Bram stang. Sailing modeling §2
Topmasts
It has already been said that installed only when the lower rigging was completed.
. To install the topmast they used rope-"rep" , the root end of which was attached to the top of the topmast, then the cable along the topmast was lowered down and passed in the spur through the topmast pulley. Then the “rep” was led up again, lashed to the topmast and passed along the left side through , wound with a hook on the brahm-ezelgoft. On the deck, the “turnip”, coming from the topmast, was led through a rosin block and laid on the spire with several hoses. When the top of the topmast passed through the hole in the ezelgoft, the top lashings on the topmast were unraveled and thereby freed part of the “turnip” tied to the topmast. The freed cable was tied on the right side of the ezelgoft. During the ascent, all the lashings were gradually removed, and the topmast took its place. Then the topmast on fixed with , and the topmast was removed, since it was used only when raising the topmast and was not worn at all.
Krengels sling. Before installing the rigging, a Krengel sling was laid on the topmast (Fig. 386). It was a ring of cable that was placed over the top of the topmast and lowered over her shoulders. The ring was supposed to protect the shrouds and forestay from rubbing against the sharp edges of the shoulders.
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Then they installed the shrouds - the first pair again on the starboard side. Until about 1720, two cables were used. Later, when ships began to carry three shrouds, the rear pair consisted of a shroud and
. Like the lower shrouds, the top shrouds in the fire were braided. This also applied to the part that passed through the opening of the salinga.
Significant changes have occurred in the fastening of these cables over the course of a century. R. S. Anderson for the XVII and early XVIII centuries leads the mount with deadeyes or thimbles. This mount lasted for several more decades. According to Steele (1794) and Lever (1811), the top shrouds led through a hole in the outer part of the spreaders, then over the “top” pile on the wall shrouds and next to the shrouds down to the top. At the end of the bram-shroud there was a thimble. Another thimble was connected to the shroud-shroud puttens-shrouds and they were lashed together (Fig. 387, 388). When this change began and when it entered into life, unfortunately, is not easy to determine exactly, perhaps in the last 10-15 years of the century. Moreover, Falconer (in the 2nd edition of 1815) points out that significant innovations in rigging have mainly occurred within the last 30 years.
Around 1790, in the upper part of the front pair of cables, thimbles or blocks were tied up to guide the bram-toppenants. Sometimes the top shrouds did not lead down to the corresponding wall shrouds, but after passing through the hole in the spreader to the deadeyes of the wall shrouds on the opposite side. This should have taken off pressure on and keep the leeward side rigging stuffed (Fig. 389). According to Lever, in this case the top shrouds performed the same functions as the bentink shrouds on the mast. .
In the first 15 years of the century there were no tapings on the top shrouds. Later, until the 50s, large ships often had bleachings, which disappeared again in the second half of the century. If they were carried, then only on the lower 6-7 feet.
.
They were part of the rear pair of shrouds. Lever points out that the warships had two Forduns. As a rule, during the century under review, only one fordun was used on the side and only large ships had two. They were fastened together with sten-fordun on "Fordun bench"(small ruslen) or on butts placed above or below the “bench”. Usually these forduns stood on the deadeyes (Fig. 390).
On small ships, thimbles were used, and the top-frames were attached to the main-frames in the same way as the top-shrouds were attached to the eye-shrouds of the main-stays (Fig. 392). On merchant ships these forduns were sometimes carried flying. To do this, a two-pulley block on a long sling was secured to the butt on a “bench” or a hook in the side wall, and a single-pulley block was attached to the lower end of the fordun.
“Flagstaff-fordun”, or bom-bram-fordun,
carried through a two-pulley block with a long sling, through a single-pulley block of the bram-fordun, again through a two-pulley block and laid inside the side. In this case, the bom-bram-fordun was part of the bram-fordun and the tension on the forduns was distributed evenly (Fig. 391).
.
This forestay, unlike the lower ones, had neither a light nor
.
was woven directly on the forestay and braided. They placed it on the shrouds on the top of the topmast (Fig. 393). Rice. 390. Fastening the forduns on the “fordun bench”. From right to left: sten-fordun, bram-fordun and bom-bram-fordun
Rice. 391. Fastening the forduns on the “fordun bench”. Bram- and bom-bram-for-duns of the merchant court "flying"
Rice. 392. Fastening the top-frame on small vessels
Rice. 393. Top of the top stay
Rice. 394. Fore-stay on the jib
Rice. 395. Alternative wiring of the forestay with a three-pin block
Rice. 396. Attaching the forestay to the topmast blind
Rice. 397. Fore-bram-krag-stay with three blocks
Rice. 398. Fastening the mainstay (light) together with the staysail rail (dark)
Rice. 399. English fastening of the main stay and stay, after 1735.
Rice. 400. Fastening the main stay stay on continental ships
Rice. 401. English cruise stay, black until 1780 gm light - after 1780
Fore-stay.The forestay carried to the jib's toe went either through the middle thimble (Fig. 394), or through the front-stay block (Fig. 397), or through the middle pulley of a three-pulley block attached to the jib's toe (Fig. 395). In the first case, the forestay ended with tackles, in the second - with lashings on the deadeyes, and in the third - with lashings on thimbles, which were attached to the bowsprit vuling, to the fore-stay or butt in the bow. On small ships, the forestay was led without hoists through the guide clip of the bowsprit to the attachment point on the forecastle. At the end of the century, in rare cases, the fore-stay, like the jib-rail, was placed on the “jib-ring”. During the period of the blind-topmast, the forestay was passed through a block on the ezelgoft of the blind-topmast and at the end a block was tied in. With the help of hoists, the forestay was stuffed on the top of the blind-topmast. To do this, the cable was attached to the butt of the blind topmast or shroud on the right side, then passed through the forestay block and lashed on the left side (Fig. 396).
Main stay stay.This forestay was led through a block on the back side of the top of the fore-topmast and from there to the topsail. At the end of the main stay there were tackles, the lower block of which at the beginning of the century was tied to the spreader, and the upper one was a long tackle block (Fig. 398). After 1735, this forestay, often without hoists, was attached directly to the claw-sling of the main-stay-stay block (Fig. 399).Approximately 6 feet below the top of the main topmast, a jib rail was woven into the main topstay. It was led through a block on the rear spreader of the fore-topmast and down to the top, where the end went around the rear spreader with a hose and was fastened with half-bayonets. Until 1710, this railing was not known (Fig. 398). Cruys-stay.
Introduced no earlier than 1760, this forestay's lower end was passed through an eye or block on the back of the mainstay-ezelgoft and attached to the edge of the mainstay. After 1780, it was led through a thimble on the top of the main topmast or on the salinga. At the end it had a thimble, which was lashed to the thimble on the salinga using a lanyard (Fig. 401). Flagpole-stay.
Directly below the klotik, the flagpole, or boom stay, was attached with a loop to the corresponding topmast. To prevent the loop from slipping, clamps were attached to the topmast (Fig. 402). At the beginning of the century, the fore-bom-beststay was led through a block on the top of the topmast blind and stuffed with deadeyes placed on its top (Fig. 404). After inserting the jib, the forestay was led through a thimble on the jib's toe, placed in front of the fore-stay, and attached to the fore-stay (Fig. 403). From the mainmast, the stay was led through a block on top of the top rigging on the foremast and, using thimbles, was lashed onto the fore-sailing spreader (Fig. 405). The mizzen mast stay was carried out like the mainmast stay, but it came into use only at the beginning of the 19th century.
. This forestay, unlike the lower ones, had neither a light nor . was woven directly on the forestay and braided. They placed it on the shrouds on the top of the topmast (Fig. 393).
Rice. 390. Fastening the forduns on the “fordun bench”. From right to left: sten-fordun, bram-fordun and bom-bram-fordun
Rice. 391. Fastening the forduns on the “fordun bench”. Bram- and bom-bram-for-duns of the merchant court "flying"
Rice. 392. Fastening the top-frame on small vessels
Rice. 393. Top of the top stay
Rice. 394. Fore-stay on the jib
Rice. 395. Alternative wiring of the forestay with a three-pin block
Rice. 396. Attaching the forestay to the topmast blind
Rice. 397. Fore-bram-krag-stay with three blocks
Rice. 398. Fastening the mainstay (light) together with the staysail rail (dark)
Rice. 399. English fastening of the main stay and stay, after 1735.
Rice. 400. Fastening the main stay stay on continental ships
Rice. 401. English cruise stay, black until 1780 gm light - after 1780
Fore-stay.The forestay carried to the jib's toe went either through the middle thimble (Fig. 394), or through the front-stay block (Fig. 397), or through the middle pulley of a three-pulley block attached to the jib's toe (Fig. 395). In the first case, the forestay ended with tackles, in the second - with lashings on the deadeyes, and in the third - with lashings on thimbles, which were attached to the bowsprit vuling, to the fore-stay or butt in the bow. On small ships, the forestay was led without hoists through the guide clip of the bowsprit to the attachment point on the forecastle. At the end of the century, in rare cases, the fore-stay, like the jib-rail, was placed on the “jib-ring”. During the period of the blind-topmast, the forestay was passed through a block on the ezelgoft of the blind-topmast and at the end a block was tied in. With the help of hoists, the forestay was stuffed on the top of the blind-topmast. To do this, the cable was attached to the butt of the blind topmast or shroud on the right side, then passed through the forestay block and lashed on the left side (Fig. 396).
Main stay stay.This forestay was led through a block on the back side of the top of the fore-topmast and from there to the topsail. At the end of the main stay there were tackles, the lower block of which at the beginning of the century was tied to the spreader, and the upper one was a long tackle block (Fig. 398). After 1735, this forestay, often without hoists, was attached directly to the claw-sling of the main-stay-stay block (Fig. 399).Approximately 6 feet below the top of the main topmast, a jib rail was woven into the main topstay. It was led through a block on the rear spreader of the fore-topmast and down to the top, where the end went around the rear spreader with a hose and was fastened with half-bayonets. Until 1710, this railing was not known (Fig. 398). Cruys-stay.
Introduced no earlier than 1760, this forestay's lower end was passed through an eye or block on the back of the mainstay-ezelgoft and attached to the edge of the mainstay. After 1780, it was led through a thimble on the top of the main topmast or on the salinga. At the end it had a thimble, which was lashed to the thimble on the salinga using a lanyard (Fig. 401). Flagpole-stay.
Directly below the klotik, the flagpole, or boom stay, was attached with a loop to the corresponding topmast. To prevent the loop from slipping, clamps were attached to the topmast (Fig. 402). At the beginning of the century, the fore-bom-beststay was led through a block on the top of the topmast blind and stuffed with deadeyes placed on its top (Fig. 404). After inserting the jib, the forestay was led through a thimble on the jib's toe, placed in front of the fore-stay, and attached to the fore-stay (Fig. 403). From the mainmast, the stay was led through a block on top of the top rigging on the foremast and, using thimbles, was lashed onto the fore-sailing spreader (Fig. 405). The mizzen mast stay was carried out like the mainmast stay, but it came into use only at the beginning of the 19th century.
Source: Central Maritime Club DOSAAF RSFSR. Publishing house DOSAAF. Moscow, 1987
§1. Spar.
A spar is the name given to all wooden, and on modern ships, metal parts that are used to carry sails, flags, raise signals, etc. The masts on a sailing ship include: masts, topmasts, yards, gaffs, booms, bowsprits, props, spears and shotguns.
Masts.
Salings and ezelgofts, depending on their location and belonging to a particular mast, also have their own names: for-saling, for-bram-saling, mast ezelgoft. for-sten-ezelgoft, kruys-sten-ezelgoft, bowsprit ezelgoft (connecting the bowsprit with the jib), etc.
Bowsprit.
A bowsprit is a horizontal or slightly inclined beam (inclined mast), protruding from the bow of a sailing ship, and used to carry straight sails - a blind and a bomb blind. To late XVIII century, the bowsprit consisted of only one tree with a blind topmast (), on which direct blind sails and bomb blinds were placed on the blind yard and bomb blind yard.
Since the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit has been lengthened with the help of a jib, and then a bom-blind (), and blind and bomb-blind sails are no longer installed on it. Here it serves to extend the stays of the foremast and its topmasts and to attach the bow triangular sails - jibs and staysails, which improved the propulsion and agility of the ship. At one time, triangular sails were combined with straight ones.
The bowsprit itself was attached to the bow of the ship using a water-vulling made of a strong cable, and later (19th century) and chains. To tie the wooling, the main end of the cable was attached to the bowsprit, then the cable was passed through the hole in the bowdiged, around the bowsprit, etc. Usually they installed 11 hoses, which were tightened in the middle with transverse hoses. From the sliding of the guards and stays along the bowsprit, several wooden attachments were made on it - bis ().
Bowstrits with a jib and bom-jib had a vertical martin boom and horizontal blind gaffs for carrying the standing rigging of the jib and bom-jib.
Rhea.
A ray is a round, spindle-shaped spar that tapers evenly at both ends, called noks ().
Shoulders are made on both legs, close to which perts, slings of blocks, etc. are pinned. Yards are used for attaching straight sails to them. The yards are attached in the middle to the masts and topmasts in such a way that they can be raised, lowered and rotated horizontally to set the sails in the most advantageous position relative to the wind.
At the end of the 18th century, additional sails appeared - foxes, which were placed on the sides of the main sails. They were attached to small yards - lisel-spirits, extended to the sides of the ship along the main yard through the yoke ().
Yards also take names depending on their belonging to one or another mast, as well as on their location on the mast. Thus, the names of the yards on various masts, counting them from bottom to top, are as follows: on the foremast - fore-yard, fore-mars-yard, fore-front-yard, fore-bom-front-yard; on the main mast - main-yard, main-marsa-ray, main-bram-ray, main-bom-bram-ray; on the mizzen mast - begin-ray, cruisel-ray, cruis-bram-ray, cruis-bom-bram-ray.
Gaffs and booms.
The gaff is a special yard, strengthened obliquely at the top of the mast (behind it) and raised up the mast. On sailing ships it was used to fasten the upper edge (luff) of the oblique sail - trysail and oblique mizzen (). The heel (inner end) of the gaff has a wooden or metal mustache covered with leather, holding the gaff near the mast and encircling it like a grab, both ends of which are connected to each other by a bayfoot. Bayfoot can be made of vegetable or steel cable, covered with leather or with balls placed on it, the so-called raks-klots.
To set and remove sails on ships with oblique rigs and mizzen oblique sails, the gaff is raised and lowered with the help of two running rigging gear - a gaff-gardel, which lifts the gaff by the heel, and a dirik-halyard, which lifts the gaff by the toe - the outer thin end ().
On ships with a direct rig, the oblique sails - trysails - are pulled (when they are retracted) to the gaff by gaffs, but the gaff is not lowered.
Booms are used to stretch the lower luff of oblique sails. The boom is movably fastened with a heel (the inner end to the mast using a swivel or mustache, like a gaff (). The outer end of the boom (knob) when the sail is set is supported by a pair of topenants, strengthened on one side and the other of the boom.
Gaffs and booms, armed with an oblique sail on the mizzen, began to be used in the Russian fleet approximately from the second half of the 18th century, and in the times of Peter the Great, a Latin yard (ryu) was hung obliquely on the mizzen to carry a Latin triangular sail. Such a yard was raised in an inclined position so that one leg (the rear one) was raised high, and the other was lowered almost to the deck ()
Having familiarized ourselves with each spar tree separately, we will now list all the spar trees according to their location on the sailing ship, with their full name ():
I - knyavdiged; II - latrine; III - crumble; IV - bulwark, on top of it - sailor's bunks; V - fore-beam and stay-stays; VI - mainsail channel and stay cables; VII - mizzen channel and shrouds; VIII - right sink: IX - balconies; X - main-wels-barhout; XI - chanel-wels-barhout: XII - shir-wels-barhout; XIII - shir-strek-barkhout; XIV - rudder feather.
| Rice. 9. Spar of a three-deck 126-gun battleship mid-19th V. |
| 1 - bowsprit; 2 - jig; 3 - bom-fitter; 4 - martin boom; 5 - gaff blind; 6 - bowsprit ezelgoft; 7 - rod guy; 8 - foremast; 9 - top of the foremast; 10 - fore-trisail mast; 11 - topmasts; 12 - mast ezelgoft; 13 - fore topmast; 14 - top fore topmast; 15 - for-saling; 16 - ezelgoft fore topmast; 17 - fore topmast, made into one tree with fore top topmast; 18-19 - top forebom topmast; 20 - klotik; 21 - fore-beam; 22 - for-marsa lisel-alcohols; 23 - fore-mars-ray; 24 - for-bram-lisel-alcohols; 25 - fore-frame; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 -for-trisel-gaff; 28 - mainmast; 29 - top of the mainmast; 30 - main-trisail-mast; 31 - mainsail; 32 - mast ezelgoft; 33 - main topmast; 34 - top of the main topmast; 35 - main saling; 36 - ezelgoft main topmast; 37 - main topmast, made into one tree with the main topmast; 38-39 - top main-bom-topmast; 40 - klotik; 41 - grottoes; 42 - grotto-marsa-lisel-spirits; 43 - main-marsa-rey; 44 - main-bram-foil-spirits; 45 - main beam; 46 - main-bom-bram-ray; 47 - mainsail-trisail-gaff; 48 - mizzen mast; 49 - top of the mizzen mast; 50 - mizzen-trysel-mast; 51 - cruise-mars; 52 - mast ezelgoft: 53 - topmast; 54 - top cruise topmast; 55 -kruys-saling; 56 - ezelgoft topmast; 57 - cruising topmast, made into one tree with cruising topmast; 58-59 - top cruise-bom-topmast; 60 - klotik; 61 - begin-rey; 62 - cruise-marsa-rey or cruisel-ray; 63 - cruise-bram-ray; 64 - cruise-bom-bram-ray; 65 - mizzen boom; 66 - mizzen-gaff: 67 - stern flagpole. |
§2. Basic proportions of spar trees for battleships.
The length of the mainmast is determined by the length of the ship along the gondeck, folded to its greatest width and divided in half. The length of the foremast is 8/9, and the mizzen mast is 6/7 the length of the mainmast. The length of the tops of the main and foremasts is 1/6, and the top of the mizzen mast is 1/8-2/13 of their length. The largest diameter of the masts is located at the front deck and is 1/36 for the foremast and main mast, and 1/41 of their length for the mizzen mast. The smallest diameter is under the top and is 3/5-3/4, and the spur has 6/7 of the largest diameter.
The length of the main topmast is equal to 3/4 of the length of the main mast. The length of the topmasts is 1/9 of the entire length of the topmast. The largest diameter of the topmasts is found in mast ezelgofts and is equal to 6/11 of the diameter of the mainmast for the main and fore topmasts, and 5/8 of the diameter of the mizzen mast for the cruise topmast. The smallest diameter under the top is 4/5 of the largest.
The length of the topmasts, made into one tree with the boom topmasts and their flagpoles (or tops), is made up of: the length of the topmast equal to 1/2 of its topmast, the boom topmast - 5/7 of its topmast topmast and flagstaff equal to 5/7 of its topmast. The largest diameter of the topmast at the ezelgoft wall is 1/36 of its length, the toptopmast diameter is 5/8 of the topmast diameter, and the smallest diameter of the flagpole is 7/12 of the topmast diameter.
The length of the bowsprit is 3/5 of the length of the mainmast, the largest diameter (at the bulwark above the stem) is equal to the diameter of the mainmast or 1/15-1/18 less than it. The lengths of the jib and bom jib are 5/7 of the length of the bowsprit, the largest diameter of the jib is 8/19, and the bom jib is 5/7 of the diameter of the bowsprit is 1/3 from their lower ends, and the smallest is at the legs - 2/3 largest diameter.
The length of the main yard is equal to the width of the ship multiplied by 2 plus 1/10 of the width. The total length of both legs is 1/10, and the largest diameter is 1/54 of the length of the yard. The length of the main-tops-yard is 5/7 of the main-yard, the legs are 2/9, and the largest diameter is 1/57 of the length of the main-tops-yard. The length of the main top-yard is 9/14 of the main top-yard, the legs are 1/9 and the largest diameter is 1/60 of this yard. All sizes of the fore-yard and fore-tops-yard are 7/8 of the size of the mainsail and main-tops-yard. The Begin-ray is equal to the main-marsa-yard, but the length of both its legs is 1/10 of the length of the yard, the cruisel-yard is equal to the main-bram-yard, but the length of both legs is 2/9 of the length of the yard, and the cruise-brow-yard equal to 2/3 of the main beam. All bom-bram-yards are equal to 2/3 of their bram-yards. Blinda-ray is equal to for-Mars-ray. The largest diameter of the yards is in their middle. The yards from the middle to each end are divided into four parts: on the first part from the middle - 30/31, on the second - 7/8, on the third - 7/10 and at the end - 3/7 of the largest diameter. The mizzen boom is equal to the length and thickness of the fore- or main-tops yard. Its largest diameter is above the tailrail. The mizzen gaff is 2/3 long, and the boom is 6/7 thick, its largest diameter is at the heel. The length of the martin booms is 3/7, and the thickness is 2/3 of a jig (there were two of them until the second quarter of the 19th century).
The main topmast is 1/4 the length of the main topmast and 1/2 the width of the ship. The fore-topsight is 8/9, and the cruise-topsight is 3/4 of the main topsea. The main saling has long salings 1/9 the length of its topmast, and spreaders 9/16 the width of the topsail. For-saling is equal to 8/9, and kruys-saling is 3/4 of grot-saling.
§3. Standing rigging spar.
Bowsprit, masts and topmasts on sailing ship are fixed in a certain position using special gear called standing rigging spar. Standing rigging includes: shrouds, forduns, stays, backstays, perths, as well as the jib and boom jib of the lifeline.
Once wound, the standing rigging always remains motionless. Previously it was made from thick plant cable, and on modern sailing ships it was made from steel cable and chains.
Shrouds are the name given to standing rigging gear that strengthens masts, topmasts and topmasts from the sides and somewhat from the rear. Depending on which spar tree the cable stays hold, they receive additional names: fore-stays, fore-wall-stays, fore-frame-wall-stays, etc. The shrouds also serve to lift personnel onto masts and topmasts when working with sails. For this purpose, hemp, wood or metal castings are strengthened across the cables at a certain distance from each other. Hemp bleachings were tied to the shrouds with a bleaching knot () at a distance of 0.4 m from one another.
The lower shrouds (hemp) were made using sailing ships the thickest, their diameter on battleships reached up to 90-100 mm, the wall-shrouds were made thinner, and the top-wall-shrouds were even thinner. The shrouds were thinner than their shrouds.
The topmasts and topmasts are additionally supported from the sides and somewhat from the rear by forduns. Forduns are also named after the masts and topmasts on which they stand. For example, for-sten-forduns, for-bram-sten-forduns, etc.
The upper ends of the shrouds and forduns are attached to the mast or topmast using ogons (loops) placed on the tops of masts, topmasts and topmasts (). Guys, wall-guys and frame-wall-guys are made in pairs, i.e. from one piece of cable, which is then folded and cut according to the thickness of the top on which it is applied. If the number of shrouds on each side is odd, then the last shroud to the stern, including the forduns, are made split (). The number of shrouds and fordoons depends on the height of the mast and the carrying capacity of the vessel.
The shrouds and forduns were stuffed (tightened) with cable hoists on deadeyes - special blocks without pulleys with three holes for a cable lanyard, with the help of which the shrouds and forduns are stuffed (tensioned). On modern sailing ships, the rigging is covered with metal screw shrouds.
In former times, on all military sailing ships and large merchant ships, in order to increase the angle at which the lower shrouds and forduns go to the masts, powerful wooden platforms - rusleni () - were strengthened on the outer side of the ship, at deck level.
| Rice. 11. Tightening the shrouds with deadeyes. |
The shrouds were secured with shrouds forged from iron strips. The lower end of the shrouds was attached to the side, and the deadeyes were attached to their upper ends so that the latter almost touched their lower part with the channel.
The upper deadeyes are tied into the shrouds and forduns using lights and benzels (marks) (). The root end of the lanyard is attached to the hole in the shroud-jock using a turnbuckle button, and the running end of the lanyard, after tightening the shrouds, having made several slags around them, is attached to the shroud using two or three benzels. Having established turnbuckles between all the deadeyes of the lower shrouds, they tied an iron rod to them on top of the deadeyes - vorst (), which prevented the deadeyes from twisting, keeping them at the same level. The topmast shrouds were equipped in the same way as the lower shrouds, but their deadeyes were somewhat smaller.
The standing rigging gear that supports the spars (masts and topmasts) in the center plane in front is called forestays, which, like the lower shrouds, were made of thick cable. Depending on which spar tree the stays belong to, they also have their own names: fore-stay, fore-stay-stay, fore-stay, etc. The headlights of the stays are made the same as those of the shrouds, but their sizes are larger (). The forestays are stuffed with lanyards on forestay blocks ().
Standing rigging also includes perths - plant ropes on yards (see), on which sailors stand while working with sails on yards. Usually one end of the perts is attached to the end of the yardarm, and the other in the middle. The perths are supported by props - sections of cable attached to the yard.
Now let's see what the fully standing rigging will look like on a sailing 90-gun, two-deck battleship of the late 18th and early XIX centuries with its full name (): 1 - water stays; 2 - Martin stay; 3 - Martin stay from the boom stay (or lower backstay); 4 - forestay; 5 - for-elk-stay; 6 - fore-elk-stay-stay (serves as a rail for the fore-top-staysail); 7 - fore-stay-stay; 8 - jib-rail; 9 - fore-gateway-wall-stay; 10 - boom-jib-rail; 11 - fore-bom-gateway-wall-stay; 12 - mainstay; 13 - main-elk-stay; 14 - main-elk-wall-stay; 15-mainsail-stay; 18 - mizzen stay; 19 - cruise-stay-stay; 20 - cruise-brow-stay-stay; 21 - cruise-bom-bram-wall-stay; 22 water tank stays; 23 - jib-backstays; 24 - boom-jumper-backstays; 25 - fore shrouds; 26 - fore-wall-shrouds; 27-fore-frame-wall-shrouds; 28 - for-sten-forduns; 29 - for-bram-wall-forduns; 30 - for-bom-bram-sten-forduns; 31 - main shrouds; 32 - main-wall-shrouds; 33 - main-frame-wall-shroud; 34 - main-sten-forduns; 35 - grotto-gateway-wall-forduny; 36 - grotto-bom-bram-wall-forduny; 37 - mizzen shrouds; 38 - cruise-wall-shroud; 39 - cruise-bram-wall-shroud; 40 - kruys-sten-forduny; 41 - kruys-bram-sten-forduny; 42 - kruys-bom-bram-sten-fortuny.
§4. The order of application, places of traction and thickness of hemp standing rigging.
Water stays, 1/2 thick of the bowsprit, are inserted into a hole in the leading edge of the bowsprit, attached there and raised to the bowsprit, where they are pulled by cable turnbuckles located between the deadeyes. The water backstays (one on each side) are hooked behind the butts, driven into the hull under the crimps, and are pulled from the bowsprit like water stays.
Then the shrouds are applied, which are made in pairs, with a thickness of 1/3 of their mast. Each end assigned to a pair of cables is folded in half and a bend is made at the bend using a benzel. First, the front right, then the front left pair of shrouds, etc. are put on the top of the mast. If the number of cables is odd, then the latter is made split, i.e. single. The shrouds are pulled by cable lanyards, based between the deadeyes tied into the lower ends of the shrouds, and the deadeyes fastened at the channel with the shrouds. Fore and main stays are made 1/2 thick, mizzen stays - 2/5 of their masts, and elk stays - 2/3 of their stays (hemp cables are measured along the circumference, and spars - according to the largest diameter).
They are put on the tops of the masts so that they cover the long-salings with the lights. The forestay and forestay are pulled by cable turnbuckles on the bowsprit, the mainstay and mainstay are on the deck on the sides and in front of the foremast, and the mizzen stay branches into legs and is attached to the deck on the sides of the mainstay. mast or passes through the thimble on the mainmast and stretches on the deck.
The main-shrouds, 1/4 thick of their topmasts, are pulled on the top platform by turnbuckles, located between the deadeyes tied into the main-shrouds, and the deadeyes fastened to the eye-shrouds. The topmasts, 1/3 of the thickness of their topmasts, stretch on the channels like shrouds. The mainstays have a thickness of 1/3, and the elk-stays have a thickness of 1/4 of their topmasts, the fore-stay-stay is carried into a pulley on the right side of the bowsprit, and the fore-stay-stay - on the left. The main-stay-stay and the main-elk-stay-stay are carried through the pulleys of the blocks on the foremast and are pulled by the gypsum on the deck. The stay-stay cruise passes through the block pulley on the mainmast and extends on the topsail.
The standing rigging of the jib and boom jib is made 1/4 thick of its spar trees. Each marin stay is passed sequentially into the holes of its martin boom (there are two of them), where it is held with a button, then into the pulley of the block on the toe of the jig, into the pulley on the martin boom and on the bowsprit, and is pulled onto the forecastle. The jib backstays (two on each side) are tied with the middle end to the jib of the jib, their ends are inserted into thimbles near the legs of the blind yard and are pulled on the forecastle. The bom-jugger-backstay is also applied and pulled. The Martin stay from the boom jib is attached with the middle end to the end of the jib jib. and passing through the pulleys on the martin boom and bowsprit, it stretches to the forecastle.
The top stays and top stays are made 2/5 thick, and the top stays are made 1/2 of their top topmasts. The top shrouds are passed through holes in the saling spreaders, pulled up to the topmast and descended along the top shrouds to the top, where they are pulled by turnbuckles through thimbles at their ends. The fore-forestay passes into a pulley at the end of the jib and stretches on the forecastle, the main-forestay goes into a pulley on the fore-topmast, and the cruise-forestay goes into a pulley at the top of the mainmast and both are pulled on the deck.
Bom-bram-rigging is carried out and pulled like a bram-rigging.
§5. Running rigging spar.
Running rigging of a spar refers to all movable gear through which work is carried out related to lifting, selecting, pickling and turning spar trees - yards, gaffs, shots, etc.
The running rigging of the spar includes girdles and driers. halyards, braces, topenants, sheets, etc.
On ships with direct sails, the guards are used to raise and lower the lower yards with sails (see) or gaffs (its heels); dryropes for lifting topsails, and halyards for lifting top-yards and boom-yards, as well as oblique sails - jibs and staysails.
The tackle with which the toe of the gaff is raised and supported is called a dirik-halyard, and the tackle that lifts the gaff by the heel along the mast is called a gaff-gardel.
The gear that serves to support and level the ends of the yards is called topenants, and for turning the yards - brahms.
Now let's get acquainted with all the running rigging of the spar, with its full names, according to its location on the ship ():
Gear used for raising and lowering the yards: 1 - fore-yard girdle; 2 - for-mars-drayrep; 3 - fore-tops-halyard; 4 - fore-bram-halyard; 5 - fore-bom-bram-halyard; 6 - gardel of the mainsail; 7 - main-marsa-drayrep; 8 - mainsail-halyard; 9 main halyard; 10 - main-bom-brow-halyard; 11 - gardel-begin-ray; 12 - cruise-topsail-halyard; 13 - cruise-marsa-drairep; 14 - cruise halyard; 15 - cruise-bom-bram-halyard; 16 - gaff-gardel; 17 - dirk-halyard.
Gear used to support and level the ends of the yards: 18 - blind-toppenants; 19 - foka-topenants; 20 - fore-mars-topenants; 21 - for-bram-topenants; 22 - for-bom-bram-topenants; 23 - mainsail-topenants; 24 - main-mars-topenants; 25 - main-frame-topenants; 26 - main-bom-bram-topenants; 27 - beguin-topenants; 28 - cruise-marsa-topenants; 29 - cruis-bram-topenants; 30-kruys-bom-bram-topenants; 31 - mizzen-geek-topenants; 31a - mizzen-geek-topenant pendant.
Gear used for turning the yards: 32 - blind-tris (bram-blinda-yard); 33 - fore-braces; 34 - fore-tops-braces; 35 - fore-braces; 36 - fore-bom-braces; 37 - main-contra-braces; 38 - mainsail braces; 39 - main-topsail-braces; 40 - main-frame-braces; 41 - main-bom-braces; 42 - beguin braces; 43 - cruise-tops-braces; 44 - cruise-braces; 45 - cruise-bom-braces; 46 - Erins backstays; 47 - blockage; 48 - mizzen-jig-sheet.
§6. Wiring of the running rigging shown in.
The foresail and mainsail are based between two or three-pulley blocks, two are strengthened under the topsail and two near the middle of the yard. The begin-gardel is based between one three-pulley block under the topsail and two single-pulley blocks on the yard. The running ends of the guards are mounted on bollards.
The fore- and main-mars-drires are attached with the middle end to the topmast, their running ends are each carried into their own blocks on the yardarm and under the saling, and blocks are woven into their ends. Marsa halyards are based between these blocks and the blocks on the riverbeds. Their flaps are pulled through the side bollards. The cruisel-marsa-drayrep is taken with its root end in the middle of the yard, and the running gear is passed through a pulley in the topmast under the saling and a block of the top-sailing halyard is inserted into its end, which is based on a mantyl - the root end is attached to the left channel, and the hoist to the right.
The top and boom halyards are taken with the root end in the middle of their yard, and the running ends are guided into the pulley of their topmast and pulled by the hulls: the top halyards are on the deck, and the boom halyards are on the topside.
The gaff-gardel is based between the block on the heel of the gaff and the block under the cruis-tops. The main end of the halyard is attached to the top of the topmast, and the running end is carried through the blocks on the gaff and the top of the mast. Their running ends are attached to bollards.
The blind-toppings are based between the blocks on both sides of the bowsprit eselgoft and on the ends of the blind-yard, and their flaps stretch on the forecastle. The foresail and main-topenants are based between three- or two-pulley blocks, and the beguin-topenants are based between two- or single-pulley blocks on both sides of the mast ezelgoft and on both ends of the yards. Their running ends, passed through the “dog holes”, are attached to bollards. The middle end of the top-stops is attached to the topmast, and the running ends, taken with a half-bayonet by the front shrouds, are inserted into blocks on the yard legs, into the lower pulleys of the butt blocks. through the “dog holes” and are attached next to the lower topenants. The bram- and bom-bram-topenants are put on with a point on the legs of the yard and, carried through the blocks on their topmasts, stretch: the bram-toppenant on the deck, and the bom-bram-topenants on the topsail. The boom topendants are taken with the middle end of the boom leg, carried out on both sides of it, as shown in the figure, and pulled with grips at the heel of the boom.
The fore-braces are attached with the middle end to the top of the mainmast, are carried, as can be seen in the figure, and are pulled on the bollards of the mainmast. The main-braces are based between the blocks at the side on the poop and on the legs of the main-yard and extend through the side bollards. The main-contra-braces are based on top of the fore-braces between the blocks on the foremast and the yard legs and extend at the foremast. The main ends of the begin braces are taken by the rear main shrouds, and the running gears are passed through blocks on the yard legs and on the rear main shrouds and are attached to the tile strip at the side. Mars braces are attached at the middle end to the topmast, are carried into the shrouds, as shown in the figure, and are pulled on the deck. The fore- and main-braces are attached with the middle end to the gate or boom-brow-topmast and are carried into blocks at the ends of the yards and into blocks near the main end and stretch along the deck. Cruys-brams and all bom-brass are put on the ends of their yards, held as shown in the figure, and pulled on the deck.
- bram pole
BRAM-STAND, bram-walls, female (mor.). The second topmast from below, a continuation of the topmast; cm. bram- and a topmast.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary - wall
STAND, walls, female (·Dutch. steng) (mor.). A vertical beam that extends onto the mast and extends it in height.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary - wall
STAND and. Morsk. Volzhsk stepson the second elbow of the mast, the first setting it high, from Mars
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
stenbackstay, stenfardunn (see shrouds, backstay, etc.). Stenvyntrep, projectile, for lifting (shooting) and lowering walls. Wall Co. stenge related - wall
pole
sea, old wall, starting in 1714; see Smirnov 282. There are also numerous derivatives - BRAM
BRAM(Brahm) Otto (1856-1912) - German director. Founder of the German stage
Large encyclopedic dictionary - Brahm
BRAM Otto (Brahm, 1856–1912) – German literary historian and director. Major works on history
Literary encyclopedia - Brahma
(brane)
Architectural Dictionary
Decorated gates of a monastery or church fence (in the southwestern regions).
(Russian terms architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995) - gate
gate
Etymological Dictionary of Max Vasmer
"city, fortress gates", resin. (Dobrovolsky), borrowed. from Polish brama "gate", which, due to the presence of ra, is considered a borrowing. from Czech; see Bernecker 1, 74; Brückner 38, where it is associated with struggle, fence and relatives. - gate
noun, number of synonyms: 6 barge 13 deity 103 brane 2 brahma 9 gate 24 landing stage 5
- Brahm
(Brahm)
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
[nickname; real surname Abrahamsohn] Otto (5.2.1856, Hamburg - 28.11.1912, Berlin), German theater figure, critic and director. He studied literature and philosophy at Berlin, Heidelberg and other universities. In the 80s - bram-
bram-
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
First part difficult words, contributing meaning: related to the third leg of the mast from the bottom
sailing ship associated with it ( bram-ray, bram-topmast, bram-bar, etc.). - Brahm
A word added to all sails, tackle and rigging belonging to bram-topmast. Brahm-backstays
- Brahma
See Brahmanism.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron - bram
BRAM Morsk. particle attached to the names of third-order objects or ship tier
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
weapons, like a wall or a mars to the weapons of the second, and a bomb and a bomb- bram- fourth tier. Topmast
the first continuation, setting the mast high, or the second tier; bram-topmast third, boom- bram-topmast
fourth. Brahm- rigging m. all equipment bram-topmasts, especially standing ones, resinous. Bramsel m. direct
sail on bram-rey and on bram- topmast, belonging to the third tier of sail; bram- halyard, lifting - gate
I.
BRAMA y, w. brame. tech. Sheet ingot, slab. Sl. 1948?
II.
BRAMA See Brahmatputra. - brahmi
noun, number of synonyms: 2 drug 952 rasayana 32
Dictionary of Russian synonyms - gate
BRAMA and. resin Polish churchyard, city, fortress gates, etc., old. Bran. Let's go get gate, by the field.
Also see barma
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary - bram
BRAM See Brahman.
Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian language - bram
bram-topmast, bram-rigging.
- bram-
to the third tier of the ship's sailing rig, for example. bram-topmast, bram-rigging.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary - Brahma
orf.
Brahma, -s (obsolete to Brahma) - gate
Brahma outdated m.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
see brahma - gate
”, to whom everything returns, the supreme deity of the Hindu trinity - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva (see also Trimurti)
Big dictionary foreign words - fore-tenge Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- keiser flag
KEYSER FLAG naval rises to the grotto bram-stenge, to signify the presence of the Grand Duke on the ship.
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary - topmast
Brahm-topmast, bram-topmasts, bram-topmasts, bram- topmast, bram-topmast, bram- topmasts, bram-topmast bram-topmasts, bram-topmast, bram- topmast, bram- topmasts, bram-topmast, bram-topmasts
Zaliznyak's Grammar Dictionary - Bram Otto
(Brahm) - German writer (born in 1856), founder of the Freie Bühne society. In 1890 he founded a newspaper under the same name, an organ of naturalists. In 1894 he directed the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron - Bram-halyard
Running rigging tackle bram- beams, with the help of which they raise and lower bram-rei. In addition, it is also used to raise the yards under the boom saling when setting the topsails.
Sea knots. Directory - Brahma, Brahma
BRAMA, more precisely BRAHMA (brahman, named after pad. brahma) - one of the three most important deities of Indian
Literary encyclopedia - Gangway
noun, number of synonyms: 1 staircase 19
Dictionary of Russian synonyms - top halyard Dictionary of Russian synonyms
- topmast
Brahm/-topmast.
Morphemic-spelling dictionary - brahma viraj
Skt.) The same: Brahma, dividing his body into two halves, male and female, creates
Theosophical Dictionary
Vak and Viraj are in them. In clearer terms and esoterically, Brahma, The Universe, differentiating, created - Bram Otto
Brahm Otto (Brahm)
Big biographical encyclopedia
(1856-1912), director, founder of German stage naturalism - bom-bram
Bom- bram. see bom-.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary - main sheet
noun, number of synonyms: 1 sheet 10
Dictionary of Russian synonyms - bram-ray
orf.
Lopatin's spelling dictionary
bram-ray, -i - Brahma symptom
(G. Bram, b. 1883, American endocrinologist)
Medical encyclopedia
failure to close the eyelids when laughing, leaving the eyes wide open; observed in diffuse toxic goiter. - bram-gorden
noun, number of synonyms: 1 tackle 100
Dictionary of Russian synonyms - topmast
orf.
Lopatin's spelling dictionary
bram-topmast, -and - Brama Joseph
In 1796 he invented hydraulic press, which soon became widely used. In 1806 Brahma
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron - Brahm backstays
Standing rigging supporting topmasts at the rear.
Sea knots. Directory - Brahmins
Small waists tied into bram-fal.
Sea knots. Directory - Topmast
A spar that serves as an extension of the topmast.
Sea knots. Directory - topmast
[hol.] – the third leg of a composite mast, counting the topmast as the second and the mast as the first
Large dictionary of foreign words - brama vac
Skt.) Male and female Brahma. Vak is sometimes also called the female logos; for Vak literally means Speech. (See Manu, Book I, and Vishnu Purana.)
Theosophical Dictionary - brahma prajapati
Skt.) " Brahma Progenitor", literally: "Lord of Creatures". In this aspect Brahma there is a synthesis of Prajapati or creative Forces.
Theosophical Dictionary - topmast
noun, number of synonyms: 1 knee 20
Dictionary of Russian synonyms - bram-ray
[gol.] – mor. third from bottom yard (see)
Large dictionary of foreign words - bram top
Cm. bram
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary - top rigging
Cm. bram
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary - Brahma Somay
can be considered the embryo of the present Gates Samay. The following extract from the deed of gift for the house
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
time Brahma Samaya rests on the following foundations: 1) The Book of Nature and contemplation are the foundation
bliss; purify your heart, be pious, and you will see the Invisible One. 14) Between followers Gates
and progressives. The latter, who formed a special society “Indian Brahma Somay,” have recently made significant progress in disseminating their teachings. - Braham-Moore
(Bramham Moor)
Encyclopedia of Battles of World History
Northumberland's Rebellion
Place of battle February 20 1408, when the High Sheriff of Yorkshire, Sir Thomas Rokeby, defeated the Earl of Northumberland, who had organized a new rebellion in the north. The count was killed and the rebellion suppressed.
See Shrewsbury, Homildon Hill. - Brahmins
noun, number of synonyms: 1 waist 4
Dictionary of Russian synonyms - bram-drass
noun, number of synonyms: 1 sail 54
Dictionary of Russian synonyms - grotto
or main mast attachment: main- wall; second: grotto bram-wall; third, grotto-bom- bram-wall; the tip of it, the grotto
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
along the mast, stenge etc., to which they belong, e.g. mainsails, mainsails, mainsails bram- shrouds
mast: mainsail, on stenge grotto marseille, on bram-stenge grotto- bram-sel; these names correspond to the yards (see
along the rail and are named after the mast, stenge, bram-stenge etc., to which they adjoin one side
mainsail-mars; second, on stenge, mainsailing; third, grotto-bom-saling; cross trees or rheas - boom topmast
BOM- BRAM-ST’ENGA, bomb- bram-topmasts, female (mor.). Third topmast from bottom, continued bram- topmasts. see boom and topmast.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary - fore-bom-topmast Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- for-bram-halyard Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- Brake clew assembly
Just like the clew knot, it got its name from the name of the gear - bram-sheet, which
tie single sheets of the lower sails, then bram-the front sheets and booms are tied with a clew knot- bram
sheets, bram-halyards and bomb- bram- halyards, as well as bram-Gitovs.
Brahm-the clew assembly is more reliable than the clew assembly
also twice.
During the time of the sailing fleet bram- the clew assembly was widely used during work
with gear. It was used when it was necessary to take some kind of tackle into the fire, for example bram
The spar and rigging of a vessel mean all moving or at rest equipment - masts, cargo half-masts, yards, gaffs, cargo booms, shrouds, forestays with all related parts. This name has been preserved since the days of sailing ships, however, its meaning has changed significantly during this time. Thus, initially the spar and rigging of a sailing ship ensured the ship's forward movement, and now their main task on modern cargo ships is to place a cargo device, and on passenger ships, icebreakers, tugs and similar floating craft - signaling equipment.
Armament of a sailing ship
a - armament of a barque with an auxiliary engine; b - types of sailing weapons; c - types of sailing ships.
1 - mizzen boom; 2 - mizzen; 3 - mizzen mast; 4 - mizzen-gaff; 5 - cruise topsail; 6 - topmast; 7 - main topmast; 8 - main-bom-bram-ray; 9 - main-bom-bramsail; 10 - main beam; 11 - mainsail topsail; 12 - cruise-top staysail; 13 - cruise-staysail; 14 - upsel; 15 - upper mainsail; 16 - lower mainsail topsail; 17 - grotto; 18 - main topmast; 19 - mainmast; 20 - upper grotto-Mars-ray; 21 - lower grotto-Mars-ray; 22 - mainsail; 23 - main-bom-top-staysail; 24 - mainsail staysail; 25 - mainsail-staysail; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 - fore topmast; 28 - fore-bom-bramsel; 29 - fore-frame; 30 - fore-bramsel; 31 - fore-bom-stay; 32 - boom-jib-rail; 33 - upper fore-Mars-yard; 34 - upper fore-topsail; 35- fore topmast; 36 - lower fore-Mars-yard; 37 - lower fore-topsail; 38 - foquere yard; 39 - fore-mast; 40 - foresail; 41 - fore-topmast-staysail; 42 - middle jib; 43 - jib; 44 - boom jib; 45 - bowsprit; 46 - lateen sail; 47 - straight rack sail; 48 - luger or rack sail Tretyak; 49 - luger or quarter sail; 50 - sprint sail; 51 - gaff sail; 52 - guari; 53 - Bermuda sail; 54 - evers; 55 - logger; 56 - ketch; 57 - de-masted gaff schooner; 58 - two-masted topsail schooner; 59 - brigantine (schooner-brig); 60 - brig; 61 - three-masted gaff schooner; 62 - three-masted topsail schooner; 63 - three-masted topsail schooner; 64 - barquentine (barque schooner); 65 - barque; 66 is a ship with full armament.
The main part of the spar is the mast. Depending on the purpose of use, there are signal, cargo and special masts made of wood or pipes made of steel or light metal. To absorb the forces arising from roll and pitch during strong seas, the masts are attached to the sides or in the center plane using shrouds and stays consisting of steel wire ropes. The signal masts contain signal and radio antenna yards, and often also a gaff for hoisting the country's flag. We have the latest information about rigging work. In addition, they contain flag halyards and a lantern holder.
Spars and rigging of cargo ships
a - cargo and signaling devices of a cargo ship of an old design; b - cargo ship with cargo booms and ship cranes.
The simplest design is made by tubular masts (Fig. below a), which have one load boom at the front and rear. To accommodate other cargo booms, a saling is mounted on the top of the mast, and a traverse is attached to the mast two to three meters above the deck. The ends of the traverse rest on short ventilation struts. The saling and traverse often consist of a single box beam (picture below b). The most common bipedal masts usually have no standing rigging, thereby increasing visibility to the open deck. Sometimes when working with heavy load-bearing devices, forestays are installed on the opposite side (Fig. below c).
Cargo masts
a - tubular mast; b - tubular mast with saling and cargo boom traverse; c - two-legged mast. 1 - antenna yard; 2 - yard; 3 - searchlight beam; 4 - observation post on the mast (“crow’s nest”); 5 - shrouds; 6 - topmast; 7 - saling; 8 - ventilation column; 9 - foundation of the cargo boom.
Cargo half-masts, unlike masts, are rarely equipped with topmasts and are installed in pairs outside the centerline of the ship between hatches or on hatches. As a rule, they do not have forestays, but are often connected to each other by means of a connecting forestay or traverse. Cargo half masts are often used for cargo hold ventilation; in this case, they are provided with deck fan sockets.
Cargo half masts
a - location of half masts; b - half mast with traverse; c - half mast with top and shrouds; d - half masts without stays. 1 - topmast; 2 - traverse; 3 - cargo half mast; 4 - topik; 5 - shrouds.
Masts and half-masts are secured by cables and stays, which in almost all cases consist of steel cables. They are attached at one end to the mast (saling) or to the half-mast with strong butts (cable butts), and the other end to the bases of the shrouds (stay-stays) in the immediate vicinity of the bulwark. The shrouds or stays with butts are attached to the mast or to the shrouds using cleats; If there are fork rope locks, no locks are required. Between the shrouds or stays and shrouds there are turnbuckles for tightening the cables.
Top Top Top Top
bram-st'enga, -i
Spelling dictionary. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what BRAM-STENGA is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- Top Top Top Top
topmasts, w. the third leg from the bottom of a composite mast of a sailing ship. Compare: topmast, top... - Top Top Top Top in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
topmasts, w. The third leg from the bottom of a composite mast of a sailing ship.||Cf. MOST, TOP... - Top Top Top Top
bra`m-ste"ng, bra`m-ste"ng, bra`m-ste"ng, bra`m-ste"ng, bra`m-ste"nge, bra`m-ste"ngam, bra` m-ste"ngu, bra`m-ste"ngi, bra`m-ste"ngoy, bra`m-ste"ngoy, bra`m-ste"ngami, bra`m-ste"nge, ... - Top Top Top Top
(Gol. bramsteng) mor. the third leg from the bottom of a composite mast of a sailing ship, counting the topmast as the second, and the mast (the first leg from the bottom) as ... - Top Top Top Top
[Goal. bramsteng] mor. the third leg from the bottom of a composite mast of a sailing ship, counting the topmast as the second, and the mast (the first leg from the bottom) as ... - Top Top Top Top
- Top Top Top Top in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
bram-st'enga, ... - Top Top Top Top
topmast,... - BRAM in Dahl's Dictionary:
mor. a particle attached to the names of objects of the third order or tier of ship armament, like sten or marsa to the armament of the second, and ... - BRAM in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Otto is a German literary historian and director. The main works on the history of German literature: “Das deutsche Ritterdrama des 18... - TOPMAST
(from Dutch steng) a continuation of the upper end of a ship's mast, used for attaching radio antennas, signal yards, ship lights, gaffs, and sails. Topmast continued... - BRAM in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Brahm) Otto (1856-1912) German director. Founder of German scenic naturalism; from 1889 he headed the literary and theatrical society "Free Stage", in 1894-1904 - German ... - TOPMAST in Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
(from Dutch steng), part of a ship's spar, which serves as a continuation of the upper end of the mast. Radio antennas, signal yards, gaffs, ... are attached to the north. - BRAM
a word added to all sails, tackle and rigging belonging to the topmast. Front stays, B. braces, B. bowline, B. shrouds, B. shtovs, B. gordeni, B. lisels, B. staysails, B. topmasts, B. rigging, ... - BRAM- in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
the first component of compound words denoting the names of objects and devices related to the third lower leg of the mast of a sailing ship, for example. bram-ray. ... - TOPMAST in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
and, f. mor. The second knee from the bottom of a composite mast of a sailing ship.||Avg. FRONT MISTAKE, TOP... - BRAM-... in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
The first component of compound words denoting the names of objects and devices related to the third lower leg of the mast of a sailing ship, for example. bram-ray.||Wed. ... - TOPMAST
STENGA (from Goll. steng), continuation top. the end of a ship's mast, used for attaching radio antennas, signal yards, ship lights, gaffs, and sails. Continuation … - BRAM in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Brahm) Otto (1856-1912), director, founder of German. scenic naturalism. From 1889 he headed the literary theater. society "Free Stage", in 1894-1904 - German. ... - BRAM in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? a word added to all sails, tackle and rigging belonging to the topmast. Front stays, B. braces, B. bowline, B. shrouds, B. shtovs, B. gordeni, B. staysails, B. staysails, B. topmasts, … - TOPMAST in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
st"nga, st"ngi, st"ngi, st"ng, st"nge, st"ngam, st"ngu, st"ngi, st"ngoy, st"ngoy, st"ngami, st"nge, ... - TOPMAST in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gol. steng lit. pole) mor. the second knee from the bottom of a composite mast... - BRAM in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(vul. bram-) mor. the first component of compound words denoting the names of objects and devices related to the third leg of the mast from the bottom... - TOPMAST in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[Goal. steng lit. pole] mor. the second knee from the bottom of a composite mast... - BRAM in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[Goal. bram-] mor. the first component of compound words denoting the names of objects and devices related to the third leg of the sailing mast from the bottom... - TOPMAST in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- TOPMAST
- BRAM- in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
- TOPMAST in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
topmast,... - TOPMAST in the Spelling Dictionary:
st'tenga, ... - TOPMAST
(from Dutch steng), a continuation of the upper end of a ship's mast, used for attaching radio antennas, signal yards, ship lights, gaffs, and sails. Topmast continued... - BRAM in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(Brahm) Otto (1856-1912), German director. Founder of German scenic naturalism; from 1889 he headed the literary and theatrical society “Free Stage”, in 1894-1904 - ... - BRAM
(Gol. bram) (Mor.). The first part of the composite names of items and devices related to the third tier of the ship’s sailing rig, for example. topmast,... - TOPMAST
topmast The upper part of the mast, which is its continuation above... - BRAM- in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
The first part of compound words that introduces meaning: relating to the third leg from the bottom of the mast of a sailing ship (top yard, top top, top rod and ... - TOPMAST
and. The upper part of the mast, which is its continuation above... - BRAM- in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
The first part of compound words that introduces meaning: relating to the third leg from the bottom of the mast of a sailing ship (top yard, top top, top rod and ... - TOPMAST
and. The upper part of the mast, which is its continuation above... - BRAM- in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
The first part of compound words that introduces meaning: related to the third leg from the bottom of the mast of a sailing ship, associated with it (bram-r"ey, ... - SAILING SHIPS
- SAIL V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron.
- SAILING SHIPS*
- SAIL in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
- FORE-MASTER in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
and. Topmast... - BOM-BRAM-MASTER in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
boom-bram-topmast, w. (mor.). The third topmast from the bottom, a continuation of the topmast. See (bom) and... - FORE-MASTER in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
fore-topmast w. Topmast... - FORE-MASTER in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
and. Topmast... - FORE-MASTER in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
and. Topmast... - HEAD FIRE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
lantern (white light) raised in the parking lot on the forestay or ... - FARDUNS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
standing tackle rigging supporting the topmasts at the rear; from the top of the latter they extend at a slight slope to the deck, where they are fastened tightly. Looking...
