Vladimir Lenin biography briefly. What Lenin really was What Lenin did
Vladimir Lenin (real name Ulyanov) was born in 1870 in Simbirsk in the family of an inspector of public schools. In 1879-1887. Vladimir studied at the gymnasium and graduated with a gold medal. Alexander Ulyanov, the eldest son in the family, was an active People's Volunteer revolutionary and a role model for his younger brother. In 1887, Alexander was executed for preparing an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander III. In the same year, V.I. Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but was soon expelled without the right to reinstatement for participating in the activities of the illegal circle of Bogoraz.
In 1891, V. Ulyanov graduated as an external student from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. At the same time, he is working on his first book, What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the social democrats? In 1895, Ulyanov-Lenin took an active part in the creation of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. For this activity, V.I. Lenin was exiled for three years to the village of Shushenskoye in the Yenisei province. In 1900, he was forced to leave for Western Europe, where he published the first all-Russian illegal Marxist newspaper Iskra.
In 1903, at the II Congress of Russian Social Democrats, as a result of a split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks, V.I. Lenin led the "majority", then creating the Bolshevik Party.
During the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. he illegally lived in St. Petersburg, coordinating the actions of the left forces. In 1907, Lenin again had to leave Russia, this time for 10 years. During the First World War, he put forward the idea of the defeat of the national government, which, if implemented on a European scale, would certainly lead to the victory of the socialist revolution and the working class.
From April 1917 in Petrograd V.I. Lenin becomes one of the main organizers and leaders of the October armed uprising and the establishment of the power of the Soviets. By his personal order, on October 31 and November 2, 1917, detachments of sailors, soldiers and Red Guards were sent to Moscow from Petrograd, who ensured the transfer of power to the Soviets in Moscow. On October 25, 1917, the government was overthrown and power in the central regions of the country passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks. Until 1922, Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik forces in the Civil War.
Having come to power, the Bolsheviks, led by V.I. Lenin created a new type of state, the purpose of which was to stimulate the speedy accomplishment of the world socialist revolution. Unlike the European wing of social democracy, the Bolsheviks were radical and rejected the possibility of reforming capitalism.
Lenin had a broad outlook and a colossal store of knowledge in many fields of knowledge, including economics. He developed and tried to implement the policy of war communism, and after realizing its failure, he proposed a new economic policy that favorably affected the development of the country of the Soviets.
In 1922, after the assassination of Rosa Kaplan and the injury, Lenin was seriously ill and retired from active political activity. Since May 1923, due to a sharp deterioration in his health, he lived at the Gorki state dacha (now the Museum-Reserve). The last time Vladimir Ilyich was in Moscow was October 18-19, 1923. He died in 1924 in Gorki, near Moscow.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (real surname Ulyanov, maternal surname Blank)
Years of life: April 10 (22), 1870, Simbirsk - January 22, 1924, Gorki estate, Moscow province
Head of the Soviet government (1917–1924).
Revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October Socialist Revolution of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. Marxist philosopher, publicist, founder of Leninism, ideologist and creator of the 3rd (Communist) International, founder of the Soviet state. One of the most famous politicians of the 20th century.
Founder of the USSR
Biography of Vladimir Lenin
V. Ulyanov's father, Ilya Nikolaevich, was an inspector of public schools. After being awarded the Order of St. Vladimir III degree in 1882, he received the right to hereditary nobility. Mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), was a teacher, but did not work. The family had 5 children, among whom Volodya was the third. A friendly atmosphere reigned in the family; parents encouraged the curiosity of children and treated them with respect.
In 1879 - 1887. Volodya studied at the gymnasium, which he graduated from 
gold medal.
In 1887, for preparing an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander III, his elder brother Alexander Ulyanov (Narodnaya Volya revolutionary) was executed. This event affected the lives of all members of the Ulyanov family (formerly a respected noble family was subsequently expelled from society). The death of his brother shocked Volodya, and since then he has become an enemy of the tsarist regime.
In the same year, V. Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but in December he was expelled for participating in a student meeting.
In 1891, Ulyanov graduated as an external student from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. Then he came to Samara, where he began working as an assistant to a barrister.
In 1893, in St. Petersburg, Vladimir joined one of the many revolutionary circles and soon became known as an ardent supporter of Marxism and a propagandist of this doctrine in working circles. In St. Petersburg, he began an affair with Apollinaria Yakubova, a revolutionary, a friend of his older sister Olga.
In 1894 - 1895. Vladimir's first major works, "What are "friends of the people" and how they fight against the Social Democrats" and "The Economic Content of Populism", were published, in which the populist movement was criticized in favor of Marxism. Soon Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov met Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya.
In the spring of 1895, Vladimir Ilyich left for Geneva to meet with members of the Emancipation of Labor group. And in September 1895 he was arrested for creating the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.
In 1897, Ulyanov was exiled for 3 years to the village of Shushenskoye, Yenisei province. During the exile, Ulyanov married Nadezhda Krupskaya ...
Many articles and books on revolutionary topics were written in Shushensky. The works were published under various pseudonyms, one of which is Lenin.
Lenin - years of life in exile
In 1903, the famous II Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Russia took place, during which there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. He stood at the head of the Bolsheviks, and soon created the Bolshevik Party.
In 1905, Vladimir Ilyich led the preparations for the revolution in Russia. 
He directed the Bolsheviks to an armed uprising against tsarism and the establishment of a truly democratic republic.
During the revolution of 1905-1907. Ulyanov lived illegally in St. Petersburg and led the Bolshevik Party.
1907 - 1917 years were spent in exile.
In 1910, in Paris, he met Inessa Armand, with whom relations continued until Armand's death from cholera in 1920.
In 1912, at the Social Democratic Party Conference in Prague, the left wing of the RSDLP emerged as a separate party of the RSDLP(b), the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks. He was immediately elected head of the central committee (CC) of the party.
In the same period, thanks to his initiative, the newspaper Pravda was created. Ulyanov organizes the life of his new party, encouraging the expropriation of funds (actually robbery) into the party fund.
In 1914, at the beginning of World War I, he was arrested in Austria-Hungary on suspicion of spying for his country.
After his release, he left for Switzerland, where he put forward a slogan calling for turning the imperialist war into a civil one, overthrowing the government that had drawn the state into the war.
In February 1917, I learned about the revolution that had taken place in Russia from the press. On April 3, 1917 he returned to Russia.
On April 4, 1917, in St. Petersburg, the theorist of communism outlined the program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one ("All Power to the Soviets!" or "April Theses"). He began preparations for an armed uprising and put forward plans to overthrow the Provisional Government.
In June 1917, the 1st Congress of Soviets was held, at which it was supported by only about 10% of those present, but it declared that the Bolshevik Party was ready to take power in the country into its own hands.
On October 24, 1917, he led the uprising in the Smolny Palace. And on October 25 (November 7), 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown. The Great October Socialist Revolution took place, after which Lenin became chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - the Council of People's Commissars. He built his policy, hoping for the support of the world proletariat, but did not receive it.
At the beginning of 1918, the leader of the revolution insisted on signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. As a result, a huge part of the territory of Russia departed to Germany. The disagreement of the majority of the population of the country of Russia with the policy of the Bolsheviks led to the Civil War of 1918-1922.
The left-SR rebellion that took place in July 1918 in St. Petersburg was brutally suppressed. After that, a one-party system is established in Russia. Now V. Lenin is the head of the Bolshevik Party and all of Russia.
On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on the life of the Head of the Party, he was seriously wounded. After that, the "Red Terror" was declared in the country.
Lenin developed the policy of "war communism".
The main ideas are quotes from his writings:
- The main goal of the Communist Party is the implementation of the communist revolution, followed by the construction of a classless society free from exploitation.
- There is no universal morality, but only class morality. The morality of the proletariat is that which meets the interests of the proletariat (“our morality is completely subordinated to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat”).
- The revolution will not necessarily take place all over the world at the same time, as Marx believed. It can first occur in one, separately taken country. This country will then help the revolution in other countries.
- Tactically, the success of the revolution depends on the rapid capture of communications (post, telegraph, railway stations).
- Before building communism, an intermediate stage is necessary - the dictatorship of the proletariat. Communism is divided into two periods: socialism and communism proper.
According to the policy of “war communism”, free trade was prohibited in Russia, barter in kind (instead of commodity-money relations) and surplus appropriation were introduced. At the same time, Lenin insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation.
A wave of peasant uprisings passed through the country, but they were brutally suppressed. Soon, on the personal orders of V. Lenin, the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church began. About 10 million people became victims of "war communism". Russia's economic and industrial indicators have declined sharply.
In March 1921, at the Tenth Party Congress, V. Lenin put forward the program of the "new economic policy" (NEP), which slightly changed the economic crisis.
In 1922, the leader of the world proletariat suffered 2 strokes, but did not stop leading the state. In the same year, Russia was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
At the beginning of 1923, realizing that a split was emerging in the Bolshevik Party, and that his state of health had worsened, Lenin wrote his Letter to the Congress. In a letter, he gave a characterization to all the leading figures of the Central Committee and proposed to remove Joseph Stalin from the post of General Secretary.
In March 1923, he suffered a third stroke, after which he became paralyzed.
January 21, 1924 V.I. Lenin died in the village. Gorki (Moscow region). His body was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the question was raised about the need to remove the body and brain of the first leader of the USSR from the Mausoleum and bury it. In modern times, there are still discussions about this by various government officials, political parties and forces, as well as representatives of religious organizations.
V. Ulyanov also had other pseudonyms: V. Ilyin, V. Frey, Iv. Petrov, K. Tulin, Karpov and others.
In addition to all his deeds, Lenin stood at the origins of the creation of the Red Army, which won the civil war.
The only official state award that a fiery Bolshevik was awarded was the Order of Labor of the Khorezm People's Socialist Republic (1922).
Lenin's name
The name and image of V. I. Lenin was canonized by the Soviet government along with 
October Revolution and Joseph Stalin. Many cities, towns and collective farms were named after him. In every city there was a monument to him. Numerous stories about “grandfather Lenin” were written for Soviet children, the words “Leninists”, “Leniniad”, etc.
Images of the leader were on the front side of all tickets of the State Bank of the USSR in denominations from 10 to 100 rubles from 1937 to 1992, as well as 200, 500 and 1 thousand "Pavlovian rubles" of the USSR 1991 and 1992 issue.
Lenin's works
According to a poll by the FOM in 1999, 65% of the Russian population considered the role of V. Lenin in the history of the country positive, and 23% - negative.
He wrote a huge number of works, the most famous:
- "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899);
- "What to do?" (1902);
- "Karl Marx (a short biographical sketch outlining Marxism)" (1914);
- "Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism (popular essay)" (1916);
- "State and Revolution" (1917);
- "The Tasks of Youth Unions" (1920);
- "On the pogrom persecution of Jews" (1924);
- "What is Soviet power?";
- "Our Revolution".
The speeches of the fiery revolutionary are recorded on many gramophone records.
Named after him:
- Tank "Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin"
- Electric locomotive VL
- icebreaker "Lenin"
- "Electronics VL-100"
- Vladilena (852 Wladilena) - a minor planet
- numerous cities, villages, collective farms, streets, monuments.
April 22, 1870 in the family of Ilya Nikolaevich and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanov, the third child was born - son Vladimir. His father held the position of inspector of public education, his mother raised children. Volodya had older sister Anna and brother Alexander, younger sisters Olga, Maria and brother Dmitry.
The family lived in their own house in Simbirsk, which is located on the banks of the Volga River. At the end of the 19th century, it was a fairly large city, with a population of over 200,000 people. All the children of the Ulyanov family studied well at the gymnasium, were friendly and responsive.
Vladimir in all subjects received only excellent ratings in his class was considered the first student. He had an excellent memory, was inquisitive and industrious, read a lot. His closest friend was his sister Olga.
Happy childhood ended when a series of misfortunes came to the house. First, his father died of an illness, Vladimir at that time was not yet 16 years old. A year later, the elder brother Alexander was accused of involvement in the plot to assassinate the tsar as part of a group of revolutionaries, the People's Will, he was soon executed by a court verdict. 4 years later, on the same day, sister Olga, a student of the higher female Bestuzhev courses, died of typhoid fever.
Vladimir was greatly influenced by the execution of his elder brother. At that moment, he realized that his calling - struggle with the tsarist regime. However, the methods of this struggle must be different than simple regicide. It is necessary to completely change the political system in order to achieve a just social order.
Youth of Lenin
After graduating from high school, Vladimir enters to the prestigious Kazan University, he is going to be a lawyer. At the same time, he joins the illegal student community of Narodnaya Volya. For activities in organizing riots organized by the People's Will, Vladimir, along with his comrades, was arrested, expelled from the educational institution and sentenced to exile. He will be able to graduate from the university later, having passed the exams according to the external study system.
In 1888, young Ulyanov joins a group organized by his former classmate, also expelled from Kazan University, Nikolai Fedoseev.
Here they studied the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and the philosophical works of Georgy Plekhanov. Soon the Ulyanovs with the whole family went to live in Samara, where Vladimir met young revolutionaries. He is doing an internship at a law firm, defending defendants in criminal cases.
In 1893, young Ulyanov moves to Petersburg. Here he also works as an assistant lawyer. At the same time, he writes his first works on the history of capitalism in the Russian Empire. To write articles, Vladimir conducts an in-depth study of statistical materials.
Publications of works make an impression in the circles of progressive Russian thinkers, make Ulyanov a well-known and respected author. Soon he becomes known as a brilliant speaker and leader, whose ideas are understandable and close to many.
Social and revolutionary activities
In 1895 Ulyanov left for Europe, where he met with famous figures of the international revolutionary movement K. Liebknecht and P. Lafargue. After arriving at home, he unites Marxists around him in the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
The circle was engaged in propaganda among the workers, distributing pamphlets and leaflets calling for the overthrow of the tsarist regime. For this, many members of the association, including Ulyanov, were arrested and sentenced to exile in the village of Shushenskoye, in Siberia.
In exile, Vladimir continued write works on Marxism-Leninism. During this period, his authority as an author, thinker and ideological leader increased. In Shushenskoye, the family life of Vladimir Ulyanov and Nadezhda Krupskaya begins.
Freed from exile, Vladimir Ulyanov makes a detour of the major cities of Russia, in which he establishes ties with the revolutionaries. He receives a residence permit in the city of Pskov. It was in Pskov that the idea of the first revolutionary newspaper Iskra was born, where the works of advanced revolutionaries and Ulyanov himself are published.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Vladimir together emigrates to Europe with his family. He continues to publish articles, signing them as Lenin. In exile, work began on the creation of a new party capable of leading the proletariat. In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held, which led to a split in the party on ideological issues. The part led by Ulyanov was in the majority in making important decisions, so they began to be called the Bolsheviks.
In 1905-1907, events took place in Russia, later called the first revolution: speeches and strikes, assassinations of political leaders, terrorist acts. At the end of 1905, Lenin from exile illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, and began to direct the work of the Bolshevik committee for the preparation of an armed uprising.
He called on his supporters to terror and expropriations, declared the confiscation of valuables one of the methods of revolutionary struggle. After the defeat of the revolution, he again moved abroad.
The First World War found him in Austria. Lenin considered this war unfair and unnecessary, alien to the interests of the common people. In his works, he called on the working people to overthrow the existing regime and revolution.
In 1917, during the February Revolution, Lenin was in Europe. In April, he illegally arrived in Russia, where a criminal case had already been opened against him. for calling for a change in the tsarist regime. Immediately after his arrival in St. Petersburg, at the Finland Station, a rally was held, where Vladimir Ulyanov made a call for revolution.
He creates the article "April Theses" - a kind of program for the development of the bourgeois revolution into a proletarian revolution. The rigidity of the line proclaimed by Lenin stunned even his supporters. At the party conference the theses were adopted by the Bolsheviks as a program for action.
In June, the 1st Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was held, at which Ulyanov-Lenin proclaimed: in Russia there is only one party capable of leading the country along the right path of development - the Bolshevik Party. The provisional government decided to arrest the leader of the party, so he was forced to hide, then he was transported to Finland.
Great October Revolution
In October 1917 Lenin secretly came to Petrograd to lead the revolutionary movement. In the first days after the victory of the revolution, Lenin issued decrees on peace and land, and formed a new government.
He becomes the head of the new state, participates in the development and adoption of new laws, establishes new state structures and committees.
The period of Lenin's leadership was not easy: there was a civil war, devastation and famine everywhere. Despite the difficulties, the country is gradually returning to peaceful life.
In 1922, under the direct leadership of Lenin, the first socialist state, the USSR, was created.
Assassination, illness and death
In August 1918 Lenin was shot with poisoned bullets, he was wounded. Then it was possible to stop the consequences, but by 1922 the leader's state of health was greatly shaken - strong loads and constant work without rest affected.
From 1922 to 1924 Lenin lived with his wife N.K. Krupskaya near Moscow, in the town of Gorki. He continued to work on articles, but now he dictated them to his assistants. At the beginning of 1924, the leader's health deteriorated greatly, and on January 21 he died.
Lenin is not buried to this day. His ashes are placed in the mausoleum. Recently, discussions about his burial have been held more and more often, and have many supporters.
Soviet statesman and politician, theorist of Marxism, founder of the Communist Party and the Soviet Socialist State in Russia, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born on April 22 (April 10, old style), 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became hereditary nobleman.
His older brother Alexander, a Narodnaya Volya revolutionary, was executed in May 1887 for preparing an assassination attempt on the tsar.
In the same year, Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, was admitted to Kazan University, but three months after admission was expelled for participating in student riots. In 1891, Ulyanov externally graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, after which he worked in Samara as an assistant to a barrister.
In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students at the Technological Institute. In April 1895, Vladimir Ulyanov went abroad and got acquainted with the Emancipation of Labor group, created in Geneva by Russian emigrants led by Georgy Plekhanov. In the autumn of the same year, on his initiative and under his leadership, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". In December 1895 Ulyanov was arrested by the police. Spent more than a year in prison, then exiled for three years to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk Territory, under open police supervision.
In 1898, the members of the "Union" held the first congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in Minsk.
While in exile, Vladimir Ulyanov continued his theoretical and organizational revolutionary activities. In 1897, he published The Development of Capitalism in Russia, where he tried to challenge the Narodniks' views on socio-economic relations in the country and prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. He got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German social democracy, Karl Kautsky, from whom he borrowed the idea of organizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized "new type" party.
After the end of his exile in January 1900, he went abroad (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). There, together with Georgy Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Vladimir Ulyanov began publishing the Social Democratic newspaper Iskra. From 1901, he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and from then on was known in the party under this name.
In 1903, at the II Congress of Russian Social Democrats, as a result of a split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks, Lenin headed the "majority", then creating the Bolshevik Party.
From 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived illegally in St. Petersburg, exercising leadership of the left forces. From 1907 to 1917 he was in exile, where he defended his political views in the Second International.
At the beginning of the First World War, while on the territory of Austria-Hungary, Lenin was arrested on suspicion of spying for the Russian government, but thanks to the participation of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released. After his release, he left for Switzerland, where he put forward the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil war.
In the spring of 1917, Lenin returned to Russia. On April 17 (April 4, old style), 1917, the day after his arrival in Petrograd, he delivered the so-called "April Theses", where he outlined the program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one, and also began preparations for an armed uprising and overthrow of Provisional government.
From April 1917, Lenin became one of the main organizers and leaders of the October armed uprising and the establishment of the power of the Soviets.
In early October 1917, he illegally moved from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23 (October 10, old style), at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, a resolution was adopted on an armed uprising. On November 6 (October 24, old style), in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded an immediate offensive, the arrest of the Provisional Government and the seizure of power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. The next day, November 7 (October 25, old style), 1917, an uprising took place in Petrograd and the Bolsheviks seized state power. At the meeting of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets that opened in the evening, the Soviet government was proclaimed - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), whose chairman was Vladimir Lenin. The congress adopted the first decrees prepared by Lenin: on the cessation of the war and on the transfer of private land for the use of the working people.
On the initiative of Lenin, in 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was concluded with Germany.
After the transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. His personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. Lenin was elected to the Moscow Soviet.
In the spring of 1918, Lenin's government began the fight against the opposition by closing down anarchist and socialist workers' organizations; in July 1918, Lenin led the suppression of the armed uprising of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. The confrontation intensified during the Civil War, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and Anarchists, in turn, attacked the leaders of the Bolshevik regime; On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin's life.
During the Civil War, Lenin became the initiator and ideologist of the policy of "war communism". He approved the creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK), which widely and uncontrollably used methods of violence and repression.
With the end of the Civil War and the cessation of military intervention in 1922, the process of restoring the national economy of the country began. To this end, at the insistence of Lenin, "war communism" was abolished, the food appropriation was replaced by a food tax. Lenin introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed private free trade. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation.
In May and December 1922, Lenin suffered two strokes, but continued to dictate notes and articles on party and state affairs. The third stroke, which followed in March 1923, left him practically incapacitated.
On January 21, 1924, Vladimir Lenin died in the village of Gorki near Moscow. On January 23, the coffin with his body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days.
On January 27, 1924, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was designed by the architect Alexei Shchusev.
During the years of Soviet power, memorial plaques were erected on various buildings associated with Lenin's activities, and monuments to the leader were erected in the cities. The following were established: the Order of Lenin (1930), the Lenin Prize (1925), the Lenin Prizes for achievements in the field of science, technology, literature, art, architecture (1957). In 1924-1991, the Central Lenin Museum worked in Moscow. A number of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions were named after Lenin.
In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the V. I. Lenin Institute, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Institute of Marx and Engels, a single Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute was formed under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (later it became known as the Institute of Marxism -Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). The Central Party Archive of this institute (now the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) stores more than 30,000 documents authored by Vladimir Lenin.
Lenin, whom he knew from the St. Petersburg revolutionary underground. They got married on July 22, 1898 during the exile of Vladimir Ulyanov to the village of Shushenskoye.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Family
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born in Simbirsk, in the family of the inspector of public schools Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831-1886), who had a personal (non-hereditary) nobility. The family of the future most prominent revolutionary of the twentieth century was heterogeneous in origin, but for the most part consisted of raznochintsy (intelligentsia). Representatives of several nationalities are distinguished in the Lenin family - Russians, Kalmyks, Chuvashs, Jews, Germans and Swedes.
Lenin's paternal grandfather, Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanov, a Chuvash by nationality, was a serf from the Nizhny Novgorod province, and moved to Astrakhan, where he worked as a tailor-craftsman. Already a mature man, he married Anna Alekseevna Smirnova, whose father was a Kalmyk, and whose mother was probably Russian. When Ilya Ulyanov was born, Nikolai Ulyanov was already 60 years old. After the death of Nikolai Vasilievich, Ilya was taken care of by his elder brother Vasily Ulyanov. He helped his brother get enough education to enter the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University, from which he graduated in 1854. After graduating from the university, Ilya Ulyanov worked as a teacher of mathematics and physics in gymnasiums, institutes and schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, from 1869 he was an inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. After being awarded the Order of St. Vladimir III degree, Lenin's father in 1882 received the right to hereditary nobility.
Lenin's second grandfather (by mother) Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (before baptism Israel Moishevich Blank), converted to Christianity to become a military doctor. Having retired from the post of medical inspector of hospitals at the State Arms Plant in Zlatoust (with the rank of State Councilor), Dr. Blank was assigned to the Kazan nobility (the rank gave him the dignity of a personal nobleman). Soon he acquired the Kokushkino estate in the Kazan province, becoming a middle-class landowner. The early orphaned mother of Lenin, Maria Alexandrovna, like her four sisters, was raised by her maternal aunt, who taught her nieces music and foreign languages.
There is evidence that the biological father of Lenin and several other children in the family was a family doctor who lived in the Ulyanov family for more than 20 years, Ivan Sidorovich Pokrovsky. If you compare their photos, the similarity will be obvious. And in his youth, in some documents [in particular, examination sheets from the time of his studies at St. Petersburg University], Ulyanov even directly writes his middle name as Ivanovich, which indicates that he knew about this fact and did not hide it.
In the manuscript of the memoirs of Lenin's older sister Anna, there is a place where she writes that when Pisarev was banned, they took his books from the family doctor. And then he immediately crosses out and writes: "... at the doctor's friend." That is, he hides the fact that this doctor was a close person to Ulyanov's mother. She obviously took his closeness to her mother hard and tried to erase him from her memory.
Youth. Beginning of revolutionary activity
In 1879-1887 he studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium. Lenin's views in the years of his youth took shape under the influence of family upbringing, the example of his parents, under the influence of revolutionary-democratic literature and contact with the life of the people. His brother Alexander, who was an indisputable authority for him, had a very strong influence on Volodya. The boy tried to be like his brother in everything, and if they asked him what he would do in this or that case, he invariably answered: "like Sasha." Over the years, the desire to be equal to the older brother has not passed, but has become deeper and more meaningful. From Alexander Volodya learned about Marxist literature - for the first time I saw K. Marx's "Capital" from him.
Even in his youth, he breaks with religion. The impetus for this was a scene that angered him to the core. Once, in a conversation with a guest, Ilya Nikolaevich said about his children that they did not attend church well. Looking at Vladimir, the guest said: "Fight, flog!" Volodya ran out of the house and, in protest, tore off his pectoral cross. What had matured for a long time broke out.
His revolutionary moods manifested themselves even in his classroom work. Once the director of the gymnasium, F. M. Kerensky (father of the later notorious Socialist-Revolutionary A. F. Kerensky), who always used Ulyanov’s writings as an example to other students, warned: “What oppressed classes are you writing about here, what does it have to do with it?”
In January 1886, at the age of 54, Ilya Nikolayevich died suddenly from a cerebral hemorrhage. The orphaned family was left without a livelihood. Maria Alexandrovna began to apply for a pension, in anticipation of which several months passed.
Before the family had time to recover from one blow, a new grief fell upon it - on March 1, 1887 in St. Petersburg, Alexander Ulyanov was arrested for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. Following him, his sister Anna, who studied in St. Petersburg, was also arrested.
The family did not know about the revolutionary activities of Alexander Ilyich. After graduating from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, he studied brilliantly at St. Petersburg University. His research in the field of zoology and chemistry attracted the attention of prominent scientists such as N. P. Wagner and A. M. Butlerov; each of them wanted to leave him at the university in his department. One of his works on zoology, completed in the third year, was awarded a gold medal. During the last summer he spent at home, he devoted all his time to the preparation of his dissertation and seemed to have completely devoted himself to science. No one knew that while in St. Petersburg, Alexander Ilyich participated in circles of revolutionary youth and conducted political propaganda among the workers. Ideologically, he was on the way from Narodnaya Volya to Marxism.
When his older brother Alexander was executed in 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov uttered the famous phrase: "We will go the other way," which meant his rejection of the methods of individual terror.
In 1887, Lenin graduated from high school with a gold medal and entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but was soon expelled for participating in student unrest and sent to relatives in the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province.
In the autumn of 1888, Vladimir Ilyich was allowed to return to Kazan. Here he joined one of the Marxist circles organized by N. E. Fedoseev, in which the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, G. V. Plekhanov were studied and discussed. The works of Marx and Engels played a decisive role in shaping the worldview of Lenin - he becomes a staunch Marxist.
In the autumn of 1889, the Ulyanov family settled in Samara, where Lenin also kept in touch with local revolutionaries. Young Vladimir brilliantly passed the exams at St. Petersburg University, after which he worked for some time as an assistant to a barrister (lawyer) in court, where he defended the proletarians (cases of the theft of a bag of grain, an iron rail and a wheel). Not finding himself in this activity, he plunged into the revolution as an active Marxist.
The memories of this time of the doctor Vladimir Krutovsky are amusing:
“I rode on a crowded train, where enterprising railway workers, apparently, sold extra tickets. I drew attention to a young man of small stature who quarreled with his superiors, “demanding the attachment of an extra wagon,” and organized the people in such a way that in Samara the station chief said: “Well, his to hell, hitch the wagon…” 
He meets with Plekhanov in Switzerland, with W. Liebknecht in Germany, with P. Lafargue and other leaders of the international labor movement in France, and upon his return to the capital in 1895, under the leadership of Zederbaum-Martov, organizes the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" . The "Union of Struggle" carried out active propaganda activities among the workers, they issued more than 70 leaflets. In December 1895, Lenin was arrested and a year and two months later he was exiled to the village of Shushenskoye in the Yenisei province for 3 years. Here Lenin married N. K. Krupskaya (in July 1898), wrote the book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia”, based on the material collected in prison, directed against populist theories, translated, and worked on articles. During the exile, more than 30 works were written, contacts were established with the Social Democrats of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh and other cities.
In exile
In February 1900 Lenin's term of exile ends. In the same year, he leaves Russia and founds in exile the Iskra newspaper, designed to serve as the propaganda of Marxism; at the same time, the distribution of the newspaper makes it possible to create a fairly extensive network of underground organizations on the territory of the Russian Empire. In December 1901, for the first time, he signed one of his articles published in Iskra with the pseudonym Lenin (he also had pseudonyms: V. Ilyin, V. Frei, Iv. Petrov, K. Tulin, Karpov, and others). In 1902 in the work “What is to be done? Painful questions of our movement” Lenin came up with his own concept of the party, which he saw as a centralized militant organization (“Give us an organization of revolutionaries and we will turn Russia over!”).
Participation in the work of the II Congress of the RSDLP
From July 17 to August 10, 1903, the II Congress of the RSDLP was held in Geneva, Brussels and London. Lenin was looking forward to it with great impatience, because the First Congress, which took place 5 years ago, did not actually create a party: it did not adopt a program, did not rally the revolutionary forces of the proletariat; elected at the first congress of the Central Committee was immediately arrested. Lenin took the preparations for the congress into his own hands. On his initiative, an "Organizing Committee" was created, whose members evaluated the work of social democratic organizations before the congress. Long before the congress, Lenin wrote a draft of the party's rules, drafted many resolutions, thought out and outlined the congress's work plan. With the participation of Plekhanov, Lenin also drew up a draft program of the party. The program outlined the immediate tasks of the workers' party: the overthrow of tsarism, the establishment of a democratic republic, the destruction of the remnants of serfdom in the countryside, in particular the return to the peasants of the lands cut off from them by the landlords during the abolition of serfdom ("cut-offs"), an 8-hour working day, complete equality of nations and peoples. The ultimate goal of the working-class movement was the construction of a new, socialist society, the means of achieving it was the socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat.
With the opening of the congress, the heterogeneity of the party became obvious, a sharp controversy arose between Lenin's supporters - "hard" Iskra-ists on the one hand and his opponents - "soft" Iskra-ists and "Economists" on the other. Lenin stubbornly defended the provisions on the dictatorship of the proletariat, on strict requirements for party members. On most points, the "solid" Iskra-ists won, but the party split into two factions - the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, and the Mensheviks, led by Martov.
Revolution of 1905
Revolution of 1905-07 found Lenin abroad, in Switzerland. Maintaining close contact with local party organizations, he possessed comprehensive information about the growing revolutionary wave. At the Third Congress of the RSDLP, held in London in April 1905, Lenin emphasized that the main task of this revolution was to put an end to the autocracy and the remnants of serfdom in Russia. Despite the bourgeois nature of the revolution, according to Lenin, the working class, as the most interested in its victory, should become its leader, and the peasantry should be its natural ally. Having approved the point of view of Lenin, the congress determined the tactics of the party: organizing strikes, demonstrations, preparing an armed uprising.
Lenin wanted to take a direct part in the revolutionary events. At the first opportunity, in early November 1905, he illegally, under a false name, arrived in St. Petersburg and launched an active work. Lenin headed the work of the Central and St. Petersburg committees of the RSDLP, paid much attention to the leadership of the Novaya Zhizn newspaper, which became very popular among the workers. Under the direct leadership of Lenin, the party was preparing an armed uprising. At the same time, Lenin wrote the book "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in a Democratic Revolution", in which he points out the need for the hegemony of the proletariat and an armed uprising. In the struggle to win the peasantry over to his side (which was actively waged with the Socialist-Revolutionaries), Lenin wrote the pamphlet Towards the Rural Poor. This struggle turned out to be successful: from the moment Lenin arrived in Russia and until his departure, the membership of the party increased by an order of magnitude. By the end of 1906, the RSDLP consisted of approximately 150 thousand people.
The presence of Lenin could not go unnoticed by the tsarist secret police; further stay in Russia became dangerous. In 1906 Lenin moved to Finland, and in the fall of 1907 emigrated again.
Despite the defeat of the December armed uprising, Lenin proudly said that the Bolsheviks used all revolutionary opportunities, they were the first to embark on the path of the uprising and the last to leave it when this path became impossible.
Second emigration
In early January 1908, Lenin returned to Switzerland. The defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907 did not force him to fold his hands, he considered the repetition of the revolutionary upsurge inevitable. “Broken armies learn well,” wrote Lenin. In 1912 he decisively broke with the Mensheviks, who insisted on the legalization of the RSDLP.
On May 5, 1912, the first issue of the legal Bolshevik newspaper Pravda was published. Lenin was in fact its editor-in-chief. He wrote articles to Pravda almost daily, sent letters in which he gave instructions, advice, and corrected editorial errors. For 2 years, about 270 Leninist articles and notes were published in Pravda. Also in exile, Lenin led the activities of the Bolsheviks in the Fourth State Duma, was the representative of the RSDLP in the Second International, wrote articles on party and national issues, and studied philosophy.
From the end of 1912, Lenin lived on the territory of Austria-Hungary. Here, in the Galician town of Poronin, he was caught by the First World War. Austrian gendarmes arrested Lenin, declaring him a tsarist spy. To release him, the help of the deputy of the Austrian parliament, the socialist V. Adler, was required. To the question of the Habsburg minister "Are you sure that Ulyanov is an enemy of the tsarist government?" Adler replied: "Oh, yes, more accursed than Your Excellency." On August 6, 1914, Lenin was released from prison, and after 17 days he was already in Switzerland. Shortly after his arrival, Lenin announced his theses on the war at a meeting of a group of Bolshevik émigrés. He said that the war that had begun was imperialist, unjust on both sides, and alien to the interests of the working people.
Many modern historians accuse Lenin of defeatist moods, but he himself explained his position as follows: A lasting and just peace - without robbery and violence of the victors over the vanquished, a world in which no people would be oppressed, it is impossible to achieve while the capitalists are in power . Only the people themselves can put an end to the war and conclude a just, democratic peace. And for this, the working people must turn their weapons against the imperialist governments, turn the imperialist massacre into a civil war, into a revolution against the ruling classes, and take power into their own hands. Therefore, whoever wants a lasting, democratic peace must be in favor of a civil war against the governments and the bourgeoisie. Lenin put forward the slogan of revolutionary defeatism, the essence of which was to vote against war loans to the government (in parliament), to create and strengthen revolutionary organizations among workers and soldiers, to combat government patriotic propaganda, and to support the fraternization of soldiers at the front. At the same time, Lenin considered his position deeply patriotic: “We love our language and our homeland, we are full of a sense of national pride, and that is why we especially hate our slave past ... and our slave present.”
At party conferences in Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916), Lenin defended his thesis about the need to transform the imperialist war into a civil war and at the same time argued that a socialist revolution could win in Russia (“Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism”).
"Sealed Wagon"
After the February Revolution of 1917 (the fact of which Lenin learned from the newspapers), the German authorities allowed Lenin, accompanied by 35 party comrades, among whom were Krupskaya, Zinoviev, Lilina, Armand, Sokolnikov, Radek and others, to leave Switzerland by train through Germany. Moreover, Lenin was traveling in the so-called "sealed carriage" - in other words, he and his closest colleagues were forbidden to leave their carriage at all stations up to the border. Moreover, the German government and the General Staff were well aware of who Lenin was and how his ideas could be socially explosive for the Russian government, which was determined to continue the bloody war. It is noted that the German government financed all opposition parties in Russia, in proportion to their numbers. Thus, the Socialist-Revolutionaries had the greatest support (6 million people in 1917), and the support of the Bolsheviks (30 thousand people in 1917) was very insignificant. There is a hypothesis that this is why they allowed Lenin to freely cross their territory. The arrival of Lenin in Russia on April 3, 1917 found a great response in the proletarian environment. The next day, April 4, Lenin made a report to the Bolsheviks. These were the famous "April Theses", in which Lenin outlined his plan for the party's struggle for the transition from a bourgeois-democratic revolution to a workers', socialist revolution. Taking control of the RSDLP(b) into his own hands, Lenin implements this plan. From April to July 1917, he wrote more than 170 articles, pamphlets, draft resolutions of the Bolshevik conferences and the Central Committee of the party, appeals. After the execution by the Provisional Government of a peaceful demonstration that took place in Petrograd on July 3-5, the period of dual power ends. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, go into open confrontation with the government and prepare for a new revolution.
On July 20 (Old Style July 7) the Provisional Government ordered Lenin's arrest. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe houses, after which, until August 21 (August 8, according to the old style), 1917, he hid not far from Petrograd - in a hut on Lake Razliv, until early October - in Finland (Jalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg).
October Revolution of 1917
On the evening of October 24, 1917, Lenin arrived in Smolny and began direct leadership of the uprising, together with the then chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, L. D. Trotsky. It took 2 days to overthrow the government of A.F. Kerensky. November 7 (October 25, old style) Lenin wrote an appeal for the overthrow of the Provisional Government. On the same day, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. On January 5, 1918, the Constituent Assembly opened, in which the Socialist-Revolutionaries received the majority. Lenin, with the support of the Left SRs, put the Constituent Assembly before a choice: ratify the power of the Soviets and the decrees of the Bolshevik government, or disperse. Russia at that time was an agrarian country, 90% of its population were peasants. The Social Revolutionaries expressed their political views. The Constituent Assembly, which did not agree with this formulation of the question, was dissolved.
During the 124 days of the “Smolnin period”, Lenin wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, participated in editing more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin presided over 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, led 26 meetings and meetings of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, in the preparation and holding of 6 various All-Russian Congresses of Workers. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, on March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building.
Post-revolutionary activity
In accordance with the Decree on Peace, it was necessary for Lenin to withdraw from the world war. Fearing the capture of Petrograd by German troops, at his suggestion, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the RCP (b) moved to Moscow, which became the new capital of Soviet Russia. Despite the opposition of the left communists and L. D. Trotsky, Lenin managed to achieve the conclusion of the Brest peace treaty with Germany on March 3, 1918. He lived and worked in the Kremlin, implementing his program of transformations on the path to socialism. On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on him by the Socialist-Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan, which led him to a serious wound. 
(the question of the possibility of the half-blind Fanny Kaplan to hit Lenin from a distance of 50 meters remains controversial). In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the 3rd, Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), he put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of "war communism" to the New Economic Policy. Lenin contributed to the establishment of a one-party system and an atheistic worldview in the country. Thus, Lenin became the founder of the world's first socialist state.
The consequences of the injury and excessive work led Lenin to a serious illness. (The version according to which Lenin was ill with syphilis, which began to spread during his lifetime, is most likely erroneous). In March 1922, Lenin directed the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP(b), the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he fell seriously ill, but returned to work in early October. 
Lenin's last public speech was on November 20, 1922, at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, his health deteriorated sharply again, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. Lenin was in Moscow for the last time on October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his health suddenly deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 min. In the evening Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.
After death
On January 23, the coffin with the body of Lenin was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum specially built on Red Square (architect A. V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after the death of Lenin, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the request of the Petrograd Soviet to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. The delegation of the city (about 1 thousand people) participated in Lenin's funeral in Moscow. It was also announced the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR to build a Mausoleum near the Kremlin wall. The project was carried out by the architect A. Shchusev. By January 27, 1924, a temporary Mausoleum was built. It was a cube topped with a three-stage pyramid. In the spring of the same year, it was replaced by another temporary Mausoleum, also made of wood.
The modern stone Mausoleum was built in 1930, also according to the project of A. Shchusev. This is a monumental structure, lined with dark red granite, porphyry and black labradorite. Its external volume is 5.8 thousand cubic meters, and the internal volume is 2.4 thousand cubic meters. Red and black tones give the Mausoleum a clear and sad austerity. Above the entrance, on a monolith made of black labrador, the inscription in red quartzite is inscribed: LENIN. At the same time, guest stands for 10,000 people were built on both sides of the building along the Kremlin wall.
During the last restoration, carried out in the 70s, the Mausoleum was equipped with the latest instruments and equipment for managing all engineering systems, the structures were strengthened and more than 12 thousand marble blocks were replaced. The old guest stands were replaced with new ones.
At the entrance to the Mausoleum there was a guard, established by order of the head of the Moscow garrison on January 26, 1924, the day before Lenin's funeral. After the events of October 3-4, 1993, the guard was removed.
In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the Institute of V.I. Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). More than 30 thousand documents are stored in the Central Party Archive of this institute, the author of which is V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
And after his death, Lenin divides society - about half of Russians are in favor of his burial according to Christian custom (although he was an atheist), next to the grave of his mother; and about the same number think that he should be left lying in his mausoleum.
Lenin's main ideas
The Communist Party should not wait for the realization of Marx's predictions, but implement them on its own: "Marxism is not a dogma, but a guide to action." The main goal of the Communist Party is the implementation of the communist revolution, followed by the construction of a classless society free from exploitation.
There is no universal morality, but only class morality. According to proletarian morality, everything that contributes to the communist revolution is moral (“our morality is completely subordinated to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat”). Therefore, for the good of the revolution, any actions, no matter how cruel, are permissible.
The revolution will not necessarily take place all over the world at the same time, as Marx believed. It can first occur in one, separately taken country. This country will then help the revolution in other countries.
After the death of Marx, capitalism passed into its last stage - imperialism. Imperialism is characterized by the formation of international monopoly unions (empires) that divide the world, and the territorial division of the world is completed. Since each such monopolistic union seeks to increase its profits, wars are inevitable between them.
In order to carry out a revolution, it is necessary to turn the imperialist war into a civil war. Tactically, the success of the revolution depends on the rapid capture of communications (post, telegraph, railway stations).
Before building communism, an intermediate stage is needed - socialism. Under socialism, there is no exploitation, but there is still no abundance of material goods that would satisfy any needs of all members of society.
Miscellaneous facts about Lenin
Quote " any cook is capable of running the state” is distorted. In fact, in the article “Will the Bolsheviks Retain the State Power” (Poln. Sobr. Works, vol. 34, p. 315), Lenin wrote:
We are not utopians. We know that any unskilled worker and any cook are not capable of immediately entering into government. On this we agree with the Cadets, and with Breshkovskaya, and with Tsereteli. But we differ from these citizens in that we demand an immediate break with the prejudice that only rich officials or officials taken from rich families can manage the state, carry out the everyday, daily work of government. We demand that public administration be taught by conscious workers and soldiers, and that it be started immediately, that is, that all working people, all the poor, should be immediately enlisted in this training.
Lenin believed that communism will be built in 1930-1940. In a speech entitled "The Tasks of the Youth Unions" (1920), he said:
And so, the generation, which is now 15 years old and which in 10-20 years will live in a communist society, must set all the tasks of its teaching in such a way that every day in any village, in any city, young people solve practically this or that task of common labor, let the smallest, let the simplest.
Quote " study, study and study' is not taken out of context. It is taken from the work "Reverse Direction of Russian Social Democracy", written in 1899 and published in 1924.
In 1917, Norway took the initiative to award Nobel Peace Prize to Vladimir Lenin, with the wording "For the triumph of the ideas of peace", as a response to the "Decree on Peace" issued in Soviet Russia, which led Russia out of the First World War separately, but the Nobel Committee rejected this proposal.
V. I. Ulyanov is one of the few politicians who without an autobiography. A single sheet was found in the archives, where he tried to begin his biography, but there was no continuation.
This work was done for him by his older sister. Anna Ulyanova was 6 years older than her brother, and the process of his growing up and upbringing took place before her eyes. She writes that Volodya began to walk only at the age of 3, he had short, weak legs and a large head, as a result of which the boy often fell. falling down Volodya began to beat his head on the floor in anger and anger. The impact echoed throughout the house. So he attracted attention, writes Anna. At the same age, he cold-bloodedly tore off the legs of a horse from papier-mâché, and later destroyed a collection of theater posters that belonged to his older brother. Such cruelty and intolerance caused concern among parents, Anna admits.
Anna first raised the issue of Jewish origin Ulyanovs. Alexander Blank - Lenin's maternal grandfather - was a baptized Jew. Until now, it is still unknown why Prince Alexander Golitsyn, through whose efforts the baptism took place, patronized this Jewish boy. One way or another, it was thanks to the prince-grandfather of the future leader that many things were successful in life: education, promotion, a successful marriage. Evil tongues claim that Blank was the illegitimate son of Golitsyn. Anna tried for a long time to publicize the facts found. Two letters to Stalin have survived asking for permission to publish a full biography. But Iosif Vissarionovich considered that the proletariat did not need to know this at all.
Some today doubt whether then we celebrate anniversary of the birth of Lenin. Rumors arose because of the allegedly false date of birth. Indeed, in the work book of V. I. Ulyanov, the date is April 23. The thing is. that the discrepancy between today's - the Gregorian - and the Julian calendar in the 19th century was 12 days, and in the 20th - already 13. The work book was filled out in 1920, when an accidental error crept in.
They say that Ulyanov, in his gymnasium years was friends with Alexander Kerensky. They really lived in the same city, but a considerable age difference could not lead to such a tandem. Although their fathers often met on duty. And Kerensky's father was the director of the gymnasium where Volodya studied. By the way, this was the only teacher who gave Ulyanov a four in the certificate. Thus, in order for the boy to receive a gold medal, his father had to make a deal: he recommended F. M. Kerensky as a candidate for the same position of people's inspector that he himself held. And they did not refuse him - Kerensky was accepted for this position and went to inspect schools in Central Asia.
Until now, another possible meeting between Lenin and Hitler remains a mystery. The game of these two historical figures in chess is depicted in a 1909 engraving by the artist Emma Löwenstamm, Hitler's art mentor. On the reverse side of the engraving there are pencil signatures “Lenin”, “Hitler” and the artist Emma Löwenstamm herself, the place (Vienna) and the year of creation (1909) of the etching are indicated. The artist's signature is also on the edge of the front side of the image. The meeting itself could have taken place in Vienna, in a house belonging to a wealthy and somewhat famous Jewish family. By this time, Adolf Hitler was an unsuccessful young watercolorist, and Vladimir Lenin was in exile there, and wrote the book Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. 
IN AND. Ulyanov at the age of 21 became the youngest lawyer in Russia. What is the great merit of the authorities. forbidding him to study full-time. I had to take it externally.
V. I. Ulyanov was of the Orthodox faith and even got married in a church - at the insistence of his mother-in-law. Few people know that in London in 1905 he met with the priest Gapon. And even gave him his book with an autograph.
On Lenin's connection with Inessa Armand there are a lot of rumors. For now, this remains a mystery to historians. However, in the Krupskaya family album, photographs of Ilyich and Inessa are located on the same page. Moreover, Nadezhda Konstantinovna writes the most intimate letters to her daughters Armand. Armand herself writes in her dying diary that she lives "only for children and V.P."
Rumors about it. What real name Krupskaya- Rybkina, are groundless. It's just that usually her underground nicknames were associated with the underwater world - "Fish", "Lamprey" ... Most likely this is due to Nadezhda Konstantinovna's Graves' disease, expressed in slightly bulging eyes.
Children of the revolutionary couple, as you know, was not. The last hope collapsed in Shushenskoye. “Hopes for the arrival of a little bird did not come true,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna writes to her mother-in-law from exile. The miscarriage was caused by the occurrence of Graves' disease in Krupskaya.
According to the testimony of both the attending physicians, and the commission created in the 70th year, and today's specialists, Lenin had atherosclerosis of the brain. But proceeded very atypically. The world-famous professor G. I. Rossolimo, having examined Ulyanov, wrote in his diary: “The situation is extremely serious. The hope for recovery would be if the basis of the brain process were syphilitic changes in blood vessels. Perhaps this is where the version of Lenin's venereal disease came from.
After the first stroke on May 22, Ulyanov returned to working condition for several months. And in October he started working. For two and a half months, he received more than 170 people, wrote about 200 official letters and business papers, chaired 34 meetings and meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, the STO, the Politburo and made a report at the session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and at the IV Congress of the Comintern. A case in medical practice unprecedented.
It is still unknown who shot Lenin. But rumors that Kaplan survived remain rumors. Although neither in the Central Archives of the KGB, nor in the files of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a written verdict of execution was found. But the commandant of the Kremlin, Malkov, claimed to have held this conclusion in his hands.
Shortly before death Vladimir Ilyich recalled the people with whom he parted long ago. He was no longer able to say anything specific about them and only named their names - Martov, Axelrod, Gorky, Bogdanov, Volsky ...
Ulyanov was always afraid of being paralyzed, unable to work. Feeling the approach of a stroke, he called Stalin to him and asked in case of paralysis give him poison. Stalin promised, but as far as is known, this request was not fulfilled.
The main works of Lenin
“What are ‘friends of the people’ and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?” (1894);
"The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899);
"What to do?" (1902);
"One step forward, two steps back" (1904);
"Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909);
"On the right of nations to self-determination" (1914);
"Socialism and War" (1915);
"Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism" (1916);
"State and Revolution" (1917);
"Children's Disease of 'Leftism' in Communism" (1920);
"The Tasks of Youth Unions" (1920)
"On the pogrom persecution of Jews" (1924);
"Pages from a Diary", "On Cooperation", "On Our Revolution", "Letter to the Congress"
What is Soviet power?
