The movement of the earth's magnetic poles. Geographic and magnetic north pole of the earth Where is the magnetic pole of the earth

At the beginning of the year, foreign media showed an extraordinary interest in the movement of the Earth's magnetic poles and simply burst into fantasies about the "incomprehensible leaps" of the planet's magnetic north pole. As it turned out, they were "thrown" by professor of the Canadian Geological Survey Larry Newitt, who, in his own words, gave an interview to a reporter who wanted to hear "how soon the pole will leave the territory of Canada". The professor's story with distortions was posted on the website "National news service", which was stumbled upon by fans of sensations.
In March, the story with the poles stirred up the Russian media in the capital. Domestic correspondents referred to the information of Evgeny Shalamberidze, an employee of the Central Institute of Military-Technical Information. At this institute, as reported by many journalists, "an unexpected displacement of the North Magnetic Pole by 200 kilometers" was allegedly recorded. This phenomenon was immediately called "polarity reversal" in the mass press.

So, we figured out the sources that sowed so much misinterpretation. It remains to understand what is really happening with the magnetic poles? Does their movement obey the generally accepted theories of pole drift? Is their polarity reversal possible in the near future and what should earthlings expect if it does happen? With these questions, we turned to the Deputy Director of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN), Professor Vadim Golovkov and the leading researcher of the Central Institute of Military-Technical Information (TsIFTI) of the RF Ministry of Defense Evgeny Shalamberidze.

ACCELERATING DRIFT

V. Golovkov was not surprised by the questions asked, the scientist, on the contrary, wanted to dispel the misunderstandings that had arisen. He explained that over the past 150 years, the position of the magnetic poles in relation to geographic coordinates has been clearly tracked. Thus, the position of the North Magnetic Pole (NMP) for 2001 was determined by the coordinates of 81.3 degrees north latitude and 110.8 degrees west longitude (northern island part of Canada, see map).

Really, fastspine of the NSR not constant. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was equal to only a few kilometers per year, in the 70s it accelerated to 10 kilometers per year, and now it is about 40 kilometers per year. That "jump" of 200 kilometers, which was reported with horror by the media, the magnetic pole did not make overnight, but within the last ten years. The magnetic pole is moving almost to the north, and if this speed is maintained, the NSR will leave the 200-mile Canadian zone in 3 years, and in 50 years will reach Severnaya Zemlya.

IS POSSIBLE POSSIBLE?

From school we know that the Earth's magnetic field in the first approximation is a dipole, a permanent magnet. But besides the main dipole, the planet has so-called local magnetic anomalies, "scattered" unevenly over its surface (Canadian, Siberian, Brazilian, etc.). Each anomaly leads its own specific way of life - they move, intensify, weaken, decay.

The compass needle, which is also a magnet, is oriented relative to the total field of our planet and with one point points to the North Magnetic Pole, the other to the South. So the location of the first is greatly influenced by the Canadian Magnetic Anomaly, which currently occupies the entire territory of Canada, part of the Arctic Ocean, Alaska and the northern United States. The anomaly "pulls off" the position of the North Geomagnetic Pole by several degrees. Therefore, the real, total magnetic pole does not coincide with the geographic one, and the reference to the north-south by the compass turns out to be not perfectly accurate, but only approximate.
The inversion of the Earth's field is understood as the phenomenon when the magnetic poles change their sign to the opposite. The compass needle after inversion should be oriented diametrically opposite. V. Golovkov reported that on the basis of paleomagnetic data (studies of ancient deposits of lava layers with iron-containing inclusions), it was shown that the inversion of the poles on the scale of the geological time of the Earth is a fairly common phenomenon. However, the polarity reversal does not have any pronounced periodicity, it occurs every few million years, and the last time took place about 700 thousand years ago.

Modern science cannot give an exhaustive explanation of inversion. Nevertheless, it was revealed that the intensity of the Earth's dipole field changes by half with a period of about 10 thousand years. For example, at the beginning of our era, its value was 1.5 times more than it is now. It is also known that at times when the dipole weakens, the local fields become stronger.

Modern models of polarity reversal assume that if the strength of the main field weakens enough and reaches a value of 0.2 - 0.3 of its average value, then the magnetic poles will begin to "shake" under the influence of enhanced anomalous areas, not knowing where to stick to them. So, the North Pole can "jump" to middle latitudes, to equatorial latitudes, and if it "jumps" over the equator, an inversion will occur.

V. Golovkov believes that the accelerated motion of the North Magnetic Pole observed today is fully described by modern mathematical models. The scientist is convinced that the pole will not reach Severnaya Zemlya - the Canadian anomaly will simply "not let it in," and it will drift in the same area without going beyond the anomaly. The inversion, according to V. Golovkov, is indeed possible at any moment, but this "moment" will occur no sooner than in several millennia.

GALACTIC SCALE CHANGES

Now about the information expressed by the leading researcher of the Central Institute of Military-Technical Information (CIVTI) of the RF Ministry of Defense Yevgeny Shalamberidze at the round table devoted to the problem of the growth of aviation accidents and accidents.

As E. Shalamberidze said in an interview with Interfax Vremya weekly, this organization conducts a comprehensive analysis of the results of dozens and even hundreds of domestic and foreign studies of various profiles. They show that one of the main sources of the accelerating drift of the planet's magnetic poles is the entry of the Solar System into a certain energy-saturated zone of our Galaxy (as NASA specialists put it, the system "plunged" into a hydrogen "bubble"). This area of \u200b\u200bincreased concentration of atomic hydrogen began to fundamentally change the "energetic order" of the development and interaction of all bodies of the solar system.

So, according to official data from NASA (including those obtained with the Ullis space probe) and the Joint Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences:

The power of Jupiter's electromagnetic radiation has doubled since the early 90s, and Neptune only in the late 90s - 30 times,

The energy intensity of the base electromagnetic frame of the Solar system, which forms the Sun-Jupiter bundle, has doubled,

On Uranus, Neptune and Earth, the ongoing processes of magnetic pole drift are growing.

Thus, the accelerating drift of the poles on our planet is only an element of global processes taking place in the Solar and Galactic systems and exerting various influences on all phases of the development of the biosphere and the life of mankind.

WHAT IS ALREADY "WRONG" ON EARTH?

Registration data from satellite systems show that since 1994 the ocean surface temperature has been inverted, almost the entire system of the world's ocean currents has changed. Over the past 2 years, winter temperature records have been broken in America, Canada, Western Europe. The temperature of the water at the equator rises, and this leads to intensive evaporation of moisture. At the same time, the ice of the North Pole is melting. Few people know that on the land in the Arctic and Antarctica, the flora is rapidly developing. And our taiga is advancing to the north. The base of the Earth's radiation belt has shifted, the lower edge of the ionosphere has descended from an altitude of 300-310 km to 98-100 km. The number of all kinds of disasters is constantly increasing.

Total number of disasters \\ With more than 1% of gross damage \\ With the number of victims \\ With the number of deaths

1963-67 16 39 89

1968-72 15 54 98

1973-77 31 56 95

1978-82 55 99 138

1983-87 58 116 153

1988-92 66 139 205

As Professor A. Dmitriev from the Joint Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences testifies, the space that now surrounds the Earth is in constant magnetoelectric "flicker", i.e. we have a magnetoelectric instability. Conditions appear for sharp fluctuations in temperature, the emergence of typhoons, hurricanes. The constant introduction of additional energy and matter into the state of the Earth causes complex adaptive processes in the planet itself, it is forced to constantly adapt to new conditions. And this is what we are seeing at the present time.

In order for us to be able to effectively predict the prospects for the drift of magnetic poles and other basic geophysical forecasts on Earth, it is necessary, as the CIVTI specialists emphasize, the creation of specialized government agencies that would coordinate and integrate numerous narrow-branch studies of various organizations that are completely unrelated. between themselves. Only on this basis will it be possible to reasonably foresee what awaits us tomorrow ...

WHAT THE USA KNOW AND DO NOT KNOW IN RUSSIA

At the same time, studies by the CIVTI of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation indicate that the ruling circles of the United States received primary information about the growing planetary destructions by the middle of the 20th century and began to comprehensively and secretly take them into account in their long-term geostrategy.

Even in the open version of the 1980 government report to the US President "On the situation in the world by 2000" (where one of the 4 volumes was entirely devoted to a detailed and multivariate forecast of the natural situation on the planet 20 years later) it was clearly indicated that the aggravation of the natural situation in the 2000 region could be caused by: "... a change in the Earth's orbit and its rotation", "... these changes will have consequences for our future ...", "... the duration of the consequences (reaction time) can last from several days to several millennia."

In 1998, Congress, and since 1999, and the US government, set up special committees to prepare the country for emergency response to 2030. Moreover, the leading scientific and government agencies of the United States strictly block the public dissemination of any objective and systemic information about the growing fluctuations of the earth's poles and the planet's cataclysms.

So why does the US geostrategy take into account the latest knowledge in the sciences, while ours, our own, does not? One of the important factors of the uncontrollability of the processes taking place on Earth today is ignorance or denial by humanity of the very fact of these processes. But even when a person gets his hands on such data, they often do not find a wide audience, or are distorted. Isn't it time for us to boldly face the truth and change the situation?

Elena NIKIFOROVA, Columnist for the weekly Interfax VREEMYA

"Our universal mother Earth is a big magnet!" - said the English physicist and physician William Hilbert, who lived in the 16th century. More than four hundred years ago, he made the correct conclusion that the Earth is a spherical magnet and its magnetic poles are the points where the magnetic needle is oriented vertically. But Hilbert was wrong in assuming that the earth's magnetic poles coincide with its geographic poles. They don't match. Moreover, if the positions of the geographic poles are unchanged, then the positions of the magnetic poles change over time.

1831: first determination of the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere

In the first half of the 19th century, the first searches for magnetic poles were undertaken based on direct measurements of the magnetic inclination in the field. (Magnetic inclination is the angle by which the compass needle is deflected by the Earth's magnetic field in the vertical plane. Approx. ed.)

The English navigator John Ross (1777-1856) sailed in May 1829 on the small steamer Victoria from the coast of England, heading for the Arctic coast of Canada. Like many daredevils before him, Ross hoped to find a northwestern sea route from Europe to East Asia. But in October 1830, ice bound the Victoria at the eastern end of the peninsula, which Ross named Boothy Land (after expedition sponsor Felix Booth).

Trapped in the ice off the coast of Butia Land, "Victoria" had to stay here for the winter. The captain's assistant on this expedition was John Ross's young nephew James Clark Ross (1800–1862). At that time, it was already common to take all the necessary instruments for magnetic observations with him on such trips, and James took advantage of this. During the long winter months, he walked along the coast of Butia with a magnetometer and conducted magnetic observations.

He understood that the magnetic pole must be somewhere nearby - after all, the magnetic needle invariably showed very large inclinations. By plotting the measured values, James Clark Ross soon realized where to look for this unique point with the vertical direction of the magnetic field. In the spring of 1831, he, together with several members of the Victoria's crew, covered 200 km towards the western coast of Buttia and on June 1, 1831 at Cape Adelaide at 70 ° 05 ′ s. sh. and 96 ° 47 ′ W found that the magnetic inclination was 89 ° 59 ′. This is how the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere were determined for the first time - in other words, the coordinates of the South Magnetic Pole.

1841: First determination of the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere

In 1840, the grown-up James Clark Ross embarked on his famous voyage to the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere on the ships Erebus and Terror. On December 27, Ross's ships first met icebergs and crossed the Arctic Circle on New Year's Eve 1841. Soon, Erebus and Terror found themselves in front of pack ice that stretched from edge to edge of the horizon. On January 5, Ross made the bold decision to go forward, straight onto the ice, and go as deep as possible. And after a few hours of such an assault, the ships unexpectedly came out into a space freer from the ice: the pack ice was replaced by individual ice floes scattered here and there.

On the morning of January 9, Ross unexpectedly discovered an ice-free sea ahead of us! This was his first discovery on this journey: he discovered the sea, which was later named by his own name - the Ross Sea. To the right of the course was mountainous, snow-covered ground that was forcing Ross's ships to sail south and seemed not going to end. Sailing along the coast, Ross, of course, did not miss the opportunity to discover the southernmost lands for the glory of the British kingdom; this is how Queen Victoria Land was discovered. At the same time, he was worried that the coast could become an insurmountable obstacle on the way to the magnetic pole.

Meanwhile, the behavior of the compass became more and more strange. Ross, who had a wealth of experience in magnetometric measurements, understood that no more than 800 km remained to the magnetic pole. No one has ever come so close to him. It soon became clear that Ross was not in vain fearing: the magnetic pole was clearly somewhere to the right, and the coast was stubbornly guiding the ships further and further south.

As long as the path was open, Ross did not give up. It was important for him to collect at least as much magnetometric data as possible from different points on the coast of Victoria Land. On January 28, the expedition was in for the most amazing surprise of the entire journey: a huge awakened volcano rose on the horizon. Above him hung a dark cloud of smoke, colored by fire, which burst from the vent in a column. This volcano Ross gave the name Erebus, and the neighboring - extinct and somewhat smaller - gave the name Terror.

Ross tried to go even further south, but very soon a completely unimaginable picture appeared before his eyes: along the entire horizon, where the eye can see, a white stripe stretched, which became higher and higher as it approached! As the ships approached, it became clear that in front of them, on the right and left, was a huge endless ice wall 50 meters high, completely flat on top, without any cracks on the side facing the sea. It was the edge of the ice shelf now named Ross.

In mid-February 1841, after sailing 300 kilometers along the ice wall, Ross decided to stop further attempts to find a loophole. From that moment on, only the road home remained ahead.

Ross's expedition was by no means a failure. After all, he managed to measure the magnetic inclination at very many points around the coast of Victoria Land and thereby establish the position of the magnetic pole with high accuracy. Ross indicated the coordinates of the magnetic pole: 75 ° 05 ′ S. lat., 154 ° 08 ′ east e. The minimum distance separating the ships of his expedition from this point was only 250 km. It is Ross's measurements that should be considered the first reliable determination of the coordinates of the magnetic pole in Antarctica (the North Magnetic Pole).

Coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere in 1904

73 years have passed since James Ross determined the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere, and now the famous Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) has undertaken a search for the magnetic pole in this hemisphere. However, the search for the magnetic pole was not the only goal of Amundsen's expedition. The main goal was to open the northwestern sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. And he achieved this goal - in 1903-1906 he sailed from Oslo, past the shores of Greenland and Northern Canada to Alaska on a small fishing vessel "Joa".

Subsequently, Amundsen wrote: "I wanted my childhood dream of the Northwest Sea Route to combine in this expedition with another, much more important scientific goal: finding the current location of the magnetic pole."

He approached this scientific task with all seriousness and carefully prepared for its implementation: he studied the theory of geomagnetism from leading experts in Germany; he also acquired magnetometric instruments there. Practicing with them, Amundsen traveled all over Norway in the summer of 1902.

By the beginning of the first winter of his trip, in 1903, Amundsen reached King William Island, which was very close to the magnetic pole. The magnetic inclination here was 89 ° 24 ′.

Having decided to spend the winter on the island, Amundsen simultaneously created a real geomagnetic observatory here, which carried out continuous observations for many months.

The spring of 1904 was devoted to field observations to determine the coordinates of the pole as accurately as possible. Amundsen succeeded and found that the position of the magnetic pole had shifted markedly northward from the point at which the expedition of James Ross had found it. It turned out that from 1831 to 1904 the magnetic pole moved 46 km to the north.

Looking ahead, we note that there is evidence that over this 73-year period, the magnetic pole not only moved a little northward, but rather described a small loop. Around 1850, he first stopped moving from northwest to southeast, and only then began a new journey north, which continues today.

Drift of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere from 1831 to 1994

The next time the location of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere was determined in 1948. A multi-month expedition to the Canadian fjords was not needed: now the place could be reached in just a few hours - by air. This time, a magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere was discovered on the shores of Lake Allen on Prince of Wales Island. The maximum inclination here was 89 ° 56 ′. It turned out that since the time of Amundsen, that is, since 1904, the pole "left" to the north by as much as 400 km.

Since then, the exact location of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere (the South Magnetic Pole) has been determined by Canadian magnetologists regularly at intervals of about 10 years. Subsequent expeditions took place in 1962, 1973, 1984, 1994.

Not far from the location of the magnetic pole in 1962, on the island of Cornwallis, in the town of Resolute Bay (74 ° 42 ′ N, 94 ° 54 ′ W), a geomagnetic observatory was built. Nowadays, a trip to the Magnetic South Pole is just a fairly short helicopter ride from Resolute Bay. Not surprisingly, with the development of communications in the 20th century, this remote town in northern Canada is increasingly visited by tourists.

Let's pay attention to the fact that, speaking about the magnetic poles of the Earth, we are actually talking about some averaged points. Since the time of Amundsen's expedition, it became clear that even for one day the magnetic pole does not stand still, but makes small "walks" around a certain midpoint.

The reason for these movements is, of course, the Sun. Streams of charged particles from our luminary (solar wind) enter the Earth's magnetosphere and generate electric currents in the Earth's ionosphere. These, in turn, generate secondary magnetic fields that disturb the geomagnetic field. As a result of these disturbances, the magnetic poles are forced to take their daily walks. Their amplitude and speed, naturally, depend on the strength of the disturbances.

The route of such walks is close to an ellipse, with the pole circling clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The latter, even on days of magnetic storms, moves from the midpoint by no more than 30 km. The pole in the Northern Hemisphere on such days can move 60–70 km from the midpoint. On calm days, the sizes of diurnal ellipses for both poles are significantly reduced.

Magnetic Pole Drift in the Southern Hemisphere from 1841 to 2000

It should be noted that historically, the measurement of the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere (North Magnetic Pole) has always been quite difficult. Its inaccessibility is largely to blame. If you can get from Resolute Bay to the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere by small airplane or helicopter in a few hours, then from the southern tip of New Zealand to the coast of Antarctica you need to fly more than 2000 km over the ocean. And after that, you need to conduct research in the harsh conditions of the ice continent. To properly assess the inaccessibility of the North Magnetic Pole, let's go back to the very beginning of the 20th century.

For a long time after James Ross, no one dared to go deep into Victoria Land in search of the magnetic North Pole. The first to do this were members of the expedition of the English polar explorer Ernest Henry Shackleton (1874-1922) during his trip in 1907-1909 on the old whaling ship "Nimrod".

On January 16, 1908, the ship entered the Ross Sea. Too thick pack ice off the coast of Victoria Land made it impossible to find an approach to the coast for a long time. It was only on February 12 that the necessary things and magnetometric equipment were transferred to the shore, after which the Nimrod headed back to New Zealand.

It took the polar explorers who remained on the shore several weeks to build more or less acceptable dwellings. Fifteen brave souls learned to eat, sleep, communicate, work and generally live in incredibly difficult conditions. A long polar winter lay ahead. Throughout the winter (in the Southern Hemisphere, it occurs simultaneously with our summer), the members of the expedition were engaged in scientific research: meteorology, geology, measuring atmospheric electricity, studying the sea through cracks in the ice and the ice itself. Of course, by the spring the people were already exhausted, although the main goals of the expedition were still ahead.

On October 29, 1908, one group, led by Shackleton himself, set off on a planned expedition to the South Geographic Pole. True, the expedition was never able to reach it. On January 9, 1909, just 180 km from the South Geographical Pole, in order to save the hungry and exhausted people, Shackleton decided to leave the expedition flag here and turn the group back.

The second group of polar explorers, led by Australian geologist Edgeworth David (1858-1934), independently of the Shackleton group, set off on a journey to the magnetic pole. There were three of them: David, Mawson and McKay. Unlike the first group, they had no experience of polar research. Coming out on September 25, they were already out of schedule by the beginning of November and, due to excessive consumption of food, had to sit on a strict ration. Antarctica taught them harsh lessons. Hungry and exhausted, they fell into almost every crevice in the ice.

Mawson almost died on December 11. He fell into one of the countless crevices, and only a reliable rope saved the life of the researcher. A few days later, a 300-kilogram sleigh fell into the crevice, almost dragging three people exhausted from hunger with it. By December 24, the health status of the polar explorers had seriously deteriorated; they suffered from both frostbite and sunburn; McKay also developed snow blindness.

But on January 15, 1909, they still achieved their goal. Mawson's compass showed a deviation of the magnetic field from the vertical only within 15 '. Leaving almost all their luggage in place, they reached the magnetic pole with one throw of 40 km. The magnetic pole in the southern hemisphere of the Earth (the magnetic north pole) was conquered. Having hoisted the British flag on the pole and photographed, the travelers shouted "Hurray!" King Edward VII and declared this land the property of the British crown.

Now they had only one thing - to stay alive. According to the calculations of the polar explorers, in order to keep pace with the departure of "Nimrod" on February 1, they had to cover 17 miles a day. But they were still four days late. Fortunately, the Nimrod itself was delayed. So soon the three intrepid explorers were enjoying a hot dinner on board the ship.

So, David, Mawson and McKay were the first people to set foot on the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere, which on that day was located at 72 ° 25 ′ S. w., 155 ° 16 ′ east (300 km from the point measured at the time by Ross).

It is clear that there was not even a question of any serious measuring work here. The vertical inclination of the field was recorded only once, and this served as a signal not for further measurements, but only for an early return to the shore, where the expedition was awaited by the warm cabins of the Nimrod. Such work on determining the coordinates of the magnetic pole cannot be even closely compared with the work of geophysicists in Arctic Canada, conducting magnetic surveys for several days from several points surrounding the pole.

However, the last expedition (the 2000 expedition) was carried out at a fairly high level. Since the North Magnetic Pole has long left the mainland and was in the ocean, this expedition was carried out on a specially equipped vessel.

Measurements showed that in December 2000 the North Magnetic Pole was opposite the coast of Adelie Land at a point with coordinates 64 ° 40 ′ S. sh. and 138 ° 07 ′ east. etc.

Fragment from the book: Tarasov L.V. Terrestrial magnetism. - Dolgoprudny: Intellect Publishing House, 2012.

According to modern concepts, it was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, and from that moment on our planet is surrounded by a magnetic field. Everything on Earth, including people, animals and plants, is affected by it.

The magnetic field extends to an altitude of about 100,000 km (Fig. 1). It deflects or captures particles of the solar wind, which are destructive for all living organisms. These charged particles form the Earth's radiation belt, and the entire area of \u200b\u200bnear-Earth space in which they are located is called magnetosphere (fig. 2). On the side of the Earth illuminated by the Sun, the magnetosphere is limited by a spherical surface with a radius of about 10-15 Earth radii, and on the opposite side, it is elongated like a cometary tail to a distance of up to several thousand Earth radii, forming a geomagnetic tail. The magnetosphere is separated from the interplanetary field by a transition region.

Earth's magnetic poles

The axis of the earth's magnet is tilted with respect to the axis of rotation of the earth by 12 °. It is located about 400 km away from the center of the Earth. The points at which this axis crosses the surface of the planet are - magnetic poles. Earth's magnetic poles do not align with true geographic poles. At present, the coordinates of the magnetic poles are as follows: north - 77 ° N. and 102 ° W; southern - (65 ° S and 139 ° E).

Figure: 1. The structure of the Earth's magnetic field

Figure: 2. The structure of the magnetosphere

The lines of force running from one magnetic pole to another are called magnetic meridians... An angle is formed between the magnetic and geographic meridian, called magnetic declination... Every place on Earth has its own declination angle. In the Moscow region, the declination angle is 7 ° to the east, and in Yakutsk - about 17 ° to the west. This means that the northern end of the compass needle in Moscow deviates by T to the right of the geographic meridian passing through Moscow, and in Yakutsk - by 17 ° to the left of the corresponding meridian.

A freely suspended magnetic needle is located horizontally only on the line of the magnetic equator, which does not coincide with the geographic one. Moving north of the magnetic equator, the north end of the arrow will gradually descend. The angle formed by the magnetic needle and the horizontal plane is called magnetic inclination... At the North and South magnetic poles, the magnetic inclination is greatest. It is equal to 90 °. At the North Magnetic Pole, the freely suspended magnetic needle will be installed vertically with the North end down, and at the South Magnetic Pole, its South end will go down. Thus, the magnetic arrow shows the direction of the magnetic field lines above the earth's surface.

Over time, the position of the magnetic poles relative to the earth's surface changes.

The magnetic pole was discovered by explorer James K. Ross in 1831, hundreds of kilometers from its current location. On average, it moves 15 km in one year. In recent years, the speed of movement of the magnetic poles has increased dramatically. For example, the magnetic North Pole is now moving at a speed of about 40 km per year.

The change in the Earth's magnetic poles is called magnetic field inversion.

Throughout the geological history of our planet, the earth's magnetic field has changed its polarity more than 100 times.

The magnetic field is characterized by its strength. In some places on Earth, magnetic lines of force deviate from the normal field, forming anomalies. For example, in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), the field strength is four times higher than normal.

There are daily changes in the Earth's magnetic field. The reason for these changes in the Earth's magnetic field is electric currents flowing in the atmosphere at high altitudes. They are caused by solar radiation. By the action of the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field is distorted and acquires a "trail" in the direction from the Sun, which extends for hundreds of thousands of kilometers. The main reason for the appearance of the solar wind, as we already know, is the huge ejections of matter from the sun's corona. When moving towards the Earth, they turn into magnetic clouds and lead to strong, sometimes extreme, disturbances on the Earth. Especially strong perturbations of the Earth's magnetic field - magnetic storms. Some magnetic storms start unexpectedly and almost simultaneously throughout the Earth, while others develop gradually. They can last for several hours or even days. Often, magnetic storms occur 1-2 days after a solar flare due to the passage of the Earth through a stream of particles ejected by the Sun. Based on the delay time, the speed of such a corpuscular stream is estimated at several million km / h.

During strong magnetic storms, the normal operation of the telegraph, telephone and radio is disrupted.

Magnetic storms are often observed at latitudes 66-67 ° (in the auroral zone) and occur simultaneously with auroras.

The structure of the Earth's magnetic field changes depending on the latitude of the area. The magnetic field permeability increases towards the poles. Above the polar regions, the magnetic field lines are more or less perpendicular to the earth's surface and have a funnel-shaped configuration. Through them, part of the solar wind from the daytime side penetrates into the magnetosphere, and then into the upper atmosphere. Particles from the tail of the magnetosphere rush here during the period of magnetic storms, reaching the boundaries of the upper atmosphere at high latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is these charged particles that cause the auroras here.

So, magnetic storms and daily changes in the magnetic field are explained, as we have already found out, by solar radiation. But what is the main reason for the permanent magnetism of the Earth? It was theoretically possible to prove that 99% of the Earth's magnetic field is caused by sources hidden inside the planet. The main magnetic field is due to sources located deep in the Earth. They can be roughly divided into two groups. Most of them are associated with processes in the earth's core, where a system of electric currents is created due to continuous and regular movements of an electrically conductive substance. The other is connected with the fact that the rocks of the earth's crust, being magnetized by the main electric field (the field of the core), create their own magnetic field, which is added to the magnetic field of the core.

In addition to the magnetic field, there are other fields around the Earth: a) gravitational; b) electrical; c) thermal.

Gravitational field The earth is called the gravity field. It is directed along a plumb line perpendicular to the geoid surface. If the Earth had the figure of an ellipsoid of revolution and the masses were evenly distributed in it, then it would have a normal gravitational field. The difference between the strength of the real gravitational field and the theoretical one is the gravity anomaly. Different material composition and density of rocks cause these anomalies. But other reasons are also possible. They can be explained by the following process - the balance of the hard and relatively light crust on the heavier upper mantle, where the pressure of the overlying layers is equalized. These currents cause tectonic deformations, the movement of lithospheric plates, and thereby create the Earth's macro-relief. Gravity keeps the atmosphere, hydrosphere, people, animals on Earth. The force of gravity must be taken into account when studying the processes in the geographic envelope. The term " geotropism”Refers to the growth movements of plant organs, which, under the influence of gravity, always ensure the vertical direction of growth of the primary root perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. Gravitational biology uses plants as experimental objects.

If you do not take into account the force of gravity, it is impossible to calculate the initial data for launching rockets and spaceships, to make gravimetric exploration of ore minerals, and, finally, the further development of astronomy, physics and other sciences is impossible.

There are magnetic poles in the polar regions of the Earth, the North Pole in the Arctic, and the South Pole in Antarctica.

The North Magnetic Pole of the Earth was discovered by the English polar explorer John Ross in 1831 in the Canadian archipelago, where the magnetic needle of the compass took a vertical position. Ten years later, in 1841, his nephew James Ross reached another magnetic pole of the Earth, which is located in Antarctica.

The North Magnetic Pole is the conditional point of intersection of the imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth with its surface in the Northern Hemisphere, in which the Earth's magnetic field is directed at an angle of 90 ° to its surface.

Although the North Pole of the Earth is called the North Magnetic Pole, it is not. Because from the point of view of physics, this pole is "south" (plus), since it attracts the compass needle of the north (minus) pole.

In addition, the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic ones, because they are constantly shifting, drifting.

Academic science explains that the Earth has magnetic poles by the fact that the Earth has a solid body, the substance of which contains particles of magnetic metals and inside which there is a red-hot iron core.

And one of the reasons for the movement of the poles, according to scientists, is the Sun. Streams of charged particles from the Sun entering the Earth's magnetosphere generate electric currents in the ionosphere, which in turn generate secondary magnetic fields that excite the Earth's magnetic field. Due to this, a diurnal elliptical movement of the magnetic poles takes place.

According to scientists, local magnetic fields generated by the magnetization of the earth's crust also affect the movement of magnetic poles. Therefore, there is no exact location within 1 km of the magnetic pole.

The sharpest displacement of the North Magnetic Pole up to 15 km per year took place in the 70s (until 1971 it was 9 km per year). The South Pole behaves more calmly, the displacement of the magnetic pole occurs within 4-5 km per year.

If we consider the Earth to be integral, filled with matter, with a hot iron core inside, then a contradiction arises. Because the red-hot iron loses its magnetism. Therefore, such a core cannot form terrestrial magnetism.

And at the earth's poles no magnetic substance was found that would create a magnetic anomaly. And if in Antarctica magnetic matter can still lie under the ice, then at the North Pole it cannot. Since it is covered by the ocean, water that has no magnetic properties.

The displacement of the magnetic poles cannot be explained at all by the scientific theory of the integral material Earth, because the magnetic substance cannot change its location so quickly inside the Earth.

The scientific theory about the influence of the sun on the movement of the poles also has contradictions. How can charged solar matter get into the ionosphere and to the Earth, if there are several radiation belts behind the ionosphere (now 7 belts are open).

As is known from the properties of the radiation belts, they do not release particles of matter and energy from the Earth into space and do not let into the Earth from space. Therefore, it is absurd to talk about the influence of the solar wind on the earth's magnetic poles, since this wind does not reach them.

What can create a magnetic field? It is known from physics that a magnetic field is formed around a conductor through which an electric current flows, or around a permanent magnet, or by the spins of charged particles with a magnetic moment.

The spin theory is suitable from the listed reasons for the formation of a magnetic field. Because, as already mentioned, there is no permanent magnet at the poles, and there is no electric current either. But the spin origin of magnetism at the Earth's poles is possible.

The spin origin of magnetism is based on the fact that elementary particles with nonzero spin such as protons, neutrons and electrons are elementary magnets. Taking the same angular orientation, such elementary particles create an ordered spin (or torsion) and magnetic field.

The source of the ordered torsion field can be located inside the hollow Earth. And it can be plasma.

In this case, at the North Pole there is an exit to the earth's surface of an ordered positive (right-handed) torsion field, and at the South Pole - an ordered negative (left-handed) torsion field.

In addition, these fields are also dynamic torsion fields. This proves that the Earth generates information, that is, thinks, thinks and feels.

Now the question arises why the climate at the earth's poles has changed so dramatically - from a subtropical climate to a polar climate - and ice is constantly forming? Although recently there has been a slight acceleration of ice melting.

Huge icebergs appear from nowhere. The sea does not give birth to them: the water in it is salty, and icebergs, without exception, consist of fresh water. If we assume that they appeared as a result of rain, then the question arises: “How can insignificant precipitation - less than five centimeters of precipitation per year - form such ice giants, which are, for example, in Antarctica?

The formation of ice at the Earth's poles once again proves the Hollow Earth theory, because ice is a continuation of the process of crystallization and coverage of the earth's surface by matter.

Natural ice is a crystalline state of water with a hexagonal lattice, where each molecule is surrounded by four molecules closest to it, which are at the same distance from it and are located at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.

Natural ice is of sedimentary-metamorphic origin and is formed from solid atmospheric precipitation as a result of their further compaction and recrystallization. That is, ice formation does not come from the middle of the Earth, but from the surrounding space - the crystalline earth frame that envelops it.

In addition, everything on the poles increases in weight. Although the increase in weight is not that great, for example, 1 ton weighs 5 kg more. That is, everything that is at the poles undergoes crystallization.

Let's go back to the question that the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic poles. The geographic pole is the place where the earth's axis is located - an imaginary axis of rotation that passes through the center of the earth and intersects the earth's surface at coordinates 0 ° north and south and 0 ° north and south latitude. The Earth's axis is tilted 23 ° 30 "to its own orbit.

Obviously, at the beginning, the earth's axis coincided with the earth's magnetic pole, and in this place an ordered torsion field emerged on the earth's surface. But along with the ordered torsion field, gradual crystallization of the surface layer took place, which led to the formation of matter and its gradual accumulation.

The formed substance tried to cover the point of intersection of the earth's axis, but its rotation did not allow it to be done. Therefore, a groove was formed around the point of intersection, which increased in diameter and depth. And along the edge of the trough, an ordered torsion field and, at the same time, a magnetic field were concentrated at a certain point.

This point with an ordered torsion field and magnetic field crystallized a certain space and increased its weight. Therefore, it began to play the role of a flywheel or pendulum, which provided and now provides a continuous rotation of the earth's axis. As soon as slight disruptions in the rotation of the axis occur, the magnetic pole changes its position - it approaches the axis of rotation, then it moves away.

And this process of ensuring the continuous rotation of the earth's axis is not the same at the earth's magnetic poles, so they cannot be connected with a straight line through the center of the earth. To make it clear, for example, let's take the coordinates of the earth's magnetic poles for several years.

Magnetic North Pole - Arctic
2004 - 82.3 ° N sh. and 113.4 ° W. etc.
2007 - 83.95 ° N sh. and 120.72 ° W. etc.
2015 - 86.29 ° N sh. and 160.06 ° W. etc.

Magnetic South Pole - Antarctica
2004 - 63.5 ° S. sh. and 138.0 ° E. etc.
2007 - 64.497 ° S sh. and 137.684 ° E. etc.
2015 - 64.28 ° S sh. and 136.59 ° E. etc.

Did you know that the Earth has 4 poles: two geographic and two magnetic? And the geographic poles are not the same as the magnetic ones. Do you want to know where the magnetic

Poles of the Earth? At the end of the twentieth century, in accordance with their names, they were: the northern one - in the depths of the northern coast of Canada, and the southern one - a hundred kilometers from the edge of Antarctica.

Where are the earth's magnetic poles now? They are constantly moving. For example, the northern one in 1831 (at the time of its discovery) was at 70 degrees north. sh. In Canada. After 70 years, the polar explorer R. Amundsen found him 50 km to the north. Scientists became interested in this and began to follow. It turned out that the pole "travels" with increasing speed. At first, its speed was low, but in recent years it has grown to 40 km / year. At this rate, by 2050 the North Magnetic Pole will be "registered" in Russia. And this will bring not only beautiful pictures of the northern lights, which will become visible to almost all of Siberia, but also problems in using the compass. Also, the level of radiation from space

and rays, because near the poles the Earth's magnetic field is much smaller than at the equator. Measurements showed that over 150 years, the Earth's magnetic field has decreased by 10%. And it is a very effective means of protecting all living things from hard solar and cosmic radiation. American astronauts who flew to the Moon came out of the cover of the Earth's magnetic field and received a mild form of radiation sickness. And as they did not look from the moon, but they could not see where the magnetic poles of the Earth are.

Land in Antarctica

Antarctica is a part of the Earth near the South Pole. She received the name "Anti-Arctic" or Ant-Arctic, as the antagonist of the Arctic. The name of the latter comes from the ancient Greek arktos - Bear. This is what the ancient Greeks called it with the Pole Star, known to all travelers.

Antarctica consists of the mainland Antarctica, the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and Ross, the Commonwealth, Weddell, Amundsen and others. ... etc. Thus, Antarctica occupies the area of \u200b\u200bthe 50-60th southern parallels.

Antarctica is the most, most, the most ...

Antarctica is the largest and driest desert - the level of precipitation is less than 100 mm per year: from 40-50 mm in the center to 600 mm in the north of the Antarctic Peninsula. The best known in narrow circles are Dry Valleys. It has not rained here for 2,000,000 years. A neighbor of the Dry Valleys - where there has been no rain for only 400 years. The lakes in this valley are the saltiest in the world. in comparison with them - almost bland.

Antarctica is the most severe in terms of climate, the minimum temperature on Earth was recorded at the Soviet Antarctic station "Vostok" on July 21, 1983 - minus 89.6 ° C.

Antarctica is the place of the strongest winds. Katabatic winds have a dashing fame. Air, in contact with glaciers at an altitude of 1000 to 4500 m, cools down, becomes denser and begins to accelerate to the coast, sometimes reaching a speed of 320 km / h.

Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. Only 0.2-0.3% of its surface is not covered with ice - in the western part of the continent, as well as coastal areas or individual ridges and peaks (nunataks).

In summer, south of the Arctic Circle, these areas get very hot, and then the air above them heats up. For example, in the Dry Valley in Victoria Land in December 1961 it was + 23.9 ° C.

Now you have learned where the earth's magnetic poles are.