext A part of speech that connects words to each other.

There are about 200 prepositions in Russian. Let's get acquainted with some of them.

Where do mushrooms grow? In the forest. Pretext IN.

Where is Kolobok sitting? On a stump. Pretext ON.

Who is the dog friends with? With cat. Pretext WITH.

What is the ship sailing on? By sea. Pretext BY.

Where is the student sitting? At the desk. Pretext BEHIND.

Let's remember the prepositions: in, without before, from, to, on, by, about, from, before, with, through, for, with, at, for, over, about, under, about.

Unlike nouns, adjectives, and verbs, prepositions do not answer questions. However, the connection of words in a sentence without prepositions is impossible.

Let's remember:Prepositions with words are written separately.

Let's learn how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition.

Let's determine where the prefix is, and where is the preposition.

(On) wrote (on) an envelope.

The first way: you can discard or change the prefix, but not the preposition. Let's try:

Wrote (on) an envelope. The words are connected in meaning. So the first NA is a prefix.

Wrote an envelope. Communication is broken. So the second ON is a preposition.

Posted by- ON the prefix - we write together. On the envelope- ON the preposition - we write separately.

Remember: prepositions with verbs are not used!

Consider the second way:

(Pro) read (pro) animals.

The second way: you can insert another word between the preposition and the word. Let's try:

Read - What did you do? - this is a verb, PRO is a prefix, you cannot insert another word.

Read about pets. PRO - an excuse, we will write separately.

Read about animals.

Word pretext translated from Greek means " before the word". In terms of frequency of use, prepositions take the fourth place after nouns, verbs and adjectives.

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