Azov campaigns of Peter I. Azov campaigns What led to the decision stimulating the continuation of the Russian-Turkish war
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Azov campaigns and the struggle for access to the southern seas
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Plan: 1) Introduction 2) Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. The first Azov campaign of 1695; Second Azov campaign of 1696; The value of the Azov campaigns; 3) Russian-Turkish war (1710-1713) Left bank of Ukraine Right bank of Ukraine Kuban Campaign to Crimea Prut campaign (1711) 4) Persian campaign (1722-1723) Campaign of 1722; Campaign of 1723; Outcome. 5) Results of foreign policy. 6) Bibliography
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Azov campaigns of 1695 and 1696 - Russian military campaigns against the Ottoman Empire; were undertaken by Peter I at the beginning of his reign and ended with the capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov. They can be considered the first significant accomplishment of the young king. These military campaigns were the first step towards solving one of the main tasks facing Russia at that time - obtaining access to the sea. Introduction
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The choice of the southern direction as the first goal is due to several main reasons: the war with the Ottoman Empire seemed an easier task than the conflict with Sweden, which closes access to the Baltic Sea. the capture of Azov would have made it possible to secure the southern regions of the country from the raids of the Crimean Tatars. Russia's allies in the anti-Turkish coalition (the Commonwealth, Austria and Venice) demanded that Peter I begin military operations against Turkey.
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The first Azov campaign of 1695 It was decided to strike not at the Crimean Tatars, as in the campaigns of Golitsyn, but at the Turkish fortress of Azov. The route has also been changed: not through the desert steppes, but along the Volga and Don regions. In the winter and spring of 1695, transport ships were built on the Don: plows, sea boats and rafts to deliver troops, ammunition, artillery and food for relocation to Azov. This can be considered the beginning, albeit imperfect for solving military problems at sea, but - the first Russian fleet
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In the spring of 1695, the 3rd army groups under the command of Golovin, Gordon and Lefort moved south. During the campaign, Peter combined the duties of the first scorer and the actual leader of the entire campaign. The Sheremetyev group and Mazepa's Cossacks acted from the Ukrainian side.
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On the Dnieper, the Russian army conquered three fortresses from the Turks (July 30 - Kyzy-Kermen, August 1 - Eski-Tavan, August 3 - Aslan-Kermen), and at the end of June the main forces besieged Azov (a fortress at the mouth of the Don). Gordon stood against the south side, Lefort to his left, Golovin, with whose detachment the tsar was also located, to the right. On July 2, troops under the command of Gordon began siege work.
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On July 5, the corps of Golovin and Lefort joined them. On July 14 and 16, the Russians managed to occupy the towers - two stone towers on both banks of the Don, above Azov, with iron chains stretched between them, which blocked river vessels from entering the sea. This was in fact the highest success of the campaign. Two attempts were made to storm (August 5 and September 25), but the fortress could not be taken. On October 20, the siege was lifted.
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The Second Azov Campaign of 1696 Throughout the winter of 1696, the Russian army was preparing for the second campaign. In January, large-scale shipbuilding was launched at the shipyards of Voronezh and Preobrazhensky. The galleys built in Preobrazhensky were dismantled, transported to Voronezh, where they were reassembled and launched on the Don. Over 25 thousand peasants and townspeople were mobilized from the nearest district for the construction of the fleet. Craftsmen from Austria were invited to build the ships. 2 large ships, 23 galleys and more than 1300 plows, barges and small ships were built.
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The command of the troops was also reorganized. Lefort was placed at the head of the fleet, the ground forces were entrusted to the boyar Shein.
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The highest decree was issued, according to which the serfs who joined the army received freedom. The land army doubled in size, reaching 70,000 men. It also included Ukrainian and Don Cossacks and Kalmyk cavalry. On May 16, Russian troops again laid siege to Azov.
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On May 20, Cossacks in galleys at the mouth of the Don attacked a caravan of Turkish cargo ships. As a result, 2 galleys and 9 small ships were destroyed, and one small ship was captured. On May 27, the fleet entered the Sea of Azov and cut off the fortress from sources of supply by sea. The approaching Turkish military flotilla did not dare to join the battle. On June 10 and June 24, attacks by the Turkish garrison were repulsed, reinforced by 60,000 Tatars camped south of Azov, across the Kagalnik River. On July 16, the preparatory siege work was completed. On July 17, 1,500 Don Cossacks and part of the Ukrainian Cossacks broke into the fortress without permission and settled in two bastions. On July 19, after prolonged artillery shelling, the Azov garrison surrendered.
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In honor of the capture of this fortress, a medal with the image of Peter the Great was knocked out. The inscription on it read "Winner with lightning and waters."
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On July 20, the Lyutikh fortress, located at the mouth of the northernmost branch of the Don, also surrendered. Already by July 23, Peter approved a plan for new fortifications in the fortress, which by this time had been badly damaged as a result of artillery shelling. Azov did not have a convenient harbor for basing the navy. For this purpose, on July 27, 1696, a better place was chosen on Tagany Musa, where Taganrog was founded two years later. Voivode Shein became the first Russian generalissimo for his services in the second Azov campaign.
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Significance of the Azov campaigns The Azov campaign in practice demonstrated the importance of artillery and the fleet for waging war. It is a notable example of the successful interaction of the fleet and ground forces during the siege of a seaside fortress, which stands out especially clearly against the background of the similar failures of the British during the storming of Quebec (1691) and Saint-Pierre (1693).
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The preparation of campaigns clearly showed Peter's organizational and strategic abilities. For the first time, such important qualities as his ability to draw conclusions from failures and gather strength for a second strike appeared. Despite the success, at the end of the campaign, the incompleteness of the results achieved became obvious: without the capture of the Crimea, or at least Kerch, access to the Black Sea was still impossible. To hold Azov, it was necessary to strengthen the fleet.
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On October 20, 1696, the Boyar Duma proclaims "Sea ships will be ..." This date can be considered the birthday of the Russian regular navy. An extensive shipbuilding program is approved - 52 (later 77) ships; new duties are introduced to finance it. On November 22, a decree was announced on sending nobles to study abroad. The war with Turkey is not yet over, and therefore, in order to better understand the balance of power, find allies in the war against Turkey and confirm the existing alliance - the Holy League, finally, to strengthen the position of Russia, the "Great Embassy" was organized. The war with Turkey ended with the Treaty of Constantinople (1700).
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Russian-Turkish war (1710-1713) The Russian-Turkish war of 1710-1713 is a war between the Russian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. The main event was the unsuccessful Prut campaign of Tsar Peter I in 1711, which led Russia to defeat in the war.
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Left Bank of Ukraine In January 1711, the Crimean army (80-90 thousand people) left the Crimea. On the left bank of the Dnieper, the khan led up to 40 thousand soldiers, on the right bank of the Dnieper, Mehmed Giray went to Kiev with 40 thousand Crimeans, accompanied by 7-8 thousand Cossacks (supporters of Orlik and the Cossacks), 3-5 thousand Pototsky Poles and a small Swedish detachment of Colonel Zülich (700 soldier). Left Bank of Ukraine On the Left Bank, Khan Devlet II Giray counted on the help of the Nogais from the Kuban. The Russian troops opposing the Crimeans on the Left Bank consisted of 11 thousand soldiers of Major General F. F. Shidlovsky in the Kharkov region, Apraksin's corps near Voronezh and 5 thousand Don Cossacks. Faced with the Belgorod and Izyum fortress defensive lines, the Crimeans turned to the Crimea in mid-March, leaving a 1,500-strong garrison under the general command of the Zaporizhzhya colonel Nestuley in the Novosergievsky fortress they captured without a fight. In April, the Novosergievskaya fortress was liberated by Shidlovsky's detachment.
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The Right Bank of Ukraine At first, the combined forces of the Crimeans, Orliks, Cossacks and Poles were successful on the right bank of the Dnieper, poorly covered by Russian troops. The Allies captured a number of fortresses and defeated a detachment of Yesaul Butovich, sent by Hetman Skoropadsky, at Lisyanka. However, then serious disagreements began between Ukrainians, Poles and Crimeans. The Cossacks called for the struggle for the independence of Ukraine, the Poles of Potocki wanted Ukraine to join the Commonwealth, the Crimean army was interested in robbing and stealing captives. March 25 (old style) 30 thousand Crimeans and Cossacks approached the White Church. Their first assault was repulsed by the Russian garrison (about 1000 people), the next day the garrison made sorties, in which the Crimeans suffered heavy losses and preferred to retreat to Fastov. After this defeat, the Crimean detachments began to rob and capture civilians. The commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in Ukraine, Golitsyn, gathered 9 dragoon and 2 infantry regiments to repel the raid, which forced Orlik and Mehmed Giray to retreat to Bendery, Ottoman possessions, at the end of April. On April 15 (26), 1711, near Boguslav, Golitsyn overtook part of the Crimeans and recaptured over 7 thousand captured prisoners.
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Kuban Back in January 1711, it was decided to send an expedition to the Kuban under the command of the Kazan governor P. M. Apraksin. In May, 3 infantry and 3 dragoon regiments (6300 people) left Kazan, irregular troops and Yaik Cossacks joined them in Tsaritsyn. Later, 20,000 Kalmyk taishi Ayuki approached. In August, Apraksin left Azov and headed for the Kuban. In a victory report, it was reported that more than 11 thousand Nogais were beaten, and 21 thousand were taken prisoner. In September, the Russians and Kalmyks defeated Bakht Giray's army of 7,000 Tatars and 4,000 Nekrasov Cossacks. The Russian was recaptured full of 2 thousand people. The news of the conclusion of the Prut peace forced Apraksin to return to Azov.
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Campaign to the Crimea After repulsing the attack of the Crimeans on Ukraine, the Russian troops under the command of Buturlin went on the offensive. On May 30, 1711, 7 infantry and 1 dragoon regiments (7178 people), as well as 20,000 Skoropadsky's Cossacks, went on a campaign against the Crimea. The movement of the troops was extremely hampered by the bulky convoy, which carried supplies needed in the arid steppes. Initially, it was planned to send light Cossack detachments to the Crimea through the Sivash, but, as it turned out, this could not be done due to the lack of light ships. Famine began in the troops, they ate only horse meat. Devlet II withdrew part of the cavalry from the Crimea and began large-scale partisan operations in the rear of the Russian troops: both in the troops trying to block Perekop and in the rear of the main army moving with Peter I to the Danube. Hunger and the actions of the Crimeans forced Buturlin and Skoropadsky to retreat from the Crimea at the end of July.
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Prut campaign (1711) In April 1711, Russia entered into an alliance with the Moldavian ruler Dmitry Cantemir, on May 27-30, Boris Sheremetev sent his cavalry across the Dniester to the territory of Moldova and moved to Isaccha to capture the crossings across the Danube, but, having received information about the approach to the Danube large Ottoman forces, turned to Iasi, where on June 25 the main forces of the Russian army under the command of Peter I approached. with 70,000 cavalry of the Crimean Khan Devlet II Giray. Peter I, having sent the 7,000th cavalry detachment of General Karl Renne to Brailov, on June 30 with the main forces (38 thousand Russians, 114 guns) moved along the right bank of the Prut and reached Stanileshti on July 7.
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The Ottomans crossed the Prut at Falci and on July 8 attacked the Russian vanguard south of Stanilesti. Russian troops withdrew to a fortified camp near New Stanileshti, which was surrounded by the enemy on July 9. The assault was repulsed, the Turks lost 8 thousand, but the position of the Russian troops became critical due to the lack of ammunition and food. Negotiations began and on July 12, 1711, the Prut peace treaty was concluded. Russian troops (as well as part of the Moldovans with Cantemir) received a free exit from Moldova, but Russia returned the Azov to the Ottoman Empire and liquidated the fortresses on the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. The state of war continued until 1713, as the Sultan put forward new demands to which Russia did not agree. The Adrianople Peace Treaty (1713) was concluded on the terms of the Prut Peace Treaty of 1711.
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Persian campaign (1722-1723) The Persian campaign of 1722-1723 (Russian-Persian war of 1722-1723) was a campaign of the Russian army and navy in Northern Azerbaijan and Dagestan, which belonged to Persia.
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Date: June 18, 1722 - September 12, 1723 Place: coast of the Caspian Sea Reason: seize territories, persuade Persian khans to be friends with Russia, explore gold deposits, find trade routes to India Result: Russian victory Territorial changes: cities of Derbent, Baku moved to Russia , Rasht and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad
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Campaign of 1722 July 18, the entire flotilla numbering 274 ships went to sea under the command of General Admiral Count Apraksin. At the head of the avant-garde was Peter I. On July 20, the fleet entered the Caspian Sea and followed the western coast for a week. On July 27, the infantry landed at Cape Agrakhan, 4 versts below the mouth of the Koysu River. A few days later the cavalry arrived and linked up with the main body. On August 5, the Russian army continued to move towards Derbent. On August 6, on the Sulak River, the Kabardian princes Murza Cherkassky and Aslan-Bek joined the army with their detachments. On August 8, she crossed the Sulak River. On August 15, the troops approached Tarki, the seat of Shamkhal. On August 19, an attack by a 10,000-strong detachment of the Otemish Sultan Magmud and a 6,000-strong detachment of the Khaitak Ahmed Khan was repulsed.
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Peter's ally was the Kumyk shamkhal Adil Giray. On August 23, Russian troops entered Derbent. Derbent was a strategically important city, as it covered the coastal route along the Caspian Sea. On August 28, all Russian forces, including the flotilla, converged on the city. Further progress to the south was stopped by a strong storm, which sank all the ships with food. Peter I decided to leave the garrison in the city and returned with the main forces to Astrakhan, where he began preparations for the campaign of 1723. In September, Vakhtang VI entered Karabakh with an army, where he fought against the rebel Lezgins. After the capture of Ganja, the Georgians were joined by Armenian troops led by the Gandzasar Catholicos Isaiah. Near Ganja, in anticipation of Peter, the Georgian-Armenian army stood for two months, but after learning about the departure of the Russian army from the Caucasus, Vakhtang and Isaiah returned with the troops to their possessions. In November, an assault force from five companies was landed in the Persian province of Gilan under the command of Colonel Shipov to occupy the city of Ryashch. Later, in March of the following year, the Ryashchi vizier organized an uprising and, with a force of 15 thousand people, tried to dislodge the Shipov detachment that occupied Ryashch. All Persian attacks were repulsed.
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Campaign of 1723 During the second Persian campaign, a much smaller detachment was sent to Persia under the command of Matyushkin, and Peter I only directed the actions of Matyushkin from the Russian Empire. 15 heckbots, field and siege artillery and infantry took part in the campaign. On June 20, the detachment moved south, followed by a fleet of geckbots from Kazan. On July 6, ground forces approached Baku. On the offer of Matyushkin to voluntarily surrender the city, its residents refused. On July 21, with 4 battalions and two field guns, the Russians repulsed the sortie of the besieged. Meanwhile, 7 geckboats anchored next to the city wall and began to fire heavily at it, thereby destroying the fortress artillery and partially destroying the wall. On July 25, an assault was planned from the side of the sea through the gaps formed in the wall, but a strong wind rose, which drove the Russian ships away. The residents of Baku managed to take advantage of this by filling up all the gaps in the wall, but anyway, on July 26, the city capitulated without a fight. Matyushkin F.F.
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Result The success of the Russian troops during the campaign and the invasion of the Ottoman army in Transcaucasia forced Persia to conclude a peace treaty in St. Petersburg on September 12, 1723, according to which Derbent, Baku, Rasht, the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad were ceded to Russia. Peter I had to refuse to penetrate into the central regions of Transcaucasia, since in the summer of 1723 the Ottomans invaded there, devastating Georgia, Armenia and the western part of modern Azerbaijan. In 1724, the Treaty of Constantinople was concluded with the Porte, according to which the sultan recognized Russia's acquisitions in the Caspian Sea, and Russia - the rights of the sultan to Western Transcaucasia.
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Bibliography Literature: - Vasilenko N. P., - Turkish wars of Russia // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional) - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. - O. Bartenev and others, - History of Russia // Encyclopedia - Tver, ed. AST, 1999 - Solovyov S. M. Chapter 2 // History of Russia since ancient times T. XVI. - article "Persian campaign 1722-1723", Volkov V. - http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Peter_I Filmography: -TV Center, star media "Russia's entry to the Caspian Sea"
Azov campaigns of Peter 1 (1695 - 1696) - campaigns of the Russian army and fleet under the command of Peter I to Azov, at the mouth of the Don to gain access to the Black Sea. 1695 - the first Azov campaign, in which the ground forces participated, was unsuccessful. 1696 - as a result of the second campaign, the Turkish fortress of Azov was taken by the joint actions of the army and navy.
Russia went to the Azov and Black Seas, but this meant a war with the Ottoman Empire, which Russia at that time could not wage alone.
Causes of the Azov campaigns of Peter 1
Access to the sea was necessary, it was necessary to put an end to the constant incursions of the Crimean Khanate into the southern Russian lands and to ensure the possibility of greater use and settlement of the fertile southern lands.
First Azov campaign (1695)
During the military campaign, he combined the duties of the first scorer and the actual leader of the entire campaign. The first Azov campaign took place in 1695, when it was decided to resume active hostilities and strike at the Turkish fortress of Azov. For strategic reasons, the movement of Russian troops was planned along the Volga and Don regions, and not through the desert steppes. For the successful conduct of hostilities on the Don River, sea boats, transport vessels and rafts were built for the redeployment of troops, ammunition, artillery and food to Azov.
1695, spring - the Russian army in three groups under the command of Lefort (13,000 people), Gordon (9,500 people), Golovin (7,000 people) with military equipment (43 guns, 44 squeaks, 114 mortars) went south. On the Dnieper, the army of the governor and the Cossacks of I. Mazepa acted against the troops of the Crimean Tatars. It was possible to win three fortresses from the Turks: July 30 - Kyzy-Kermen; August 1 - Eski-Tavan; August 3 - Aslan-Kermen. At the end of June, the main forces of the Russian army besieged the fortress of Azov. Gordon's army took up positions opposite the south side of Azov, Lefort to his left, Peter I and Golovin to his right.
On July 14 and 16, Russian troops were able to occupy two stone towers along the banks of the Don, above Azov, with iron chains stretched between them, blocking river vessels from entering the sea. This was in fact the biggest success during this campaign. The fortress housed a 7,000-strong Turkish garrison under Bey Gassan-Araslan. On August 5, the infantry regiments of Lefort, supported by 2,500 Cossacks, made the first attempt to storm the fortress, which ended unsuccessfully. The Russians lost 1,500 killed and wounded.
September 25, 1696 - the second assault on the fortress was launched. The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments with 1000 Don Cossacks were able to capture part of the fortifications and broke into the city, but, due to the inconsistency of the Russian troops, the Turks were able to regroup, the Cossacks had to retreat. On October 2, the siege was lifted. 3000 archers were left in the captured defensive towers.
Reasons for the defeat of the first campaign
Despite careful preparation, the first Azov campaign was unsuccessful. There was no unified command, lack of experience in the siege of strong fortresses, there was not enough artillery. And most importantly, the besiegers did not have a fleet in order to block Azov from the sea and block the delivery of reinforcements, ammunition and food to the besieged.
Preparation for the second Azov campaign
1696 - throughout the winter, Russian troops were preparing for the second campaign. In January, large-scale construction of ships was launched in Voronezh and Preobrazhensky. The galleys built in Preobrazhensky were dismantled, transported to Voronezh, where they were reassembled and lowered into the Don River. More than 25,000 peasants and townspeople were mobilized to build a fleet. Craftsmen from Austria were invited to build the ships. 2 large ships, 23 galleys and more than 1300 plows, barges and small ships were built. The command of the troops was also reorganized: Lefort was put in command of the fleet, the boyar Shein was put in command of the ground forces. A royal decree was issued, according to which dependent peasants who joined the troops received freedom. As a result, the ground army doubled, reaching 70,000 people. It also included Zaporozhye, Don Cossacks, Kalmyk cavalry.
Second Azov campaign (1696)
On May 16, the Russian army again laid siege to Azov. On May 20, the Cossacks at the mouth of the Don attacked a caravan of Turkish cargo ships - they destroyed 2 galleys and 9 small ships, captured one small ship. On May 27, the Russian fleet, having entered the Sea of Azov, cut off the fortress from sources of supply by sea. The military flotilla of the Turks did not dare to join the battle. On June 10 and 24, the advances of the Turkish garrison and 60,000 Tatars were repulsed. July 17 - 1500 Don Cossacks and part of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks entered the fortress and settled in two bastions. July 19 - after a long artillery shelling, the Azov garrison surrendered.
The value of the Azov campaigns
The Azov campaigns of Peter I were of great importance, it was a serious strategic success for the Russians, because Azov ceased to serve as the northeastern stronghold of Turkey's imperial aspirations.
The military campaign practically showed the importance of artillery and fleet for the conduct of hostilities; it was an example of the successful interaction of the fleet and ground forces during the siege of the fortress of Azov; showed the organizational and strategic abilities of Peter I - the ability to draw conclusions from failures and focus on the strategy of a second strike; the need to build a strong fleet and provide the state with qualified specialists in the field of marine shipbuilding became obvious. These campaigns gave rise to the most important undertakings of Peter I, which in many respects were able to determine the further nature of his reign.
However, access to the Black Sea was blocked by Kerch, which could only be captured as a result of a long and difficult war, in which allies were needed. Their search became one of the reasons for the “Great Embassy” to Western Europe (1697-1698).
In 1395 it was destroyed by Tamerlane. Since 1475 Turkish fortress. As part of Russia since 1739 (finally since 1774).]. The change in the direction of the main blow was due to a number of reasons. The unsuccessful experience of Golitsyn's campaigns predetermined the choice of a more modest goal. The object of the onslaught was now not the center of the khanate, but its eastern flank, the starting point of the Crimean-Turkish aggression towards the Volga region and Moscow. With the capture of Azov, the land connection between the possessions of the Crimean Khanate in the Northern Black Sea region and the North Caucasus was broken. Owning this fortress, the tsar strengthened control not only over the khanate, but also over the Don Cossacks. In addition, Azov opened Russia's access to the Sea of Azov. The relative convenience of communication also played an important role in the choice of the object of the campaign. Unlike the path to Perekop, the path to Azov ran along the rivers (Don, Volga) and through fairly populated areas. This freed the troops from unnecessary carts and long marches across the sultry steppe.
"Azov seat" (1637-1641). The prologue to the Azov campaigns of Peter I was the so-called Azov seat - the defense of the Azov fortress, taken from the Turks in 1637, by the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks. In 1641, the Cossacks withstood the siege, in the summer of 1642, having destroyed the fortifications, they left Azov. Reflected in the military story, created on the Don - "Poetic Tale" (1642).
First Azov campaign (1695). The first Azov campaign began in March 1695. The main blow to Azov was dealt by an army commanded by generals Avton Golovin, Franz Lefort and Patrick Gordon (31 thousand people). In this army, the tsar himself was in the position of commander of the bombardment company. Another less significant grouping, led by Boris Sheremetev, operated in the lower reaches of the Dnieper to divert the troops of the Crimean Khan. Sheremetev captured 4 Turkish fortresses on the Dnieper (Islam-Kermen, Tagan, etc.), destroyed two of them, and left Russian garrisons in the other two. However, the main events unfolded on the Don. In July 1695, all Russian detachments finally gathered under the walls of Azov and on the 8th began shelling the fortress. On one of the batteries, the scorer Pyotr Alekseev himself stuffed grenades and fired around the city for 2 weeks. Thus began the military service of the tsar, about which he reported with a note: "He began to serve as a bombardier from the first Azov campaign." Azov was a strong Turkish fortress, surrounded by stone walls, in front of which an earthen rampart towered. Then followed a moat with a wooden palisade. Upstream of the river there were two stone towers on different banks, between which three iron chains were stretched. They blocked the way along the river. The fortress was defended by a 7,000-strong Turkish garrison. The siege lasted for 3 months, but it was not possible to achieve a complete blockade of the fortress. The lack of a Russian fleet allowed the besieged to receive support from the sea. The delivery of food to the Russian camp along the river was hindered by watchtowers with chains. They were taken by storm. But this was, perhaps, the only success of the first Azov campaign. Both assaults on Azov (August 5 and September 25) ended in failure. Artillery was not able to punch holes in the fortress wall. The stormers acted inconsistently, which allowed the Turks to regroup their forces in time to repulse. In October the siege was lifted and the troops returned to Moscow. The only trophy of the campaign was a captured Turk, who was led through the streets of the capital and shown to the curious.
Second Azov campaign (1696). After the failure of the 1st Azov campaign, the king did not lose heart. Peter discovered remarkable strength to overcome obstacles. Returning from the campaign, he began to prepare for a new campaign. It was supposed to use the fleet. The place of its creation was Voronezh (founded in 1585 as a fortress). The king himself worked here with an ax in his hands. By the spring of 1696, 2 ships, 23 galleys, 4 firewalls, as well as a significant number of plows (1300) were built, on which Peter set out on a new campaign in the spring of 1696. In the 2nd Azov campaign, the number of Russian forces, led by the governor Alexei Shein, was brought to 75 thousand people. To divert the troops of the Crimean Khan, the Sheremetev group was again sent to the lower reaches of the Dnieper. As a result of joint actions of the army and navy, Azov was completely blocked. The attacks of the Crimean troops, who tried to prevent the siege, were repulsed. The onslaught from the sea was also reflected. On June 14, 1696, Cossack planes attacked a Turkish squadron with a 4,000-strong landing force that entered the mouth of the Don. Having lost two ships, the squadron went to sea. Behind her, the Russian squadron entered the sea for the first time. The attempt of the Turks to break through to Azov was unsuccessful, and their ships left the combat area. After the naval victory, the assault Cossack detachments under the command of chieftains Yakov Lizogub and Frol Minaev (2 thousand people) went on the attack. They were driven out of the inner fortifications, but managed to gain a foothold on the rampart, from where a direct shelling of the fortress began. After that, Peter ordered all the troops to prepare for a general assault. However, it did not follow. Deprived of support, the garrison threw out the white flag and surrendered on July 19, 1696. The capture of Azov was Russia's first major victory over the Ottoman Empire.
In honor of this victory, a medal with the image of Peter was knocked out. The inscription on it read: "Winner with lightning and waters." For successful actions in the 2nd Azov campaign, governor Alexei Shein was the first in Russia to receive the rank of generalissimo. The consequences of the Azov campaigns for the history of Russia were enormous. First, they expanded Peter's foreign policy plans. Access to the Sea of Azov did not solve the problem of Russia's access to the Black Sea, since the way there was reliably covered by Turkish fortresses in the Kerch Strait. To solve this problem, Peter organizes the Great Embassy to European countries. The tsar hoped with their help to oust the Turks from Europe and achieve Russia's access to the Black Sea coast. Secondly, the experience of the Azov campaigns convincingly confirmed the need for further reorganization of the Russian armed forces. The Azov campaigns marked the beginning of the creation of the Russian fleet. From 1699, the recruitment of a new regular army began. Its distinctive feature was the lifelong service of conscripts (in the regiments of a foreign system, soldiers, after a military campaign, as a rule, went home). The mission of the Great Embassy did not justify the hopes of Peter. In Europe in those years, the confrontation between France and Austria escalated, and no one sought a serious fight with Turkey. In 1699, at the Karlovitsky Congress, representatives of the countries of the "Holy League", with the exception of Russia, signed peace with the Ottoman Empire. A year later, Russia also concluded peace with Turkey. According to the Treaty of Constantinople (1700), the Russians received Azov with adjacent lands and stopped the tradition of sending gifts to the Crimean Khan. The collapse of the Black Sea hopes leads to the reorientation of Peter's foreign policy plans to the Baltic coast. Soon the Northern War began there, which became a turning point in the history of Russia.
"From Ancient Rus' to the Russian Empire". Shishkin Sergey Petrovich, Ufa.
Princess Sofya Alekseevna waged war with the Ottoman Empire in the Crimea, but when she was overthrown from the Russian throne, the battles with the Tatars and Turks temporarily stopped. However, in 1695, Peter 1 decided to resume hostilities, and the tsar set the capture of Azov as his goal.
One of the main reasons for the Azov campaigns was the desire to expand the borders of Russia to the Black Sea and increase the military power of the state. Also, Tsar Peter thus wanted to stop the raids of the Crimean Tatars on the original Russian lands, during which several million inhabitants of the Black Sea region were driven into slavery.
The spring of 1695 came and the Russian army moved south.
Toward the end of June, the fortress was already under siege. On July 2, a group commanded by Peter Gordon took up positions around Azov. In particular, two towers were taken on both banks of the Don. You can call this event the peak of the first Azov campaign undertaken by Peter 1.
On July 30, 1695, a separate corps under the command of Boris Sheremetev, together with the Cossacks of Ivan Mazepa, took the fortresses of Muberek-Kermen, Aslan-Kermen, Mustrik-Kermen and Kazi-Kermen on the Tavan Island.
The second Azov campaign began on May 16 with a second siege of the fortress.
On July 17, the Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks captured two of its bastions, and literally three days later, with the help of artillery, Azov was taken along with the Lyutikh fortress, which was located at the mouth of the northern part of the Don.
Thanks to the Azov campaign, it became clear that the fleet and artillery are important components of military operations. It was the siege of the fortress that showed the success of the interaction of the army on land and ships at sea.
Also, in the preparation of campaigns, the talents of Peter I as a military strategist and organizer were clearly manifested. He learned to learn from his tactical mistakes and avoid them in repeated strikes.
Although the fortress of Azov was taken, in order to gain a foothold in the Black Sea, Russia needed to possess Kerch, or better, the entire Crimean peninsula. In order not to surrender Azov, Peter had the task of strengthening his fleet. New modern ships and specialists in their construction were needed.
In October 1696, by decision of the Boyar Duma, the foundation of the navy was laid in the country. Since that time, Russia has set a course for the development of new territories. A start was given to domestic shipbuilding. To provide funding for the implementation of this ambitious project, new duties were introduced.
In November of the same year, Peter the Great sent the first nobles to Europe, who were engaged there in training in ship and naval affairs.
The war with the Turks ended in 1700 after the signing of a peace treaty in Constantinople, which was the main result of the Azov campaigns of Peter 1.
The capture of Azov convinced the tsar of the need to continue further military reforms, as well as to involve Russia in European politics.
Peter did not manage to fully gain a foothold in the Black Sea region. He turned his attention to the annexation of the Baltic region and in 1711 Azov was again surrendered.
FIRST AZOV TRIP
Golitsyn's experience showed that steppe campaigns could not promise success, and therefore it was decided to direct the campaign to Azov, the path to which was facilitated by the Don and the settlements of the Don Cossacks close to the city. The capture of an important Turkish fortress could have made a stronger impression in Europe than a war with the Tatars; The skipper must have been seduced by the idea that Azov was the key to the Sea of Azov. They wanted to blunder the Turks, accidentally attack Azov, and at the beginning of 1695 a campaign was announced - only to the Crimea. And indeed, a huge army, the old noble cavalry, under the command of the boyar Boris Petrovich Sheremetev, went to the lower reaches of the Dnieper, taking Little Russian Cossacks with them; but the army of the new system, regiments: Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, Butyrsky and Lefortov, together with Moscow archers, city soldiers and courtiers in total 31,000, marched under Azov under the command of three generals - Avtamon Golovin, Lefort and Gordon; the bombardment company was led by bombardier Pyotr Alekseev. In April, Gordon's advance detachment gathered in Tambov and set off by land through Cherkassk to Azov. The troops of Golovin and Lefort boarded ships in Moscow and sailed along the Moscow River, Oka and Volga. “We were joking near Kozhukhov, and now we’re going to play near Azov,” the scorer wrote to Apraksin in Arkhangelsk […]
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMY IN THE FIRST AZOV CAMPAIGN
AZOV CAMPAIGN 1696
Then the formal siege began on 16 May. The attack was carried out from the same side from which it had already been launched in the past year, and, moreover, the old lines were again used. The boyar and governor Aleksey Semenovich Shein stood in the middle, and with him there were about 15,000 infantry and up to 1,000 cavalry. General Gordon set up his camp on the right side with 19 regiments of infantry, in which there were up to 14,000 people; and between both camps were Russian bombardiers and grenadiers with artillery and military ammunition. On the left wing, Major-General Richman joined Sheinov's camp, with up to 7,000 infantrymen. Behind him stood the Cherkasy hetman with 10,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, and next to him on the left side were 4,000 foot Don Cossacks. The Kalmyks were assigned a place at the watchtower inside the circumvalence line, but Ayuka Khan did not come with his people. However, even during this siege, General Artamon Mikhailovich Golovin and Major General Mengden commanded. (The aforementioned major general measured out a great part of small and great Russia, according to his description, Field Marshal Count Yakov Vilimovich Bruce, being a captain in the Azov campaign, together with the Crimean Tartary, he made a landcard, which to this day is still revered as the most serviceable. It was issued in Amsterdam from Johann Teesing in Russian and Latin.) To carry out the attack, a bridge was built on the other side of the river, which was covered by trenches from the shore, and from the river by the Russian fleet stationed on both sides. Then, near the Don itself, against Azov, one large and two small trenches were made, in which 1,800 infantrymen with 12 guns and 17 mortars were placed. From these trenches, fierce shooting was incessantly carried out throughout the city.
[Bayer, G.-Z.] A brief description of all cases relating to Azov from the creation of this city to its return to the Russian state / transl. with him. lang. through I.K. Taubert Academy of Sciences Associate. - 3rd ed. - St. Petersburg: at Imp. Ak. Nauk, 1782. S. 169-170.
Alyoshka Shein beats your serf Alyoshka Shein with his forehead to the Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich of All Great and Small and White Russia.
In the current 204th year, according to you, the great sovereign of the tsar and the grand prince Peter Alekseevich of all the Great and Small and White Russia autocrat, I decree ordered me, your serf, to be on your, great sovereign, service in the grassroots Ozov campaign with a large regiment with your , the great sovereign, military with horse and foot people for fishing and searching over the Turkish city of Azov by sea and land.
And according to yours, the great sovereign, I decree, your serf, with yours, the great sovereign, military men with horsemen and footmen, I came to Azov on June 7th and became, having settled down as a wagon train, a military militia from Azov in nearby places.
And for God's hasty help, from that date over that city of Azov, fishery and search for a chinitsa with all desirable zeal. Immediately, that city of Azov is firmly besieged, there is no entry and exit to and from it, dry and waterways, the sea and the mouths of the Don are all locked up by the Moscow sea cow ships, and on them those enemy ways are taken away by your numerous, great sovereign, military men and cannons .
[…] And for a strong attack and protection in that attack of yours, the great sovereign, the Great Russian and Little Russian horse and foot military people to the city of Azov were taught to bring down an earthen rampart from the trench. And with that rampart and trenches they approached near the Azov city walls to the very moat and their cannons from the Azov people roared them and beat off their cannon fire.
And henceforth, that I, your serf, have military crafts over Azov and over enemy people in search of a chinitsa, about that to you, the great sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Peter Alekseevichi) of all Great and Small and White Russia to the autocrat, I, your serf, I will write. And I sent this reply, your serf, through the mail of July on the 15th day and ordered the boyar Tikhon Nikitichi Streshnev to submit it to the Rozryad.
From the history of the Azov campaign in 1696 // Historical archive, No. 2. 1959 http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Russ/XVII/1680-1700/Azov_pochod/text.htm
AZOV SURRENDERED TO SURRENDER
Failure, despite attempts to hide it, was announced. Peter's losses were no less than those of Golitsyn in 1687 and 1689. The discontent among the people against foreigners, who were credited with failure, was very great. Peter did not lose heart, did not drive out foreigners and did not leave the enterprise. For the first time he showed here all the strength of his energy and in one winter, with the help of foreigners, he built on the Don, at the mouth of the Voronezh River, a whole fleet of sea and river vessels. Parts of the galleys and plows were built by carpenters and soldiers in Moscow and in forest areas close to the Don. These parts were brought to Voronezh and whole ships were assembled from them. Many obstacles and failures were overcome by the tsar, who at that time became an autocratic sovereign (Peter's brother, Tsar Ivan, died on January 29, 1696). For Easter 1696, 30 sea vessels and more than 1000 river barges were already ready in Voronezh to transport troops. In May, the Russian army moved from Voronezh along the Don to Azov and laid siege to it for the second time. This time the siege was complete, because Peter's fleet did not allow Turkish ships to reach Azov. On land, under the sole command of the boyar Shein, things were going well. Peter himself was present in the army (in the rank of captain) and, finally, he waited for a happy moment: on July 18, Azov surrendered to capitulation.
How hard the failure was before, so great was the joy in Moscow when they received news of the victory. Peter himself rejoiced: in success he saw the justification of his previous activities, his "fun". The victory was celebrated by the solemn entry of troops into Moscow, festivities and large awards. The allies were also solemnly informed of the Russian victory. In Poland and in the West, they did not expect such a success from Peter and were amazed by him. The rumor about the capture of Azov spread throughout Europe. Polish diplomats did not hide their fear inspired by the political successes of their neighbor Moscow. The Muscovites themselves had not seen such victories since the time of Tsar Alexei and were under the spell of the capture of Azov.
