Where is the southern hemisphere. Southern Hemisphere
Constellation map
southern hemisphere
Constellations are randomly taken stellar groups, as they are visible from the ground and completely independent of the actual distances and the possible mutual connection of the stars. The division of stars into constellations dates back to the deepest antiquity. Most of the constellations transmitted to us by the Arabs from the Greeks undoubtedly originated in the primitive pre-Semitic cultures of Mesopotamia. The main place among them is occupied by the zodiacal constellations. The themes for the zodiac constellations were the gray legends of primitive mankind, ideas about its destinies, less often the personification of astronomical and meteorological phenomena. The earliest names of the constellations were shorthand for myths.
Astronomer Jan Hevelius
Ptolemy in his work "Almagest" canonized the following 48 constellations of the ancients, which are still called the Ptolemaic. Zodiac constellations: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. Northern constellations: Big Dipper, Ursa Minor, Dragon, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Andromeda, Perseus, Bootes, Crown of the North, Hercules, Lyra, Swan, Charioteer, Ophiuchus, Serpent, Arrow, Eagle, Dolphin, Foal, Pegasus, Triangle. Southern constellations: Whale, Orion, River, Hare, Large dog, small, Ship, Hydra, Bowl, Raven, Centaurus, Wolf, Altar, Southern crown, Southern Fish. Ptolemy did not consider the Hair of Veronica a separate constellation.
Arab stargazers, in addition to lunar houses, gave different names for individual bright stars. Having become acquainted with the astronomy of the Greeks and translated Ptolemy's "Almagest", they changed some of the names according to the position of the stars in the drawings of the Ptolemaic constellations. In the 12th century, a Latin translation of the "Almagest" was made from Arabic, and in the 16th century - directly from Greek according to the found manuscripts. The stars of the southern hemisphere, unknown to Greek astronomers, were constellated much later. Some of them were outlined by the Arabs.
There is no doubt that the navigators of the 15th and 16th centuries (Vespucci, Corsali, Pigafetta, Peter Medinsky, Gutman), during their travels to the southern seas, gradually assembled new constellations. They were put in order by Peter Dirk Keizer. During his stay on Java (1595), he identified the locations of 120 southern stars and placed constellation figures on them. The following 13 constellations were included on the basis of Keizer's inventory in the atlases of Bayer (1603) and Bartsch (1624): Phoenix, Goldfish, Chameleon, Flying Fish, Southern Cross, Water Snake, Fly, Bird of Paradise, Southern Triangle, Peacock, Indian, Crane, Toucan. Of these, the Southern Cross was known to Ptolemy and was part of Centaurus.
The current names of the constellations and stars represent the amalgam of these lists and translations. The ancient drawings of the constellations are completely lost. We have survived only the distorted figures on the Arabian globes of the 13th century; for example, on a globe in the Borghese Museum in Veletri (1225), in the Mathematical Society in Dresden (1279), in the London Astronomical Society, etc. At the beginning of the 16th century, the famous Renaissance artist Albrecht Durer painted constellations according to their description by Ptolemy.
Unfortunately, not a single original copy of Dürer's drawings has survived. Modified by other artists, Dürer's drawings were reprinted in the star atlases of Bayer (1603), Flamsteed (1729). Then the figures of the constellations of the newest arrangement appeared. Constellation drawings are no longer printed at this time. The merit of expelling the "menagerie" from astronomical atlases belongs to Harding. He published in 1823 a celestial atlas, where only the boundaries of the constellations were plotted.
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There are four continents on Earth: Antarctica, America, Afro-Eurasia and Australia. The number of officially recognized continents is six: Africa, Eurasia, South and North America, Antarctica and Australia. There is an opinion that there are not 6 continents, but 7: in the territory inhabited by penguins, around the South Pole with huge blocks of ice there is no life, but many scientists still consider it another continent.
We all went to school, studied geography and we know that the equator - the central parallel of the Earth - conditionally divides our globe into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, each with its own characteristics. Which continents are in the Northern Hemisphere, which ones are in the Southern? It so happened that not all continents belong strictly to one of the two hemispheres: the equator "divides" Africa and Eurasia into parts, as well as South America.
The other three continents belong entirely to one or the second of the hemispheres. Therefore, if you are casually asked in which hemisphere the continent of North America is located, then the correct answer would be in the North, while Antarctica and Australia are located in the South.
Comparison
What are the differences between the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere?
What continents are in the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth?
It turns out that the Northern Hemisphere is more civilized, inhabited by almost all people on the planet and includes almost all land space on Earth.
Eurasia
It is divided by the equator, and its European part belongs to the Northern Hemisphere. As for Asia, this hemisphere includes all countries, except for practically all of Indonesia and East Timor.
It stretches over more than 54 million square meters and is the only continent that is washed by oceans on all sides. The diversity of the relief of Eurasia is due to its location on 6 tectonic platforms. Here are the highest mountains and the deepest lake - Baikal. A third of the planet Earth's population lives in 108 states of this continent.
North America
This continent is 100% located in the Northern Hemisphere. In total, it includes 23 states.
On all sides, North America is washed by oceans, its central part is represented by a plain. The indigenous inhabitants of the mainland are Indians and Eskimos.
South America
It would be curious to know not only which continents are in the Northern Hemisphere and which ones are in the Southern Hemisphere, but also which countries are included in them. Such countries of South Africa as Venezuela and Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname are located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. As for the partial location, it characterizes countries such as Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Po occupies more than 17 million square meters and is washed by the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the area is represented by plateaus and plains. The indigenous people are Indians.
Africa
Part of which continent is located in the Northern Hemisphere (two-thirds of its territory), and part - in the Southern? This is Africa. The following countries are completely located there: Algeria and Benin, Gambia and Burkina Faso. It also includes Ghana and Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau and Egypt. Countries such as Western Sahara, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, as well as Liberia, Mauritania and Morocco are also classified as “above the equator.” This also includes Niger, Senegal, Tunisia, Ethiopia and many other countries - they can be seen on Partially in the Northern Hemisphere are Gabon and Uganda, Kenya and Congo, as well as Somalia.
The African territory has more than 30 million square meters and is represented mainly by plains and mountains. The longest river, the Nile, flows here, the mainland is subdivided into five regions and includes 62 countries.
Oceania
The Marshall State of Palau, Micronesia is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, and partly in the country of Kiribati.
Our planet is conventionally divided into four hemispheres. How are the boundaries between them indicated? What are the features of the Earth's hemispheres?
Equator and meridian
It has the shape of a sphere slightly flattened at the poles - a spheroid. In scientific circles, its shape is usually called a geoid, that is, "like the Earth." The surface of the geoid is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at any point.
For convenience, the characteristics of the planet use conditional, or imaginary, lines. One of them is the axis. It runs through the center of the earth, connecting the upper and lower parts, called the North and South Poles.
Between the poles, at an equal distance from them, there is the next imaginary line, which is called the equator. It is horizontal and is a separator into the Southern (everything below the line) and Northern (everything above the line) hemisphere of the Earth. is just over 40 thousand kilometers.
Another conditional line is Greenwich, or This is a vertical line passing through the observatory in Greenwich. The Meridian divides the planet into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres, and is also the starting point for measuring geographic longitude.
The difference between the southern and northern hemispheres
The equatorial line divides the planet horizontally in half, while crossing several continents. Africa, Eurasia and South America are partly located in two hemispheres at once. The rest of the continents are located within one. So, Australia and Antarctica are completely in the southern part, and North America - in the north.
The Earth's hemispheres have other differences as well. Thanks to the Arctic Ocean at the pole, the climate of the Northern Hemisphere is generally milder than that of the Southern, where the land is located - Antarctica. The seasons in the hemispheres are opposite: winter in the northern part of the planet comes simultaneously with summer in the south.
The difference is observed in the movement of air and water. To the north of the equator, river flows and sea currents deviate to the right (on the right, river banks are usually steeper), anticyclones rotate clockwise, and cyclones counterclockwise. To the south of the equator, everything happens exactly the opposite.
Even the starry sky overhead is different. The pattern is different for each hemisphere. The main reference point for the northern part of the Earth is polar Star, the Southern Cross serves as a reference point. Above the equator, land dominates, therefore the majority of people live here. Below the equator, the total number of inhabitants is 10%, since the oceanic part prevails.
Western and Eastern hemispheres
To the east of the prime meridian is the Earth. It contains Australia, most of Africa, Eurasia, and part of Antarctica. It is home to approximately 82% of the world's population. Geopolitically and culturally, it is called the Old World, as opposed to the New World of the American continents. In the eastern part there is a deep trench and the highest mountain on our planet.
The Western Hemisphere of the Earth is located west of the Greenwich meridian. It covers North and South America, parts of Africa and Eurasia. It fully includes Atlantic Ocean and most of the Quiet. Here is the longest mountain range in the world, the largest volcano, the driest desert, the highest lake and deep river. Only 18% of the population lives in the western part of the world.
Date line
As already mentioned, the Greenwich meridian separates the Western and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. Its continuation is the 180th meridian, which outlines the border from the other side. It is the line of change of dates, it is here that today turns into tomorrow.
Different calendar days are recorded on both sides of the meridian. This is due to the peculiarities of the rotation of the planet. The date line for the most part runs along the ocean, but also crosses some islands (Vanua Levu, Taviuni, etc.). In these places, for convenience, the line is shifted along the land border, otherwise the inhabitants of the same island would exist on different dates.
Southern Hemisphere … Russian spelling dictionary
Southern Hemisphere - … Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
It is a hemisphere of the Earth, centered at coordinates 47.216667, 1.533333 ... Wikipedia
It is a hemisphere of the Earth, with its center located at coordinates 47.216667, 178.466667 ... Wikipedia
In stereometry, half of the ball. In geography, the following hemispheres of the Earth are distinguished: Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere Land hemisphere Water hemisphere In biology, the following cerebral hemispheres are distinguished:…… Wikipedia
southern oceanic ring - Current in the World Ocean, encircling the Southern Hemisphere between Antarctica and the southern extremities of three other continents, where the resulting transport of waters is directed to the east. Syn .: current of the westerly winds ... Geography Dictionary
- ... Wikipedia
HEMISPHERE, hemispheres, cf. (book). 1. Half of a geometric ball obtained by dividing it by a plane passing through the center (mat.). || An object with this shape. The cerebral hemispheres (two parts of the large human brain and ... ... Dictionary Ushakova
HEMISPHERE, I, cf. 1. Half a ball, as well as an object of this shape. Cerebral hemispheres. 2. One of the halves of the globe, or celestial sphere... Severnoe p. Yuzhnoe p. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Books
- Twice surveys in the South Arctic Ocean and voyages around the world in 1819, 1820 and 1821, F. F. Bellingshausen. In the first quarter of the XIX century. significant historical event: Russian (Russian) sailors during an expedition to the southern hemisphere of the Earth and around the world discovered a new, sixth continent - ...
- Magnetic puzzles Map of the constellations of the starry sky: Southern Hemisphere (1031),. Every child sooner or later begins to ask questions about the stars in the sky. New magnetic puzzles of the astronomical series will help satisfy his interest. This map of the southern hemisphere of the Earth ...
