What do you know about the conquest of siberia. Accession of Siberia to Russia

A number of paintings

Of the godforsaken side

Harsh lord

And the wretched toiler is a man

With my head down ...

As the first used to rule!

How the second slaves!

N. Nekrasov

Humanity owes civilization to two centers lying on two opposite ends of the Old World continent. European civilization originated on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, Chinese - on the eastern outskirts of the continent. These two worlds, European and Chinese, lived a separate life, hardly knowing about each other's existence, but not entirely without intercourse. The works of these individual countries, and perhaps ideas, were passed from one end of the continent to the other. In the interval between the two worlds lay the path of international relations, and this communication of the East with the West caused along the path more or less successes of settled life and culture, despite the fact that the path itself passed through deserted places, where fertile areas meet in fits and starts and are separated by waterless spaces. Siberia, more convenient than these deserts, for settlement and culture lay aside from this international path, and therefore, until later centuries, did not receive any significance in the history of human development.

It remained almost completely unknown to both civilized worlds of the Old World, because the borders of this country were surrounded by such difficult conditions that penetration into the country presented serious obstacles.

In the north, the mouths of its large, like sea branches, rivers are obscured by the ice of the Northern Ocean, along which a path has only recently been laid. In the east, it adjoins the foggy, stormy and little-visited Sea of ​​Okhotsk and Bering. It is cut off from the civilized south of Asia by the steppes. In the west, the wooded Urals blocked the entrance to it. Under such conditions, relations with neighboring countries could not develop, civilization did not penetrate here either from the west or from the east, and information about this vast country was the most confusing, fabulous. From the father of history Herodotus, almost to the famous imperial ambassador Herberstein, instead of reliable reports about Siberia, only fables were transmitted. Or it was said that in the extreme northeast live one-eyed people and vultures guarding gold; or it was narrated that there people are imprisoned behind the mountains, which have only one hole through which they go out once a year for trade; or, finally, they were assured that for the winter they hibernate like animals, freezing to the earth's surface by means of the liquid that flows from their nose. The fabulousness of the news testifies that during all the time Russian state, relations with Siberia were very difficult and rare, due to the impassability of the wooded Urals. The pass over this ridge, along which the rail track is now thrown, in ancient times was a real international barrier. Even in the last century, traveling through the Urals to Berezov, for observations, the astronomer Delisle stated that anyone who undergoes the journey through the Urals will be surprised that there are people who do not dare to accept the Urals beyond the border between Europe and Asia.

In the 16th century, an attempt to form a state in Siberia was made by the Turkestanis. The way from Turkestan to Siberia lay through the steppe inhabited by the Kirghiz, a people who were engaged in cattle breeding and raids on neighbors. It was a predatory, mobile population that did not know any power over itself. Disgruntled people from neighboring Turkestan sedentary states fled here, as simple people so did princes, and often some capable adventurer rallied around himself a significant gang of daredevils, from which he made raids on settled areas, first for plunder, and then for conquests - raids that sometimes ended with the founding of a new and strong dynasty. Probably, such and such brave souls founded the first embryos of the Tatar, Turkestan colonization in Siberia.

At first, several separate principalities arose. One of them, the most ancient, was Tyumen, another prince lived in Yalutorovsk, the third in Isker. Strong colonization from Tatar settlements was laid along the rivers. In the settlements that were the residences of the princes, fortresses or towns were built, in which squads lived, obliged to collect tribute to the prince from the surrounding wandering tribes. These colonists laid the foundation for agriculture and crafts. Farmers, tanners and other craftsmen, as well as merchants and preachers of Islam came here from Turkestan; mullahs brought here a letter and a book. Individual princes, of course, did not live peacefully among themselves; from time to time, personalities appeared between them, seeking to unite the region under their personal authority.

The first unification was achieved by Prince Ediger. Immediately this new kingdom became known on the western side of the Urals. Until Ediger formed a whole Siberian kingdom out of all the small Tatar settlements, the Trans-Urals did not attract the attention of either state people Russia, not ordinary industrialists. Small peoples of Siberia lived in their wilderness, not making themselves felt. Under Ediger, clashes between border residents led to intercourse between Moscow and Siberia, and in 1555 the first Siberian ambassadors appeared in the capital of the Moscow state. Perhaps the gifts that were brought to Moscow indicated the wealth of the Siberian region in furs, and then the idea arose to take possession of this region. The fate of the Trans-Urals Territory in the minds of the Moscow state people was decided; the Moscow tsar began to be demolished, by way of the embassy, ​​with Siberia. Ediger recognized himself as a tributary, and annually sent a thousand sables. But this tribute was suddenly stopped. The steppe rider Kuchum, with a crowd of the Tatar horde, attacked Ediger and conquered his kingdom. Of course, the Moscow governors would have forced Kuchum to recognize the Moscow power, but they were warned by a gang of freemen, led by Yermak. One of the Siberian chronicles ascribes the initiative to the eminent citizen Stroganov; the folk song - to Ermak himself.

The song hints that the Volga freelancers were constrained from all sides and did not give her room to roam, and now the Cossacks gathered on the Astrakhan pier “in a single circle to think of a thought with a cry of the mind, full of reason.” - “Where to run and be saved?” Ermak asks:

“And live on the Volga? - to be reputed to be thieves ...

Go to Yaik? - the transition is great.

Go to Kazan? - the tsar is formidable.

Go to Moscow? - to be intercepted,

In different cities planted,

And sent to dark prisons ... "

Ermak decided to go to Usolye, to the Stroganovs, to take from them a supply of grain and rifle and attack Siberia. The chronicle says that Ermak arrived in the lands of the Stroganovs in the fall of 1579. The Stroganovs were wealthy peasants who made a living on the extraction of salt from brews. They bought up large lands from foreigners, started small towns, kept garrisons and cannons in them. Maxim Stroganov, the then head of this family, was frightened by the emerging gang of Ermak in the Urals, but he had to reconcile himself and fulfill everything that the decisive chieftain demanded of him; he supplied Yermak's squad with lead, gunpowder, breadcrumbs, cereals, gave him guns and leaders from Zyryan. In the first summer, Ermak ran on a ship from Chusovaya into the wrong river, and therefore he had to spend the winter here. Only in 1580, Ermak appeared on the Siberian slope of the Ural ridge; he went up in boats along Chusovaya and Serebryanaya and went down to Tura.

The first natives met him in the yurts of Prince Yepanchi, where today is the city of Turinsk. Here the first battle was fought. Cossack shots rang out; the Tatar population, who had not seen firearms before, fled. From here Yermak went down in boats, down the river, to Tobol and Tobol to its confluence with the Irtysh. Here was the Tatar city of Siberia or Isker, i.e. a small village surrounded by an earthen rampart and a moat; it served as the residence of the Siberian king Kuchum. Ermak preliminarily attacked the small town of Atikin, which lay near Siberia. The Tatars were defeated and fled. This battle decided the fate of the Tatar rule in the country. The Tatars did not dare to resist the Cossacks any longer and abandoned the city of Siberia. The next day, the Cossacks were surprised by the silence that reigned behind the city rampart - "and nowhere was there a voice." For a long time the Cossacks did not dare to enter the city, fearing an ambush. Kuchum took refuge in the southern steppes of Siberia, and from a settled king turned into a nomad. Ermak became the owner of the region. He hit the Moscow sovereign with his forehead.

The song says that he came to Moscow and first bribed the Moscow boyars with sable fur coats to report him to the tsar. The king accepted the gift and forgave Ermak and his comrades for the murder of the Persian ambassador. Immediately, the tsarist army was sent to Siberia under the command of the governor Bolkhovsky. It occupied the city of Siberia, but, as a result of tedious transitions, a lack of food supplies and the lack of discipline of the voivode, a pestilence began in the troops from hunger and the voivode himself died. Ermak again became the main ruler of the region, but not for long. At that time, he heard that a Bukhara caravan was going along the Irtysh to Siberia. Ermak went to meet him, but on the way he was surrounded by the Tatars and died in this dump.

This happened in 1584. Song says that he had only two kolomenki with him; Ermak wanted to jump from one kolomenka to another to help his comrades. He stepped onto the end of the crossing; at this time the other end of the board rose and sank on his "riot head" - and he fell into the water.

The Cossacks fled from Siberia. All the conquered cities were again occupied by the Tatar princes, and Prince Seydyak appeared in Isker. Moscow did not yet know anything about this and sent new troops to Siberia to continue and strengthen the conquest. Therefore, the Cossacks did not have time to reach the Urals, when they met the governor Mansurov, who was going to Siberia, with troops and cannons. Mansurov did not stop in Siberia, sailed down the Irtysh, before its confluence with the Ob, and here he founded the town of Samarovo, in a desert country occupied by the non-military Ostyaks. Only the following governors began to build cities in more important places occupied by the Tatars.

For several years, the Russians were not the only masters in the region. Tatar princes lived next to them and collected yasak for themselves. Tatar fortresses were interspersed with Russians. Voivode Chulkov in 1587 founded the city of Tobolsk, a few miles from Siberia, traces of which are preserved to this day near Tobolsk. The governor did not dare to take the Tatar city by force, as Yermak did. Once, the chronicle tells, the Tatar prince Seydyak, with two other princes: Saltan and Karachi, and with a retinue of 400 people, left the Tatar city on a hawk hunt and drove up under the walls of the Russian city. Voivode Chulkov invited them to his city. When the Tatars wanted to enter with weapons in their hands, the governor stopped them with the words that “they don’t go on a visit like that.” The princes left their weapons and entered the Russian city with a small retinue. The guests were brought to the governor's house, where tables were already prepared.

A long conversation began about "peaceful ordination", i.e. the peaceful division of power over Siberia and the conclusion of eternal peace. Prince Seydyak sat lost in thought and did not eat anything; heavy thoughts and suspicions crossed his mind. Voivode Danilo Chulkov noticed embarrassment and said to him: “Prince Seydyak! That you think evil against Orthodox Christians, eat neither drink nor brush ”. Seydyak replied: "I do not think of any evil on you." Then the Moscow governor took a cup of wine and said: "Prince Seydyak, if you and Tsarevich Saltan and Karacha do not think evil against us, Orthodox Christians, and you drink this to our health." Seydyak took the cup, began to drink - and choked. The princes Saltan and Karacha began to drink after him - and they also choked, - God is denouncing them. Those who saw this, the governor and the warriors, as if Prince Seydyak and others thought evil of them, want their death - and having waved the hand of the governor Danilo Chulkov, the men began to beat the filthy troops. " Seydyak with the best people was captured and sent to Moscow. This happened in 1588. From that time on, the power of the Moscow governor was established in Siberia.

Before the discovery of Siberia, the Volga was a channel through which the so-called dangerous elements left the state. Both the defaulter of taxes and the criminal fled here; an energetic person who was looking for a wide range of activities also left here; not only serfs, vagabonds and walking people fled here, but also individuals from the common people, outstanding in mind and character, who did not have the proper course in life. When Ermak led part of the Volga freemen beyond the Ural ridge, everything that had previously fled to the Volga rushed to Siberia. Instead of robbing trade caravans on the Volga, emigration on a new basis began to conquer roaming tribes and impose yasak from sables on them in favor of the Moscow sovereign, and, of course, a significant proportion fell to the conquerors themselves. But in order to take a sable away from a foreigner, one must have an advantage in strength, one must have courage and other conditions. Therefore, part of the emigration turned directly to the sable fishery. Rumors about a myriad of sables in Siberia, stories, perhaps exaggerated, that foreigners give as many sable skins for an iron cauldron as they can fit into a cauldron, caused increased emigration not only from serf Moscow, but also from the free population of the ancient Novgorod region ... Residents of the present Olonets, Vologda and Arkhangelsk provinces, who have long been familiar with the animal trade, set out to Siberia to hunt for an expensive animal. All these emigrants, starting with the Yermak military squad, went to Siberia either by boat or on foot. Therefore, the first flood of emigration across the new country took place through the forest belt, by means of river communications. The emigration did not go to the southern steppes, because they did not have horses to raid the nomads living in the steppes; besides, the nomads had nothing but livestock, and the emigrants needed expensive sable skins, and the emigration climbed far to the north, closer to the Arctic Ocean. In view of this, in the XYII and early XYIII centuries, the north of Siberia was much more lively than it is now. The northern cities of Siberia were founded earlier than the southern ones. Particularly famous in old Siberia was the city of Mangazeya (songs give it the epithet "rich man"), which lay almost near the shores of the Arctic Ocean and now does not exist at all. The geography of northern Siberia and even the Taimyr Peninsula was known to the Russians of the XYII century better than in later times. But when the sable and other dear animals were exterminated in the north, the population began to rise up the rivers and found southern cities.

The spread of Russian power in the region proceeded in this manner. Having fortified on the Tobol and its tributaries, the Russians began to spread their possessions in Siberia down the Irtysh and Ob. In 1593, the city of Berezov was founded on the lower reaches of the Ob. In the same year, the Russians climbed the Ob up from the mouth of the Irtysh and founded another city, Surgut. A year later, in 1594, a detachment of one and a half thousand military men climbed the Irtysh above the mouth of the Tobol and founded the city of Tara. At Tara, military enterprises up the Irtysh ceased and began again in this direction only after the whole of Siberia, up to the Pacific Ocean, and Kamchatka and Amur were conquered. The Omsk fortress, located only 400 versts south of Tara, was founded only in 1817, therefore, 224 years after the foundation of Tara.

The only conquest made with the help of Tara is in the land of the Baraba Tatars. On the contrary, parties from northern cities traveled much further east. In 1600, the Berezovites founded a city, almost at the very Arctic Sea, on the Taza River, and named it Mangazeya; the Surgut Cossacks went up the Ob and founded, on its tributary, the Keti River, the Ket prison; ascending even higher along the Ob, they met the Tom river, and on it, 60 versts above the mouth, the city of Tomsk was founded in 1604; fourteen years later, i.e. in 1618, the city of Kuznetsk was founded on the same river Tom, but higher than Tomsk.

Here the conquerors of Siberia first reached the South Siberian mountains, which separate it from Mongolia. With the founding of Kuznetsk, the occupation of the vast system of the Ob River ended; a third of Siberia was occupied; further to the east, there were still two equally large river systems: the Yenisei, in the occupation of which immediately after the conquest of the Ob system, and it was started, and the Lena, which lies east of the Yenisei.

The occupation of the Yenisei system began from the far north. One year after the city of Tomsk was founded in the Ob system, the Mangazei Cossacks, or industrial people, opened a winter hut on the Yenisei, where the city of Turukhansk now stands. By 1607, the Samoyeds and Ostyaks, who lived on the Yenisei and the Pyasida River, were overlaid with yasak; and in 1610 the Russians, going down the Yenisei on ships, reached its mouth, i.e. went to the Arctic Sea. The middle parts of the Yenisei system were discovered by the Ket Cossacks, who, taxing the Ostyakov up the Keti, in 1608 reached the Yenisei in the place where the Yeniseisk hills now stand, and from there climbed to the outskirts of present-day Krasnoyarsk. Near Yeniseisk they found the Ostyakovs, whom they called blacksmiths because they knew blacksmithing. Soon after the imposition of yasak, the Ostyaks of the blacksmith volost were attacked by the Tungus, who came from the Tunguska river. The Russians who were in the volost collecting yasak were also beaten. This was the first meeting of the Russians with a new tribe - the Tungus. The hostile actions of the latter against the Ostyaks imposed on yasak caused the construction, around 1620, of the city of Yeniseisk, on the banks of the Yenisei River. After that, within two years, both the Tunguses, who lived along the Tunguska River, and the Tatars, who lived up the Yenisei, were brought into submission, and they were lined with yasak. In 1622, the first news was received about a new people - the Buryats.

It was the Yenisei people who heard that the Buryats in the number of 3000 people came to the Kan River, which flows into the Yenisei on the right. This lime made the Russians think about a more secure position on the upper Yenisei, against Kahn. For this purpose, in 1623, it was laid on the Yenisei, in the lands belonging to the Tatars-Arinam, at the mouth of the Kacha, in 300 ver. above Yeniseisk, a new city - Krasnoyarsk. The sphere of action of the Krasnoyarsk people was directed mainly to the south, where they met the nomadic Tatar tribe of the Kirgiz, with whom the Tomsk Cossacks had already fought stubbornly. In the east, Krasnoyarsk residents limited themselves to exploring the valleys of the Kan and Mana rivers, in which they found hunting Samoyed-Ostyak tribes: Kamasha, Kotovtsev, Mozorov and Tubintsev.

Eastward discoveries were developed with more significant consequences from the middle and lower Yenisei. One of the Yenisei parties, sent up the Tunguska and Angara, under the command of Perfiryev, reached the mouth of the Ishim; the other, under the command of the centurion Beketov, climbed even higher, she climbed over dangerous rapids, reached the Oka River, and laid yasak on the Tungus living here. The Ishim River, which flows into the Angara above the Oka, opened the way for the Russians to a new, more eastern region, to the system of the large Lena River. In 1628, the foreman Bugor with ten Cossacks climbed up the Ishim, dragged himself into the valley of the Kuta River and descended along it into the Lena River, along which he sailed to the mouth of the Chaya River. High quality The sables brought by this consignment to Yeniseisk were tempting for the Yenisei people. They, in the same year, sent another party to Lena, under the command of Ataman Galkin; and in 1632 Beketov, already famous for his dexterity and ability to run such enterprises, was sent with the order to build the city of Yakutsk in the lands occupied by the Yakuts. These parties, going down the Lena, found already here Russian industrial people from the city of Mangazeya, who, through Turukhansk, reached the Lena and the land of the Yakuts ten years earlier than the Yenisei people. Five years after the founding of Yakutsk, namely, in 1637, the Cossacks under the command of the foreman Buza, going down the Lena, first reached its mouth, and entered the Arctic Sea; from here they entered the rivers Olensk and Yana in order to impose yasak on the Tungus and Yakuts living on them. Two years later, in 1639, therefore, sixty years after the capture of Siberia by Yermak, a party of Tomsk Cossacks who came to Yakutsk with the ataman Kopylov, looking for new lands and taxing foreigners with yasak, ascending up the Aldan and Maya, saw the waves of the Pacific Ocean for the first time. They came ashore where the small river Ulya flows into the ocean.

Still remained not employed in Siberia: the Baikal country, Transbaikalia, Amur and the extreme northeast, with Kamchatka. The Russians approached the northern shores of Lake Baikal, gradually expanding their power up the Angara River. In 1654, on the Angara, the Balagansky prison was built, where today is the city of Balagansk, 200 versts below Irkutsk; and in 1661 Irkutsk was also built, 60 versts from the shores of Lake Baikal. The Russians came to the southern shore of Lake Baikal, bypassing the lake from the east. The first prison in Transbaikalia - Barguzinsky, was founded in 1648, i.e. 13 years earlier than Irkutsk and 6 years earlier than Balagansk. From here, the Russian wave gradually spread across Transbaikalia to the west and south, to Kyakhta and Nerchinsk. The parties that walked along the southern tributaries of the Lena, i.e. after Olekma and Aldan, they learned about the existence of the large Amur River, which flows behind the ridge from the southern side. The first dared to cross the Poyarkov ridge in 1643. He went down the Zeya River, swam along the Amur River to its mouth, went out to sea. and, making his way north near the coast, he reached the Ulya River, from where he crossed to Aldan along the very road along which the Tomsk Cossacks were the first to discover the Pacific Ocean. After 1648, the industrialist Khabarov, having recruited a squad of hunters on the Lena, came to the Amur, climbing the Olekma and Tughir. He went to the Amur far above the mouth of the Zeya, and from there he went down to the mouth of the Sungari and turned back by the old road with huge booty. This was, in general outline, the geographical course of the conquest of Siberia.

This conquest was more a matter for the peasants than for the governor. As a rule, it happened in this way. Before a Cossack party, sent from the nearest prison or city, appears in a new country, sable industrialists appear in it and set up winter huts or hunting huts in it. Having caught sables with their own traps, or having collected them from local residents under the pretext of collecting in yasak, they brought the booty to the city or prison in order to sell the goods to Moscow merchants. The news of a new country rich in sables reached the governor or the chieftain who was in charge of the prison, and he sent a Cossack party to the newly discovered country. In this way, long before the appearance of the Cossack parties, the Yenisei and Lena were discovered. When the Cossack detachments appeared in these places, they already found the Mangazeyans, who made their winter quarters here and caught sables. At the end of the conquering period of Siberia, campaigns to discover new lands turned into a very profitable business. Small parties began to form from private individuals, from simple animal traders, with the aim of discovering lands, conquering them under the sovereign's hand and taxing yasak. Such parties, having collected sables from foreigners, gave a smaller part to the treasury, and most of them, as the Siberian chroniclers testify, kept them in their favor. In the end, these parties began to become crowded; simple animal traders began to appear as conquerors of vast countries. Khabarov, a simple animal trader from the Lena River, who was engaged in cooking salt on Kirenga, gathered a squad of one and a half hundred volunteers and with it destroyed almost the entire Amur region. Cossack search parties, presumably, were formed not so much on the initiative of the governor, as on the Cossacks' own hunt. The Cossacks founded an artel, approached the voivode with requests to supply them with gunpowder, lead and supplies, and set off on a campaign, hoping to carry a significant number of sables to their share. For the most part, the Cossack conquering parties were not crowded: 20 or even 10 people.

So, the main role in the occupation and colonization of Siberia belongs to the common people. The peasantry singled out from their midst all the chief leaders of the business. From his Wednesday came: the first conqueror of Siberia - Ermak, the conqueror of the Amur - Khabarov, the conqueror of Kamchatka - Atlasov, the Cossack Dezhnev, who circled the Chukchi nose; simple industrialists discovered the mammoth bone. They were courageous people, good organizers, created by nature to manage the crowd, resourceful in a difficult situation, who knew how, in case of need, to turn around with small means and resourceful.

The first parties of Russian immigrants to Siberia brought with them to new soil the primary forms of social organization: the Cossacks - a military circle; sable industrialists - an artel, tillers - a community. Along with these forms of self-government in Siberia, the provincial administration was also established. Ermak was forced to call him; he realized that without sending new people and a "fiery battle" in words - without the support of the Moscow state, he, with his small Cossack artel, could not hold Siberia. In Siberia, two colonizations developed simultaneously: the free people, which walked in front, and the government, led by the voivods.

In the early days of Siberian history, the Cossack communities retained their self-government. They were especially independent far from the provincial cities, on the Siberian outskirts, where they kept garrisons of forts, abandoned among hostile tribes. If they themselves, without a voivodship's initiative, set off in search of new tributaries, then all management of the newly occupied region was in their hands. The first Siberian cities were nothing more than sedentary Cossack squads or artels, ruled by a "circle". These settled Cossack artels divided the yasak Siberia among themselves, and each of them had its own area for collecting yasak. Sometimes there were disputes over who should collect yasak from this or that tribe, and then one Cossack city went to another war. Tobolsk was considered the eldest in a number of Siberian cities, who insisted that he alone had the right to receive foreign ambassadors. In later times, the freedom and initiative of these artels and communities diminished; but back in the eighteenth century, many cases, even criminal, remote Cossack communities decided on their own. In the event of the discovery of a conspiracy, the garrison of a distant prison gathered a gathering, sentenced the criminals to death and carried it out, then letting them know only to the nearest provincial office. So, for example, the inhabitants of the city of Okhotsk did with the rebellious Koryaks at the end of the last century. This self-government and lynching, however, gradually disappeared before the spread of the provincial power. But occasionally attempts were made to restore Siberian antiquity. So there were stories about the deposition of the governors in Irkutsk and Tara. Small numbers of traces of this struggle have been preserved in Siberian archives; but in reality there were more of them. By the last century, self-government in Siberian cities had finally fallen. The remnants of self-government survived only in the villages abandoned in the taiga, far from the large highway.

Not only the first conquerors who came with Ermak - the Cossacks and the rabble of the Volga freemen - but also the later emigrants, more peaceful animal traders, were people either averse to farming, or never engaged in it. These parties were engaged in provisions, put it on a sleigh, or the so-called chunits, which had to be dragged on themselves, and went east one by one. They found the rudiments of local agriculture only where the settlements were founded by the Tatar colonization. Of course, these rudiments were insignificant and could not satisfy the hunting artels that arrived one after the other. In addition to bread, these latter still needed a "fiery battle". Both of these circumstances made hunting artels dependent on a distant metropolis. Since the sable trade was immediately appreciated by Moscow at its true worth, the Moscow state took upon itself the responsibility of supplying the industrialists with provisions and shells. In general, the hobby for sable fishing was beneficial for the state. All the animals' booty was turned into the state treasury. Sable, like gold later, was recognized as state regalia; it was ordered that all sable caught in Siberia should be surrendered to the treasury. Some of the sables entered it like yasak; But even those sables that came from foreigners for sale or were caught by Russian industrialists and then bought by buyers could not escape the treasury. Buyers, under strict punishment, were obliged to bring them to Moscow and hand them over to the Siberian order, from which they were given money, according to an estimate, as they are now given to a gold industrialist when he pours the gold he mined into a smelting furnace in Barnaul or Irkutsk. In its orders or instructions to the Siberian governors, the Moscow government insisted - to try by all means, "so that all over Siberia sables were in one of his Great Sovereign's treasury." Only thin furs were allowed to be exported to China; Bukhara merchants were completely forbidden to export furs to Turkestan; the governors themselves were strictly forbidden to wear sable coats and sable hats. Both unworked skins and sewn furs were to be picked from the region by the governors and sent to Moscow. To do this, they were sent goods from Moscow, which they had to issue to the Ostyaks, Yakuts and Tungus for extraction; they were also allowed to trade vodka from the treasury in the uluses in order to exchange furs for it.

Trying to turn all the booty from the sable trade in favor of the treasury, the government had to fulfill two tasks: to provide food for industrial parties and to fight smuggling. So that Russian merchants did not bring sables secretly, customs outposts were established in cities along the large Moscow highway. But, in addition to Russian merchants, Bukhara merchants were engaged in smuggling in Siberia. The latter consisted partly of the descendants of those Turkestanians who settled in Siberia before Yermak, partly of the migrants who came to Siberia after it was conquered by the Russians. They had land in Siberia and were the only landowners in it. Even before the appearance of the Russians, they were already engaged in a lively trade with Siberian foreigners - they took sables from them, and they were given paper fabrics. Russian merchants, in exchange for sables, began to offer Siberian residents Russian canvas and Krashenin; but Russian matter was both worse and more expensive, so competition with the Bukharians was difficult. In addition to the fact that the goods of Bukhara were more profitable for a foreigner, the Bukharan took an advantage over the Russian and the prescription of his relations with Siberia; Bukharians had wives and families in non-ethnic camps, were in kinship with local princes; finally, they were more educated than the Russian newcomers. In the XYII century, they were the only people in Siberia who held a book in their hands. In the XYIII century, foreigners who came to Siberia found rare manuscripts with them. For example, the captive Swede Stralenberg opened the Turkestan chronicle written by the Khiva prince Abulgazi under the title "Genealogy of the Tatars" from one of the Tobolsk Bukhara residents. The Russians had to withstand competition in Siberia with the commercially clever Turkestanians, famous for the antiquity of their culture dating back to the Christian era. This struggle continued during the 17th and 13th centuries and partly even in the 19th century. The alienation of foreigners continued to take place under Russian rule; The conversion of pagans to Islam went along with the conversion to Christianity, and some tribes, such as the Baraba Tatars, only in the middle of the last century switched from shamanism to Mohammedanism, and the voices of the Tobolsk hierarchs about taking measures against Muslim preaching were heard in vain. The struggle with the Bukharians was no less difficult in trade relations. In the 17th century, the Bukharians controlled all the internal trade in Siberia; in the 18th century, only the Asian trade remained in their hands; but also driven out of the domestic market, the Bukharians seemed to be serious rivals to the Ustyug merchants, who controlled the trade of Siberia with European Russia. Siberian residents, both foreigners and Russians, loved Asian fabrics more than Russians. In the last century, all Siberia, according to the famous Radishchev, dressed in underwear from Asian calico, and on holidays put on silk shirts from Chinese fanza. On Sundays, peasant women wore headscarves and caps made of Chinese silk fabric - goli; priestly vestments were also sewn from Chinese goli; all correspondence from Siberia was written in Chinese ink; she wrote a petition to Moscow an Irkutsk merchant, she also wrote all the papers in the regimental offices on the Irtysh.

Both the Ustyug merchant and the Moscow government could not like this filling of the Siberian market with Asian goods and the primacy of the Bukharians. The government could like it all the less that Bukharets demanded furs from foreigners for their fabrics. Contrary to government decrees, there was an extensive smuggling trade in furs in Siberia. It was difficult for the local administration to keep track of her, because the entire population was interested in the existence of smuggling. The population wanted to wear silk, not linen shirts, and therefore everyone - Russians, foreigners, merchants, and Cossacks - were secretly selling furs to Bukharians. To put an end to the smuggling and export of sables to Turkestan, the government completely banned the Bukharans from entering Siberia. By this measure, at the beginning of the 19th century, the government succeeded in giving the Russian merchant an advantage over Bukhara and planting a Russian factory in Siberia. Already at the end of the last century, this change became noticeable. Not only the import of Asian paper goods to Siberia decreased, but the export of Russian paper fabrics to China and Turkestan began. And in the first half of the 19th century, the export of this product took precedence over import.

Another concern of the government in relation to Siberia was to supply it with food. These concerns continue through the entire 18th century, and partly into the present century. The traders, carried away by the ease of making money from the sable trade, did not want to take up the plow. The government began to establish villages in Siberia, arrange roads, establish postal pits, recruit farmers in Russia and settle them along Siberian roads. Each migrant, according to the tsar's decree, had to take with him the prescribed amount of cattle and poultry, as well as agricultural tools and seeds. The settler's cart was like a little Noah's ark. Sometimes the government recruited horses in Russia and sent them to Siberia for distribution to settlers. But these measures were not enough. The government set up state-owned arable lands in Siberia, obliged the peasants to cultivate them, forced them to build plank beds and melt bread on them in grain-free places.

Establishment of arable land, cattle breeding, settled settlements, required the multiplication of women in Siberia, and a predominantly male population went to the new country. From the lack of women, at first Siberia did not differ in morality. In the absence of Russian women, the Russians took wives from foreigners and, according to the custom of the Bukharians, took them in several, so that the Moscow Metropolitan Filaret had to preach against Siberian polygamy. Foreign wives were obtained either by purchase or by capture. Numerous riots of foreigners, which were caused by unjust extortions and oppression of the yasak collectors, gave rise to numerous military campaigns in foreign camps, moreover, the alleged disobedient ones were beaten, and wives and children were taken prisoner and then sold into slavery in Siberian cities. Hunger from the lack of bread and a neulov beast often forced the foreigners themselves to sell their children into slavery. The nomadic tribe of the Kirghiz, occupying the southern steppes of Siberia, making raids on the neighboring Kalmyks, always returned with prisoners and captives and also sometimes sold them in the Siberian border cities.

A tsar's decree of 1754 restricted the right of distilling to one class of nobles; merchants were forbidden to smoke wine. But since there was no nobility in Siberia, this law at first did not apply to Siberia. Suddenly in Irkutsk, two years later, a certain Evreinov, trusted by Prosecutor General Glebov, appears and demands the surrender of the distilleries, or in Siberian "kashtaks", into the possession of Glebov, to whom they seem to have been leased by the treasury. The merchants did not believe it; Irkutsk vice-governor Wulf himself took it for a mistake. But this was not a mistake. Prosecutor General Glebov actually rented taverns and kashtaks in Siberia in order to engage in a lucrative wine trade.

In the next year, after Evreinov's arrival, the investigator Krylov, sent by the Senate, at the request of Glebov, is sent to Irkutsk. Before starting the investigation, Krylov strengthens himself in his apartment; he sets up a guardhouse, surrounds himself with soldiers, weights the walls of his bedroom with various weapons, goes to bed only with a loaded pistol under his pillow. Everything showed that Krylov was plotting something unkind against the city society, capable of provoking popular revenge, and was strengthening himself in his apartment in advance.

Until this home fortress was ready, Krylov, appearing in society, was very affectionate and friendly; but then suddenly he changed and began by shackling the entire magistrate and imprisoning him. Extortion began from merchants of money; under torture and lashes, they were forced to confess to abuses in the city government and to the illegal wine trade. Not only the members of the magistrate, but also many other persons from the city society were implicated in this case by means of false denunciations. It has always been easy to do this in Siberia. As soon as a person invested with authority showed an inclination to listen to denunciations, there were always helpful people in numbers exceeding the request of the authorities. One of the Irkutsk merchants, Elezov, left an especially unkind memory of himself. From the very beginning he courted Krylov and then pointed out to him from whom and how much he could get through the dungeon and torture. The merchant Bichevin turned out to be more stable than the others. He was a wealthy man who traded in the Pacific Ocean and thus made a great fortune. It is unlikely that he, judging by the nature of his commercial activities, was involved in the abuses of the Irkutsk magistrate for the wine trade; but his wealth was a bait for Krylov, and therefore he was involved in the case and tortured. He was raised on his hind legs or temple: i.e. tied to his feet was a stump of wood or a damp log like the one on which our butchers chop beef, weighing from 5 to 12 pounds. The martyr was lifted up the block by the ropes tied to his hands and quickly lowered, not allowing the log to hit the ground; then, with twisted joints in his arms and legs, the unfortunate man hung for the duration of the time determined by the tormentor, at times receiving blows on the body with a lash. Suspended at his temple, Bichevin held himself firmly and refused to admit his guilt. Without removing it from the whiskey, Krylov went to the merchant Glazunov for a snack. He stayed there for three hours. Bichevin all this time hung on its hind legs. When Krylov returned, Bichevin felt the approach of death and agreed to sign 15,000 rubles. He was taken off his hind legs and taken home. And here Krylov did not leave him alone. He came to his house and before his death he extorted the same amount. In a similar brutal way, about 150,000 rubles were tortured from the Irkutsk merchants and townspeople. In addition, Krylov, under the pretext of rewarding the treasury for losses, confiscated merchant property. Especially he took away precious things, which he appropriated for himself partly, without circumlocution, partly sold at an auction, and he himself was an appraiser, a seller, and a buyer. With this order, of course, everything of value and the best passed into the investigator's chests for nothing. These extortions and the robbery of private property were accompanied by Krylov's insulting treatment of Irkutsk residents. At the meeting, Krylov was always drunk, and raged; hit the merchants in the face with fists and canes, knocked out their teeth, dragged them by the beards. Using his power, Krylov sent his grenadiers for the merchants' daughters and dishonored them. When the fathers complained to Vice-Governor Wolfe, he just threw up his hands and said that Krylov had been sent by the Senate and was not subordinate to him. Neither age nor lack of beauty guaranteed Irkutsk women from Krylov's violence. He grabbed ten-year-old girls. The old women were also not spared from his persecution. One of the Siberian writers of everyday life tells how Krylov forced the love of the merchant Myasnikova. She was seized by the grenadiers, brought to Krylov, beaten, shackled, locked; but the woman heroically endured the beatings and refused his caresses. Finally, Krylov called the husband of this woman, gave him a stick and made him beat his wife - and the husband beat him, persuading his own wife to break the marriage ...

The Siberian merchants behaved incredibly cowardly in this story. No one dared to complain and expose to the higher authorities the violence of a mad man, who accidentally fell into the hands of power over the region, due to the greed of such an important government official as Governor-General Glebov. In Irkutsk, there was a wealthy merchant Aleksey Sibiryakov, who was reputed to be a lawyer in the city. He loved to study laws, collected decrees and instructions for the management of the Siberian region, since the code of laws did not yet exist, and compiled a complete collection of these state acts. Instead of arming himself with knowledge, to defend his city, Sibiryakov fled somewhere in a remote village or just in the forest, living in a furry hut. Krylov got scared, thinking that Sibiryakov had gone off to Petersburg with a denunciation, and sent a messenger to chase the fugitive. The messenger drove to Verkhoturye, and returned with nothing. The fugitive abandoned his wife and family and brother in the city. Immediately Krylov put them in shackles and demanded an indication of where Sibiryakov had disappeared. But, despite the whips, neither the fugitive's wife nor brother could say anything, because Sibiryakov fled stealthily even from his family. To complete the abuse of Irkutsk society, Krylov suggested that the Irkutsk merchants send a deputation to St. Petersburg, with the aim of asking Glebov for merciful leniency towards the accused merchants, among whom there were many allegedly guilty ones, and his favorite and defendant was elected a deputy, according to Krylov's wish. Yelezov.

For two years Krylov rampaged in this way in the region. The representative of the authorities, Lieutenant Governor Wolf, was silent and did not have the courage not only to stop him with his own power, but even to report the atrocities. Bishop Sophrony also lurked and tried to make his existence invisible to Krylov, who began to interfere in all parts of the government. Once, having played around at one meeting, Krylov, drunk, wanted to flaunt his power in front of Wulf and began to scold him for omissions in the service. Although Wulf objected to him timidly, trying to refute the accusation, but Krylov, under the influence of intoxication, flared up, ordered to take away the sword from Wulf, declared him arrested and dismissed from office, and himself took over the administration of the region. Only then, fearing for his freedom, and perhaps life, did Wolfe decide to inform his superiors about the events in Irkutsk. On the quiet, he and Bishop Sophrony considered this matter. The bishop wrote a denunciation, and Wulf sent him to Tobolsk with a secret messenger. An order to arrest Krylov followed from Tobolsk. Wolfe, however, did not dare to do it openly; he undertook this matter with great precautions. At night, a team of twenty selected Cossacks approached the investigator's apartment, first seized the guns that were in the bipod in front of the guardhouse, then changed the guard. Then, the Cossack sergeant Podkorytov, famous for his prowess, entered the room of the violent administrator with several comrades. Krylov, seeing him, grabbed a gun from the wall and wanted to defend himself, but Podkorytov warned him and overpowered him. Krylov was put in shackles and sent to prison, and then, by order of the higher authorities, to Petersburg, where he was to appear before a court. Empress Elisabeth, having learned about this matter, ordered that "this villain be dealt with regardless of any person." The Senate, ignoring all the atrocities of Krylov, accused him only of the arrest of Wolf and the insult of the state emblem, which Krylov had the imprudence to nail to the gates of his apartment along with the plaque on which he was displayed given name, and deprived him of his ranks. “A hundred years later, even,” says one Siberian writer of everyday life, “it is difficult to judge in cold blood this disgusting event, especially for us, Siberians, whose ancestors died or went bankrupt under Krylov's whip; but what should this executioner have seemed to those who experienced his torture and violence? ... ”.

The riots in Siberia grew; news of them more often began to reach the supreme power. To help the cause, the powers of the chief chief of the region were increased. Governor-General Selifontov, who ended up in disgrace - by dismissal from service with a ban on entry to the capital, was vested with such extensive powers. Then the governor-general in Siberia is Pestel. He was a morbidly suspicious person. At the very appointment to this high post, Pestel, with a tremulous hand, wrote, among other things, to the Emperor: “I am afraid, Emperor, of this place. How many of my predecessors were crushed by the Siberian sneak! Not hoping and I will safely leave this post; Better cancel your will - Siberian informers will ruin me. " The sovereign did not agree to cancel his order, and Pestel was supposed to go to Siberia upon assuming office, he said that he had come to crush the sneak. However, he did not directly govern Siberia: he transferred management affairs into the hands of his closest relatives and favorites, and he himself went to Petersburg and never returned. For eleven years he ruled Siberia, living in St. Petersburg, altered the Supreme Commands, bypassed them and substituted Senate orders. On the one hand, he deceived the government with false notions; on the other hand, he deceived the local population with intimidation that the higher authorities in St. Petersburg had turned their backs on him and despised him for slandering.

Finally, Pestel's opponents managed to convince the Tsar to revise Siberia. They say that once, Emperor Alexander I looked out of the window of the Winter Palace and noticed something black on the spitz of the Peter-Pavlovsky Cathedral. He called Count Rostopchin, famous for his wit, and asked if he would consider what it was. Rostopchin replied: “We must call Pestel. From here he sees what is happening in Siberia. " And in Siberia, indeed, something terrible was happening. The sovereign sent Speransky to Siberia. At the mere rumor of this, the Siberian administration was distraught with fear. One of the petty despotic tycoons of Siberia fell into wild madness, from which he soon died; another time he was haggard and old; the third hanged himself before the very beginning of Speransky's investigation.

Speransky appeared in Siberia. His management was actually only an "administrative journey" through Siberia. Two years later, he left the region and returned to St. Petersburg. Suffering Siberia met him, the messenger of God. "It is a man sent from above!" - wrote his contemporary, an educated Siberian, Slovtsov. And Speransky himself understood that his arrival in Siberia was an era for Siberian history. He called himself the second Yermak, because he discovered socially living Siberia, or as he put it: "discovered Siberia in its political relations",

One of the Siberian writers, Vagin, tells the following anecdote. In some remote city in Transbaikalia, Speransky was expected. The officials were in the pack, but the Governor-General is not coming. The company got bored, sat down at the cards, got drunk, then fell asleep. The Governor-General arrived at night and woke up this society with the words: "Behold the groom is coming in midnight!" The results were as follows: a governor general, two governors and six hundred officials, were to be tried for abuses; the amount of the stolen money extended to three million rubles! Presenting his report on the audit, Speransky petitioned the Tsar to limit himself to punishing only the most important culprits. This was prompted, first, by the necessity, since to expel six hundred officials from service meant to leave Siberia without officials; secondly, the people were not so much to blame for the abuses of Siberian officials as the system of administration itself. Only two hundred people were injured; of these, only forty people suffered a more severe punishment.

Having discovered the abuses of the bureaucracy and exposed the most important culprits, Speransky changed the very system of government in Siberia, granting it the well-known special "Siberian Code". Each Siberian governor and governor-general has a council of officials appointed by the ministries. The Arakcheevskaya party prevented Speransky from introducing elected representatives from the local society into these councils. The practice of subsequent years proved that this new Code of Laws did little to reduce administrative arbitrariness in Siberia.

The beneficial consequences of Speransky's stay in Siberia are rather in the charming impression he made on the local population with his personality. "In the nobles," says Vagin, "the Siberians saw a man for the first time." Instead of the former rulers, a simple, approachable, affable, highly educated man with a broad state outlook appeared in Irkutsk - in a word, a man whom Siberia had never betrayed before. Speransky was extremely simple in society. He entered into friendly relations with the old-timers; showed love and patronage for the sciences. The ruler of a vast region, its reformer, overwhelmed with revision cases, thrown in thousands of petitions, making up several projects at once for the management of individual units - at the same time, with the liveliest interest he follows the current Russian literature, studies German literature, learns the English language and teaches Latin to one himself young student... Speransky's stay in Siberia is a bright episode in the history of this country, a continuous, so to speak, picture of the triumph of truth over arbitrariness. Kara, which befell the perpetrators of the abuses and, and most importantly, the personal influence of Speransky, made the riots of the same size impossible for some time. Then, the development of enlightenment in the metropolis, from where the rulers of the region came from, a change in views on governance in general and governance of the outskirts in particular, the softening of the rulers' morals - finally made it completely impossible to repeat the Krylov and Pestelev regimes in Siberia. The special "Siberian Ulozhenie" was intended to weaken the disorder of management, originating from the remoteness of the region, by limiting the power of the chiefs of the region through the soviets, it was thought that this restriction would make the Siberian order similar to the Russians. However, the "Siberian Code" did not deliver this equality. The Siberian order is still constantly worse than those that exist in European Russia. True, they are better than those that were before Speransky, but the people in Siberia are not the same anymore. Siberia, which has already entered the fourth century of its existence under the rule of Russia, is waiting for a new, more radical reform in governance.

On the occasion of the three-hundredth anniversary of Siberia, a sovereign word was heard from the height of the throne, giving the right to hope that, in the near future, probably, the reforms that European Russia is using will be extended to Siberia. The urgent importance and necessity of this was finally declared by the Siberian administration, and the highest government authorities reacted to this statement with special attention and solicitude.

Indeed, bringing Siberia into one with European Russia by establishing unity in the system of governance of both of these Russian territories is the first thing that is necessary in order to make Siberia not only a definitively Russian country, but also an organic part of our state organism - in the minds of a European Russian and Siberian population. Then, it is necessary to finally consolidate the connection between Siberia and European Russia. by rail running through the entire Siberian territory. Then, by itself, quite naturally, the proper influx of population from European Russia to Siberia will be established and the abundance of Siberian natural resources will receive a corresponding sale in the Russian and Western European markets. Only under this condition can Siberia be able to justify its old reputation as a "gold mine".

* Picturesque Russia. - SPb .; M., 1884 .-- T. 11. - S. 31-48.

The answer left a guest

The conquest of Siberia is one of the most important processes in the formation of Russian statehood. The development of the eastern lands took over 400 years. Throughout this period, there were many battles, foreign expansions, conspiracies, intrigues.

The annexation of Siberia is still in the center of attention of historians and causes a lot of controversy, including among members of the public.

The conquest of Siberia by Yermak
The history of the conquest of Siberia begins with the famous campaign of Yermak. This is one of the Cossack chieftains. There are no exact data on his birth and ancestors. However, the memory of his exploits has come down to us through the centuries. In 1580, the wealthy merchants Stroganovs invited the Cossacks to help them protect the property from constant raids from the Ugrians. The Cossacks settled in a small town and lived relatively peacefully. The main mass was made up of the Volga Cossacks. There were just over eight hundred of them. In 1581, a campaign was organized with the money of merchants. Despite the historical significance (in fact, the campaign marked the beginning of the era of the conquest of Siberia), this campaign did not attract the attention of Moscow. In the Kremlin, the detachment was called simple "bandits." In the fall of 1581, Yermak's group embarked on small ships and began to sail up the Chusovaya River, up to the mountains. On landing, the Cossacks had to clear their way, chopping down trees. The coast was completely uninhabited. The constant rise and mountainous terrain created extremely difficult conditions for the passage. The ships (plows) were literally carried by hand, since it was not possible to install rollers due to the solid vegetation. With the approaching cold weather, the Cossacks set up a camp on the pass, where they spent the whole winter. After that, rafting on the Tagil River began. The conquest of Western Siberia
After a series of quick and successful victories, Ermak began to move further east. In the spring, several Tatar princes united to repulse the Cossacks, but were quickly defeated and recognized Russian rule. In the middle of summer, the first major battle took place in the modern Yarkovsky district. Mametkul's cavalry launched an attack on the position of the Cossacks. They sought to quickly approach and crush the enemy, taking advantage of the rider's advantage in close combat. Ermak personally stood in the trench where the guns were located and began to fire on the Tatars. After several volleys, Mametkul fled with the entire army, which opened the passage to Karachi for the Cossacks.
The exact burial place of the chieftain is unknown. After the death of Ermak with new strength the conquest of Siberia continued. Year after year, more and more territories were subordinated. If the initial campaign was not coordinated with the Kremlin and was of a chaotic nature, then subsequent actions became more centralized. The king personally took control of this issue. Well-equipped expeditions were sent out regularly. The city of Tyumen was built, which became the first Russian settlement in these parts. Since then, the systematic conquest continued with the use of the Cossacks. Year after year, they conquered new territories. In the cities taken, the Russian administration was established. Educated people were sent from the capital to do business.

In the middle of the 17th century, there is a wave of active colonization. Many cities and settlements are founded. Peasants arrive from other parts of Russia. The settlement is gaining momentum. In 1733, the famous Northern Expedition was organized. In addition to conquering, the task was also set to explore and discover new lands. The data obtained were then used by geographers from all over the world. The end of the annexation of Siberia can be considered the entry of the Uryakhan Territory into the Russian Empire.

The annexation of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates opened the way to Siberia. The conquest of Western Siberia began in 1558. It did not take place by the forces of regular troops, which by that time had been transferred to Livonia, but by small Cossack detachments (mobs) organized and armed at the expense of the Stroganov merchants. The wealthy salt producers Yakov Anikeevich and Grigory Anikeevich Stroganovs received in 1574 from Ivan IV the right to develop lands along Tobol and Tura.

In 1581, the Don Cossack Vasily Timofeevich Alenin, nicknamed Ermak, at the head of a Cossack detachment, numbering about eight hundred people, entered the territory of the Siberian Khanate, and a year later defeated the troops of Khan Kuchum and took his capital Kashlyk (Isker). However, Kuchum himself retreated up the Irtysh and continued to resist the Russian troops. In 1585 Yermak died in battle, but the annexation of Western Siberia continued. Cities were built on new territories - Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Pelym (1593), Berezov (1593), Surgut (1594), Narym (1595), etc. In 1598 the remaining troops of Khan Kuchum were defeated by the voivode A. Voeikov. The khan himself fled to the nogai, but was killed by them. By the beginning of the 17th century. practically the entire territory of Western Siberia became part of the Moscow state.

Livonian war

Having annexed the Kazan Khanate, the Astrakhan Khanate and the Nogai Horde, Ivan the Terrible reoriented his foreign policy from the east to the west. His goal was to acquire the lands of the Livonian Order in the Eastern Baltic. The nobles were interested in the seizure of these territories, hoping to get new estates there. The merchants dreamed of convenient Baltic ports (Riga, Revel (Talinn), Pernov (Pärnu), which would create better conditions for trade with Western states. Europe.

The reason for the war was that in 1557 the Livonian Order not only refused to pay tribute to Russia for the possession of Yuriev (Dorpat - Tartu), imposed by Ivan III in 1503, but also entered into an alliance with the Polish king and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II August. In 1558 Russia began military operations against the Livonian Order.

The course of the Livonian War can be divided into three main stages.

The first stage lasted from 1558 to 1561. During this period, Russian troops won significant victories - in the very first year of the war, they captured the cities of Narva and Dorpat, in several battles they defeated the troops of the Order and in 1560 captured the former master. By 1561 the Livonian Order ceased to exist.

The second stage lasted from 1561 to 1578. The collapse of the Livonian Order did not lead to the final victory of Russia in the war, but to the intervention of Sweden, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in it, claiming the same territories as Russia, and seriously concerned about the energetic interference of the Moscow state in European affairs. Military operations at this stage proceeded with varying degrees of success. In 1563, Russian troops captured the large Lithuanian fortress of Polotsk, opening their way to the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Vilno. But the following year, the Russian army suffered a series of defeats. The situation was aggravated by the fact that, fearing the tsarist anger, several governors fled to Lithuania, including a close friend of Ivan IV, Prince A. M. Kurbsky. In 1569, the threat of Russian expansion forced Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to decide on the final unification. They concluded the Union of Lublin, under the terms of which a single Polish-Lithuanian state Rzeczpospolita was formed. Only the death in 1572 of King Sigismund II and the ensuing period of "rootlessness" gave the Russian troops in Livonia and Lithuania a certain respite and the opportunity to win the last victories.

The events of 1579-1583 belong to the third stage of the war. This period is characterized by a number of major defeats of the Russian army and the transition from offensive to defense. In 1579 the new Polish king Stefan Bathory recaptured Polotsk, which had been captured by Russian troops in 1563, and from 1580 military operations were already fought on the territory of Russia. In September 1580 the Polish army captured Velikiye Luki. In the summer of 1581, Stephen Bathory began the siege of Pskov. In the autumn of the same year, the Swedes captured all the Russian fortresses on the Baltic coast (Narva, Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye). Only the heroic resistance of the defenders of Pskov under the leadership of Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky, who withstood a three-month siege of an enemy three times superior to them and did not surrender the city, forced Stephen Batory to agree to peace negotiations.

In January 1582, Russia and the Commonwealth signed the Yam-Zapolsk truce for 10 years, under which the Polish-Lithuanian state received most of Livonia and returned the occupied territories to Russia (with the exception of Polotsk).

In August 1583, the Plyusskoe truce was signed for three years between Russia and Sweden. Sweden not only received the northern part of Livonia, but also left behind the captured Russian cities and Karelia, leaving Russia as an outlet to the Baltic Sea only swampy and deserted islands at the mouth of the Neva.

Ticket 29. Troubles. Russia's exit from the Time of Troubles.

The economic crisis at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries.

The socio-economic crisis that struck Russia at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries was caused by a number of reasons. Oprichnina ruin and terror, the 25-year Livonian war and the increase in taxes and duties provoked by it, the raids of the Crimean Tatars, epidemics devastated Russia, especially its central and north-western regions.

Most of the surviving peasants and many townspeople went to the southern districts (Tula, Oryol, Kursk, Epifansky, etc.), and also enrolled in the Cossacks in the Don and Urals. Some even fled to Siberia or Lithuania. Many landowners of the devastated territories completely lost their peasants. They either tried to cultivate the land themselves, or they became combat slaves among the boyars, or were forced to become Cossacks. Since the noble militia formed the backbone of the Russian army, the plight of the landowners seriously undermined the state's defenses.

To save the situation, the government decided to further enslave the peasants. In the early 1580s. a census of arable lands began, and in 1581 Ivan IV the Terrible issued a decree on "reserved years". The years in which peasants were forbidden to move from one landowner to another were called "reserved" years. Initially, this measure was considered temporary, but gradually turned into a permanent one. Since 1597, a 5-year period for the search for fugitives was established, which was called "regular summer". Subsequently, this period was increased to 10, then to 15 years, and under the terms of the Cathedral Code of 1649, the search for fugitives became indefinite, which meant the final attachment of the peasants to the land.

Political crisis at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries.

Ivan IV died on March 18, 1584. Although he was married seven times, he had only four sons, and only two survived his father - Fyodor Ivanovich, who became the heir to the throne after Ivan the Terrible killed his eldest in a fit of rage in 1581 son Ivan Ivanovich, and 2-year-old Dmitry Ivanovich. In the last year of his life, Ivan IV, who did not love his son Fyodor and considered him feeble-minded (the tsar called him a “bell ringer” for his passion for ringing bells), created a kind of regency council, which was supposed to take over the management of the country under the “blessed” Fyodor Ivanovich. This council included Prince I.F. Mstislavsky, Prince I.P. Shuisky; uncle Fedor boyar N.R. Zakharyin-Yuriev, Duma clerk A.Ya. Shchelkalov, possibly the Duma nobleman B.Ya. Belsky and brother-in-law (brother of his wife) Fedor boyar BF Godunov.

Immediately after the death of Ivan the Terrible, a fierce struggle for power began at court. As a result, by 1587 B.Ya. Belsky was sent by the governor to Nizhny Novgorod; the relatives of the young Tsarevich Dmitry and he himself were exiled to Uglich; Prince I. F. Mstislavsky resigned from his duties as regent and took monastic vows; the Shuisky princes and their supporters were disgraced; the board of trustees collapsed, and the tsar's brother-in-law Boris Godunov concentrated management in his hands.

A new aggravation of the crisis happened in 1591, it is associated with the so-called "Uglich affair". On May 15, 1591 in Uglich, the half-brother of Tsar Fyodor, Tsarevich Dmitry, who was considered the heir to the throne, died under unclear circumstances.

On the night of January 6-7, 1598, the childless Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich died. With his death, the Moscow dynasty of the Rurikovichs ended, which became a terrible shock for the entire Russian society and put the country on the brink of the Troubles. The issue of electing a new tsar was to be decided by the Zemsky Sobor. The royal throne was claimed by Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov and Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky. On February 17, 1598, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov as tsar, who enlisted the support of Patriarch Job.

Time of Troubles. Concept and essence

Time of Troubles in the history of the Moscow state in the late 16th - early 17th centuries. usually referred to as a period of deep socio-economic, political and spiritual crisis of Russian society, aggravated by foreign intervention. Researchers identify many reasons for the Troubles: the oprichnina ruin of the country, the famine of 1601-1603, contradictions between landowners and patrimonials, discontent of the peasants caused by the process of enslavement, the fall in the authority of the tsarist government due to the weakness of Fyodor Ivanovich, and the struggle of court groups for influence on the sovereign. All this, of course, pushed the country towards Troubles, but the main reason, in our opinion, was the termination of the Moscow Rurik dynasty in 1598. The very foundations of the monarchy were shaken. Boris Godunov received the royal throne in 1598 not by "God's will", but by "zemstvo election". Accordingly, every adventurer could now consider himself worthy of the "Monomakh crown." As you know, Grigory Otrepiev was the first in a series of such impostor applicants. Neighboring states (Rzeczpospolita, Sweden) also rushed to take advantage of the Troubles in order to increase their possessions at the expense of Russian territories. Only the desire of the people to restore their usual life prevented the final disintegration of the state.

The best periodization of the Time of Troubles was given by the famous historian S.F. Platonov in the book "Essays on the History of Troubles in the Muscovite State of the 16th - 17th centuries":

the first - the dynastic period - from the death of Fyodor Ivanovich (1598) to the accession of Vasily Shuisky (1606). Its main content was the struggle for power among the court boyar groups and the beginning of imposture.

the second - social - the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610). This is the time of the movement of the lower strata of the population against the higher, a striking example of which was the uprising led by I.I. Bolotnikov.

the third - national - from the establishment of the "seven-boyars" (1610) to the election to the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613). The struggle of the people against the interventionists and the beginning of a new dynasty.

Boris Godunov (1598-1605)

On February 17, 1598, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605) as tsar, who secured the support of Patriarch Job.

The main reason for the election of Godunov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor is that after the defeat of political enemies in the board of trustees under Tsar Fyodor, appointed before his death by Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor Ioannovich's brother-in-law Boris Godunov was actually the ruler of the country. In 1594 he was officially endowed with the power of the regent with a special charter. Thanks to his lively and flexible mind, diplomacy and resourcefulness, the "sadden of the Russian land" was able to surround himself with devoted people in the Boyar Duma and the Tsar's court.

Having reached the "supreme power", Boris Godunov decisively dealt with the remaining political opponents: B. Belsky was exiled to Tsarev-Borisov, and then "stripped of his honor" and thrown into prison; Romanov, by order of the tsar, was forcibly tonsured a monk under the name of Elder Philaret (1600), and his brothers Alexander, Mikhail and Vasily were poisoned to Siberia, where they soon died.

The internal policy of Boris Godunov, carried out during the life of Tsar Fyodor, deserves a positive assessment. The first major success was the establishment of the Moscow Patriarchate (1589), which raised the international prestige of the Russian Orthodox Church. On his initiative, active construction of cities was carried out in the border areas (Tsaritsyn, Saratov, Samara, Yelets, Kursk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Oskol, Tsarev Borisov, etc.). Moscow was also transformed: the Earthen Shaft was built, which surrounded the White City and Zamoskvorechye, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower was erected, the first almshouses appeared, etc. The consequences of the economic crisis were not overcome, but a certain increase in production was achieved.

Obvious successes were also observed in the foreign policy sphere. During the reign of Boris Godunov, the annexation of Western Siberia was completed. As a result of the war with Sweden (1590-1593) Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod and Korela were returned. The truce with the Commonwealth has been extended. In 1591 and 1598. the raids of the Crimean Khan Kazy-Girey on Moscow were successfully repelled.

At the wedding to the kingdom, Boris Godunov made a promise that could not be fulfilled under any circumstances: "God is my witness that there will be no poor person in my kingdom!" Although the first two years were successful. Godunov combined mercy to the noblemen and orderly people with honors to the clergy, awards to the army and liberties to the merchants. At the same time, further establishment of serfdom took place. This caused a mass exodus of peasants to the outlying lands, primarily the southern ones, where, due to the economic disorder, the Cossacks were growing dissatisfied. Tsar Boris was finally ruined by the famine of 1601-1603, from which the peasants and the slaves expelled by the masters by the thousands suffered the most.

The popular dislike for the tsar was fueled by the novelty of the events he held. Among them - sending young nobles to study abroad, inviting foreigners to Russia, the desire to open schools and even a university in a European manner. All this was perceived by traditional Russian society as the destruction of antiquity and led to a sharp drop in the authority of a person who could become the founder of a new dynasty. However, the powerful actions of peasants, serfs and Cossacks (the uprising led by Cotton Kosolap of 1603-1604, suppressed with great difficulty), the aggravation of the struggle of various groups of the ruling class for power and privileges, constant fear of the secret police surveillance network created by Godunov, which gave rise to such social ulcers, like denunciations and slander, led to universal hatred of the new tsar. His sudden death in April 1605 and the murder, as a result of a conspiracy of the boyars, of his 16-year-old son Fyodor Godunov, who was in power for only 2 months (April-June 1605), facilitated the accession to the throne of False Dmitry I. regions of the country.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Kursk State Technical University

Department of History

Abstract on the topic:

"Conquest of Siberia"

Completed by: st-t group ES-61

Zatey N.O.

Checked by: K.I.N., Associate Professor of the Department of History

Goryushkina N.E.

K U R S K 2 0 0 6

1. Introduction............................................... .................................................. .3

2. The conquest of Siberia .............................................. .....................................4

2.1 Ermak's campaign and its historical significance ....................................... 4

2.2 Accession of Siberia to the Russian state ............................. 10

2.3 Accession of Eastern Siberia ………………………………… .20

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. 28

List of used literature

Introduction

Relevance of the topic: The conquest and annexation of new territories strengthen the state by the influx of a new mass of taxes, minerals, as well as the influx of new knowledge received from the captured peoples. New lands give new prospects for the development of the country, in particular: new outlets to the seas and oceans, borders with new states, which make it possible to increase the volume of trade.

Objective: In-depth study of the conquest and annexation of Siberia to the Russian state.

Tasks:

Examine Yermak's campaign;

Study the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state;

Find out what nationalities were conquered;

Review of historiography: Free Russian colonists were pioneers in the development of new lands. Ahead of the government, they settled in a "wild field" in the Lower Volga region, on the Terek, on the Yalik and the Don. The campaign of Yermak's Cossacks to Siberia was a direct continuation of this popular movement.

Ermak's Cossacks took the first step. Peasants, hunting traders, and servicemen followed them to the East. In the struggle against the harsh nature, they conquered land from the taiga, founded settlements and laid centers of agricultural culture.

Tsarism brought oppression to the indigenous population of Siberia. Both local tribes and Russian settlers experienced its oppression. The rapprochement of the Russian working people and the Siberian tribes favored the development of productive forces and overcoming the age-old disunity Siberian peoples embodying the future of Siberia.

2. Conquest of Siberia

2.1 Ermak's hike and its historical significance

Long before the beginning of the Russian development of Siberia, its population had connections with the Russian people. Novgorodians were the first to begin their acquaintance with the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia, who, already in the 11th century, tried to master the Pechora route beyond the Kamen '(Ural). Russian people were attracted to Siberia by the rich fur and sea crafts, the possibility of exchange trade with local residents. Following the sailors and explorers in the northwestern limits of Siberia, Novgorodian squads began to appear periodically, collecting tribute from the local population. The Novgorod nobility has long officially included the Ugra land in the Trans-Urals as part of the possessions of Veliky Novgorod24. In the XIII century. on the way of the Novgorodians stood the Rostov princes, who founded in 1218 at the mouth of the river. Ugra, the city of Ustyug, and then the initiative for the development passed to the Moscow principality.

Taking control of the "volosts" of Veliky Novgorod, the government of Ivan III sent detachments of military men across the Urals three times. In 1465 the voivode Vasily Skryaba went to Ugra and collected a tribute in favor of the great Moscow prince. In 1483, the voivods Fyodor Kurbsky and Ivan Travvin with military men "passed up the tributary of the Kama River, the Vishera River, crossed the Ural Mountains, scattered the troops of the Pelym prince Yumshan and moved" down the Tavda River past Tyumen into Siberian land "25. possession of the Tyumen khan Ibak, the detachment moved from Tavda to Tobol, Irtysh and Ob, where Russian warriors "fought" Ugra, taking prisoner several Ugric princes.

This campaign, which lasted several months, had important consequences. In the spring of the next year, an embassy arrived in Moscow "from all the lands of the Kod and Yugorsk", delivered gifts to Ivan III and a request to release the prisoners. The ambassadors recognized themselves as vassals of the Russian sovereign and pledged to annually supply his treasury with tribute from the population of the regions under their control.

However, the established tributary relations of a number of Ugric lands with Russia turned out to be fragile. At the end of the 15th century. the government of Ivan III undertook a new campaign to the east. More than 4 thousand warriors under the leadership of the Moscow governors Semyon Kurbsky, Peter Ushaty and Vasily Zabolotsky performed in the winter of 1499. Until March 1500, 40 towns were occupied and 58 princelings were taken prisoner. As a result, the Ugra land was subordinated, and the collection of tribute began to be carried out systematically. The delivery of furs was imputed to the duty of the "princes" of the Ugric and Samoyed associations. From the middle of the XVI century. the sending of special government collectors "tanschiks" to the Ugra land began, who delivered the tribute collected by the local nobility to Moscow.

At the same time, the commercial development of Western Siberia by the Russians was going on. This was facilitated by the peasant colonization of the northern regions of Russia, the basins of the Pechora, Vychegda, and the Urals. Since the XVI century. Russian trade ties with the inhabitants of the Trans-Urals are also developing more intensively. Russian traders and traders are increasingly appearing beyond the Urals, using the fishing settlements of North-Eastern Pomorie (Pustozersky prison, Ust-Tsilemskaya Sloboda, Rogovoy Gorodok, etc.) as transshipment bases. Settlements of industrial people also appeared in the Trans-Urals. These were temporary fishing huts, on the site of which the Russian stockades of Berezovsky, Obdorsky and others later appeared. In turn, the Ugrians and Samoyeds began to come to Pustozersky stockade and Rogovoy town to exchange goods.

Close communication with the inhabitants of North-Western Siberia led to the fact that Russian fishermen borrowed from them the techniques of hunting and fishing, began to use deer and dogs for driving. Many of them, having lived in Siberia for a long time, knew how to speak the Ugric and Samoyed languages. The Siberian population, in turn, using the iron products brought by the Russians (knives, axes, arrowheads, etc.), improved the methods of hunting, fishing and sea fishing.

In the XVI century. the southern neighbor of Ugra was the Siberian Khanate, which arose on the ruins of the Tyumen "kingdom". After the capture of Kazan by the troops of Ivan IV in 1552 and the annexation of the peoples of the Volga and Ural regions to Russia, favorable conditions arose for the establishment of permanent ties with the Siberian Khanate. The Taibugins (representatives of the new local dynasty), the brothers Ediger and Bekbulat, who ruled in it, were frightened by the events in Kazan and were pressed from the south by Chinggisid Kuchum, the son of the Bukhara ruler Murtaza, who claimed the Siberian throne, decided to establish diplomatic relations with the Russian government. In January 1555, their ambassadors arrived in Moscow and asked Ivan IV to “take all the Siberian land in his name, and intercede from all sides, and put his tribute on them, and send his man (“ road ”) for collecting it

From now on, Ivan IV added to his titles the title of “sovereign of all Siberian land. The ambassadors of Ediger and Bekbulat, being in Moscow, promised to pay “the sovereign from every black man for a sable, and the sovereign’s road for a squirrel from a man in Siberia. Later, the tribute was finally determined at 1,000 sables.

The royal envoy, boyar's son Dmitry Nepeitsin, left for the capital of the Siberian Khanate, located on the Irtysh near modern Tobolsk, where he swore allegiance to the Russian tsar of the Siberian rulers, but could neither rewrite the "black" population of the kingdom, nor collect a full tribute. Vassal relations between the Siberian Khanate and Russia turned out to be fragile. In the conditions of constantly growing strife between the Tatar ulus and the growing discontent of the "black people" and the conquered Ugric and Bashkir tribes, the position of the Siberian rulers was unstable. Kuchum took advantage of this, who in 1563 defeated their troops, seized power in the Siberian Khanate and ordered to kill the captured Ediger and Bekbulat.

From the very beginning, Kuchum was hostile to Russia. But the change of dynasty in the Siberian "kingdom" was accompanied by turmoil. For several years, Kuchum had to fight the rebellious nobility and tribal princelings, seeking obedience from them. Under these conditions, he did not dare to break off diplomatic relations with the Moscow government. In 1571, in order to lull the vigilance of the Russian tsar, he even sent his ambassador to Moscow and a tribute of 10,000 sables.

The arrival of Kuchum's ambassadors took place at a difficult time for Moscow. In 1571 it was attacked and burned by the detachments of the Crimean Khan Devletgirey. Rumors about Russia's failures in the Livonian War began to spread among the residents of the capital. When the ambassadors informed Kuchum about their observations made in Moscow, he openly decided to end Russian influence in the Trans-Urals. In 1573, at his headquarters, the tsar's ambassador Tretyak Chubukov and all the Tatars who accompanied him were killed, and in the summer of the same year, Kuchum's armed detachments, led by his nephew Mametkul, crossed the Stone to the river. Chusovaya and devastated the area. From that time on, raids into the Kama region began to be carried out systematically, and the Russian settlements in it were thoroughly ruined. Kuchum also did not spare anyone who was guided by an alliance with Russia: he killed, took prisoner, imposed a heavy tribute on the peoples of all the vast possessions of the Khanty and Mansi of the Ob and Urals, Bashkir tribes, Tatar tribes of the Trans-Urals and the Barabinsk steppe.

In such a situation, the government of Ivan IV took some retaliatory measures. In 1574, it sent to the large estates of the Stroganovs, who were developing the Perm Territory, a letter of gratitude, which assigned them the lands on the eastern slopes of the Urals along the river. Tobol and its tributaries. The Stroganovs were allowed to hire a thousand Cossacks with pishchal and build fortresses in the Trans-Urals on Tobol, Irtysh and Ob.

The Stroganovs, using the right given to them by the government, formed a mercenary detachment, the command of which was assumed by ataman Yermak Timofeevich. Information about who Yermak was by origin is scarce and contradictory. Some sources call him a Don Cossack who came with his detachment to the Urals from the Volga. Others were native of the Urals, a townsman Vasily Timofeevich Olenin. Still others consider him a native of the northern volosts of the Vologda district. All this information, which is based on the oral folk tradition, reflected the desire of the inhabitants of various Russian lands to consider Yermak a national hero as their fellow countryman. It is only the fact that Yermak, before his campaign for the Urals, served for 20 years in the Cossack villages in the "wild field", guarding the borders of Russia, is reliable.

On September 1, 1581, 31 Yermak's squads, consisting of 540 Volga Cossacks, set out on a campaign and, climbing the river. Chusovoy and having passed the Ural ridge, began its advance to the east. We sailed on light plows along the Siberian rivers Tagil, Tura, Tobol in the direction of the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk. Siberian chronicles note several major battles with the detachments of Kuchum, who were received by Yermak's squad on the way. Among them was a battle on the banks of the Tobol near Babasan's yurts (30 versts below the mouth of the Tavda), where one of Kuchum's experienced commanders, Mametkul, tried to detain the squad. Not far from the mouth of the Tavda, the squad had to fight with the detachments of the Murza Karachi.

Having fortified in the town of Karachi, Yermak sent a group of Cossacks led by Ivan Koltso to the Stroganovs for ammunition, food and service people. In winter, on sledges and skis, the Cossacks reached the estates of Maxim Stroganov, and in summer. 1582 returned back with reinforcements of 300 servicemen. In September of this year, Yermak's replenished squad moved into the depths of Siberia. Having reached the confluence of the Tobol and the Irtysh, the detachment began to climb up the Irtysh.

The decisive battle took place in the 20th of October on the outskirts of the capital at the so-called Chuvash Cape. Kuchum hoped to stop the Cossacks by arranging a notch from fallen trees on the cape, which was supposed to protect his soldiers from Russian bullets. Sources also report that 1 or 2 cannons were installed on the cape, brought to Kashlyk from the Kazan Khanate (before its occupation by the Russians).

But the long-term wars with the Tatars and Turks, which hardened the Cossacks, taught them to unravel the enemy's tactics and to fully use the advantages of their weapons. In this battle, Mametkul was wounded and narrowly escaped captivity. The servants managed to ferry him to the other side of the Irtysh. Panic broke out in Kuchum's army. According to legend, the vassal Khanty and Mansi princes left their positions after the very first volleys and thus facilitated the victory for the Cossacks.

Kuchum watched the battle from the mountain. As soon as the Russians began to prevail, he with his family and Murzas, having seized the most valuable property and livestock, fled to the steppe, abandoning his bet to the mercy of fate.

Local tribes, conquered by Kuchum, reacted to the Cossacks very peacefully. The princes and Murza hurried to come to Ermak with gifts and declared their desire to take Russian citizenship. In Kashlyk, the Cossacks found rich booty, especially furs collected in the khan's treasury for many years. Ermak, following the laws of the free Cossacks, ordered to divide the booty equally among all.

In December 1582 Yermak sent messengers to Russia led by Ivan Koltso with a report on the capture of the Siberian Khanate. He himself, having settled down for the winter in Kashlyk, continued to repel the raids of Kuchum's detachments. In the spring of 1583, Mametku-la's headquarters on the banks of the Wagai was defeated. Mametkul himself was taken prisoner. This noticeably weakened Kuchum's forces. In addition, a descendant of the Taibugins, the son of Bekbul-ta Sepdyak (Seid-khan), who at one time managed to avoid reprisals, returned from the south, from Bukhara, and began to threaten Kuchum. Sensing new strife, the nobility began to hastily leave the Khaneki court. Even one of the most faithful of his confidants, Murza Karami, “drove away” from Kuchum. Capturing nomadic camps along the river. Omi, he entered into single combat with Yermak, seeking the return of the ulus near Kashlyk.

In March 1584, Karachi lured a detachment of Cossacks from Kashlyk, led by Yermak's loyal associate Ivan Koltso, who had returned from Moscow, and destroyed it. Until the summer, the Tatars, having laid siege to Kashlyk, kept Ermak's detachment in a ring, depriving him of the opportunity to replenish scarce food supplies. But Ermak, having waited for the moment, organized one of the nights a sortie from the besieged town and with a sudden blow defeated the headquarters of Karachi. In the battle, 2 of his sons were killed, and he himself, with a small detachment, managed to flee.

Some local tribes and their princelings also ceased to recognize the power of Kuchum. Back in the spring of 1583, Yermak sent 50 Cossacks to the Ob along the Irtysh, led by Bogdan Bryazga, and laid yasak on a number of Tatar and Khanty volosts.

The forces of Yermak's squad were reinforced in the summer of 1584. The government of Ivan IV, having received a report on the capture of Kashlyk, sent a detachment of servicemen of 300 people to Siberia, led by the governor S. D. Bolkhovsky. This is a detachment in the winter of 1584/85. found himself in a difficult position. Lack of housing and food, severe Siberian frosts caused severe hunger. Many archers died, and the governor Semyon Bolkhovsky also died.

Wandering with his ulus in the steppes, Kuchum gathered forces, with threats and flattery, demanding help from the Tatar Murzas in the fight against the Russians. In an effort to lure Ermak out of Kashlyk, he spread a rumor about the delay in the Bukharian trade caravan heading for Kashlyk. Ermak decided to undertake another campaign against Kuchum. This was Yermak's last campaign. With a detachment of 150 people, Ermak on plows went out in July

1585 from Kashlyk and moved up the Irtysh. During an overnight stay on the Irtysh island, not far from the mouth of the river. Wagaya, the detachment was unexpectedly attacked by Kuchum. Many Cossacks were killed, and Ermak, wounded in hand-to-hand combat with the Tatars, covering the retreat of the detachment, managed to break through to the shore. But the plow, on the edge of which he unsuccessfully jumped, turned over, and, dressed in heavy armor, Ermak drowned. It happened on the night of August 5-6, 1585.

Having learned about the death of their leader, the archers, headed by the head Ivan Glukhov, left Kashlyk for the European part of the country by the Pechora route - through the Irtysh, Ob, Northern Urals. Part of the Cossacks with Matvey Meshcheryak, together with a small detachment of I. Mansurov sent from Moscow, remained in Siberia and laid down at the mouth of the river. Irtysh, the first Russian fortification - the Ob town.

The campaign of Yermak's Cossack squad created favorable conditions for the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state, for the subsequent widespread economic development of it by the Russian population. The domination of the Chin-Gisids in the Siberian Khanate was ended. Many uluses of the West Siberian Tatars already then came under the patronage of Russia. The Bashkirs, Mansi, Khanty, who lived in the basins of the Tura, Tavda, Tobol, Irtysh rivers, which were previously subject to Kuchum, became part of Russia, and the left-bank part of the Lower Ob region (Yugorskaya land) was finally assigned to Russia.

Following the Yermak Cossacks, peasants, hunters and servicemen moved to Siberia, and intensive commercial and agricultural development of the region began.

The tsarist government used Yermak's campaign to extend its power to Siberia. “The last Mongolian king Kuchum, according to K-Marx, was defeated by Yermak” and this “laid the foundation for Asian Russia”. Tsarism brought oppression to the indigenous population of Siberia. His oppression was equally experienced by the Russian settlers. But the rapprochement of the working Russian people and local tribes favored the development of production forces, overcoming the age-old disunity of the Siberian peoples, embodying the future of Siberia.

The people glorified Ermak in their songs and legends, paying tribute to his courage, devotion to comrades, and military valor. For more than three years his squad did not know defeat; neither hunger nor severe frosts broke the will of the Cossacks. It was Yermak's campaign that prepared the annexation of Siberia to Russia.

Archive of Marx and Engels. 1946, vol. VIII, p. 166.

2.2 Accession of Siberia to the Russian state

The question of the nature of Siberia's inclusion in the Russian state and the significance of this process for the local and Russian population has long attracted the attention of researchers. Back in the middle of the 18th century, academician historian Russian Academy Gerard Friedrich Miller, one of the participants in a ten-year scientific expedition in the Siberian region, having familiarized himself with the archives of many Siberian cities, expressed the idea that Siberia was conquered by Russian weapons.

The position put forward by G.F. They argued only about who was the initiator of this conquest. Some researchers assigned an active role to the activities of the government, others argued that the conquest was carried out by the private entrepreneurs Stroganovs, and others believed that Siberia was conquered by the free Cossack squad of Yermak. There were also supporters of various combinations of the above options.

Miller's interpretation of the nature of the inclusion of Siberia in Russia also passed into the works of Soviet historians of the 1920s and 1930s. our century.

Research by Soviet historians, a careful reading of published documents and the identification of new archival sources made it possible to establish that, along with military expeditions and the deployment of small military detachments in Russian townships based in the region, there were numerous facts of the peaceful advancement of Russian explorers and hunters and the development of significant regions of Siberia. A number of ethnic groups and nationalities (Ugrians-Khanty of the Lower Ob region, Tomsk Tatars, chat groups of the Middle Ob region, etc.) voluntarily became part of the Russian state.

Thus, it turned out that the term "conquest" does not reflect the whole essence of the phenomena that took place in the region during this initial period. Historians (primarily V.I. Shunkov) proposed a new term "annexation", the content of which includes the facts of the conquest of certain regions, the peaceful development of the sparsely populated valleys of the Siberian taiga rivers by the Russian settlers, and the facts of the voluntary acceptance of Russian citizenship by some ethnic groups.

The question of what brought the peoples of Siberia to the accession to the Russian state was resolved in different ways. Noble historiography, with its inherent apologetics of tsarism, sought to embellish government activities. GF Miller argued that the tsarist government in the management of the annexed territory practiced "quietness", "gentle persuasion", "friendly treats and gifts", and "severity" and "cruelty" showed only in those cases when "affection" did not work. Such "affectionate" management, according to GF Miller, allowed the Russian government in Siberia to "do a lot of useful things" with "a lot of benefit to the country there." For a long time, this statement of Miller, with various variants, was firmly held in the pre-revolutionary historiography of Siberia and even among individual historians of the Soviet period.

The noble revolutionary considered the question of the importance of including Siberia in Russia for the indigenous Siberian population in a different way. late XVIII v. A.N. Radishchev. He gave a sharply negative description of the actions of tsarist officials, merchants, usurers and Orthodox clergy in Siberia, emphasized that they are all "greedy", "greedy", shamelessly robbing the local labor population, taking away their furs, bringing them to impoverishment.

Radishchev's assessment found support and further development in the writings of the AP. Shchapov and S.S.Shashkova. A.P. Shchapov in his works came out with a passionate denunciation of government policy towards Siberia in general and its peoples in particular, while he emphasized the positive impact of the economic and cultural communication of Russian peasants and artisans with Siberian peoples.

The negative assessment of the results of the activities of the tsarist administration in Siberia, put forward by A.N. Radishchev, was shared by Shchapov's contemporary SS. Shashkov. Using specific materials of Siberian life, showing the oppressed position of the working non-Russian population of the region to denounce contemporary social reality, the democrat and educator S.S.Shashkov in his publicistic articles came to the conclusion that the inclusion of Siberia in the Russian state was generally negative. Unlike Shchapov, S.S.Shashkov did not consider the issue of the activity of the working Russian population in the development of the productive forces of the region and the influence of this activity on the economy and social development of local Siberian residents.

This one-sidedness of S. S. Shashkov in deciding the significance of the region's entry into Russia was adopted and developed further by representatives of the Siberian regionalism with their opposition to Siberia and the Siberian population of Russia to the entire Russian population of the country.

A negative assessment of S.S.Shashkov was also perceived by the bourgeois-our-legalistic-minded part of the intelligentsia of the Siberian nationalities, which opposed the interests of the local indigenous population to the interests of the Russian inhabitants of the region and condemned the very fact of the annexation of Siberia to Russia.

Soviet researchers, who had mastered the Marxist-Leninist materialist understanding of the history of society, had to, relying on the source base, decide on the nature of the inclusion of Siberia in the

Russian state and determine the significance of this process both for the non-Russian population of the region and its Russian settlers, and for the development of the country as a whole.

Intensive research in the post-war period (the second half of the 40s-early 60s) ended with the creation collective monograph"History of Siberia", five volumes of which were published in 1968. The authors of the second volume of "History of Siberia" summed up the results of the previous study of the issue of the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state, showed the role of the masses in the development of the productive forces of the region, revealed "the significance of Russian colonization in general and agriculture, in particular, as the leading form of economy, which in the future had a decisive influence on the economy and way of life of local indigenous peoples. This confirmed the thesis about the fruitful and mostly peaceful nature of the Russian annexation and development of Siberia, about the progressiveness of its further development, due to the joint life of the Russian and indigenous peoples. "

The annexation of the vast territory of the Siberian Territory to Russia was not a one-time act, but a long process, the beginning of which dates back to the end of the 16th century, when after the defeat of the last Chinggisid Kuchum on the Irtysh by the Cossack squad of Yermak, Russian resettlement began in the Trans-Urals and the development of newcomers-peasants, tradesmen, artisans, first the territory of the forest belt of Western Siberia, then Eastern Siberia, and with the onset of the 18th century - and Southern Siberia. The completion of this process took place in the second half of the 18th century.

The annexation of Siberia to Russia was the result of the implementation of the policy of the tsarist government and the ruling class of feudal lords, aimed at seizing new territories and expanding the sphere of feudal plunder. It also met the interests of the merchants. Cheap Siberian furs, appreciated in the Russian and international (European) markets, became a source of enrichment for him.

However, the leading role in the process of annexation and development of the region was played by Russian immigrants, representatives of the working strata of the population, who came to the far eastern region for crafts and settled in the Siberian taiga as farmers and artisans. The availability of free land suitable for agriculture stimulated the process of their subsidence.

Economic, household, and cultural contacts were established between the newcomers and local residents. The indigenous population of the Siberian taiga and forest-steppe, for the most part, had a positive attitude towards joining the Russian state.

The desire to get rid of the ruinous raids of the more powerful neighbors of the southern nomads, the desire to avoid constant inter-tribal clashes and strife that damaged the economy of fishermen, hunters and pastoralists, as well as the perceived need for economic ties prompted local residents to unite with the Russian people as part of one state.

After the defeat of Kuchum by Yermak's squad, government detachments arrived in Siberia (in 1585 under the command of Ivan Mansurov, in 1586 led by the governors V. Sukin and I. Myasny), the construction of the Ob town on the banks of the Ob River began, and in the lower reaches of the Tura was being built Russian fortress Tyumen, in 1587 on the banks of the Irtysh against the mouth of the Tobol-Tobolsk, on the waterway along the Vishera (tributary of the Kama) to Lozva and Tlvdy-Lozvinsky (1590) and Pelymsky (1593) towns. At the end of the XVI century. in the Lower Ob region was built the city of Berezov (1593), which became the Russian administrative center on the Yugorsk land.

In February 1594, a small group of servicemen with the governors F. Baryatinsky and Vl. Anichkov. Arriving by sledging in Lozva, the detachment in the spring moved by water to the Ob town. From Berezov, Berezov's service people and the Khanty codec with their prince Igichey Alachev were sent to join the arriving detachment. The detachment moved up the Ob to the Bardakov "principality". The Khanty prince Bardak voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship, assisted in the construction of a Russian fortress, erected in the center of the territory under his control on the right bank of the Ob River at the confluence of the Surgutka River. The new city became known as Surgut. All villages of the Khanty, subject to Bardak, became part of the Surgut district. Surgut became a stronghold of the tsarist power in this region of the Middle Ob region, a staging ground for an offensive against the Selkup tribal union known as the Pied Horde. The need to bring the Pied Horde to Russian citizenship was dictated not only by the desire of the tsarist government to expand the number of yasak payers in the Ob region. Representatives of the Selkup nobility, led by the military leader Vonya, at that time had close contacts with the Chin-Gisnd Kuchum, expelled from Kashlyk, who in 1596 "roamed" to the Pied Horde and was going to raid the Surgut district in 1597.

To strengthen the Surgut garrison, servicemen of the Ob town were included in its composition, which ceased to exist as a fortified village. The negotiations undertaken with Vonya did not lead to positive results for the tsarist governors. In order to prevent Vony's military action on the side of Kuchum, the Surgut servicemen, at the direction of the 1 governor, built a Russian fortification in the center of the Pied Horde - the Narym prison (1597 or 1593).

Further, the movement began to the east along the right tributary of the Ob river. Keti, where the Surgut servicemen set up the Ket prison (presumably in 1602). A small Makovsky prison was built on the portage from Keti to the Yenisei basin in 1618.

Within the southern part of the taiga and in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia in the 90s. XVI century the fight against the remnants of the Kuchum horde continued. Expelled by Yermak's Cossacks from Kashlyk, Kuchum and his supporters roamed between the Ishim and Irtysh rivers, raiding the Tatar and Bashkir uluses, which recognized the power of the Russian tsar, invaded the Tyumen and Tobolsk districts.

To prevent the devastating invasions of Kuchum and his supporters, it was decided to build a new Russian fortress on the banks of the Irtysh. A significant number of local residents were attracted to this construction: Tatars, Bashkirs, Khanty. The construction work was headed by Andrey Yeletsky. In the summer of 1594, on the banks of the Irtysh River near the confluence of the river. Tara, the Tara city appeared, under the protection of which the inhabitants of the Irtysh region were able to get rid of the domination of the descendants of the Chinggis-dov Kuchum. The servicemen of Tara performed military guard service in the border area with the steppe, retaliated against Kuchum and his supporters, the Nogai murz and Kalmyk taish, expanding the territory under the control of the Russian tsar.

Fulfilling the instructions of the government, the Tara governors tried to strike up negotiations with Kuchum. In 1597, he was sent a tsarist letter urging him to stop fighting with Russia and to accept Russian citizenship. The tsar promised to secure the nomad camps along the Irtysh for Kuchum. But soon it became known that Kuchum was preparing for a raid on the Tara district, negotiating military assistance with the Nogai horde and the Bukhara Khanate.

By order from Moscow, preparations began for a military campaign. The detachment assembled in Tara by Andrey Voeikov consisted of Russian servicemen and Tatars of Tobolsk, Tyumen and Tara. In August 1598, after a series of small battles with Kuchum's supporters and people dependent on him in the Baraba region, the detachment of A. Voeikov suddenly attacked the main camp of the Kuchum Tatars, located in a meadow near the mouth of the Irmeni River, the left tributary of the Ob. The Chat Tatars and White Kalmyks (Teleuts) who lived next door in the Ob region did not have time to provide assistance to Kuchum. His headquarters was defeated, members of the khan's family were taken prisoner. In the battle, many representatives of the nobility, relatives of the khan, over 150 ordinary warriors-Tatars were killed; they managed to escape along Kuchum himself with a small group of his supporters. Soon Kuchum died in the southern steppes.

The defeat of Kuchum on the Ob was of great political importance. The inhabitants of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia saw in the Russian state a force capable of protecting them from the devastating invasions of the nomads of Southern Siberia, from the raids of Kalmyk, Uzbek, Nogai, and Kazakh military leaders. The Chat Tatars were in a hurry to declare their desire to accept Russian citizenship and explained that they could not do this before, because they were afraid of Kuchum. The Baraba and Terenin Tatars, who had previously paid tribute to Kuchum, adopted Russian citizenship. As part of the Tatar district, the Tatar uluses of Baraba and the basin of the r. Omn.

At the beginning of the 17th century. The prince of the Tomsk Tatars (eushtins) Toyan arrived in Moscow with a request to the government of Boris Godunov to take the villages of the Tomsk Tatars under the protection of the Russian state and "put" a Russian city on their land. Toyan undertook to help the tsarist administration of the new city in levying yasak on the Turkic-speaking groups adjacent to the Tomsk Tatars. In January 1604, a decision was made in Moscow to build a fortification on the land of the Tomsk Tatars. Toyan, sent from Moscow, arrived in Surgut. The Surgut governors, having taken Toyan's oath (sherti), sent with him, as an escort, several servicemen to the Tomsk land to choose the place of construction of the future city. In March, in Surgut, a detachment of builders was recruited under the command of the assistant of the Surgut voivode G.I. Pisemsky and the Tobolsk son of the boyar V.F. Tyrkov. In addition to the Surgut service people and carpenters, it included service people who had arrived from Tyumen and Tobolsk, the Pelym archers, the Tobolsk and Tyumen Tatars and the Kod Khanty. In the spring of 1604, after an ice drift, the detachment set out from Surgut on boats and planks up the Obn to the mouth of the Tom and further up the Tom to the lands of the Tomsk Tatars. During the summer of 1604, a Russian city was built on the right bank of the Tom. At the beginning of the 17th century. Tomsk city was the most eastern city in Russia. The adjacent area of ​​the lower reaches of the Tom, the Middle Ob and Prnchulymya became part of the Tomsk district.

Collecting yasak from the Turkic-speaking population of the Pritoma region, the Tomsk service people in 1618 laid in the upper reaches of the Tom a new Russian settlement, the Kuznetsk prison, which became in the 1920s. XVII century the administrative center of the Kuznetsk district. In the basin of the right tributary of the Ob-Chulym at the same time, small ostrozhki-Melessky and Achinsky were installed. There were Cossacks and archers from Tomsk in them, performing military guard service and protecting the yurts of local residents from the invasions of detachments of Kyrgyz princelings and Mongolian Altyn-khans.

The growing contacts of the annexed part of the Ob region with the center and north of the country already at the end of the 16th century. sharply raised the question of improving communication lines. The official route to Siberia from the Kama region through the Lozvinsky town was long and difficult. In the second half of the 90s. XVI century Artemy Sofinov-Babinov, a townsman from Solvychegodsk, took a contract from the government to build a road from Solikamsk to Tyumen. From Solikamsk, she went through mountain passes to the upper reaches of the river. Tours. In 1598, the Verkhotursky town was erected here, in the construction of which the carpenters, peasants, and archers transferred here from Lozva took part.

Verkhoturye on the Babinovskaya road throughout the 17th century. played the role of "the main gateway to Siberia" through which all communications between Moscow and the Trans-Urals were carried out, customs duties were collected on the goods transported. From Verkhoturye the road ran along the river. Tours to Tyumen. In 1600, halfway between Verkhoturye and Tyumen, the Turin prison appeared, where coachmen and peasants transferred from the European part of the state were settled, serving the needs of the Babinovskaya road.

By the beginning of the 17th century. almost the entire territory of Western Siberia from the Gulf of Ob in the north to Tara and Tomsk in the south became an integral part of Russia.

2.3 Accession of Eastern Siberia

Russian hunters back in the 16th century. hunted for fur-bearing animals on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Ob, in the basins of the Taza and Turukhan rivers, gradually moved east to the Yenisei. They founded winter huts (which grew from temporary to permanent), entered into exchange, industrial, household and even family relations with local residents.

The political inclusion of this tundra region into Russia began later than the settlement of Russian tradesmen here, at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries. with construction in 1601 on the banks of the river. Taza of the Mangazeya town, which became the administrative center of the Mangazeya district and the most important trade and transshipment point in the north of Asia, a place where fishermen flocked to prepare for the next hunting season. Until 1625, there was no permanent detachment of service people in Mangazeya. The military guard service was performed by a small group of "yearlings" (30 people) sent from Tobolsk and Berezov. After the creation of a permanent garrison (100 people), the Mangazei governors created several yasak winter huts, began to send fur collectors to the treasury on the banks of the lower Yenisei, on its right-bank tributaries - Podkamennaya Tunguska and Lower Tunguska and further to the Pyasina and Khatanga basins.

As already noted, the penetration of the Russians to the middle Yenisei went along the right tributary of the Ob - Keti, which in the 17th century. became the main road from the Ob basin to the east. In 1619, the first Russian administrative center, the Yenisei prison, was built on the banks of the Yenisei, which quickly grew into a significant staging post for tradesmen and merchants. The first Russian farmers appeared in the area adjacent to the Yeniseisk region.

The second fortified town on the Yenisei was the Krasnoyarsk fort, founded in 1628, which became the main stronghold of the defense of the borders in the south of the Yenisei Territory. Throughout the 17th century. south of Krasnoyarsk, there was a fierce struggle against the nomads, caused by the aggression of the Kyrgyz princes of the upper Yenisei, who in the first half of the century relied on the strong state of the Altyn-khans (formed in Western Mongolia), and in the “second half - on the Dzungarian rulers, whose vassals they became. The princelings considered the local Turkic-speaking groups of the Upper Yenisei as their kishtyms (dependent people, tributaries): the Tubnians, Yarintsy, Motors, Kamasins, etc.

Almost every year, the rulers of the Kyrgyz uluses besieged the Krasnoyarsk fortress, exterminated and captured the indigenous and Russian population, captured cattle and horses, and destroyed crops. The documents tell about multiple military campaigns against the steppe nomads by the detachments of Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei, Tomsk and Kuznetsk servicemen.

The situation changed only at the beginning of the 18th century, when, by order of the Dzungarian kontayshi Tsevan-Raptan, the forcible resettlement of the Kyrgyz uluses and kishtyms of the nobility to the main Dzungar nomad camps in Semirechye began. The military leaders did not succeed in completely transferring ordinary residents of the Kyrgyz uluses to new places. Local residents took refuge in the forests, some of the hijacked fled when crossing the Sayan Mountains. For the most part, the population, dependent on the Kyrgyz princelings, remained in their former habitats and were then incorporated into Russia. The consolidation of the territory of the upper Yenisei was completed with the construction of the Abakan (1707) and Sayan (1709) forts.

The Mangazei and Yenisei governors learned from Russian fishermen about the rich furs "Lenskaya zemlyets". They began to send servicemen for yasak to the middle Lena, where the Yakuts lived. Already in 1632, on the banks of the Lena, a small group of Yenisei Cossacks, led by P. Beketov, set up the Yakutsk prison, the first Russian village, which later became the center of the Yakutsk (Lensk) voivodeship.

Some Yakut toyons and princelings of individual associations tried to fight the collectors of yasak, defending their right to exploit their relatives, but not all groups of Yakuts took part in this "struggle. Intertribal discord, as well as the desire of some representatives of the Yakut nobility to take advantage of the help of service people In addition, most of the Yakut population became convinced of the disadvantage of breaking peaceful ties with Russian traders and traders. the activity of commercial colonization was the main incentive for the incorporation of the main part of Yakutia into Russia.

Soviet researchers have established that Russian hunters were the first to penetrate the Lena, and later they, as a rule, outnumbered the detachments of service people within Eastern Siberia. The inclusion of the Evenks, Evens, and Yukagirs into Russia, the imposition of yasak fees on them in the royal treasury dragged on until the middle of the 17th century. Some of the geographical discoveries of Russian explorers date back to this time. So, the Cossacks led by I. Rebrov and I. Perfiliev in 1633 went along the Lena to the Arctic Ocean. On the sea bogs built in Yakutsk by sea, they reached the mouth of the river. Yana, and then the mouth of the Indigirka. Almost simultaneously, another group of Cossacks under the leadership of S. Kharitonov and P. Ivanov, leaving from Yakutsk, opened a land road to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka. The commercial development of this area began, Russian winter huts appeared (Verkhoyansk, Nizhneyanskoe, Podshiverskoe, Olyubenskoe, Uyandinskoe).

Especially great importance In the geographical discoveries of the northeastern part of Asia, he had a sea voyage, which began in 1648 under the leadership of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, in which up to 90 people of merchants and tradesmen took part. From Yakutsk, the expedition reached the mouth of the Lena, went to sea and headed east. For the first time, sea kochi of Russian sailors rounded the northeastern tip of the mainland, opened the strait between the continents of Asia and America, passed this strait from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and reached the mouth of the river. Anadyr. In 1650 on the river. Anadyr overland from the banks of the river. A group of Cossacks with Stadukhin and Motor passed through the Kolyma.

The advance from the Lena to the east to the Okhotsk coast began in the 30s. XVII century, when the Tomsk Cossacks with D. Kopylov founded the Butal winter hut on Aldan. A group of Cossacks with I. Moskvitin at the head, sent from the Butalsky winter quarters, following the rivers Aldan, Mae and Yudoma, reached the mountain range, crossed the mountains and along the river. Beehive went to the coast, where in the early 40s. was built by the Oblique Ostrozhek (which served as the beginning of the future Okhotsk).

Due to the natural and climatic conditions, the Russian development of Eastern Siberia was predominantly of a commercial nature. At the same time, Russian settlers identified areas where arable farming is possible. In the 40s. XVII century the first arable lands appeared at the mouths of the Olekma and Vitim rivers and on the middle reaches of the Amga.

The annexation of the lands of the Buryat tribes was complicated by external circumstances. The Buryat nobility placed some groups of Evenks and the Turkic-speaking population of the right-bank Yenisei in a dependent position, collected tribute from them and therefore opposed their inclusion in the yasak payers of Russia. At the same time, the Buryats themselves were subjected to frequent raids from the Mongol (especially Oi-rats) feudal lords; they were interested in protecting themselves from the devastating invasions of their southern neighbors with the help of Russian military detachments. The interest of the Buryat population in trade relations also pushed towards good-neighborly relations with the Russians.

The first Russian settlements in this region appeared in the early 30s. - Ilimsk and Bratsk ostrog. Under the protection of the Ilimsky prison in the middle of the 17th century. lived more than 120 families of Russian farmers. In the 40s. yasak collectors began to appear among the Buryats living near Lake Baikal. At the confluence of the Irkut into the Angara on about. The Irkutsk yasak hut was founded in 1652, and in 1661 the Irkutsk jail was built opposite this hut on the Angara bank, which became the administrative center of the Irkutsk district and an important trading point in Eastern Siberia.

In the middle of the 18th century. In the Transbaikal region, the first fortified winter huts appeared, founded by Russian fishing gangs. Some of them later became jails and administrative centers (Nerchinsky, Udninsky, Selenginsky, etc.). Gradually, a network of fortified villages was formed, which ensured the security of Transbaikalia from external invasions and promoted the economic development of this region by Russian settlers (including farmers).

The first information about the Amur region in Yakutsk came in the early 40s. XVII century from the Russian fisherman S. Averkiev Kosoy, who reached the mouth of the Argun. In 1643, the expedition of V. Poyarkov was formed in Yakutsk, the participants of which for three years passed along the rivers Aldan, Uchuru, Gonoma, made a dragging passage into the water system of the Amur, went down the river. Bryanda and Zeya to the Amur, then on ships moved down the Amur to its mouth. Out to sea, V. Poyarkov's expedition moved north along the coast and reached the mouth of the river. Beehives. From here, along the path laid earlier by a group of Cossacks I. Moskvitina, she returned to Yakutsk. This expedition of V. Poyarkov, unparalleled in difficulty and distance of the unexplored path, gave a lot of information about the Amur, about the inhabitants inhabiting its shores, their jamming, but it has not yet entailed the annexation of the Amur region.

More successful in this respect was the campaign organized in 1649 by the merchant Ustyuzhanin E.P. Khabarov-Svyatitsky. Khabarov's campaign was supported by the Yakut voivode Frantsbekov. The participants in the campaign (over 70 people) joined Khabarov at their own will. The leader of the campaign received an official "mandate" from the Yakut voivode, that is, he could act as a representative of the government authorities. From Yakutsk, the expedition set off along the river. Lena to its tributary, the Olekma, then up the Olekma to the portage to the Amur basin. During the years 1650-1653. the participants of the campaign were on the Amur. The middle Amur was inhabited by the Tungus-speaking Evenks and the Mongol-speaking Daurs. The Evenks were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding and fishing, and the Dauras and Duchers were familiar with arable farming. The Dauras and their neighboring duchers began the process of the formation of a class society, there were fortified townships ruled by their "princes".

The natural resources of the Amur region (fur animals, fish), favorable for arable farming attracted immigrants here from the Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Ilim and Yakutsk districts. According to V.A.Aleksandrov, during the 50s. XVII century “At least one and a half thousand people went to the Amur. A lot of "free hunting people" took part already in the campaign of E. Khabarov "4. Fearing depopulation of the areas from which the settlers (hunters and peasants) left, the Siberian administration arranged at the mouth of the river. Olekma outpost. Unable to prevent the process of spontaneous settlement of the Amur region, the tsarist government decided to establish its own administration here, appointing the Nerchpnsky prison (founded in 1652) as the administrative center since 1658.

Ruling in the XVII century. In China, the Manchu Qing dynasty from time to time subjected to predatory raids the settlements of the Dauras and Duchers on the Amur, although the territory they occupied lay outside the empire. In the annexation of the Amur region to Russia, the Qing dynasty saw a threat to the rapprochement of the borders of Manchuria with Russia and therefore decided to impede the Russian development of this region. In 1652, the Manchu troops invaded the Amur and for almost six years conducted military operations against the small Russian detachments. In the late 50s. The Manchus began to forcibly resettle the Daurs and Duchers to the Sungari basin, destroying their towns and agriculture. By the beginning of the 60s. the Manchu troops went into the empire.

The Russian population resumed the development of the deserted Amur lands from Nerchinsk to the mouth of the river. Zeya. The Albazin prison, built in 1665 on the site of the former town of the Daurian prince Albazy, became the center of Russian settlements on the Amur. The population of Albazin - Cossacks and peasants - consisted of free migrants. The exiles constituted an extremely insignificant part. The first inhabitants and builders of the Russian Albazin were fugitives from the Ilimsky district, participants in the popular uprising against the voivode, who came to the Amur with N. Chernigovsky. Here the newcomers declared themselves Albazin servicemen, established an elective government, elected N. Chernigovsky as Albazin's clerk, began collecting yasak payments from the local population, sending furs through Nerchinsk to the tsarist treasury to Moscow.

Since the late 70s and especially in the 80s. the situation of the Russians in Transbaikalia and the Amur region became complicated again. The Manchu Qing dynasty provoked the actions of the Mongol feudal lords and Tungus princes against Russia. Intense military operations unfolded near Albazin and the Selenginsky prison. The Nerchinsk Peace Treaty signed in 1689 marked the beginning of the establishment of the border line between the two states.

The Buryat and Tungus population acted together with the Russians in defense of their lands against the Manchu troops. Separate groups of Mongols, together with the tayshes, recognized Russian citizenship and migrated to Russia.

Conclusion

Ermak's campaign played big role in the development and conquest of Siberia. This was the first significant step towards the beginning of the development of new lands.

The conquest of Siberia is a very important step in the development of the Russian state, which has more than doubled its territory. Siberia, with its fish and fur trades, as well as gold and silver reserves, significantly enriched the state treasury.

List of used literature

1. G.F. Miller "History of Siberia"

2. M.V. Shunkov "History of Siberia" in 5 volumes. Tomsk, TSU 1987

The process of incorporating vast territories of Siberia and Of the Far East it took several centuries to become part of the Russian state. The most significant events that determined the further fate of the region took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In our article, we will briefly describe how the development of Siberia in the 17th century took place, but we will outline all the available facts. This era of geographical discoveries was marked by the founding of Tyumen and Yakutsk, as well as the discovery of the Bering Strait, Kamchatka, Chukotka, which significantly expanded the borders of the Russian state and consolidated its economic and strategic positions.

Stages of the development of Siberia by Russians

In Soviet and Russian historiography, it is accepted to divide the process of the development of northern lands and their inclusion in the state into five stages:

1. 11-15th centuries.
2. Late 15-16th centuries
3. Late 16th - early 17th centuries
4. Mid-17th-18th centuries
5. 19-20th centuries.

The goals of the development of Siberia and the Far East

The peculiarity of the annexation of the Siberian lands to the Russian state lies in the fact that the development was carried out in a spontaneous manner. The pioneers were peasants (they fled from the landowners to work quietly on free land in the southern part of Siberia), merchants and industrialists (they were looking for material benefits, for example, the local population could exchange fur, very valuable at that time, for mere trinkets worth a penny). Some went to Siberia in search of glory and made geographical discoveries in order to remain in the memory of the people.

The development of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century, as in all subsequent ones, was carried out with the aim of expanding the territory of the state and increasing the population. The vacant lands beyond the Ural Mountains were attracted by their high economic potential: furs, valuable metals. Later, these territories really became a locomotive industrial development of the country, and even now Siberia has sufficient potential and is a strategic region of Russia.

Features of the development of Siberian lands

The process of colonization of vacant lands beyond the Ural ridge included the gradual advance of the discoverers to the East to the very Pacific coast and consolidation on the Kamchatka Peninsula. In the folklore of the peoples who inhabited the northern and eastern lands, the word "Cossack" is most often used to refer to Russians.

At the beginning of the development of Siberia by the Russians (16-17 centuries), the pioneers moved mainly along the rivers. On land they went only at the watershed. Upon arrival in a new area, the pioneers began peace negotiations with the local population, offering to join the king and pay yasak - a tax in kind, usually in furs. The negotiations did not always end successfully. Then the matter was decided by military means. On the lands of the local population, forts or simply winter quarters were set up. A part of the Cossacks remained there to maintain the submission of the tribes and collect yasak. Peasants, clergy, merchants and industrialists followed the Cossacks. The greatest resistance was offered by the Khanty and other large tribal unions, as well as the Siberian Khanate. In addition, there have been several conflicts with China.

Novgorod campaigns to the "iron gates"

As early as the eleventh century, the Novgorodians reached the Ural Mountains ("iron gates"), but were defeated by the Ugras. Ugra was then called the lands of the Northern Urals and the coast of the Arctic Ocean, where local tribes lived. From the middle of the thirteenth century, Ugra was already mastered by the Novgorodians, but this dependence was not strong. After the fall of Novgorod, the tasks of developing Siberia passed to Moscow.

Free land beyond the Ural ridge

Traditionally, the first stage (11-15 centuries) is not yet considered the conquest of Siberia. Officially, it was started by Yermak's campaign in 1580, but even then the Russians knew that beyond the Ural ridge there were vast territories that remained practically no-one after the collapse of the Horde. Local peoples were few in number and poorly developed, the only exception was the Siberian Khanate, founded by the Siberian Tatars. But wars were constantly raging in it and civil strife did not stop. This led to its weakening and to the fact that it soon became part of the Russian Kingdom.

The history of the development of Siberia in the 16-17 centuries

The first campaign was undertaken under Ivan III. Prior to that, internal political problems did not allow Russian rulers to turn their gaze to the east. Seriously for vacant land only Ivan IV took it, and even then in the last years of his reign. The Siberian Khanate formally became part of the Russian state back in 1555, but later Khan Kuchum declared his people free from tribute to the tsar.

The answer was given by sending Yermak's detachment there. Hundreds of Cossacks, led by five chieftains, captured the capital of the Tatars and founded several settlements. In 1586, the first Russian city, Tyumen, was founded in Siberia, in 1587 the Cossacks founded Tobolsk, in 1593 - Surgut, and in 1594 - Tara.

In short, the development of Siberia in the 16-17 centuries is associated with the following names:

1. Semyon Kurbsky and Peter Ushaty (a trip to the Nenets and Mansi lands in 1499-1500).
2. Cossack Ermak (campaign of 1851-1585, development of Tyumen and Tobolsk).
3. Vasily Sukin (was not a pioneer, but laid the foundation for the settlement of the Russian people in Siberia).
4. Cossack Pyanda (in 1623, the Cossack began a hike in wild places, discovered the Lena River, reached the place where Yakutsk was later founded).
5. Vasily Bugor (in 1630 he founded the city of Kirensk on the Lena).
6. Peter Beketov (founded Yakutsk, which became the base for the further development of Siberia in the 17th century).
7. Ivan Moskvitin (in 1632 he became the first European who, together with his detachment, went to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk).
8. Ivan Stadukhin (discovered the Kolyma River, explored Chukotka and was the first to enter Kamchatka).
9. Semyon Dezhnev (participated in the discovery of the Kolyma, in 1648 he completely passed the Bering Strait and discovered Alaska).
10. Vasily Poyarkov (made the first trip to the Amur).
11. Erofey Khabarov (assigned to The Russian state Priamurye).
12. Vladimir Atlasov (annexed Kamchatka in 1697).

Thus, in a nutshell, the development of Siberia in the 17th century was marked by the establishment of the main Russian cities and the opening of ways, thanks to which the region later began to play a great national economic and defense significance.

Ermak's Siberian campaign (1581-1585)

The development of Siberia by the Cossacks in the 16-17 centuries was begun by Yermak's campaign against the Siberian Khanate. A detachment of 840 people was formed and equipped with everything necessary by the Stroganov merchants. The campaign took place without the knowledge of the king. The backbone of the detachment was made up of the atamans of the Volga Cossacks: Ermak Timofeevich, Matvey Meshcheryak, Nikita Pan, Ivan Koltso and Yakov Mikhailov.

In September 1581, the detachment climbed the tributaries of the Kama to the Tagil Pass. The Cossacks cleared their way manually, at times they even dragged ships on themselves, like barge haulers. At the pass, they erected an earthen fortification, where they remained until the ice melted in the spring. Along Tagil, the detachment sailed to Tura.

The first skirmish of the Cossacks with the Siberian Tatars took place in the modern Sverdlovsk region. Ermak's detachment defeated the cavalry of Prince Yepanchi, and then occupied the town of Chingi-turu without a fight. In the spring and summer of 1852, the Cossacks, led by Yermak, fought several times with the Tatar princes, and by the fall they occupied the then capital of the Siberian Khanate. A few days later, Tatars from all over the khanate began to bring gifts to the conquerors: fish and other food supplies, furs. Ermak allowed them to return to their villages and promised to protect them from enemies. He imposed tax on everyone who came to him.

At the end of 1582, Ermak sent his assistant Ivan Koltso to Moscow to inform the tsar of the defeat of Kuchum, the Siberian khan. Ivan IV generously endowed the envoy and sent him back. By order of the tsar, Prince Semyon Bolkhovskaya equipped another detachment, the Stroganovs allocated forty more volunteers from among their people. The detachment arrived at Yermak only in the winter of 1584.

Completion of the hike and foundation of Tyumen

Ermak at that time successfully conquered the Tatar towns along the Ob and Irtysh, without encountering fierce resistance. But ahead was a cold winter, which could not survive not only Semyon Bolkhovskaya, appointed governor of Siberia, but also most of the detachment. Temperatures dropped to -47 degrees Celsius and there was not enough supplies.

In the spring of 1585, the Murza of Karacha revolted, exterminating the detachments of Yakov Mikhailov and Ivan Koltso. Ermak was surrounded in the capital of the former Siberian Khanate, but one of the chieftains undertook a sortie and was able to drive off the attackers from the city. The detachment suffered significant losses. Less than half of those who were equipped by the Stroganovs in 1581 survived. Three out of five Cossack chieftains were killed.

In August 1985, Yermak died at the mouth of the Wagai. The Cossacks who remained in the Tatar capital decided to spend the winter in Siberia. In September, another hundred Cossacks under the command of Ivan Mansurov went to their aid, but the servicemen did not find anyone in Kishlyk. The next expedition (spring 1956) was much better prepared. Under the leadership of the voivode Vasily Sukin, the first Siberian city of Tyumen was founded.

Foundation of Chita, Yakutsk, Nerchinsk

The first significant event in the development of Siberia in the 17th century was the campaign of Peter Beketov along the Angara and the Lena tributaries. In 1627, he was sent as a governor to the Yenisei prison, and the next year - to pacify the Tungus who attacked the detachment of Maxim Perfiliev. In 1631, Pyotr Beketov became the head of a detachment of thirty Cossacks, who were to pass along the Lena River and gain a foothold on its banks. By the spring of 1631, he cut down the prison, which was later named Yakutsk. The city became one of the centers of the development of Eastern Siberia in the 17th century and later.

Ivan Moskvitin's hike (1639-1640)

Ivan Moskvitin took part in Kopylov's campaign in 1635-1638 to the Aldan River. The leader of the detachment later sent some of the soldiers (39 people) under the command of Moskvitin to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In 1638, Ivan Moskvitin came to the shores of the sea, made trips to the Uda and Taui rivers, and received the first data about the Udsky region. As a result of his campaigns, the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk was explored for 1300 kilometers, and the Udskaya Bay, the Amur Estuary, Sakhalin Island, the Sakhalin Bay, and the Amur estuary were also discovered. In addition, Ivan Moskvitin brought good catch to Yakutsk - a lot of fur yasak.

Discovery of Kolyma and Chukotka expedition

The development of Siberia in the 17th century continued with the campaigns of Semyon Dezhnev. He ended up in the Yakutsk prison presumably in 1638, showed himself to pacify several Yakut princes, and together with Mikhail Stadukhin made a trip to Oymyakon to collect yasak.

In 1643, Semyon Dezhnev, as part of Mikhail Stadukhin's detachment, arrived in the Kolyma. The Cossacks founded the Kolyma winter hut, which later became a large prison, which they called Srednekolymsk. The town became a stronghold for the development of Siberia in the second half of the 17th century. Dezhnev served in Kolyma until 1647, but when he set out on the return voyage, strong ice blocked the way, so it was decided to stay in Srednekolymsk and wait for a more favorable time.

A significant event in the development of Siberia in the 17th century took place in the summer of 1648, when S. Dezhnev entered the Arctic Ocean and passed the Bering Strait eighty years before Vitus Bering. It is noteworthy that even Bering did not manage to pass the strait completely, limiting himself only to its southern part.

Securing the Amur region by Erofei Khabarov

The development of Eastern Siberia in the 17th century was continued by the Russian industrialist Erofei Khabarov. He made his first trip in 1625. Khabarov was engaged in the purchase of furs, discovered salt springs on the Kut River and contributed to the development of agriculture on these lands. In 1649 Erofey Khabarov went up the Lena and Amur to the town of Albazino. Returning to Yakutsk with a report and for help, he gathered a new expedition and continued his work. Khabarov treated hard not only the population of Manchuria and Dauria, but also his own Cossacks. For this he was transported to Moscow, where the trial began. The rioters, who refused to continue the campaign with Erofei Khabarov, were acquitted, he himself was deprived of his salary and rank. After Khabarov filed a petition to the Russian Emperor. The tsar did not restore the monetary allowance, but gave Khabarov the title of boyar's son and sent him to govern one of the volosts.

Kamchatka Explorer - Vladimir Atlasov

For Atlasov, Kamchatka has always been the main goal. Before the start of the expedition to Kamchatka in 1697, the Russians already knew about the existence of the peninsula, but its territory had not yet been explored. Atlasov was not a discoverer, but he was the first to pass almost the entire peninsula from west to east. Vladimir Vasilievich described his journey in detail and made a map. He managed to persuade most of the local tribes to go over to the side of the Russian Tsar. Later, Vladimir Atlasov was appointed a clerk for Kamchatka.