Presentation on the topic Russian feudal lords. Feudalism in the early Middle Ages

Plan
1. Feudal ownership of land
2. Feudal lords and vassal-seigneurial dependence
3. Estates of feudal society
4. Peasants in feudal society
5. Life of feudal lords and knights
6. Medieval city as a center of crafts and trade
7. Shop organizations

Feudal ownership of land

-In the Frankish state, kings favored
lands of the nobility and squad. Granted land
called "allod" - hereditary
land with the right to sell.
-Conditional lifelong ownership of land (for
service) first introduced by Charles Martel
in the Frankish state - benefices
- Owners of land (allod) became
give away part of your land for service
(military, administrative court)
to their vassals (serving people from
nobility). Such land was called a fief.
- The feud was given forever with the right
inheritance, but the lord could take away the fief
back if the vassal stopped serving
lord, could transfer it to another vassal.

Feudal lords and seigneurial vassalage

The feudal lords were different in their own way
property status and role in
society: king, duke, count, baron,
marquis etc.
Between the feudal lords there were established
vassalage relations. The feudal lord who gave
land in conditional possession (feud) was called
senor. Nobleman who accepted the fief
was called a vassal.
The vassal was obliged to serve his lord for
feud - such relationships were called
senior-vassal.
A hierarchical ladder has developed in Europe
feudal lords and acted for a long time
principle - “my vassal’s vassal is not mine”
vassal"

Estates of feudal society

An essential feature of feudalism
is the class division of society.
An estate is a group of people
distinguished by its legal
position (composition, privileges,
duties are fixed by law).
Belonging to a class as a rule
is inherited.
In Europe there are three classes:
1. The combatants are feudal lords. They had the right
own land and rule people
2. Those praying are the clergy.
Worship. Land owners.
3. Working people - peasants and
artisans. They didn't have land.
Subordinate to the owner of the land
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTUzweIoBw

Peasants in feudal society

The peasants had no land and lived on the land
feudal lord The peasants were divided into
free and serfs:
Free peasants (villans) - for the right
to live on the land of the feudal lord they paid rent
(part of the harvest or money) and
worked corvée (worked for
the land of the feudal lord free of charge
tools for several days
week). They had the right to leave their
feudal lord, the land remained with the feudal lord.
Serfs (servs) “attached” to the land. They paid rent
worked their corvee, but could not leave
from his feudal lord. The feudal lord could
manage your personal life
serf: sell with land, donate,
exchange, etc.

Occupations and duties of peasants

Main occupations of peasants:
Agriculture, cattle breeding,
hunting, fishing, honey collection,
sewed clothes, built houses and
etc.
Improving guns
labor and land cultivation:
- heavy plow with coulter;
- three-field (winter, spring,
steam)
- used manure as
fertilizers
Peasants lived in communities.
The peasants elected a headman.
The community supported and
helped her community members.

Life and everyday life of medieval peasants https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5PrnwPoSz8

Life of feudal lords

On a hill or high rock, like a nest
bird of prey, towered above
surrounding area of ​​the castle. It was
the dwelling of the feudal lord and his fortress. In the castle
the feudal lord was hiding from the rebel peasants and
attacks by other feudal lords.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYvns1q-D54
The feudal lords spent their time in wars and feasts
and fun. The favorite pastimes of the feudal lords were hunting and tournaments - they were associated with the military
business.
The favorite pastime of feudal lords and their ladies
there was a hunt. The caught game was the main thing
place in the diet of the castle's inhabitants.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPSGiBZG3x
4
But the main thing is military service

Chivalry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dh6F-oDSUCU

The sons of feudal lords began
prepare for knightly service with
childhood. Without years of training
it was impossible not only to fight
in the heavy armor of a knight, but even
move around in them.
From the age of 7 boys became
pages, and from the age of 14 - squires
knights.
Knights came to serve
lord with pages and squires, with
lightly armed servants. This
a small detachment led by a knight
called "spear", feudal
the army consisted of such detachments.
In battle, knight fought with knight,
squire - with squire,
the rest of the soldiers showered the enemy
arrows. At 18, squires
became knights. Senor at
He handed him a belt, a sword and spurs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3d
tIhDUsV0

Medieval city as a center of crafts and trade

The first cities of a new type developed as settlements
merchants. The cities of Pisa, Genoa, and
Marseille, Barcelona, ​​Venice.
Places for the exchange of goods emerged -
fairs (annual markets). I especially had them
in the county of Champagne in France.
Trading cities also appear in northern Europe -
Hamburg, Bremen, Lubeck, Danzig, etc. Merchants here
transported goods along the Northern and Baltic
seas. Their ships often fell prey to the elements, and
even more often - pirates, had to deal with
robbers. Therefore, trading cities
united to protect sea and land
caravans. The Union of Northern European Cities was called
Hansa.
From the 11th century cities grew especially quickly. Large in
In the Middle Ages, a city with a population of 5-10 thousand was considered.
residents. The largest cities in Europe are
Paris, London, Florence, Milan, Venice,
Seville, Cordoba.

Craft shops

People of the same profession usually settled together,
went to the same church, communicated closely with each other
friend. They created their own unions -
craft guilds and trade guilds.
A craft workshop is an association
artisans of one specialization
(tanners, potters, jewelers, etc.)
The workshops monitored the quality of handicraft products,
established work procedures in the workshops,
protected the property of their members, fought against
competitors in the form of non-guild artisans,
peasants, etc.
The main body of shop management was
general meeting of all members of the workshop, at which
only independent members were present
workshops - masters.
It became difficult for the master to work alone.
So
students appeared, then apprentices. Student
swore an oath not to leave the master until the end
training: the master was obliged to train him
be honest to your craft and fully support it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD06CuVRGlM

Cities and lords

All cities arose on the land of feudal lords. Many townspeople
were in personal dependence on the lord. Feudal lords under
With the help of servants they ruled the cities.
Townspeople gathered together to discuss issues
city ​​administration, elected the head of the city (mayor or
burgomaster), collected a militia to protect against enemies.
As the wealth of the townspeople grew, the feudal lords increased
extortions from them. Urban communities - communes over time
began to resist such actions of the feudal lords.
A stubborn struggle developed between the feudal lords and
communes.
The rich cities of Italy were freed from the power of feudal lords and
They took away all their lands. The surrounding peasants were caught in
dependence on cities. Many cities (Florence, Genoa,
Venice, Milan) became the centers of small republican states.
Large merchants occupied a leading position in the cities,
owners of urban land and houses. They kept it in their
hands of city government.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsVhPcHCDZw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGsOE6_Roek

"Man of the Middle Ages" - 1. Chronological framework and features of the culture of the Middle Ages. Spirit - participation in the Divine through faith. 1. Scholasticism as a form of philosophizing. The basis of knowledge is sensory perception, in which a person is given the individual. 3. The path of spiritual improvement of a person is described differently, compared to the ancient tradition.

“Culture of Western Europe” - Many census guilds arose in cities. More and more textbooks were required for students. Instead of ontological questions, ethical questions come to the fore.” Renaissance, or Renaissance (French. With the development of crafts and trade, literacy grew rapidly in cities. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg invented printing.

“Culture of the Middle Ages” - What worried medieval poets and artists? Create presentations based on research results. Architecture. initial stage Search for necessary literature, electronic materials, Internet resources. Education. What are the main trends in literature during this period? Art. What is characteristic feature each style?

“Knights and Castles” - Badge of Military Valor A short saying explaining the meaning of the coat of arms. A.) Chainmail B.) Plate C.) Spear D.) Helmet. To get into the castle, it was necessary to overcome many obstacles. The fourth one is extra. In the knight's castle. Lesson plan. Knight equipment. Castles were built on a high rock or hill. Plate is armor made of iron plates.

"Architecture of Byzantium" - Interior. 2. Architecture. HAGIA SOPHIA'S CATHEDRAL IN CONSTANTINOPLE (6TH CENTURY). CRUCIFIXION. 3. Painting. Comparative characteristics. Fresco. Conclusion: A fragment of the mosaic. Cross-domed temple in Istanbul. Apse. HAGIA SOPHIA'S CATHEDRAL. Cross-domed church. Differences: 12th century icon. GREGORY THE WONDERWORKER. East. Then the Christian CANON gradually emerged, and the appearance of the icons changed.

“Thomas More” - Portrait of Thomas More by Hans Holbein the Younger. The first part contains criticism of modern states. Monument to Thomas More Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London. Finer workmanship has no price. Thomas More's house in London. The buildings are not at all dirty. Standardization, erasure of individuality. They work only 6 hours a day and sleep 8 hours.

There are a total of 23 presentations in the topic

The feudal lords were small and large in their social status and stood at different social levels. All this in history is called the feudal hierarchy. At the very top step stood the king. He acted as the highest judge and commander of the troops; at the next level stood the dukes and counts, below were the barons and viscounts, the vassals of the counts and dukes. The knights were subordinate to the barons, and the knights were the masters of the warriors who carried weapons.

Yards of rich people in cities and rural areas were surrounded by stone or wooden fences with powerful gates. In the courtyard there were the dwellings of the master's fireman (from the word "fireplace" hearth), tiun (housekeeper, storekeeper), grooms, village and ratay (from the word "ratai" plowman) elders and other people who were part of the management of the estate. Nearby there were storerooms, grain pits, barns, glaciers, cellars, and medushas. They stored grain, meat, honey, wine, vegetables, other products, as well as “heavy goods” iron, copper, and metal products. The economic rural complex of the estate included a cookhouse, a barnyard, a stable, a forge, warehouses, a yard, a threshing floor, and a threshing floor. Feudal fiefdom

Life and life of feudal lords in early Middle Ages. The main occupation of the feudal lords, especially in this early period, was war and the robbery that accompanied it. Therefore, the entire life and customs of the feudal lords were mainly subordinated to the needs of war. When there was no war, the knight's life was limited to hunting, dinner and a long sleep. The tediously monotonous daily routine was disrupted by the arrival of guests, tournaments or festivities, when jugglers came to the castle. The war pulled the knight out of the routine of everyday life. But both in war and in peaceful conditions the feudal lord always acted as a member of a united social group or even several groups - lineage. The corporatism of feudal life corresponded to the corporate organization of the feudal class.

The feudal lords were not only masters, but also military leaders. Feudal lords, engaged only in military affairs, from the end of the 10th century. began to be called knights. about the old and infirm, to protect the weak and humiliated, the Christian religion. The main business of knights is to fight. The word knight comes from the German "Ritter" "horseman". The knight wore chain mail (armor). The knight's clothes weighed 48 kg. They have been preparing to become knights since childhood. The knights learned to wield a spear, a sword, and shoot a firearm (a teacher’s mistake that students should notice). The knight acted in accordance with the code of honor. The code of honor contained the rules of conduct and duties of a knight. A knight must be faithful to his lord, god, take care

But not everyone was like that. But among the knights they strictly observed the tradition of a noble attitude towards women. Each knight had a lady of his heart. To increase his authority and glorify his lady, he had to perform feats in battle or by participating in tournaments. A tournament is a competition of knights in strength, dexterity and martial art. Anglo-Saxon warriors

Tournaments and wars Tournaments were organized by kings and barons, and knights from different parts of Europe gathered for these competitions, and among them could be representatives of the highest aristocracy. Participation in the tournament pursued different goals: to be noticed, to achieve success, prestige, and monetary reward. The ransom amount gradually increased, and tournaments became a source of profit. This was not yet the spirit of profit with which the merchants were infected: ethics required the knight to despise profit and money, although over time, swords and spears for tournaments began to be dulled, there were many victims and sometimes the wounded were taken away in carts. The Church condemned tournaments, seeing them as vain entertainment that distracted from the struggle for the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher and disrupted the peace. War was the profession of knights. War was perceived not only as entertainment, but as a source of income. In Europe, by the end of the 11th century, a wide layer of wandering knights emerged, ready to leave their home and meager lands to go to the edge of the ecumene - to Spain or Asia Minor - in search of glory and booty. Professional warriors from generation to generation, feudal lords developed a special form social psychology, a special attitude towards the surrounding world. There was no place for Christian compassion there: chivalry was not only merciless, but also introduced violence into the rank of virtues. Contempt for death was combined with contempt for someone else's life, with disrespect for someone else's death.

Knightly traditions. Tradition required the knight to be knowledgeable in matters of religion, know the rules of court etiquette, and master the “seven knightly virtues”: horse riding, fencing, skillful handling of a spear, swimming, hunting, playing checkers, writing and singing poetry in honor of the lady of the heart. Knighting symbolized entry into a privileged class, familiarization with its rights and responsibilities, and was accompanied by a special ceremony. According to European custom, a knight initiating a rank struck the initiator on the shoulder with the flat of his sword, pronounced the initiation formula, put on a helmet and golden spurs, and presented a sword - a symbol of knightly dignity - and a shield with the image of a coat of arms and motto. The initiate, in turn, took an oath of allegiance and a commitment to uphold a code of honor. The ritual often ended with a knightly tournament (duel) - a demonstration of military skills and courage. Coat of arms of the Piasts

Dependent peasants. The peasant population of the estate was not uniform in its origin and legal status. It was divided into three main groups of colons, litas and serf slaves. The colons did not completely lose personal freedom, but they were already dependent on the patrimonial land owner and could not leave their allotment, which was their hereditary property. The slaves who lived on the estate were divided into two categories: yard slaves who did not have an allotment, and slaves who sat on the ground. The first lived and worked in the master's courtyard; they could be bought and sold, and everything they acquired was considered the property of the master. Slaves, endowed with land and attached to it, were usually alienated without land and, in their actual position, were no longer slaves, but dependent peasants. An intermediate position between colons and slaves (servas) was occupied by litas, who were usually under the patronage of some secular or spiritual large landowner and kept their land plot in hereditary use.