Minerals of the Yamalo Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Gas fields in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) is a distant northern land, harsh and beautiful, a land where the traditions of indigenous peoples and the achievements of modern science are closely intertwined. is unique, it bizarrely combines the severity of the northern climate and the kindness of local residents, the avarice of the polar sun and the generosity of northern nature, the endless whiteness of winter days and the fantastic colors of autumn.

Yamal has always attracted travelers and scientists with its uniqueness, natural and cultural wealth, clean air and pristine nature. But in order to see all the beauties of Yamal, you need to devote a lot of time to the trip, and in our fast-paced age it is very difficult to do this. With the help of this site, everyone will be able to make, though virtual, but an exciting journey into the world of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

(obsolete - Samoyeds, Yuraks) - Samoyed people in Russia, inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The Nenets are divided into European and Asian (Siberian). European Nenets are settled in the Nenets Autonomous District of the Arkhangelsk Region, and the Siberian ones in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District of the Tyumen Region and in the Dolgan-Nenets Taymyr Municipal District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Small groups of Nenets live in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, and the Komi Republic.

Of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, the Nenets are the most numerous. According to the results of the 2002 census, 41,302 Nenets lived in Russia, of which about 27,000 lived in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The traditional occupation is large herd reindeer herding. On the Yamal Peninsula, several thousand Nenets reindeer herders, keeping about 500,000 reindeer, lead a nomadic lifestyle. The dwelling of the Nenets is the conical chum (me).

The names of two autonomous regions of Russia (Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets) mention the Nenets as the titular nationality of the region; another such district (Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous District) in 2007 was abolished and transformed into the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. The tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous regions. Forest Nenets - 1500 people They live in the basin of the Pur and Taz rivers in the southeast of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

taking the child from the hospital

Due to the presence of tribes on the territory of the Sayan Upland, whose language in the recent past belonged to the Samoyed, Stralenberg suggested that the Samoyeds of the Sayan Upland are descendants of the Samoyeds of the circumpolar zone, where they were aborigines, that from the north part of the Samoyeds, under the influence of some reason, moved to south, inhabiting the Sayan Highlands.

Fisher - Castrena theory
The opposite point of view was expressed by the historian Fisher, who assumed that the northern Samoyeds (the ancestors of the modern Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, Selkups, and Yuraks) are descendants of the Samoyed tribes of the Sayan Highlands, who moved from southern Siberia to more northern regions. This is Fischer's assumption in the 19th century. was backed up by a huge linguistic material and justified by Castren, who assumed that in the first millennium AD. e., in connection with the so-called great movement of peoples, the Samoyed tribes were driven out by the Turks from the Sayan Highlands to the north. In 1919, AA Zhilinsky, a researcher of the Arkhangelsk north, spoke out sharply against this theory. The main argument is that such a resettlement would require a sharp change in the type of nature management, which is impossible in a short time. Modern Nenets are reindeer herders, and the peoples living on the Sayan highlands are farmers (about 97.2%)

HUNTS
Khanty is a people who have lived since ancient times in the north of the Russian Federation, mainly in the territories of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Khanty is not the only name for this people, in the west it is known as the Ostyaks or Ugras, however, a more accurate self-name "Khanty" (from the Khanty "kantah" - a person, people) in Soviet times was fixed as an official one.

In historical chronicles, the first written mentions of the Khanty people are found in Russian and Arabic sources of the 10th century AD, but it is known for certain that the ancestors of the Khanty lived in the Urals and Western Siberia already in the 6-5th millennium BC, later they were supplanted nomads in the lands of Northern Siberia.
Usually Khanty are people of short stature, about 1.5-1.6 m, with straight black or dark brown hair, dark skin, dark eyes. The type of face can be described as Mongolian, but with the correct shape of the eyes - a slightly flat face, the cheekbones are noticeably protruding, the lips are thick, but not full.
The culture of the people, language and the spiritual world are not homogeneous. This is due to the fact that the Khanty settled quite widely and different cultures were formed in different climatic conditions. The southern Khanty were mainly engaged in fishing, but they were also familiar with agriculture and cattle breeding. The main occupations of the northern Khanty were reindeer herding and hunting, less often fishing.

The Khanty, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, had 3-4 dwellings in different seasonal settlements, which changed depending on the season. Such dwellings were made of logs and placed directly on the ground, sometimes they dug a hole beforehand (like a dugout). Khanty reindeer herders lived in tents - a portable dwelling consisting of poles placed in a circle, fastened in the center, covered on top with birch bark (in summer) or skins (in winter).

Since ancient times, the Khanty have revered the elements of nature: the sun, moon, fire, water, wind. The Khanty also had totem patrons, family deities and ancestor patrons. Each clan had its own totem animal, it was revered, considering it one of the distant relatives. This animal could not be killed or eaten.
The bear was revered everywhere, he was considered a protector, he helped hunters, protected from diseases, and resolved disputes. At the same time, a bear, unlike other totem animals, could be hunted. In order to reconcile the spirit of the bear and the hunter who killed him, the Khanty organized a bear holiday. The frog was revered as the keeper of family happiness and an assistant to women in labor. There were also sacred places, the place where the patron lives. Hunting and fishing were prohibited in such places, since the patron himself guards the animals.

Traditional rituals and holidays have survived to this day in a modified form, they have been adapted to modern views and timed to certain events (for example, a bear holiday is held before the issuance of licenses for shooting a bear). Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

KOMI
It is known that the Komi people have been living in the northern lands since the 1st millennium BC. The name Komi comes from the self-name of the people - Komi voityr, which means the Komi people. Komi are often called Zyryans, the word zyryane in translation from the Komi language means living on the border. As a result of gradual settlement, the Komi people were conditionally divided into the northern (Komi-Izhemtsy) and southern (Sysoltsy, Priluzians) ethnic groups.
Komi mainly live on the territory of the Komi Republic, part of the Komi lives in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.
The Komi language (Komi language, Komi-Zyryan language) belongs to the Uralic language family. The Komi script is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. In the northern regions of the Russian Federation, TV programs and print media are broadcast in the Komi language.

Usually Zyryans have an average or slightly above average height (about 165-170 cm), the correct physique. The short, slightly flattened face is framed by dark or black hair, the nose is wide, the eyes are gray or brown. Closer to the south, the Komi have blue eyes and blonde hair.
The northern Komi were reindeer breeders, hunters and fishermen, the southern Komi were engaged in hunting and fishing, knew cattle breeding and agriculture, but until the 18th century these were rather subsidiary industries. In the 18th century, due to the increase in the production of game animals, there was a sharp decline in their number, since that time cattle breeding, reindeer husbandry and agriculture have become the main occupations of the Komi.

Komi lived in villages and villages located on the banks of the river. They tried to arrange houses along the river in one row. The northern settlements were located at considerable distances from each other and consisted of several houses. In the southern settlements, up to several hundred people could live, often such settlements were formed due to the merger of neighboring villages.
Dwellings were rectangular log huts with a high basement (the lower floor, most often uninhabited), covered with a pitched roof. In the yard there were outbuildings and a two-story barn.
The clothing of the southern Komi in style and cut resembled Russian clothing. Women wore shirts, sundresses, fur coats; men's wardrobe consisted of a shirt, canvas pants, a caftan and a fur coat. The difference from Russian costumes was in the colors of the fabrics used and the features of the decoration. Northern Komi often wore clothes typical of the Nenets. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

SELKUP
The Selkups are the smallest people in the north of Russia. According to the results of the last population census, the number of Selkups is only about 1,700 people. The largest number of representatives of the people live on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the northwestern territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the Tomsk Region.
The official name of the people - the Selkups - was approved only in the 30s of the 20th century, it comes from the self-name of the northern ethnographic group and is translated as a forest man. However, this is not the only self-name of the people, the southern Selkups called themselves Chumylkup (earthen man), the Obs called Syusyokup (taiga man).

The Selkups belong to the Ural small race, which means that they have Mongoloid and Caucasian features in their appearance. The Selkups have dark straight hair, brown eyes, slightly dark skin, a small nose, strongly concave at the bridge of the nose, and the face is most often flat.
The Selkup language belongs to the Uralic language family. The Selkups did not have a written language for a long time, the first attempt to create a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to the 19th century, but this attempt was not very successful, since the Russian alphabet did not allow to correctly convey the sound of the language.

The second attempt took place in the 30s of the 20th century, the Latin alphabet was taken as a basis, a large amount of educational literature in the Selkup language was published. But only 7 years later, in 1930, the Selkup script was again transferred to the Cyrillic alphabet, which caused a lot of confusion. At present, the Selkup language is practically not used in printed sources, the main spheres of application of the language are folk crafts, communication in the family, and folklore.
The traditional occupations of the Selkups are fishing and hunting. The northern Selkups were engaged in reindeer husbandry mainly as an auxiliary industry (transport, hides, etc.).
The southern Selkups were able to make ceramics, work metals, weave canvases, achieved great success in blacksmithing, and grew grain and tobacco. These industries were actively developing until the 17th century, when they were supplanted by better quality imported goods.

SIGHTS OF YANAO
The sights of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are unique and can bring a smile to a person unfamiliar with the life of the region. For example, here you can see a monument to ... a mosquito. A veteran in the Far North is a person who not only survived the polar night, but also endured a terrible test in the form of mosquitoes, which are especially angry here. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District
The list of attractions of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes another sculpture dedicated to the animal: at the entrance to Salekhard, a 10-meter mammoth monument is erected. The remains of these extinct animals are often found in the region. Here, 9-ton tusks were found, and a century later, scientists unearthed a perfectly preserved mammoth, whose age is approaching 46 thousand years.

The most beautiful Yuribey River flows through Yamal, which ends its way, flowing into the Kara Sea, namely, into its Baydaratskaya Bay.

An intricate four-kilometer bridge on stilts has been built across Yuribey - a local architectural landmark.

In the village of Novy Port, you can visit Russia's largest "natural refrigerator" - a complex of ice underground caves. The length of the tunnels is more than a kilometer, the caves are constantly looked after, which allows them not to lose their cold icy sheen even in summer.

The Yamal-Nenets Okrug is famous for its natural zones, in the region there are 13 reserves and two reserves - Verkhne-Tazovsky and Gydansky. On the territory of the first, taiga areas prevail, and the second is famous for its tundra "lunar" landscapes. Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve is one of the largest natural parks in Russia, where reindeer and the unique Kondo-Sosvinsky beaver are found.
On the territory of the Gydansky Nature Reserve there are the most beautiful peninsulas of Java, Oleniy, Rovny, as well as the islands of the Kara Sea. There are many "Red Book" fish, animals and birds: sturgeon, polar bear, white-tailed eagle, walrus, narwhal, seal and many others.

The Kunovatsky park, located in the Shuryshkarsky region of the region in the floodplain of the Ob and Malaya Ob, is of the greatest interest among all the reserves of the region. An incredibly rare white Siberian crane is found here - a special type of crane, which is listed in all the Red Data Books of the world. Many other species of migratory birds can be observed in the reserve.

One of the main archaeological monuments of the Yamal-Nenets Okrug is the Nadym settlement - the remains of a settlement from the late 16th-early 17th centuries discovered in the city of Nadym. Here were found children's toys made of wood, jewelry made of tin and copper, hunting skis and much more.

The oldest surviving buildings in the district center were built at the end of the 19th century. These include, for example, small one-story buildings on Republic Street and the Music and Drama Theater. In the center of the city in the early 1990s, the Nikolskaya tower of the Obdorsk fortress was restored - a monument of wooden architecture of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It is decorated with a double-headed eagle, from the tower there is a descent to the Poluy River. It is believed that Salekhard was founded at this place.

For more than twenty years the ecological and methodological center "House of Nature" has been operating in Nadym, where you can get acquainted with the nature and ecology of the Yamal-Nenets Okrug, as well as with the ethnographic heritage of the region's indigenous inhabitants - the Nenets.
In Noyabrsk, you can visit Russia's first Children's Museum, most of the exhibits of which you can play, and some even make yourself. The museum has a winter garden and a children's workshop, from where, among other things, you can go on a virtual journey through the world's exhibitions.

In Labytnangi you can visit the Znamensky cross-shaped chapel-chapel - one of the most interesting in the area. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

SACRED PLACES YANAO
1 Settlement (sacrificial place) Ust-Poluy. Salekhard. Located on a high promontory of the root terrace of the r. Polui, approximately 2 km upstream from its confluence with the river. Ob. 0.2 km to the southwest from the building of the sports complex "Aviator". V century BC. to the III century. AD B.C. Adrianov 1932

2 Mangazeya ancient settlement Krasnoselkup district.
Right bank of the river Taz, at the mouth of the river. Mangazeyka. 8.5 km north of the village of Sidorovsk. 17th century AD V. N. Chernetsov

3. The complex of objects of ethnic culture on the north-eastern shore of the lake. Maloye Muzykantovo Purovsky district, northeastern shore of the Maloye Muzykantovo lake.

4. Cult place "Tareznzyakha-khekhe" Yamal region, left bank of the river. Yuribey, 3.9 km west of the projected railway line.

3. The cult place "Lamsento-syo" Yamal region, on the watershed of the Lamsento-syo (3.5 km to the west) and Ya-yakha (11.5 km to the east) rivers between the Lamsento lakes (14 km to the south) and Syavta- then (12.5 km to the north).

4. A sacred place on the left bank of the Seyakha river Yamal region, left root bank of the river. Seyakha, coordinates N 70 ° 23 "02.7", east longitude 068 ° 35 "06.7"

5. Sanctuary Nyakharyakha Priuralsky district, r. Nyakharyakha, coordinates N 69 ° 25 "34.3", E 68 ° 23 "07.9"

6. Sanctuary of Sidyapelyato Priuralsky region, northern shore of Lake Sidyapelyato, coordinates of north latitude. 69 ° 19 "34.5", E 68 ° 15 "04.0"

7. The complex of buildings of the log type in the village. Khanty-Muzhi Shuryshkarsky district, village. Khanty-Muzhi, Zhivun Natural Park-Museum Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

VERKHNE-TAZOV RESERVE
The reserve is located on the West Siberian Plain, in the Krasnoselkupsky District of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District of Russia. Its length is 150 km from north to south and 70 km from west to east. The territory is divided into two forestries - Pokolskoye and Tazovskoye, bordering each other along a water protection clearing along the left bank of the Ratta River.
The reserve was formed in 1986 for the preservation and study of the natural complexes of the region, unique for the West Siberian Plain and characteristic of its upland - Siberian Uvaly. The territory of the reserve is important for the protection of the declining population of the taiga reindeer, and is promising for the re-acclimatization of the Sosva beaver.

The fauna of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Reserve is characteristic of the northern taiga, however, it has not been sufficiently studied. Large animals are characterized by bear, elk, wolverine. The latter is rare, but constant. Wolves rarely come here from the tundra. Arctic fox enters the Upper Taz during migrations. Foxes live in river valleys.

In the Verkhne-Tazovsky Reserve, 310 species of vascular plants, 111 leafy bryophytes, 91 species of lichens are found. Forests with a predominance of pine in the reserve make up 59.4% of the forested area. Found in areas of river terraces. Dark coniferous forests occupy less large areas, but they are more diverse in their composition. They are dominated by cedar and spruce with an admixture of fir. The shrub layer is represented by wild rose, juniper, mountain ash. The moss cover is continuous or almost continuous, sometimes foliated lichens are found, which gives the cover a northern appearance.

149 bird species have been registered on the territory of the reserve. On its territory there are about 310 species of vascular plants. The fauna of the reserve includes about 35 species of mammals. There are 20 species of fish. The animal world is represented by such species of animals and birds as brown bear, weasel, sable, wood grouse, black grouse.

The main attraction of the Verkhne-Tazovsky nature reserve is the relatively sparse pine forests of the park type with the richest reindeer moss. The reserve is the largest reserve of valuable fur-bearing animals - sable and ermine. Consists of one site with an area of \u200b\u200b631.3 thousand hectares; extends from north to south for 150 km, from east to west - 70 km.

The climate is continental, with long, cold winters and rather warm summers. The amplitude of the minimum winter and maximum summer temperatures reaches 100 degrees. The average duration of the frost-free period is 83 days. The reserve is located in a discontinuous permafrost zone.

The rivers of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Reserve are characterized by a moderate current, great tortuosity, the presence of numerous sandbanks and relatively high banks. There are blockages in some parts of the rivers. In river valleys, processes of crumbling and sliding of high banks are taking place. The main river of the reserve, the Taz River, is one of the most important spawning rivers in Western Siberia of such valuable salmon and whitefishes as nelma, muksun, whitefish, wild chir, peled, and tugun. It starts at the Upper Taz Upland. Other rivers flowing through the reserve, such as Pokolka, Ratta, Kellogg, also originate here.

On the territory of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Reserve, there are two types of lakes that differ in genesis - lakes of glacial origin and floodplain origin. The formation of the former is associated with the formation of moraine deposits by the erosion of land areas by glacial waters; they are located in interfluves and are usually rounded. Floodplain lakes are oxbow lakes of rivers, as a rule, elongated, small in width, with muddy banks and a muddy bottom.

On the "ancient" floodplain terraces, which are sometimes found in the middle and lower reaches of the Ratta and Pokolka, raised bogs are widespread. The forest stand in the bogs is rare, represented by pine and birch. The shrub layer is rare, consists of dwarf birch, low-growing willows. Against the background of a continuous moss cover, cassandra, podbel, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, saber, swamp sedge, and cannabis dominate.

Ecological tourism:
An interesting ecological trail has been developed in the reserve, there is a small nature museum and a visit center.

MYSTERIOUS HOLE IN YAMAL
Scientists are investigating a giant hole in the ground that appeared in Yamal. A crater with a diameter of 60 (and according to other sources - up to 80) meters was discovered last week (July 2014) - it was accidentally noticed from a helicopter. All sorts of versions of its origin have already appeared on the Internet. Scientists have to find out whether it is the result of a technogenic impact or the fall of a space body.
Some media outlets even suggested that the funnel appeared as a result of alien intervention. But to accurately determine the cause of its appearance, you need to take soil samples. As reported by "Russia 24", this is not yet possible, since the edges of the funnel are constantly crumbling, and it is dangerous to approach it. The first expedition has already visited the site, and Marina Leibman, Chief Researcher of the Earth Cryosphere Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, spoke about what the scientists saw there.
“There are simply no traces of a person with any equipment here,” she said. “One can assume something fantastic: a hot meteorite fell and everything melted here. But when a meteorite falls, there are traces of charring, that is, high temperature. there are no signs of high temperatures. There are traces of water flows, there is some accumulation of water. "
According to the portal "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", scientists are considering several versions of the formation of this hole. The version that this is an ordinary karst sinkhole is unlikely, because the sinkhole is surrounded by soil discharges. If a meteorite formed a gap in the ground, then such a powerful blow could not go unnoticed.
Anna Kurchatova, the executive director of the Subarctic scientific and educational site, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, suggested that a not very strong underground explosion occurred here. Probably, gas accumulated underground, and pressure began to build up at a depth of about 15 meters. As a result, the gas-water mixture burst out, throwing out ice and sand, like a cork from a champagne bottle. Fortunately, this happened far from a pipeline or gas production and processing facility.

Reindeer breeders of the Tazovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug discovered a second crater, outwardly similar to the "bottomless pit" that has recently become known, 30 kilometers from the Bovanenkovskoye deposit.
The new funnel is located on another peninsula - Gydansky, not far from the coast of the Taz Bay. The diameter of the crater is much smaller than that of the first one - about 15 meters. The other day, the deputy director of the state farm Mikhail Lapsuy was convinced of its existence.
However, there is no need to talk about the discovery as such. According to nomads, the crater appeared at the end of September last year. They just didn’t publicize this fact. And when they heard about a similar phenomenon on the neighboring peninsula, they told the local authorities about it.

"Hole" in Yamal could appear due to swamp gas
Mikhail Lapsui confirms the identity of the Gydan and Yamal natural formations. By the way, they differ little in their distance from the Arctic Circle. Outwardly, except for the size, everything is very similar.
Judging by the soil bordering the upper boundaries, it was ejected to the surface from the depth of permafrost. True, those reindeer herders who call themselves witnesses of the phenomenon claim: at first there was a haze over the area where the ejection occurred, then a flash of fire followed and the earth shuddered.
At first glance - speculation. However, such a version of the release should not be dismissed outright, says Anna Kurchatova, the executive director of the Subarctic scientific and educational site, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, since when methane is mixed with air in certain proportions, an explosive mixture is formed.

SACRED SITES IN YAMAL

SACRED SITES IN YAMAL
Despite the many ancestral sacred places in Yamal, Taimyr and in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there have long been central places of worship common to the entire Nenets ethnos, such as Bolvansky Nos on Vaygach, Kozmin crossroads in the area of \u200b\u200bthe river. Nes (Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Yav'mal khekhe (Yamal), Sir Iri (Bely Island), Minisey in the Polar Urals.
The most revered among the Nenets were two stone-idols on Vaigach - Vesoko and Khadako (Old Man and Old Woman). The island itself was named by the Nenets "Hebidya Ngo" - the sacred land. The Vesoko Sanctuary is located at Cape Dyakonov. One of the earliest descriptions of this sacred place was left by skipper Stephen Borrow in 1556. He noted that there was a sanctuary on the cape of about 300 crude and primitive idols, sometimes just sticks with cuts for eyes and mouth. The mouths and eyes of the idols and some other parts were smeared with blood. In the "Notes" by Jan Huygens van Linshotten, we find a description of a cape on the southern bank of the Vaigach, on which about 300 idols stood [Linshotten, 1915].
In 1826, Archimandrite Veniamin visited the Vesoko sanctuary, who led the mission for the conversion of the Nenets (Samoyeds) of the Arkhangelsk province to Christianity. By order of Benjamin, the Vesoko Shrine was completely destroyed and the idols burned to the ground. Despite the complete destruction of the most revered sacred place, the Nenets made attempts to restore it more than once. In 1837 the biologist A. Schrenk, who visited the island. Vaygach, reported that the Samoyeds who returned to their places chose a place for sacrifices not far from the cross erected by the mission of Archimandrite Benjamin, and again set up their wooden idols here [Shrenk, 1855]. AE Nordenskjold, who visited Vaigach in 1887, also wrote about Nenets idols with a bunch of deer antlers and skulls standing at the top of the cape six hundred meters from the cross [Nordenskjold, 1936].
In 1984-1987. under the leadership of L.P. Khlobystin, a thorough archaeological study of this cultural site was carried out. In 1986, the Arkhangelsk Arctic expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of OV Ovsyannikov examined the monument of the spiritual culture of the Nenets - the sanctuary "Kozmin Pereselok" ("Harv Pod" - the road to the larch thicket). 1986-1997 The Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MAKE) under the leadership of P.V. Boyarsky conducted research on the island. Vaygach. Based on these materials, a map of the sacred places of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug was created.
The main shrine of Neve-khekhe-mother idol is located in the north of Fr. Vaygach in the upper reaches of the river. Heheyaha, between Yangoto and Heheto lakes. Judging by the data of V. A. Islavin and A. A. Borisov, the highest rock with a crack resembling a female sign was called "Neve-hege" by the Nenets.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. there is an active interest in sacred places in Yamal. In his work "The Yamal Peninsula" B. Zhitkov gives a description of the sacrificial place of Yav'mal khekhe, revered by the Nenets - a place of worship for different clans living in Yamal.

The ethnographer-researcher V.P. Evladov, who organized a scientific expedition jointly with the Ural Committee of the North in 1928-1929, devoted a lot of time and effort to the study and description of sacred places. on the tundra of Yamal. Basically, he recorded all the major places of worship of the Nenets. He also managed to visit and describe the main shrine of the Nenets, Sir Iri (White Old Man) on about. White. The Nenets call it the island of the White Old Man (Sir Iri Ngo). Since ancient times, this island has been a kind of gateway to Yamal.
In July-August 2000, with the financial support of the administration of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, an ethnographic expedition was carried out to the Yamal region. Its purpose was to research, record and collect information about sacred and ritual places, description of historical and cultural monuments, sacred and cult places, national burials (certification, registration, recommendations for establishing the boundaries of protected zones and creating a map of sacred places).
The collected materials were processed, analyzed and a map of the sacred sites was compiled. Many points indicated on the map were examined by the author personally. Some of the designations of sacred places were recorded from the words of informants living in this territory.
The sacred place Sir Irie is located in the depths of the Bely Island, 25-30 km from the Malygin Strait. Apparently, it has not been visited for a long time and seems neglected. In the center of the sanctuary there is a figure about 2-2.5 m high. There are logs of various sizes lying around, perhaps these are idols. Time and weather did their job, some of them collapsed under the influence of water and wind. The figure of Sir Irie is made of round wood, the master painstakingly processed the front part, the neck and the transition to the shoulder girdle are outlined, the hands are small in size, apparently, there were tree branches in this place, which made the task easier for the master. We often had to see a similar figure in the sacred sledges of the Nenets during expeditions across Yamal. At the same time, the figure of Sir Irie was always dressed in a malitsa, however, in the descriptions of researchers and travelers, we do not find mention of such an attribute of this image. Although informants claim that during the sacrifice, they put on the skin of a sacrificial deer (khanty) (Yaptik Y.) or a bear (Sir Wark) (Hudi V.) during the sacrifice.

According to the stories of informants, sacrifices of a polar bear or a white deer were carried out at the sacred place of Ilebyampertya (Bely Island, Cape Malygina, 15-20 km from the strait). The skin of the sacrificial animal was wrapped around the central figure of the sitay (idol). During our examination of this sacred place, no fresh sacrifices were found, but the remains of rotten hides and skins were lying around. Many skulls of polar bears and deer were scattered around the altar, and a whole mountain of skulls was built near the central figure.

Sacrificial site Yamal hekhe ya is a place of worship and sacrifices of seven clans living on the Yamal Peninsula. According to the reindeer herders, any person can come here regardless of clan and tribe. Seven ancestral sacrificial sites are located at a great distance from each other. The central sacred place is about 2.5 meters high and several meters wide. Sacrifices were found on all the altars. On each are stuck figures of idols of different sizes, there are small freshly carved sitays, and traces of deer blood are visible on their faces, as well as sacred poles (sims) were found, on which pieces of cloth of different colors are tied. Not far from the altars, traces of a fire and burnt logs are visible.
Syur'nya khekhe i is located 25 km from the village. Syunai-Sale behind the small river Kharvuta. The basis is made up of five larches. Several chests (caskets) are located under them. The antlers of sacrificial deer, ribbons of different colors, and a lot of dishes hang everywhere. According to the legend told by the inhabitants of the village, a mistress sometimes appears on this sacred place and frightens people who have come not for sacrifice, but for pampering. Women are generally forbidden to appear here.

The sacred sled of Harvuta khekhan is located on the high bank of the Kharvuta river. Apparently, it has been standing here for a long time, since part of it has gone underground. Narta three-dusty, gray-greenish hue, in some places overgrown with yellowish-white moss. There is a casket on the sled, the right side of which is broken. Planks from the casket and pieces of birch bark are scattered around, perhaps earlier cult objects were wrapped in it. A cult sculpture, 50 cm in size, was found in the sled. The front part was clearly worked, the neck was marked, the figure became narrower downwards and less worked out. When examining the sacred sled, two more cult sculptures were found: one about 25 cm, most likely male (the figure was destroyed by time and there are no clear contours), the second about 30 cm, more complex in processing, the front part is very clearly worked out, the neck and shoulder part are marked ... Most likely, this is a female figure, since the lower part of the body is worked out in great detail: legs, waist. The master was not without interest in the study of female genitals.
Hebidya to hehe ya is located 15 km from the village. Syunai-Sale, on the high bank of a large lake. Earlier, this cult place was very often visited by reindeer herders who drove herds of reindeer from the Khen side to summer pastures in the Yamal. But a few years ago, this place was partially destroyed (a large larch tree was demolished by a tractor, on which many sacrificial skulls were hanging). According to the stories of informants, not far from the broken larch a small one grew, and the Nenets began to bring sacrifices to this place. Traces of sacrifices, deer skulls, and colored pieces of tissue were found here. A very modest sacred place, there are no cumbersome heaps of sacrificial skulls, as is the case in Northern Yamal.

During the expedition, new, previously unexplored places of worship were discovered: Limbya Nguduy hehe ya; Nyarme hehe I; Sarmik yara hehe i; Munota yaram hehe i; Parne Salé (mouth of the Mordyakha River); Yasavei hehe I; Tomboy hehe I; Si'iv Serpiva hoy (r. Turmayakha); Serotetto Seda (Yuribey River, Yamal); Tirs Seda (upper reaches of the Yakhadyakha River); Varnge yaha hehe ya (Varngeto district); Labakhei to (upper reaches of the Sebesyakha river).
Nenets ancestral graves are scattered throughout the territory of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Many travelers and researchers described Nenets burials and burial methods [Zavalishin, 1862; Zuev, 1947; Bakhrushin, 1955; Gracheva, 1971; Khomich, 1966, 1976, 1995; Susoy, 1994; Lehtisalo, 1998]. Since ancient times, the Nenets tried to locate cemeteries (khalmer ') in their ancestral territories near summer pastures. Usually these were dry places and high hills on the banks of lakes and rivers. On Yamal, we found burials of various forms. These are burials in kaldank (hoi ngano), the sharp ends of which are cut to fit the figure; burials in a deck, in elongated shapes, resembling barrels for salting fish; burial on sledges, in structures similar to the wreckage of ships (large boats); in structures similar to sacred sledges (with caskets), perhaps, this is how shamans were buried in ancient times.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTOS:
Team nomad
Kushelevsky Yu. I. The North Pole and the Yalmal Land: Travel Notes. - SPb .: Type. Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1868 .-- II, 155 p.
http://regionyamal.ru/
A brief account of the trip to the Yamal Peninsula: (Read in the general collection of I.R.G.O. 19 Feb. 1909) / B. M. Zhitkov p. 20. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Evladov V.P. In the tundra I-mala. - Sverdlovsk: Gosizdat, 1930 .-- 68 p. - 5,000 copies.
Vasiliev V.I. Historical legends of the Nenets as a source in the study of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the North Samodian peoples // Ethnic history and folklore. Moscow: Nauka, 1977.S. 113-126.
Vasiliev V.I., Simchenko Yu.B. The modern Samoyed population of Taimyr // SE. 1963. No. 3. S. 9-20.
Golovnev A.V., Zaitsev G.S., Pribylsky Yu.P. History of Yamal. Tobolsk; Yar-Sale: Ethnographic Bureau, 1994.
Dunin-Gorkavich A.A. Tobolsk North. M .: Libereya, 1995.Vol. 1.
V.P. Evladov Along the tundra of Yamal to the White Island. Tyumen: IPOS SO RAN, 1992.
Zhitkov B.M. Yamal Peninsula / West IRGO. T. 49.SPb .: Type. M.M. Stasyulevich, 1913.
Kurilovich A. Gydansky peninsula and its inhabitants // Soviet North. 1934. No. 1. S. 129-140.
Lar L.A. Shamans and gods. Tyumen: IPOS SO RAN, 1998.
Minenko N.A. Northwestern Siberia in the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. Novosibirsk: Science, 1975.
Obdorsk region and Mangazeya in the 17th century: Sat. documents / Avt.-comp. E.V. Vershinin, G.P. Vizgalov. Yekaterinburg: "Thesis", 2004.
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo by S. Vagaev, S. Anisimov, A. Snegirev.

The mineral resource base of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is unique and is represented by a variety of minerals, which creates a reliable basis for the socio-economic development of the region. Today we can say that oil and gas production provides economic stability in the region. In his annual Address, the Governor of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the population and the State Duma, Yuri Vasilyevich Neyolov, notes: “The fuel and energy complex will remain the basis of the Okrug's economy for many decades to come. However, it is necessary to use every opportunity to reduce the dependence of our budget on the production of hydrocarbons, especially since the conjunction of world prices for them is very unstable. "

At present, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the main supplier of gas in Russia, its production is carried out mainly at the expense of the gas giants located in the basins of the Nadym, Pura and Taza rivers, as well as on the Yamal Peninsula. In the near future, the large Gydan fields - Utrennee and Geofizicheskoe - will be developed.

Among the mineral resources concentrated on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, hydrocarbon raw materials - oil and gas - are in the first place in terms of their importance for the modern economy.

From the history of the fuel and energy complex

In the twentieth century, a unique fuel and energy complex was created in the north of Western Siberia. Large-scale geophysical exploration and drilling operations began in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 1948.

Until the early sixties, all geology was aimed at assessing a single West Siberian region. The first, fundamental stage ended in 1964 with the discovery of gas in the Tazovsky region. Its results, confirming the high prospects for the subsoil of the North, laid the foundation for a systematic, scientifically grounded deployment of search, focused on providing the extractive industries of the national economy with proven oil and gas reserves. The next major discovery was the Novoportovskoye field. It became a stronghold in the offensive against Yamal. The drilling crews went from here to the north, to the center of the peninsula, to the coast of the Kara Sea. The Arctic, Neitinskoe, later Rostov, Kharasaveyskoe, Malyginskoe fields appeared, one of the giants of Yamal - the Bovanenkovskoe field with reserves of about 5 trillion cubic meters. cubic meters of gas. The Yamal Peninsula declared itself to be the richest reserves; Paleozoic gas was added to the Mesozoic - a new horizon.

Following Tazovsky, geologists discovered the Zapolyarnoye field in 1965. This discovery should be considered historical, it was the beginning of a new energy policy of our country, focused on Western Siberia as the main source of energy. Zapolyarnoye's reserves amount to 3.5 trillion cubic meters of gas. Soon the whole world started talking about the discovery of Tyumen geologists.

Oil and gas potential of the region

The oil and gas potential of the region is associated primarily with the Mesozoic sedimentary strata that compose the cover of the West Siberian plate. In recent years, the presence of hydrocarbon deposits has also been established in the Paleozoic rocks of the basement of the plate; however, no industrial-scale accumulations of oil and gas have yet been found in them.

The Mesozoic oil and gas basin covers the entire flat part of the Okrug and the adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean. It is subdivided into 9 oil and gas regions: Ust-Yenisei, South Yamal, Messoyakhsko-Balakhninskaya, Zauralskaya, Nadym, Urengoyskaya, Pur-Tazovskaya, Nurminsko-Aleksandrovskaya and Yamalo-Gydanskaya. The last five regions are characterized by the highest density of hydrocarbon resources. It is in them that all currently known gas giants are located, which provide the bulk of gas production in the region.

Commercial hydrocarbon deposits of the Mesozoic oil and gas basin are confined to Jurassic-Cretaceous deposits, consisting of alternating layers of clays, sands and silts. These sandy-argillaceous deposits form geological structures - vaults, shafts, in which oil and gas deposits are located. The thickness of the Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary strata gradually increases from the southern regions of the Okrug to the northern ones. In the same direction, the amount of hydrocarbons contained in the subsoil is growing. In the Kara Sea, the thickness of the Jurassic-Cretaceous oil and gas sediments reaches 8 km. Hydrocarbon reserves in the Mesozoic strata of the flat part of the district are truly enormous. More than 200 fields are located on this territory, of which 24 are gas and 64 are oil. The rest of the fields are complex - oil and gas, gas condensate and oil and gas condensate. 19 of them are unique in terms of reserves.

For example, the Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field is one of the largest in the world. It is located on the left bank of the river. Pur and stretches in the meridional direction for 180 km with an average width of about 35 km. Gas condensate deposits are located in the Lower Cretaceous sediments at a depth of 2300-3100 meters. Gas condensate is a vaporous mixture of gas and condensate, which consists mainly of kerosene and gasoline. This field accounts for 200 cubic meters of gas for every cubic meter of gas. see condensation.

Another largest gas field - Medvezhye - stretches from the river. The Right Hittite to the Gulf of Ob at a distance of 120 km and consists of three deposits, of which two are gas condensate and one is gas.

Hydrocarbon reserves

The oil and gas complex is the basis of the economy and the normal functioning of all sectors of the economy and the social structure of the Autonomous Okrug.

Many years of efforts by geological exploration companies in Western Siberia created the world's largest hydrocarbon base, and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug became the main supplier of natural gas in Russia: 205 gas, gas condensate, oil and oil and gas condensate fields were discovered, including the largest in terms of concentration of hydrocarbon reserves in the world, such as Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Bovanenkovskoye, Yuzhno-Russkoye.

According to the latest data on the assessment of potential resources, oil and gas deposits within the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are, to a greater extent, promising for gas. The density of the initial potential free gas resources on average over the area is estimated at 200 million cubic meters / km. sq; recoverable oil - about 40 thousand tons / km. sq.

The living space reclaimed from the permafrost has become the reference point of civilization, has brought together thousands of highly qualified gas specialists, builders who have equipped and operate the fields. The volumes of gas and condensate in the bowels of Yamal are fantastic!

The giant oil and gas province of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is not limited to the continental part of the West Siberian plate. It continues in the Kara Sea, where geologists have identified the Kara oil and gas region.

Within its limits, two largest gas fields have already been discovered at a depth of 4000 meters - Leningradskoye and Rusanovskoye, covering an area of \u200b\u200b3300 sq. km.

Gas reserves in them are colossal - more than 10 trillion. cub. m.

The discovery of the world's largest oil and gas province in Western Siberia was predetermined in 1932 by the forecast of academician I.M. Gubkin and owed to the hard work of large teams of Russian scientists and geologists - practitioners who worked under the leadership of N.N. K. Korovin, Yu. G. Ervier, FK Salmanova, LI Ravnina, VT Podshibyakin and other outstanding specialists in the field of prospecting and exploration of hydrocarbons.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug provides hydrocarbon production from the easily accessible Cenomanian horizons, but all good things ever come to an end. Yamal Governor Yuri Neelov, foreseeing this situation, is developing a strategy for reaching deeper horizons for oil and gas production. But this requires the support of the federal center. It is necessary to develop regulatory documents of the Federation, and Yamal has the ability to ensure huge supplies of condensate to European consumers. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Yuri Neelov pays serious attention to the problems of reviving the Northern Sea Route - for Yamal, according to the governor's estimates, this is an opportunity to develop economic relations with Western Europe and Southeast Asia.

The legislative framework

Over the past decade of economic reforms in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, considerable experience has been accumulated in the field of subsoil use, a legislative base has been formed and a mechanism for state management of the natural resource potential of the Autonomous Okrug has been developed, which are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil"

In accordance with Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the issues of ownership, use and disposal of subsoil, as well as legislation on subsoil are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the federal level, these legal relationships are governed by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil", which defines the foundations of legal regulation of relations in the field of subsoil use, including the principles of delineation of powers between federal government bodies and government bodies of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with Article 11 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Article 1-1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil", the delimitation of jurisdictions and powers between state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of state regulation of subsoil use can be carried out on the basis of agreements on the delimitation of jurisdictions and powers.

It should be noted that the state authorities of the Autonomous Okrug in the period from 1996 to 1998 made repeated attempts to conclude such an agreement, which were never crowned with success. The absence of an agreement on the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the Autonomous Okrug did not give legal grounds to conclude an agreement with the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation on the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers in the field of subsoil use. This fact has its own certain negative consequences, since it did not allow to clearly distinguish between issues of jurisdiction within the competence of the Russian Federation and issues of jurisdiction and competence of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

In this regard, the legal regulation of the activities of the state authorities of the Autonomous Okrug and the state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of subsoil use on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug is carried out only on the basis of federal laws and the regulatory legal acts of the Autonomous Okrug adopted in accordance with them.

The most significant of the current regulatory legal acts of the Autonomous Okrug is the Law of the Autonomous Okrug “On Subsoil and Subsoil Use in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug”, adopted in 1997, which regulates in detail the procedure for the use of subsoil in the Autonomous Okrug. However, during the period of the said law of the Autonomous Okrug, the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsoil has undergone changes, in particular, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" is in effect with the amendments dated February 10, 1999 and January 2, 2000. In this regard, guided by the order of the administration of the Autonomous Okrug dated September 15, 2000 No. 1223-r, the Law of the Autonomous Okrug "On Subsoil and Subsoil Use in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug" was brought into line with federal legislation that came into force in April 2001.

In the Autonomous Okrug, work is being consistently carried out to develop and improve the autonomous okrug's normative legal acts governing legal relations in the field of subsoil use.

On the basis of clause 12 of article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil", clause 6 of article 2 of the Federal Law "On Production Sharing Agreements", implementing legislative regulation of its participation in production sharing agreements when using subsoil plots on its territory, in February 2000 it was adopted The law of the Autonomous Okrug "On the participation of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in production sharing agreements." This law of the Autonomous Okrug regulates relations arising in the process of preparation, conclusion and implementation of production sharing agreements in relation to subsoil plots located on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug.

So, back in April 1996, the State Duma of the Autonomous Okrug, as a legislative initiative, submitted to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation a draft federal law "On the list of oil and gas fields in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, developed under a production sharing agreement."

It took more than four years for the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to implement our initiatives at the federal level to transfer subsoil plots to the condition of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Only now there is an opportunity to implement production sharing agreements at two subsoil areas of the Autonomous Okrug.

In order to fulfill the functions of state management of the natural resource potential of the Autonomous Okrug, the Committee of Natural Resources for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has been created and operates on its territory; Department of Natural Resources Regulation and Development of the Oil and Gas Complex of the Administration of the Autonomous Okrug; Russia's first territorial databank of primary geological and geophysical information; collegium for nature management; territorial commissions for oil and gas reserves, for the development of oil, gas and gas condensate fields; on issues of production sharing agreements, which include representatives of the executive body and federal executive bodies or their territorial bodies; territorial company of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug for natural resources and subsoil use. Exercising their functions and fulfilling the tasks assigned to them, through the joint efforts of these bodies in the Autonomous Okrug, the powers assigned by Article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" to the competence of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are implemented.

In general, the mechanism of state regulation of subsoil use relations created in the Autonomous Okrug makes it possible to take into account both the interests of the Autonomous Okrug and the interests of the Russian Federation, and also ensures effective interaction between the state authorities of the Autonomous Okrug and the state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of subsoil use.

As of 01.10.2000, 43 enterprises have the right to use subsoil for the purpose of geological exploration and development of hydrocarbon deposits in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. In total, these enterprises received 147 licenses for the right to use subsoil, of which 44 are for geological exploration of subsoil and 103 for the development and geological study of hydrocarbon deposits, of which 25 - on the basis of tenders and auctions. Another 16 licenses for the right to use subsoil, obtained on the basis of tenders and auctions, are in the process of registration. The rest of the licenses were obtained in due course on the basis of clause 19 of the “Regulations on the procedure for licensing subsoil”. The transfer of the right to use the subsoil plots and the renewal of licenses takes place in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil". Over the entire period, 86 licenses were reissued. The main reason for the re-registration is the change in the organizational and legal form of the enterprise in connection with the release of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Joint Stock Companies".

Gas industry

For almost twenty years the Autonomous Okrug has been the main gas producing region in Russia, providing over 90% of Russian gas production. More than a third of the explored reserves of natural gas are concentrated on the territory of the Okrug, which makes up 0.5% of the land area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth, and every fourth cubic meter of gas produced in the world is Yamal. In the Autonomous Okrug, natural gas is produced by 19 enterprises, the largest volume of produced gas falls on enterprises that are part of the vertically integrated system of OJSC Gazprom and registered in the Okrug. In 2000, gas production by these enterprises decreased by 5.6% compared to the previous year and amounted to 482.7 billion cubic meters. m.

There was a decrease in gas production at LLC Yamburggazdobycha by 5.6%, LLC Urengoygazprom - by 8.1%. Over the past three years, gas production at OO Nadymgazprom has increased by 13% and amounted to 73.6 billion cubic meters. m, which is associated with the introduction of the Yamsoveyskoye field.

Other enterprises account for 5% of gas production in the Okrug, in 2000 they produced 27.5 billion cubic meters. m, the volume of production has increased by 2.9 times over the past year.

Urengoy is the main fuel and energy base in Russia, the scale and pace of development of which have no analogues not only in our country, but also in the world. It was here that the Urengoygazprom merger was organized in 1977 to extract hydrocarbons from a unique giant gas condensate field. The boundaries of the deposit are extensive: from south to north, its length is 230 km, and its width is from 30 to 60 km. The implementation of Urengoygazprom's plans required large material and financial costs. The field development was carried out in the harsh climatic conditions of the Subpolar region. Permafrost, low temperature, waterloggedness of the territory, high vulnerability of the environment made it difficult to create a modern, highly efficient and economically profitable gas production complex. Much had to be done for the first time: to drill and operate wells in permafrost conditions, to build super-powerful fields in 50-degree frost.

Now Urengoygazprom, part of RAO Gazprom, annually produces more than 240 billion cubic meters. m of gas, more than 5340000 tons of condensate and about 825 thousand tons of oil.

The activities of the Urengoygazprom association are developing in the following areas: geological exploration, production of hydrocarbon raw materials, its purification and processing; scientific, technical and design work; foreign economic activity; construction and repair of industrial and economic facilities; creation and development of the infrastructure of the city of Novy Urengoy; environmental protection.

Years of hard and fruitful work have made the association one of the world's leading companies in the extraction and processing of hydrocarbons. The successes achieved are not accidental, since since its inception, the association has focused on the high quality of its products, compliance with stringent international standards.

Every year Urengoygazprom supplies gas, gas condensate, oil and products of their processing to consumers in many regions of the country, and also supplies gas outside Russia under interstate and intergovernmental agreements. Today, the company produces gas and condensate mainly from the Senoman and Valanginian gas condensate deposits with oil delays. The field is being drilled out by the cluster method, which makes it possible to minimize the disturbance of the easily injured surface arctic layer of the tundra, which is being restored after decades. For the preparation of Cenomanian gas, Urengoygazprom has applied an efficient technology of shikole drying on high-performance technological equipment, which ensures the required quality of the supplied gas at minimal cost. Gas condensate is produced at low-temperature separation units from the Alan-Zha deposits, which undergoes further complex processing. The main processing products are: de-ethylated condensate, diesel fuel, gasoline, propane, butane. Urengoygazprom, in close contact with scientific organizations, has developed an ejector technology for the utilization of low-pressure gases during the production and processing of gas condensate. The resource-saving technology developed by the experts of the association and scientists from VNIIGAZ allows minimizing the emission of harmful substances.

The policy of Urengoygazprom is aimed at introducing advanced technologies for the production and processing of gas and gas condensate for the most complete extraction of hydrocarbons while maintaining high quality standards of the natural environment, protecting the health and safety of the association's employees and the local population.

The association includes 25 structural divisions with a total number of employees of 15 thousand people. The association introduces cost-effective technological processes for the extraction and processing of natural gas, condensate and oil.

Urengoygazprom maintains business relations with a number of leading firms and companies from the USA, Japan, Great Britain, Austria, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia. Foreign economic cooperation expands the horizons of the association's activities and allows thinking on a wider scale of the global gas industry. Despite numerous difficulties, the merger is consistently supplying fuel to consumers.

Oil industry

Until 2000, there was a tendency to reduce oil production in the Autonomous Okrug. The reasons for this are insufficient funding for technical re-equipment, the commissioning of new fields to replace the retired ones, etc. Last year, an increase in oil production by 5.4% compared to 1999 was noted, associated with an increase in the volume of exploration and production drilling and the commissioning of new wells.

The largest companies producing in the Autonomous Okrug, as before, are Sibneft-Noyabrskneftegaz OJSC and Rosneft-Purneftegaz OJSC, which account for about 80% of all oil produced in the Autonomous Okrug. In the last 2-3 years, there has been a decrease in the share of the largest companies in total production. The reasons for this redistribution are two circumstances: the restructuring of vertically integrated companies and their pricing policy aimed at concentrating profits in the parent company.

In 2000, for the first time in the past 11 years, production at Sibneft-Noyabrskneftegaz OJSC increased by 7.42% compared to 1999, which amounted to 15.9 million tons. Oil production at Rosneft-Purneftegaz OJSC increased for the last three year, and in 2000 it was 8.9 million tons.

Other enterprises, which account for 23% of the total volume of oil and gas condensate production, produced 7.1 million tons last year, which amounted to 101.1% against the corresponding period of last year. During the same period, gas condensate production amounted to 3.15 million tons, including Urengoygazprom LLC - 2 million tons. tons, LLC Yamburggazdobycha - 0.9 million tons.

The harsh northern edge is beautiful and distant. These definitions fully apply to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. On this land, surrounded by pristine nature, indigenous peoples live according to the customs of their ancestors, and rich mineral resources are developed using modern technologies. Yamal has always attracted travelers with its unique appearance. Here, the avarice of the sun and the originality of nature, the severity of the climate and the hospitality of local residents, the fantastic palette of autumn and the silent whiteness of winter are combined in the most amazing way. Scientists love Yamal for its cultural wealth and unique nature. Therefore, be sure to come to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (the capital of Salekhard) in order to enjoy the cleanest air and get a closer look at the beauty of the remote corners of our big country.

Geography

Russia is beautiful and rich: Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a black pearl of the northern part of our country. And it occupies no less than 770 thousand square kilometers of the West Siberian Plain. The district includes: Gydansky and, of course, the Yamal Peninsula. Most of the district is located in the Arctic Circle. From the north, the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is washed from the south by the Khanty-Mansiysk District, the eastern neighbors are Taimyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrug, from the west it borders on the Arkhangelsk Region and the Komi Republic. The relief of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug can be divided into flat and mountainous. All three peninsulas are dotted with small rivulets, hollows, ravines and swamps. The mountain range stretches for two hundred kilometers in a narrow strip along the Polar Urals. The climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is sharply continental, harsh, divided into three zones: the northern strip of the West Siberian lowland, subarctic and arctic. The population is about 500 thousand people with a density of less than one person per square kilometer.

Flora

The vegetation cover in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced latitudinal zoning. Five landscape zones can be distinguished: northern taiga, forest-tundra, shrub, moss-lichen and arctic tundra. In the northernmost, Arctic zone, vegetation is very sparse. Only mosses, lichens and sedges can be found here. In the moss-lichen tundra, small bushes and herbs are already growing. In the next zone (shrub tundra), dwarf birches and willows grow, along the rivers - berries and mushrooms. There are many swamps and small rivers in the forest-tundra. Dwarf birches, larches and small spruces grow here. In the southernmost zone of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - taiga, many lakes, swamps, rivers. The entire territory is covered with dense light and dark coniferous forests.

Fauna

If the plant world of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is rather scarce, then the animal world is rich and diverse. Thirty-eight species of mammals live in five climatic zones of the district. Most of all there are predators and rodents - fourteen species each. Five names of pinnipeds, three - insectivores, two - ungulates. Twenty species of fur-bearing animals are of great commercial importance.

Natural minerals

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (the capital of Salekhard) is famous for its hydrocarbon reserves. About 78% of the total reserves of Russian oil and gas are concentrated here. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the world's largest hydrocarbon resource base. Developments for the extraction of valuable raw materials are being carried out at the Nakhodkinskoye and Urengoyskoye gas, Ety-Purovskoye, Yuzhno-Russkoye, Yamburgskoye oil fields. In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, about 8% of the total production of "black" and about 80% of "blue gold" are mined annually. It produces chromium, molybdenum, tin, iron, lead, phosphorite, barite and other minerals.

Indigenous peoples of the Yamal-Nenets district

Today twenty peoples live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. But the true indigenous inhabitants are the Khanty, Nenets, Selkups and Komi-Izhemtsy, who have lived in this territory since time immemorial. The rest settled only in the second half of the twentieth century. This is due to the development of the territories of the Far North during the Soviet era.

Khanty: since ancient times, this people lived in the territories of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The culture, language and customs of this people are very heterogeneous. This is due to the fact that the Khanty settled in a rather vast territory and therefore became somewhat scattered.

The Nenets inhabit the vast territory of Russia - from to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. This people migrated from Southern Siberia in the first millennium AD. He belongs to the Samoyed group.

It is known that he has been living in this area since the 1st millennium BC. This people is divided into northern and southern Komi. The first from time immemorial were engaged in reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting. The latter were hunters and fishermen.

Selkups are the most numerous people of the North. The Selkups were traditionally engaged in fishing and hunting. Those representatives of the people who lived at higher latitudes still bred deer.

Administrative center

The capital of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is Salekhard. It is located on the banks of the Ob (on the right side). The city is located on the Arctic Circle (the only one in the world). The population is about 40 thousand people. The city was founded in 1595. At first it was a small prison called Obdorsky. Half a century after its foundation, permanent residents appear here. Since 1923 the village of Obdorsk has become the center of the Obdorsk district of the Ural region. And already in 1930, the village was assigned the status of the administrative center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Three years later, Obdorsk was renamed Salekhard. Nowadays, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the capital of the autonomous region in particular, is developing at a fairly rapid pace. There are many enterprises operating in the city: Yamalzoloto, a river port, a fish canning plant, Yamalflot and others. The city has opened the Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex, which houses an exhibition center, a local history museum and a scientific library. Also in Salekhard there is the District House of Crafts - a state budgetary cultural institution of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. There are many branches of various universities in the capital of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It should be noted that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (the capital of Salekhard) is experiencing big problems with access to the Internet. The fact is that the region does not yet have a fiber-optic network.

Cities and districts of the Yamalo-Nenets district

The YNAO consists of seven districts, eight cities, five and forty-one rural administrations. Districts of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Yamalsky, Shuryshkarsky, Tazovsky, Purovsky, Priuralsky, Nadymsky and Krasnoselkupsky. As mentioned above, the population density is very low. Despite the vast territory, there are very few cities in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Cities: Noyabrsk (97 thousand), Novy Urengoy (89.8 thousand), Nadym (45.2 thousand), Muravlenko (36.4 thousand), Salekhard (32.9 thousand), Labytnangi (26, 7 thousand), Gubkinsky (21.1 thousand inhabitants). Some cities of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District will be described in more detail below.

Gubkinsky

The city of Gubkinsky (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) in 1996 became a city of district significance and was named after a Soviet geologist. It is located on the left bank of the Pyakupur River, two hundred kilometers from the Arctic Circle. This city was formed as a base center for the development of oil deposits. Therefore, Gubkinsky (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) mainly specializes in the oil and gas production and processing industry. The city has a well-organized work with young people: there are sports and cultural centers, a dance school, and a recording studio. Young people have the opportunity to get an education in their hometown.

Muravlenko. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

The city was founded in 1984. Received the status of the district in 1990. It was named after the oil engineer Viktor Ivanovich Muravlenko. Basically, the city budget is replenished by the enterprises of the oil industry. Muravlenko (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) has its own radio and television companies. Newspapers are published: "Our City", "Kopeyka", "The Word of the Oilman".

Noyabrsk. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

After Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk is the second largest in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The city was founded in 1973, when the first oil well was drilled on the site of present-day Noyabrsk. Two years later, the first immigrants arrived here, which mainly consisted of workers. Back in 1976, the village of Noyabrsk could only be found on the maps of oil workers, and already in 1982 the village was given the status of a district town. Oil and gas and very well developed. More than thirty companies work in this field.

GAS DEPOSITS OF THE YAMALO-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT, the main source of natural gas produced in Russia.

For a share Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) accounts for about 75% of Russia's explored natural gas reserves and 22% of world reserves. The initial total reserves are estimated at 93 trillion cubic meters. m; over the years of industrial development, more than 10 trillion cubic meters have been extracted from the subsoil of the district. m of gas. Russia produces 530 billion cubic meters annually. m, 90% of them are in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Blue fuel is transported through trunk gas pipelines to the Urals, to European Russia, France, Austria, Italy, Germany and other countries. The resource of the 24 largest deposits is estimated at 13 trillion cubic meters. m. Among them are world-famous giants: Zapolyarnoye, Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye, Bovanenkovskoye and others.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to search for oil and gas in Western Siberia was put forward in the 1930s. Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR I.M. Gubkin, who led geological research in the eastern regions of Russia. In 1934 N.A. Gedroyts on the left bank of the Yenisei, in the lower reaches of the Big and Small Hittites, revealed the first outlets of combustible gas. On September 21, 1953, on the outskirts of the ancient village of Berezovo, a powerful gas fountain hit from a well, heralding the birth of the West Siberian oil and gas province. Further development was facilitated by the creation in 1958 in Salekhard Yamal-Nenets complex geological exploration expedition led by V.D. Bovanenko, as well as the Taz oil prospecting expedition. In 1961, the first deep exploration well was laid on the Taz Peninsula.

A new stage in the formation of a gas bridgehead began in 1962 with the discovery of the Tazovskoye oil and gas condensate field (525 km north-east of Salekhard). A gas fountain with a flow rate of 1.5 million cubic meters came from a depth of 2.2 thousand meters. m per day. Further, the production volumes increased at a rapid pace. Fields discovered on the territory of the Okrug in subsequent years proved the prospects of the Yamal gas-bearing structures. The largest success was the discovery in 1965 in the Purovsky region at a minimum depth (700 m) of a powerful gas reservoir, which gave two giant gas condensate and oil fields: Gubkinskoye with gas reserves of 350 billion cubic meters. m and (in the future) Zapolyarnoye. In the shortest possible time, a geological map of the oil and gas bearing territories of the Far North of Western Siberia was compiled.

In 1966, the “era of big gas” began in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Having drilled a well on the bank of the Evoyakha River, the drilling team of the Nadym oil exploration expedition received a gas fountain with a flow rate of about 7 million cubic meters. m per day. This is how the super-giant Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field was discovered. On May 30, 1967, 1 cubic meters of gas were produced in the well of the supergiant gas condensate field Medvezhye. 1968 was no less successful. The Arctic gas and Russkoye oil and gas fields appeared on the geological map. 1969 was followed by the discovery of the supergiant Yamburg gas condensate oil field. In the 1970s and 80s. movement to the northeast continued. In addition to the supergiant Bovanenkovskoye field 470 km north of Salekhard (1971), geologists discovered a number of giant fields: Severo-Urengoyskoye (1970), Kharasaveyskoye, Yuzhno-Tambeyskoye (1974), Severo-Tambeyskoye (1982). In 1985, the Kara expedition discovered the Malyginskoye gas condensate field (650 km north-east of Salekhard). In the late 1980s. Geologists from Arktikmorneftegazrazvedka reached the Kara Sea, where they discovered 2 giant gas condensate fields (1989 - Rusanovskoe, 1990 - Leningradskoe).

Their development followed immediately after the discovery of the largest deposits. Late 1960s - early 1970s became a time of grandiose industrial construction for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District The country received the first cubic meters of Yamal gas after the “red joint” was welded on May 20, 1972 on the Medvezhye-Nadym-Punga gas pipeline, which in the same year reached the Urals. In 1981, the Urengoy-Cherepovets-Moscow gas pipeline was brought up to its design capacity. In the 1970s and 80s. a gas transmission system with a length of more than 20 thousand km was created. The milestone date in domestic gas production was 1984, when the USSR, thanks to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, took the 1st place in the world in gas production, and the Tyumen producers - a record figure of 1 billion cubic meters. m per day. By 1986, the district had already given the country 2 trillion cubic meters. m of gas, and with the development of Yamburg in 1988, the third trillion was produced. In 1992, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District reached the maximum gas production - 556 billion cubic meters. m. In 2000, production amounted to 512 billion cubic meters. m, in 2002 - 509 billion cubic meters. m. In 2001, a historic event took place in Yamal: the 10th trillion cubic meters of gas were produced. m of gas.

Yamal gas today is associated with the state concern Gazprom , created in 1989 on the basis of the USSR Ministry of Gas Industry. The largest of its subsidiaries operate in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District: Urengoygazprom (which produced 180 billion cubic meters of gas in 2001), Yamburggazdobycha (174 billion), Nadymgazprom (71 billion), Noyabrskgazdobycha (35 billion). The first two companies use unique deposits: Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye. In connection with their entry into the phase of declining production in 2001, the third unique gas field, Zapolyarnoye, was developed. The immediate prospects for the development of the industry are associated with the study of deep horizons. At the beginning of the XXI century. The exploration of gas resources below 3 thousand meters is 8 times less than at depths of up to 1.5 thousand meters. A more distant prospect for the development of gas production in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is primarily associated with the development of the resources of the Gydan Peninsula, the waters of the Ob and Taz provinces, shelf of the Kara Sea.

Lit .: A.V. Golovnev Yamal history. Tobolsk - Yar-Sale, 1994; Yamal is familiar and unknown. Tyumen, 1995; The oil and gas sector of Russia in theory and practice. Novosibirsk, 2003: Yamal: Encyclopedia of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: In 3 volumes. Salekhard, 2004; Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug from A to Z. Tyumen, 2004.

A. D. Biryukov

Introduction

2General characteristics of deposits

Conclusion

List of references

Introduction

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the central part of the Arctic facade of Russia. The territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the Arctic zone in the north of the world's largest West Siberian Plain and covers a vast area of \u200b\u200bmore than 750 thousand square kilometers.

More than half of it is located beyond the Polar District, covering the lower reaches of the Ob with tributaries, the basins of the Nadym, Pura and Taza rivers, the Yamal, Tazovsky, Gydansky peninsulas, a group of islands in the Kara Sea (Bely, Shokalsky, Neupokoeva, Oleniy, etc.), as well as eastern slopes of the Polar Urals. 30 minutes ° The extreme northern point of the Yamal mainland is located at 73 north latitude, which fully justifies the Nenets name of the peninsula - Land of the Earth.

The northern border of the district, washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, has a length of 5100 kilometers and is part of the State border of the Russian Federation (about 900 kilometers). In the west along the Ural ridge, the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug borders on the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic, in the south - on the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in the east - on the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The relief of the district is represented by two parts: mountainous and flat. The flat part is almost 90% within heights of up to 100 meters above sea level; hence there are many lakes and marshes. The left bank of the Ob River has an elevated and rugged relief. The right-bank, mainland part is a slightly hilly plateau with a slight slope to the north. The most elevated areas of the lowland are located in the south of the district within the Siberian ridges.

The mountainous part of the district occupies a narrow strip along the Polar Urals and represents large mountain ranges with a total length of over 200 kilometers. The average height of the southern massifs is 600-800 meters, and the width is 20-30. The highest peaks are the Bell Tower - 1305 meters, Pai-Er - 1499 meters.

To the north, the height of the mountains reaches 1000-1300 meters. The main watershed ridge of the Polar Urals is meandering, its absolute heights reach 1200-1300 meters and higher.

The purpose of this work is to study the subsurface resources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the minerals of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and give a general description of the deposits.

1 Mineral resources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The relief of the territory of the Okrug is flat, consisting of tundra and forest-tundra with many lakes and swamps, and a mountainous part. The mountain range located in the west of the Okrug extends for 200 km, reaching heights of up to 1.5 thousand meters.

The region's water resources are rich and diverse. They include: the coast of the Kara Sea, numerous bays and inlets, rivers, lakes, swamps and groundwater. The Gulf of Ob, the gulf of the Kara Sea, is one of the largest sea bays in the Russian Arctic, with an area of \u200b\u200b44,000 km². On the territory of the okrug there are about 300 thousand lakes and 48 thousand rivers, the largest of which are the Ob at its mouth, as well as the Nadym, Taz (river) and Pur rivers. The Ob River, one of the longest in Russia, flows within the Okrug in two powerful branches. The presence of lakes, most of which are of glacial origin, is one of the characteristic features of the landscape of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Groundwater is characterized by a huge artesian basin with an area of \u200b\u200b3 million km², including reserves of thermal waters.

The region occupies one of the leading places in Russia in terms of hydrocarbon reserves, especially natural gas and oil. The following fields are located on the territory of the district: 2

Urengoyskoye gas field

Yuzhno-Russkoye oil and gas field

Nakhodkinskoye gas field

Yamburgskoye oil and gas condensate field

Ety-Purovskoye oil field

The state balance includes 136 fields (62 oil, 6 oil and gas, 9 gas and oil, 59 oil and gas condensate), the explored recoverable reserves of which make up 14.49% of all oil reserves in Russia. 37 deposits are being developed, the annual production was 8.5%. Of the 136 fields in the district, one is unique - Russkoye, with oil reserves - 16.15% of the district and 30 large ones, on which 67.25% of the reserves and 69.1% of the district's oil production are concentrated. Cumulative oil production in the Okrug is 375.2 million tons3

On 50 million hectares of tundra, about 600 thousand heads of domesticated reindeer are grazed. Nature has harbored 70 percent of the world's whitefish stocks (muksun, pink salmon, nelma) 4.

2 General characteristics of deposits

The Yamburgskoye oil and gas condensate field (YOGKM) is a field of gas, gas condensate and oil. Opened in 1969. Located in the Polar part of the West Siberian Plain, on the Taz Peninsula in the subarctic zone. The landscape is a slightly hilly tundra plain with a dense network of rivers, streams, lakes, and swamps. The thickness of the permafrost reaches 400 meters. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of minus 25 degrees Celsius. Often the temperature drops to 55 and below. A minus temperature of 63 degrees was recorded (January 2006). Commercial gas content is established in the Cenomanian and Neocomian deposits. The dimensions of the YOGKF field are 170 by 50 kilometers. According to Vniizarubezhgeologia, the Yamburgskoye field ranks third in the world in terms of initial recoverable gas reserves.

According to the administrative-territorial division, the northern territory of the field is located in the Tazovsky, and the southern - in the Nadym region of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Field development began in 1980 (see Yamburg). The development license is held by OOO Gazprom dobycha Yamburg, a 100% subsidiary of OAO Gazprom.

Geologists prepared the discovery of Yamburgskoye and other deposits at the very “peak” of the Great Patriotic War. In 1943, their first groups pitched tents in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Taz, Pur, and Messo rivers.

In 1959, oil and gas prospecting operations in the Tazovsky region were resumed. In 1961, on the site of the present settlement of Gaz-Sale, geological prospectors landed and began drilling well No. 1. The drilling was carried out by a team of foreman NI Ryndin. On September 27, 1962, the gas "hit". A year later, the Tazovskaya oil prospecting expedition was formed with a base in Novaya Mangazeya. VT Podshibyakin was appointed head of the expedition, and GP Bystrov as chief geologist. On November 30, 1963, gas was produced at the second well. Drilling was carried out by the team of master N.I. Ryndin. This is how the Tazovskoye field was discovered. On October 18, 1965, an expedition discovered the Zapolyarnoye oil and gas condensate field. The 60-70s were marked for the expedition by a whole series of major discoveries, the largest of which are Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye.

In the 1965-1966 season, the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Yamburg area were prepared for exploration drilling.

In 1968, a troop of geophysicists landed on this site under the leadership of Leonid Kabaev, in the future a Lenin Prize laureate. Next came the miners of the Taz oil prospecting expedition. The reserves were supposed to be huge.

In his memoirs, geologist FK Salmanov tells how the Yamburgskoye field was found: “At the end of April 1969, it was decided to deliver the drilling rig from Tazovskaya to Yamburgskaya area. The whole May was the delivery of equipment and materials. In July, the team of Anatoly Grebenkin completed the installation and immediately the team of the drilling foreman V.V. Romanov began counting the first meters of the Yamburg well. On August 13, they reached the design depth and during testing the well gave a powerful gas gusher. Inspired by success, Romanov went to the east to outline it along the wings of the deposit. And a few more wells fell into the contour. "

In 1972, the team of the drilling foreman V.V. Polupanov completed the drilling of a deep well in the Yamburgskaya area. The test was entrusted to a specially formed brigade, headed by master Alexey Myltsev.

In the 19th century, the expedition of the scientist Yu.M. Kushelevsky arrived on these lands to establish the boundaries of the medieval settlement - Mangazeya "golden boiling", which existed on the Taz River in the 17th century. The expedition arrived in the Far North of the empire on a schooner called "Taz". The leader of the campaign was from Yamburg. This was the name of the city of Kingisepp, located near St. Petersburg.

During the voyage, the scientist made a map of the Taz Peninsula. It is assumed that the name of Cape Yumbor ("cloudberry bumps") reminded him of the name of his hometown. So one of the triangular land areas that penetrated the Taz Bay was named Yamburg. In Soviet times, the Yamburg trading post appeared on the cape.

At the site of the current shift camp Yamburg, the researcher left a blank spot. Terra Incognita is an unknown land. It is assumed that the Yamburgskaya area, and later the Yamburgskoye field, was named in honor of the trading post.

There is another toponymic version, according to which the territory on which the deposit is located was originally called Yampur - Gray Swamp. Then it was renamed Yamburg.

During the period of operation of the Yamburgskoye oil and gas condensate field, Gazprom Dobycha Yamburg, a 100% subsidiary of OAO Gazprom, has produced more than 3 trillion cubic meters of gas and about 18 million tons of gas condensate. Gas preparation for transportation is carried out at 9 integrated gas treatment units (GPP) (1-7, 9 and 1V) and at 5 gas pretreatment units (UPPG) (PPG GP-1 (former UPPG-8), 4A, 10, 2V , 3B).

The nearest prospect of the field is the development of its peripheral areas. Production at the Aneryakhinskaya area began in 2004, and in January 2005 the Aneryakhinskaya area was brought to its design capacity (10 billion cubic meters per year).

In early December 2006, the first commercial gas was supplied to the main gas pipeline from the integrated gas treatment unit (UKPG-9) of the Kharvutinskaya area of \u200b\u200bthe YOGCF. In 2007, a preliminary gas treatment unit (UPPG-10) was put into operation, due to this, by 2008, it is planned to achieve an annual production of 25 billion m3 of gas at the Kharvutinsky complex.

In the future, the infrastructure of Yamburg will be used to treat gas from nearby fields.

The total geological reserves are estimated at 8.2 trillion m³ of natural gas. Residual geological reserves amount to 5.2 trillion cubic meters of natural gas and 42.31% of the total geological reserves of the Yamburgskoye field.

The Urengoyskoye natural gas field is a large gas field, the second largest in the world in reservoir reserves, which exceed 10 trillion cubic meters (10№і mi). It is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region of Russia, slightly south of the Arctic Circle. The name is given by the name of the nearby settlement - the village of Urengoy. Subsequently, the city of gas workers Novy Urengoy grew up near the field.

The field was discovered in June 1966; the V. Tsybenko seismic station became the discoverer of the Urengoi structure. The first exploration well in Urengoy was drilled on July 6, 1966 by the team of foreman V. Polupanov. Production at the field began in 1978. On February 25, 1981, the first one hundred billion cubic meters of natural gas were produced at the Urengoyskoye field. In January 1984, gas from the Urengoyskoye field began to be exported to Western Europe.5

The state of the operating well stock of the Urengoyskoye field is more than 1,300 wells. The field is produced by Gazprom dobycha Urengoy (formerly Urengoygazprom) and Gazprom dobycha Yamburg, subsidiaries of Gazprom. Natural gas production in 2007 amounted to 223 billion cubic meters.

The total geological reserves are estimated at 16 trillion m3 of natural gas. Residual geological reserves amount to 10.5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas and 65.63% of the total geological reserves of the Urengoyskoye field.

The Yuzhno-Russkoye oil and gas field is located in the Krasnoselkupsky District of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, one of the largest in Russia. The reserves of the field are: gas in the ABC1 category - 825.2 billion cubic meters, in the C2 category - 208.9 billion cubic meters, oil - 5.7 million tons.

The license to develop the field is held by Severneftegazprom, a subsidiary of Gazprom. The field was officially put into operation on December 18, 2007 by Gazprom and BASF (it is expected that the German company E.ON will also enter the project), but in fact, production at it began at the end of October 2007. Infrastructure construction at the field has been underway since March 2006. The Yuzhno-Russkoye field will be the main resource base for the North European Gas Pipeline.

The production plan for the field for 2008 is 10 billion cubic meters of gas, from 2009 - 25 billion cubic meters per year. Actual investments in the development of the field in 2005-2008 amounted to 133 billion rubles.

The Nakhodkinskoye gas field is a natural gas field in the Bolshekhetskaya Depression in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District of Russia. The reserves of the field are estimated at 275.3 billion cubic meters of gas. The design capacity of the field is around 10 billion cubic meters per year.

The field was discovered by the Tazov oil and gas exploration expedition on January 30, 1974. Development of the Nakhodkinskoye field began in November 2003, production drilling - in February 2004. Commissioned in April 2005.

The field is being developed by OOO LUKOIL-West Siberia, owned by LUKOIL; produced gas is sold to Gazprom .6

The Ety-Purovskoye oil field is an oil field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District of Russia, near the city of Noyabrsk. The license for the development of the field is held by Gazprom Neft (Sibneft-Noyabrskneftegaz).

The field was discovered in 1982; its additional exploration and development began only in 2003. The reserves of the field in categories A, B, C1 amount to 20 million tons of high-quality light oil and another 20 million tons - in category C2.

At the beginning of 2007, a gushing oil well was registered at the Ety-Purovskoye field with a daily flow rate of approximately 400 tons of oil, which is one of the record figures for Western Siberia.

Conclusion

In 2009, the enterprises of the Autonomous Okrug shipped goods of their own production, performed works and services on their own in current prices in the amount of 499.0 billion rubles, including 448.5 billion rubles for the types of activities “Extraction of minerals”; "Manufacturing industries" - 31.8 billion rubles; “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water” - 18.6 billion rubles. The industrial production index in 2009 to 2008 amounted to 101.3%. The industrial producer price index in January-December 2009 compared to January-December 2008 amounted to 118.1%.

The largest share (about 90%) in the structure of shipped goods, work performed and services falls on the type of activity "Extraction of minerals". In 2009 to 2008, the index of industrial production of mining was 101.8%. The slight increase in production was due to an increase in natural gas production by 2.3 percent.

In the Autonomous Okrug, 36 enterprises produce gas. In 2009, the total production of natural gas amounted to 578.5 billion m3. The largest volume of gas produced is accounted for by subsidiaries of OJSC Gazprom, which produced 516.2 billion m3 of gas in 2009, which is 89.2% of the total production in the Okrug and 78.7% in Russia as a whole.

Gas is also produced by small independent companies, such as LLC NOVATEK-Tarkosaleneftegaz - 19.4 billion m3, LLC Yurkharovneftegaz - 9.7 billion m3, OJSC Lukoil-Western Siberia - 8.5 billion m3 and others.

In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 38 companies produced oil and gas condensate. In 2009, 47.7 million tons of oil and gas condensate were actually produced (about 10% of production in Russia as a whole), including 36.1 million tons of oil (92.8% by 2008), gas condensate 11.6 million tons (100.0% by 2008).

The main factor reducing the growth of oil production is the insufficient activity of oil companies in the preparation of production capacities in the conditions of exhaustion of opportunities for growth in production at old fields.

The main oil producing companies in the Okrug remain subsidiaries of OJSC Gazprom Neft and OJSC NK Rosneft.

The enterprises of JSC Gazprom Neft (JSC Sibneft-Noyabrskneftegaz, LLC Zapolyarneft, JSC Meretoyakhaneftegaz) produced 25.0 million tons. oil, which is 69.3% of the oil produced in the district as a whole. The company OJSC NK Rosneft and its subsidiary CJSC Komsomolskneft produced 8.1 million tons. oil - 22.4% of oil production in the district as a whole.

The rest of the oil producing enterprises account for 8.7% (3.1 million tons). It is worth noting such enterprises as Geoilbent LLC, oil production in 2009 amounted to 1.1 million tons, RITEK OJSC - 1.2 million tons. oil, LLC Urengoygazprom - 0.5 mln. oil.

Despite the fact that in 2009 the level of oil production decreased compared to 2008, the rates and volumes of development of the resource base of hydrocarbons in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug still have every reason for further growth.

Gas condensate production remained at the 2008 level. The leading positions in condensate production are occupied by LLC Urengoygazprom, which produced 4.6 million tons in 2009, LLC Yamburggazdobycha - 1.6 million tons, OJSC NK Rosneft-Purneftegaz - 1.8 million tons. .t., LLC "NOVATEK-Yurkharovneftegaz" - 0.7 million tons, OJSC "Northgas" - 0.5 million tons.

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water in 2009 compared to 2008 in comparable prices amounted to 100.6 percent.

List of references

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E.V. Kolotova Resource Studies: Textbook. Benefit. - M .: RMAT, 2009.

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Unique territories in the cultural and natural heritage of the regions. - M .: Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 2008

1 Unique territories in the cultural and natural heritage of the regions. - M .: Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 2008

2 Official site of YANAO adm.yanao /

3 Official site of YANAO adm.yanao /

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6 Official site of YANAO adm.yanao /

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The main oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates. Over 70 large deposits have been discovered in them, most of which are located in the Persian Gulf.

The history of the origin and development of the gas complex of Western Siberia. The structure of oil resources and the current quality characteristics of its reserves. Dynamics of development of the oil and gas processing industry in the West Siberian region, prospects for its development.

Flora and fauna concept. In the vegetation cover of the district, there is a classically pronounced zoning. The tundra zone includes the arctic, typical (moss-lichen) and southern subzones. Anthropogenic impact on flora and fauna.

Natural gas fields, natural gas production, industry development prospects.

Geographical position and climate of the Arkhangelsk region. Mineral resource base and minerals. Economic development in 2010. Sights of the Arkhangelsk region. Living standards and incomes of the population. Manufacturing of the main types of products.

Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk regions, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous districts. The industrial complex of the district. oil and gas industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering.

Natural gas is one of the most important fossil fuels, occupying key positions in the fuel and energy balances of many countries, an important raw material for the chemical industry.