What the Hudson discovered in geography. What did Hudson Henry discover? Researcher biography

Portrait of Henry Hudson. Encyclopedia of General History, 1885.

Henry Gudson (Hudson)(eng. Henry hudson; September 12, 1570 ( 15700912 ) -1611?) - English navigator of the early 17th century. His date and place of birth are not known exactly, but according to some assumptions, he was born on September 12, 1570 in London. He is believed to have died in 1611 in what is now Hudson Bay in Canada as a result of a ship riot.

Research

In 1607, the Moscow Trading Company, one of the few companies with a royal charter, hired Captain Henry Hudson to search for the northern route to Asia. At that time, the Arctic region was not fully explored, and traders assumed that by moving north, northeast or northwest, they would find the shortest route to Asia. Hudson went out on a ship Hopewell(eng. Hopewell) to the Arctic Ocean and headed northwest. In early June, he reached the eastern coast of Greenland and moved along it in a northerly direction, while making a map of the area. On June 20, the ship departed from the coast and headed east, reaching the northern tip of the Spitsbergen archipelago on July 17. At this point, the ship was only 577 nautical miles (1,100 kilometers) from the North Pole, and the further way was blocked by ice. On July 31, Hudson decided to return to England. On the way back, the Hudson may have discovered Jan Mayen Island (according to other information, it was later discovered by a Dutch captain, after whom he was named).

In 1608, the Hudson tried again to find a northern trade route, this time moving east, but, reaching the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, again stumbled upon ice blocking the way and was forced to return. This limiting point was previously reached by other ships of the company, but the northern route to Asia was never found.

Hudson wanted to continue his search and was hired by the Dutch East India Company. This company was also extremely interested in finding the northern route, and for this purpose the ship "Halve Maen" was equipped, the captain of which was the Hudson. In May 1609, the ship headed for Novaya Zemlya, but, not reaching it, was forced to turn back due to the discontent of the crew. Instead, the ship sailed westward, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and reached the shoals of the Great Newfoundland Bank off the coast of Newfoundland Island in North America in early July. Then 4 months were spent exploring the shores of North America. On September 11, 1609, Manhattan Island was discovered. The coast of present-day Maine and Cape Cod has also been explored and described. Despite the fact that these lands were first discovered by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verazzano in 1524, Henry Hudson became the first European to describe these lands in writing. He also sailed upstream of the river now bearing his name (Hudson) to what is now the capital of New York State, Albany. Albany). Later, at the mouth of this river, the Dutch founded the city of New Amsterdam, which later became the city of New York. It is believed that the name of the island Staten (Dutch. Staaten Eylandt) was also given by Henry Hudson in honor of the States General (Netherlands), the official name of the Netherlands at that time.

Upon his return to England in November 1609, Hudson was arrested for flying a false flag, according to the Acts of Navigation (Eng. Navigation Acts), a number of English laws established to protect trade routes from the Dutch. However, he was soon released.

Map of Henry Hudson's Fourth Expedition, 1610-1611.

In 1610, the Hudson goes on an expedition again by ship Discovery(eng. Discovery), this time under the English flag, being employed by the Virginia and British East India Companies. He headed north, arriving on the shores of Iceland on May 11, then on June 4 to southern Greenland, then circled its southern tip and headed west. There was a strong feeling that the northern route to Asia was finally found. On June 25, the travelers reached the Hudson Strait north of Labrador. Moving south along the coast, on 2 August they reached Hudson Bay. The next few months, Hudson spent exploring and mapping the coast of America. In November, the ship got stuck in ice in James Bay, and the crew was forced to go ashore for the winter.

In the spring of 1611, after the path was cleared of ice, Hudson planned to resume research. However, the ship's crew rebelled, demanding a return home. In June 1611, 8 people from the crew returned home, having previously disembarked the Hudson, his son and 7 more sailors on a rowing boat, leaving them no food or water. More about his fate is not known for certain.

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Henry Hudson is an English navigator. The exact place and date of his birth are unknown. The reliable facts of his biography relate only to the last four years of his life - from April 1607 to June 1611. The Hudson probably acquired a reputation as an experienced navigator even before 1607, since the Moscow trading company, organized by the British for systematic trade with Russia, hired him as a captain. Hudson was assigned to lead an expedition to find a northern route to Asia. At that time, the Arctic region was not fully explored, and traders assumed that by moving north, northeast or northwest, the shortest route to Asia could be found.

On May 1, 1607, the Hudson sailed on the Hopewell from Gravesend with a crew of 10 and a teenage son, John. He headed northwest. In early June, the Hudson reached the eastern coast of Greenland and moved along it in a northerly direction, while making a map of the area. On June 20, the ship departed from the coast and headed east, reaching the northern tip of the Spitsbergen archipelago on July 17. The ship was only 577 nautical miles (1.1 kilometers) from the North Pole. The further way was blocked by ice. He tried unsuccessfully to fight his way further east through the ice fields, but on September 15 he had to turn back.

On the way back, the Hudson may have discovered Jan Mayen Island (according to other information, it was later discovered by a Dutch captain, after whom he was named). Back in England, Hudson talked about the possibilities of whale hunting in the High North and thereby contributed to the development of English whaling in the Svalbard region.

2 Second expedition. 1608 year

In 1608, Hudson made a second trip to the Arctic with the same purpose as the first time: to open the Northeast Passage to China and India. The expedition team grew slightly, now it consisted of 12 people. On April 22, the ship left the Thames estuary.

In search of ice-free water, the Hudson entered what is now the Barents Sea. On June 26, he reached the southwestern coast of Novaya Zemlya, but could neither round it from the north, nor break through the Kara Gates to the east into the Kara Sea. I had to come back again with nothing.

3 Third expedition. 1609 year

Hudson made his third expedition while in the service of the Dutch East India Company. He left Amsterdam in April 1609 in the small ship "Half-Moon". The Hudson was given the freedom to choose between the Northeast and Northwest Passages. In early May, he was again in the Barents Sea, near Novaya Zemlya. The expedition found itself in very difficult conditions: there were severe frosts, heavy ice, invisible in the fog, surrounded the ship. In a small team of twenty people, quarrels began, a riot was brewing. Hudson proposed two options for the route: to go to the shores of America, where, according to a letter and a map sent by Captain John Smith, there was a strait about 60 ° north latitude, or to look for a path further north, through the present Davis Strait. We decided to look for the road indicated by Captain Smith. In mid-May, Hudson entered the Faroe Islands and there, cruising in the American gulfs, tried to find a non-existent road to China.

In June, when the Half-Moon was near Newfoundland, one of its masts broke. The Hudson reached the American coast and set up a new mast at the mouth of the Kenebeck River. He became convinced that in those places it was possible to conduct an exchange trade, and the sea was rich in cod. After that, he twice approached the shores of the present states of Maine and Massachusetts, at Penobscot Bay and Cape Cod (south of Boston).

The Hudson rounded this promontory and in August approached the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. There was no strait here, and he turned north again. In September, the Hudson entered New York Harbor. Despite the fact that these lands were first discovered by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verazzano in 1524, Henry Hudson became the first European to describe these lands in writing. He climbed up the Great Northern River (now the Hudson River). Having reached the place where the city of Albany is now, he made sure that this route does not lead to China.

Hudson again had misunderstandings with the team, and he decided to return to Holland. On the way, he stopped at the port of Dartmouth in England. Here "Half-Moon" was captured by the British government, and the Hudson and other British from his team were forbidden to travel to European countries. The British were told that if they wanted to continue discoveries, they must do them in favor of their own homeland.

4 Fourth expedition. 1610 year

In 1610, the English East India Company took the Hudson into its service and gave him a small ship "Discovery" with a displacement of 55 tons, with a crew of 23 people to search for the Northwest Passage. The Hudson was not completely trusted: it became known that during the last voyage to the American shores, the sailors were very unhappy with their commander, and this discontent several times threatened to turn into open revolt. Therefore, the directors of the English East India Company appointed a sailor unfamiliar to the Hudson as a senior officer of the Discovery, considering him to be a completely reliable person.

On April 17, 1610, the Hudson left the port of London. At the mouth of the Thames, he landed an "observer" imposed on him. Already at the transition to Iceland, a murmur arose among the team, with which the captain could not get along this time either. From Iceland, the Hudson headed for the east coast of Greenland. There he began to descend south, in vain looking for a passage to the Pacific Ocean, rounded the southern tip of Greenland, and from there turned west. Not finding a strait off the northern coast of the Meta-Incognita land, discovered by Frobisher, he rounded this Baffin Land peninsula from the south and on July 5 fell into the real (Hudson) strait. Slowly, by touch, the Hudson led his ship along the northern bank of the strait, clogged with ice. On July 11, he withstood a strong storm, crossed to the opposite shore and reopened the Unga-wa Bay there, then completed the discovery of the entire northern coast of Labrador.

On August 2, at 63 ° 20 "north latitude, the land appeared, which the Hudson took at first for a protrusion of the mainland (Salisbury Island). ice-free space, calm sea On August 3, 1610, Hudson made the following entry in the logbook: "We went (west) along a narrow passage between Diggs and Labrador. I named the headland at the southern entrance of the strait Wolstenholme." This is the last entry in Hudson's hand.

The rest six months later was finished in London by Abakuk Pricket, a sailor from Discovery. Beyond Cape Wolstenholme, the coast turned sharply to the south. The ship sailed along the coast for several weeks. In the west, far from the mainland, in clear weather, the sailors saw land and decided that this was the opposite shore of a wide strait leading them to the Pacific Ocean. In fact, it was a chain of islands that stretched along the western coast of Labrador, 50-150 kilometers from it (Mansel, Ottawa, Two Brothers, Sleeper, King George, Belcher). At the end of September, having passed more than 1200 kilometers south along the imaginary strait, the sailors found themselves in a relatively small bay (James). Discontent flared up among the crew, and the Hudson landed on the shore and left a sailor there to die, whom he considered the main troublemaker. In November, off the southern coast of the bay, at 53 ° north latitude, the ship was surrounded by ice and thrown ashore. Wintering took place in tolerable conditions, there was enough fuel, and a successful bird hunt allowed them to eat well.

In mid-June 1611, the ship was launched and slowly began to move north. A week later, the crew's dissatisfaction turned into open indignation, on June 22, the rioters threw Henry Hudson, his son, the assistant navigator, and six more people loyal to the captain into the boat, and left them to their fate - without weapons and without food. The only surviving officer, navigator Robert Bylot, brought Discovery back to England in the fall of 1611. How the life of the Hudson and his associates ended is anyone's guess.

We know very little about Henry Hudson (1550-1611). Researchers have found mention that the expedition of John Davis to America in 1585 was planned at the home of a certain John Hudson in London's Eastand. Consequently, Henry was his son or relative, a very literate and knowledgeable sailor, otherwise the London Moscovite Company * (also called the Russian Company, * Organized in London by Sebastian Cabot and other London merchants for systematic trade with Russia. expeditions In search of the Northeast Passage.) would not entrust him with ships for the voyage to America.

In 1607, Hudson set sail in search of a way to China and India through the Arctic, bypassing the Spanish and Portuguese possessions. The Hudson headed first north along the eastern shores of Greenland, but came across an ice barrier and, turning east along the ice edge, reached the Newland Islands (now Svalbard).

Here he managed to pass up to 80 ° north latitude. Returning to England, he spoke about the possibilities of hunting whales in the High North and thereby contributed to the development of English whaling in the Svalbard region.

In 1608, Hudson made a second trip to the Arctic with the same Purpose as the first time: to open the Northeast Passage to China and India. In search of ice-free water, he ended up in the part of the sea between Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya. The Dutch navigator Bill Barentsz tried to pass this way before him. Unable to break through to the northeast, Hudson once again tried his luck in the northwest, but even here he was forced to retreat in front of a formidable front of ice fields.

Hudson made his third expedition while in the service of the Dutch East India Company. He left Amsterdam in April 1609 in the small ship "Half-Moon". The Hudson was given the freedom to choose between the Northeast and Northwest Passages. In early May, he was again in the present Barents Sea, near Novaya Zemlya. The expedition found itself in very difficult conditions: it was fiercely cold; heavy ice, invisible in the fog, surrounded the Half-Moon. There was no map of these places. In a small team of eighteen or twenty people, quarrels began, the mood was excited, a riot was preparing. Hudson proposed two options for the route: to go to the shores of America, where, according to a letter and a map sent by Captain John Smith, there was a strait about 60 ° north latitude, or to look for a path further north, through the present Davis Strait. We decided to look for the road indicated by Captain Smith. In mid-May, Hudson entered the Faroe Islands and there, cruising in the American gulfs, tried to find a non-existent road to China.

In June, when Half-Moon was near Newfoundland, one of its masts broke and fell overboard. The Hudson reached the American coast and set up a new mast at the mouth of the Kenebeck River. He became convinced that in those places it was possible to conduct an exchange trade, and the sea was rich in cod. After that, he twice approached the shores of the present states of Maine and Massachusetts, at Penobscot Bay and Cape Cod (south of Boston).

The Hudson rounded this promontory and in August approached the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. There was no strait here, and the Hudson turned north again. In September, he entered New York Harbor, where Verazzano had already been before him, and climbed up the Great Northern River (now the Hudson River). Having reached the place where the city of Albany is now located, he made sure that this path does not lead to China.

In the same year, another European explorer, the Frenchman Champlain, tried to sail to China along the Richelieu River, a tributary of the St. Lawrence River. Champlain discovered the lake that bears his name, approaching the same place where the Hudson was, only from the other side. They were only 150 kilometers apart.

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Hudson again had misunderstandings with the team, and he decided to return to Holland. On the way, he stopped at the port of Dartmouth in England. Here, the "Half-Moon" was captured by the British government, and the Hudson and other British from his team were banned from traveling to European countries. The British were told that if they wanted to continue discoveries, they must do them in favor of their own homeland.

And so Hudson did. The very next year the British East India Company took the Hudson into its service and gave him a small ship "Discovery" ("Discovery") with a displacement of 55 tons, with a crew of 23 people to search for the Northwest Passage. The Hudson was not completely trusted: it became known that during the last voyage to the American shores, the sailors were very unhappy with their commander and this discontent several times threatened to turn into an open revolt. Therefore, the directors of the company appointed a sailor unfamiliar to the Hudson as a senior officer of Discovery, considering him to be a completely reliable person.

On August 2, at 63 ° 20 "north latitude, the land appeared, which the Hudson took at first for a protrusion of the mainland (Salisbury Island). ice-free space, calm sea On August 3, 1610, Hudson made the following entry in the logbook: “We went (west) along the narrow passage between Digs and Labrador. I named the headland at the entrance of the strait on the south side Wolstenholme. ”This is the last entry in Hudson's hand.

Hudson Henry Hudson, Hudson Henry (c.1550-1611), English navigator. In search of the northern sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, he made four voyages in the Arctic seas in 1607-1611, organized by London and Amsterdam merchants who were looking for new routes to China and India, bypassing the Spanish-Portuguese possessions. In 1607, intending to go to the Pacific Ocean through the North Pole, he rose to 80 ° 23 "N, simultaneously opening Jan Mayen Island. In 1608 he unsuccessfully tried to find a passage between Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya. In 1609, being in the service of Dutch East India Company, headed first to the Barents Sea, and from there to the shores of North America in search of the Northwest Passage, surveyed part of the mainland coast, discovered the mouth of the Hudson River and climbed 250 km along it.In 1610 passed to the west through the strait (Hudson) between Labrador and Baffin Land, opened a vast (Hudson) bay. In its southern part (James Bay) G.'s ship wintered. In June 1611, on the way back, the crew mutinied. G. with his son and 7 sailors, disembarked from the ship in lifeboat are missing.

Lit .: Mowat F., Ice Test, trans. from English, M., 1966, Ch. 2; Powys L., Henry Hudson, L. 1928; Neatby L. N., In quest of the North West passage, Toronto, 1958.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Hudson Henry" is in other dictionaries:

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Supposed portrait of Henry Hudson from the 1885 Cyclopaedia of Universal History Henry Hudson (1570-1611?) English navigator of the early 17th century. His date and place of birth exactly ... Wikipedia

Hudson, Henry- GUDZO / N, Hudson Henry (c. 1550-1611) English navigator, explorer of the Arctic. In 1607 1611. in search of the Northwest and Northeastern passages from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, he made 4 voyages in the Arctic seas, trying to ... ...

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Hudson- Hudson, Henry ... Marine Biographical Dictionary

Hudson, a river in the North. America flows into the Atlantic Ocean; USA. The first in 1609 on this river to climb 200 km English, the navigator, who was on the Goll. service, Henry Hudson (c. 1550-1611), who named it Great North. ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

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Books

First voyage around the world, James Cook. The British Empire has long been famous for its sailors and naval commanders, dashing pirates and battle admirals: Walter Raleigh, Francis Drake, William Dampier, Horatio Nelson, Henry Hudson, William ...

In 1607 he undertook a journey with the aim of reaching India and China via the North Pole.
Between Greenland and Svalbard, he was caught by ice and turned back.
Set a record for free movement north 800 23 ", which lasted 158 years.

Hudson made his third expedition while in the service of the Dutch East India Company. He left Amsterdam in April 1609 in the small ship "Half-Moon". The Hudson was given the freedom to choose between the Northeast and Northwest Passages. In early May, he was again in the present Barents Sea, near Novaya Zemlya. The expedition found itself in very difficult conditions: it was fiercely cold; heavy ice, invisible in the fog, surrounded the Half-Moon. There was no map of these places. In a small team of eighteen or twenty people, quarrels began, the mood was excited, a riot was preparing. Hudson proposed two options for the route: to go to the shores of America, where, according to a letter and a map sent by Captain John Smith, there was a strait about 60 ° north latitude, or to look for a path further north, through the present Davis Strait. We decided to look for the road indicated by Captain Smith. In mid-May, Hudson entered the Faroe Islands and there, cruising in the American gulfs, tried to find a non-existent road to China.

On August 2, at 63 ° 20 "north latitude, the land appeared, which the Hudson took at first for a protrusion of the mainland (Salisbury Island). ice-free space, calm sea On August 3, 1610, Hudson made the following entry in the logbook: “We went (west) along the narrow passage between Digs and Labrador. I named the headland at the entrance of the strait on the south side Wolstenholme. ”This is the last entry in Hudson's hand.