We determine the transitivity of the verb. How to identify transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian Non-canonical types of direct objects

All verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. This division is based on syntactic connections realized by the verb. Transitive verbs denote an action directed at an object expressed in the accusative case of a name without a preposition: I'm reading a book. In this case, the verb can name not only a specific action, but also feelings, thoughts, etc. In the latter case, the abstract object does not undergo changes: listen to radio, music. In addition to the accusative case, an object can be expressed by the genitive case in two cases: 1) if the verb names an action that passes not to the entire object, but to part of it: drank milk, bought bread; 2) with a negative predicate verb: didn't drink tea, didn't read newspapers, didn't know life.

In syntax, such an object is usually called direct. The direct object position may contain the subordinate part of a complex sentence: I realized that the game would be a success.

Intransitive verbs include verbs of motion ( go, march), verbs with the meaning of state ( relax, have fun), becoming ( turn green) and etc.

Considering that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb is related to its meaning and syntactic functioning, this category can be characterized as lexical-syntactic. Only a small group of verbs have word-formation features that allow them to be classified as transitive or intransitive. Thus, verbs with the following formal indicators can be classified as intransitive:

1) postfix –xia: study, work;

2) suffixes –nicha-, -stvova- for denominal verbs: carpentry, stay awake;

3) suffix -e- for verbs formed from adjectives ( turn blue, turn blue); in contrast to transitive verbs with a suffix -and-: blue etc.

But the above classification is not the only one. Some scientists, following A.A. Shakhmatov distinguishes 3 groups: 1) direct transitional (= transitional); 2) indirectly transitive and 3) intransitive. In this case, not only syntactic connections are taken into account, but also some morphological features of verbs.

Directly transitive verbs form passive participles: readable, repairable. They take on a passive meaning when used with a postfix –xia: the book is being read. Intransitive verbs do not form passive participles.

Following A.A. Shakhmatov, indirect-transitive verbs include those that require after themselves the genitive, dative and instrumental cases without a preposition: I am waiting steamship,I believe you,I'm doing physical education. They do not form passive participles, but are combined with a postfix –xia: to himI believe it .

A slightly different interpretation is proposed in the textbook by N.M. Shansky, A.N. Tikhonova: “A special category consists of the so-called indirect transitive verbs. These include reflexive and non-reflexive verbs that control not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object: wish victory, wait for the train, be proud of your brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a friend and so on." [Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 185].

Some polysemous verbs may be transitive in one meaning and intransitive in another; For example: writes letter(transition); boy alreadywrites , that is, learned to write (intransitive).

As a working one, we accept the first point of view, that is, we will consider transitive and intransitive verbs.

Collateral and collateral

actions (by the producer of the action) and the object, finding their

expression in verb form. Therefore, not every relationship

between the subject and object of the action are voicing, and only those that receive their grammatical form in the verb. Pledges are issued either through return forms on - Xia (build - be built) or through special formations - passive participles ( lined up)[Grammar–1960,

vol. 1, p. 412].

“Voice in Russian is grammatical

morphological forms whose meanings differ from each other

different representations of the same relationship between

semantic subject, action and semantic object"

[Russian grammar – 1980, vol. 1, p. 613].

The category of voice is closely related to transitivity-intransitivity. Word pledge- this is a tracing paper from the Greek. diathesis (location, state). Voice is a grammatical category of a verb, reflecting the direction or non-direction of the action on the subject.

In Greek grammar, there were 3 voices: 1) active (the action is performed by the subject); 2) passive (an object experiences action from another object); 3) combining the meaning of the two mentioned. Despite the fact that the Russian language does not have a voice similar to the third Greek, this teaching has had a great influence on the study of voices in Russian grammar. The number of pledges allocated at different times and among different authors was different: M.V. Lomonosov allocated 6 pledges, V.V. Vinogradov – 3, modern linguists – 2. There are two main points of view in modern linguistics: the first is reflected in the works of V.V. Vinogradov (F.F. Fortunatov was at its origins) and in Academic Grammar–1960, the second – in Academic Grammar–1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, Yu.S. Maslova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. Currently, there is debate about the principles of identifying voice, about the number and types of voice, about understanding voice as an inflectional or non-inflectional category, about identifying the category of voice not only for verbs, but also for nouns, adjectives, etc.

Some linguists consider the concept of voice in the broad sense of the term, including transitivity, voice itself and the meaning of reflexive verbs, moreover, the functional-semantic fields of voice and collateral, drawing on various linguistic means by which the relationship between subject and object is expressed.

We present pledge in the narrow sense of the term. Let us consider the main theories of voice in linguistics of the 20th century.

The first point of view is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, Grammar–1960, in the university grammar N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov and others. This direction comes from Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, who had his own special view on the theory of transitivity in the system of verbal vocabulary. According to this point of view, the category of voice is not distinguished for all verbs. The following verbs are outside the category of voice:

intransitive irreversible verbs: go, run, fly, sleep, stand, walk, breathe and under.;

verbs with postfix –xia formed from intransitive verbs: knock - knock, threaten - threaten, darken - darken, turn white - turn white and etc.;

verbs with postfix –xia, formed from transitive verbs, but changing their lexical meaning: instruct - vouch for, torture - try, straighten - straighten, forgive - say goodbye, get - get, distribute - give out and so on.;

verbs that are not used without –xia: fear, repent, hope, be proud, bow, laugh, greet, fight, like, part, intend, doubt, smile, try and etc.;

Impersonal verbs: dozing, sleeping, dusk, dawn and under.

The verbs listed are called unsecured. All other verbs are divided into three voices: active, passive and neuter (or neuter).

Verbs valid voices denote an action performed by a semantic subject (producer of the action) and directed at the object on which the action is performed (semantic object). For example: Workers building a house. Workers– semantic subject, action producer; in this active construction, it is simultaneously the grammatical subject of the sentence - the subject. House- a semantic object (the object on which the action is performed) - is also a grammatical object - an addition. A verb in an active construction is necessarily transitive; its complement is expressed in the accusative case without a preposition or in the genitive case without a preposition in two cases: with a negative predicate: Notdrank milk; if it denotes a part of a whole: drank milk.

Passive voice shows that a living being or object acting as a subject, that is, a grammatical subject, does not produce an action, but experiences it from another living being or object, is a semantic object. The producer of the action (semantic subject) acts as a grammatical object - an object in the instrumental case without a preposition. For example: Houseunder construction workers. House– grammatical subject, subject; semantic object, since it experiences an action, but does not produce it. Workers– a grammatical object, an object in the instrumental case and at the same time a semantic subject, since it names the producer of the action.

In its perfect form, the passive voice is expressed mainly by past participles: Housebuilt workers. Floorswashed cleaning lady Estimatecompiled accountant.

Thus, the meaning of the passive voice in Russian can be expressed in two ways:

1) personal forms of verbs 3 l. units and many more including the imperfect form of transitive verbs, which have a postfix added –xia: perform – performXia ; take away– take awayXia;

2) using passive participles formed from transitive verbs by adding suffixes –eat- (-im-), -nn-, -enn-, -t-: cleaned, cleaned, done, washed etc. They have long and short forms.

The passive voice, unlike the active voice, is marked in formal expression and content.

According to the first point of view, in addition to the active and passive voice, there is a third one - reflexive (or middle, mid-reflexive) voice. The content of this pledge is that the action is concentrated in the subject itself; it is directed not at the object, but at oneself. Reflexive verbs are formed, like passive verbs, by adding a postfix -xia to a transitive verb, but differ from passives in meaning, in syntactic environment (they are not a member of a passive construction), etc.

In the system of mid-reflexive verbs, more than one and a half dozen semantic groups are distinguished. Let's name some of them.

Self-returnable verbs that name actions directed at oneself, usually at appearance, and producing external changes corresponding to the lexical meaning. Postfix -xia matters in them myself. There are a few such verbs: shave, wash, dress, powder, get a haircut, wash etc.

Reciprocal verbs denote the actions of two or more persons. Postfix -xia in them corresponds to the meaning of “each other”, “with each other”: swear, meet, make up, correspond, talk, hug, quarrel, kiss, whisper etc.

Generally returnable verbs name the mental and physical processes occurring in the subject (the pronoun can be added to them myself): worry, worry, admire, be upset, rejoice, hurry, return, calm down and etc.

Indirect-returnable verbs show that the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: build (I'm building), study, heal, gather etc. There is no direct object with these verbs.

Active-objectless verbs convey a constant meaning: the cow butts, the dog bites, the nettle stings.

The main disadvantage of the theory presented is that the category of voice covers only part of the verbal vocabulary, although the category of voice is one of the most important. Therefore, in the science of language, the search for an objective, more convincing theory of voice continues. One of the points of view common in modern linguistics is presented in Russian Grammar – 1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, N.S. Avilova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. What they have in common is that the category of voice covers the entire verbal vocabulary and distinguishes only 2 voices: active and passive. But there are some differences in their teaching about the two pledges.

All supporters of the second point of view emphasize that the category of voice is one that manifests itself not only in morphology, but also in syntax. According to this point of view, all verbs have a voice category. In contrast to the first point of view, there are only two of them: active and passive. The passive voice in form and content coincides with the volume and design of the corresponding voice in the Grammar–1960, and the content and boundaries of the active voice are significantly expanded. This includes not only transitive verbs, but also all intransitive verbs with formally unexpressed intransitivity ( live, scream etc.), intransitive verbs with formally expressed intransitivity, that is, reflexive verbs with a postfix of non-passive meaning in active phrases: farmersare being built in summer; impersonal verbs dawns, freezes and under.

All verbs that do not enter into voice oppositions are inconsistent in terms of collateral. These verbs cannot form passive constructions. Such verbs L.L. Bulanin and I.G. Miloslavsky is called single-collateral, N.S. Avilova – incomparable in terms of collateral. Most of the transitive verbs are called accordingly two-collateral and comparable in collateral. A small part of transitive verbs are monovocal: Tanyathanked friend. Verb thanked is transitional; it is followed by an accusative object without a preposition, but this active construction does not have a corresponding passive (you cannot say: Friendthanks Tanya. Friendthanked Tanya).

N.S. Avilova believes that the category of pledge is mixed, partly inflectional ( built - built), partly non-verbal ( build - be built). At L.L. Bulanin and A.V. Bondarko has a different point of view. They consider the category of voice to be inflectional, that is, the opposed voice forms of the active and passive voice are considered forms of one word, regardless of the methods of this opposition. Wed: Professoris reading lecture(active voice) . Lectureread professor(passive voice) .

Postfix in monosyllable verbs -xia always word-forming.

face the relationship of action to reality" [Grammar - 1960, vol.

rows of forms opposed to each other expressing the relationship

actions to reality and having meaning to reality

(indicative mood), motives (imperative mood)

or conjecture, possibility (subjunctive mood).

The indicative mood is closely related to the category of tense:

the meaning of this mood is revealed in the forms present, past. and bud. vr.

The imperative and subjunctive moods do not have tense forms."

[Russian grammar - 1980, vol. 1, p. 618–619].

The concept of inclination. Verb inflection system . In the Russian language, the category of mood is inflectional and is represented by three moods of the verb: indicative, subjunctive (or conditional) and imperative. Of these, only the indicative mood is real, carrying out an action or state in three tenses: present, past and future. The subjunctive and imperative moods are called unreal and have no categories of time. They characterize an action not as taking place in actual reality, but as possible, desirable, or presented as an incentive.

The category of mood can be considered as a morphological way of expressing modality. Modality is one of the complex and little-studied phenomena of language. It has a multi-level nature and can be lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Lexical modality can be expressed in modal words highlighted by V.V. Vinogradov into an independent structural-semantic class ( probably, it seems, probably etc.), in words of other parts of speech: short adjectives ( glad, must, obliged, intends etc.), modal verbs ( be able, wish, want etc.), impersonal predicative words ( can, must, must, cannot); particles ( after all, no).

The syntactic expression of modality is represented by different types of sentences: narrative, interrogative, imperative. Modality also includes the category of affirmation and negation.

Morphologically, modality is expressed by the system of verb moods.

There are various interpretations of modality. We will understand modality as the grammatically expressed attitude of the speaker to the reality of the utterance. Mood shows how the speaker relates to his statement from the point of view of its relationship to reality: possibility, desirability, obligation or necessity of performing any actions, etc.

Indicative mood (indicative). The indicative mood shows that the action expressed by the verb is thought of as a real fact occurring in time. The relationship to reality is essentially not expressed in it, which is why it is called the “direct mood”, “zero grammatical category”.

Modal shades of the indicative mood are conveyed by tense forms. The forms of the future tense are especially rich in this regard. The meaning of tense, person and gender of indicative verbs will be considered when studying the corresponding categories.

Imperative mood (imperative). Imperative verbs express the will of the speaker (demand, advice, request), an incentive to action. The meaning of the imperative mood has a wide range from advice, polite request to command, prohibition or plea. Intonation plays an important role in this. “This intonation in itself can turn any word into an expression of command. In the system of imperative mood, this intonation is an organic part of verb forms. Outside of this intonation, the imperative mood does not exist” [V.V. Vinogradov, 1972, p. 464].

Imperative forms are formed from the stem of verbs of the present or future simple tense

by accession -And in units h.: report, remove, bring, spread etc. – and – and-those– in plural h.: report, remove, bring, disperse. On -And The emphasis falls in cases where the verb is in the 1st form. units h. has a stressed ending: study - study, smile - smile.

What is - And: ending or formative suffix? There is no clear answer to this question. The authors of Grammar-60, as well as L.V. Shcherba, A.N. Gvozdev, E.A. Zemskaya and others believe - And ending, but they do not highlight the null ending in forms like work, eat(the only exception is Grammar-70, whose authors do this). If we support this point of view and recognize -And ending, it is necessary to find those endings with which the given could correlate (by type, for example, endings of gender and number in past tense verbs: decided, decided, decided, decided). Such endings exist against each other and are opposed to each other. Considered -And is not opposed to any endings in other moods of the verb, and therefore it is logical to qualify it as a formative suffix (L.L. Bulanin, F.K. Guzhva, etc.).

If there is an alternation of final consonants in the basis of the present or future simple tense, the basis of the 2nd–3rd person is chosen, but not the 1st, cf.:

1 l. sitting Imperative mood: sit (those).

2 l . sitting

3 l. is sitting

When alternating postpalatal and sibilant, postopalatal are selected: distract - distract - distract; run - run - run.

Verbs I drink, I beat, I drink, I pour, in which the base consists of two consonants [пj], [бj], [вj], [лj] and the stress falls on the ending, they form an imperative mood consisting of one base; at the same time there appears in it a fluent e: drink, beat, drink, pour.

Verbs that do not have a present tense at the base -va-(compared to the infinitive stem), get this -va- in the imperative mood; compare: give - give - give; get up - get up - get up.

Verb lie down has the form of an imperative mood lie down; eat - eat, give - give, go - go(go– simple. option). In the latter case, the form is derived from a form that does not exist in the modern language travel.

A number of verbs have variant forms: stick out - stick out, pour out - pour out, clean - clean, notify - notify, climb - climb, feast - feast and etc.

In plural h is added - those: play, carry. What is -those in similar examples? This is a particle from A.N. Gvozdev, postfix - in Grammar-70, in F.K. Guzhva, formative suffix by D.E. Rosenthal, ending with E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, in a school textbook.

The 3 l form is used as an occasional form of the imperative mood. units and many more h. present or future simple tense with special intonation: Let's play! Let's sing, friends! These verbs are used to invite joint action.

Some scientists distinguish analytical forms of imperative verbs, which are formed in two ways:

joining of particles let (let), yes to the form 3 l. units and many more h. present or future tense: let him play, let him rest, let him print, long live;

by adding a particle Let's) to an infinitive or a verb in the form of 3 l. units and many more Parts of present and future simple tense: let's work, let's be friends.

Meanings of imperative forms [according to the book: Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 208–210]:

simple urge: Kiss here,–he showed his cheek(L. Tolstoy);

humorous and ironic impulse: Shout better so that the neighbors hear, if you have no shame(A. Ostrovsky);

prohibition: Don't come in , she is sleeping(Bitter);

threat: You are in my housepickney only(A. Ostrovsky);

command: Listen my team! Line up ! (Fadeev);

permission (permission): ... go , if you are so drawn from here!(Goncharov);

wish: Be healthy!Grow big!;

call: Turn around on the march!(Mayakovsky);

order: We need criticism from year to year,remember, like oxygen to a person, like clean air to a room(Mayakovsky);

advice: Try in winter, sleep at least 8 hours;

warning, parting words and reminder: Look,take care myself!(Kuprin);

request and plea: Think about it about me and I will be with you(Kuprin).

The modality of the imperative mood is most evident in sentences expressing an obligation: Every cricketknow your sixth!(= should know). He's walking and I'mWork for him(= should work). And after such a life, he was suddenly burdened with the heavy burden of carrying the service of an entire house on his shoulders! Theyserve master, andmethi , Andclean , he's at his beck and call!(= must serve, revenge, clean). Associated with this meaning is a connotation of discontent. In practice, this meaning goes beyond the imperative mood.

Not all verbs have an imperative mood. This is explained by the semantic content of the mood, which has access to extralinguistics: only a living creature, first of all a person, can order something or ask to do something (if you do not use the technique of personification); You cannot ask to perform processes that are beyond human control, etc.

Do not form the imperative mood:

Impersonal verbs: dawn, freeze, shiver, get cold and under.;

verbs naming actions or states beyond a person’s control: to feel ill, to feel cold, to want, to be able and etc.;

verbs naming actions related to inanimate nature: turn white, turn green, branch etc.

Subjunctive mood (conjunctive) . The term “subjunctive mood” was presented in the textbook by L.V. Shcherby, S.G. Barkhudarov and S.E. Kryuchkov and is currently used in almost all textbooks. The term “conditional mood” was used in the works of the 19th – early 20th centuries, including in the works of F.I. Buslaeva, A.B. Shapiro et al.

The subjunctive mood is used to express an action that the speaker considers desirable or possible under certain conditions.

The subjunctive form is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense form of verbs: I would tell you, I would rest and under. Verbs in the subjunctive mood change according to gender and number : would smile, would smile, would smile, would smile.

Meaning of subjunctive verbs:

desirability: I'm a wolfwould gnaw it out bureaucracy!(Mayakovsky);

conditionality of performing a possible action (usually in subordinate clauses of a complex sentence): Iwould come to you if I weren't busy.

The use of forms of one mood and infinitive in the meaning of another

The use of subjunctive forms in the meaning of others . Some forms of the subjunctive mood are capable of conveying request and advice, which is the meaning of the imperative mood, for example: I would tell you you're talking about your trip!

The use of imperative forms in the meaning of others . The imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the subjunctive when expressing the condition: Be able to I paint pictures, how much I could tell!

The use of verbs of the indicative mood in the meaning of other moods.

Verbs of the 2nd letter. The future tense can be used in the imperative sense: Go to the marketbuy products andyou'll get there to the hunting lodge. In this case, the addressee of the speech gives an order to carry out something. action.

Past tense verbs can be used in the imperative mood: Go! We stood up, bowed, let's go!

Very rarely, verbs in the form of the imperative mood have the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood, calling the action swift and instantaneous: And the horse at this timetake it Andbuck up.

The use of the infinitive in the meaning of moods . The infinitive can act as a subjunctive mood: I'd like to go us(Chekhov).

Denoting an order, a prohibition, or less often a request, verbs in the infinitive are used instead of the imperative mood: Stand! (incl: Stop!). Be silent! (incl: Keep quiet!).

). It is grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- a grammatical category of a verb expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:

I grow potatoes- the verb “to grow” is transitive, that is, it requires the addition of a patient (object of action). Without it, action is impossible (as a rule, “something” is grown).

The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of the action) and the patient (object of the action) are separated, I perform an action with something.

I'm coming- the verb is intransitive, since the addition of a patient is impossible (in fact, you can “eat something”, but you cannot “go something”).

The meaning of intransitivity is that agent and patient are connected - roughly speaking, “I force myself to act.”

It often happens, however, that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.

I run - I am running(verb in intransitive form).
I run a company - I run a company(the same verb in a transitive form).

Transitivity is interesting, firstly, for its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, for its rare plane of expression, and thirdly, for its relationship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.

In semantic terms, many verbs with the meaning of direct influence of the subject on the object are transitive ( beat, caress), sensory relationship ( be in love, hate) etc. Verbs with the meaning of movement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.

The plan for expressing transitivity is interesting in that it goes beyond the scope of the word form, since its sign is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not verbs in the passive voice and reflexive verbs. For example, it is correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” incorrectly: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” “Vasya saved Dorimedont.” This happens because a verb in the passive voice describes the state of the object, not the subject's actions in relation to it. Reciprocity marks the direction of the subject's action towards himself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.

Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally marked. for example, in Russian it is considered uncivilized to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “I’m hitting”); although there are exceptions (“What are you doing?” “Eating”). At the same time, some transitive verbs, used without a corresponding noun, acquire additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It is remarkable that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes... The verb to drink also automatically equals the verb to get drunk” (See: Vyazemsky P. A. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M ,1988).

see also

Literature

• Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language. (any edition).
• Grammar of modern Russian language. M, 1970.
• Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 volumes. M, 1980.

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See what a “transitive verb” is in other dictionaries:

About the verb as a part of speech in the languages ​​of the world, see the article “Verb”. In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of a verb is considered to be the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb.... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did you do(a, and, o)?. The verb can be... ... Wikipedia

verb- ▲ part of speech expressing, change verb part of speech expressing a change or state (he is sleeping. he has fallen asleep. he is turning white). participle. participle. bunch. transition. intransitive. verbal (# noun). mood:... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

transition- I B/ and A/ pr; 109 claim see Appendix II = transitional (intended for moving to another place, to another class, to another course, cf.: transitional and transitional tunnel, transitional and transitional exams) II A/ pr ; 109 See Appendix II... ... Dictionary of Russian accents

Traditionally, the verb as a part of speech is studied at the end of grade 4, and repetition and deepening of the topic continues in grades 5-6.

This topic is of practical importance, as it helps students distinguish between the forms of the nominative and accusative cases, not to confuse direct objects with subjects, and to correctly form participles and gerunds.

Let's try to clearly explain to students what a transitive or intransitive verb is.

It is usually determined whether a verb combines with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. Transitive verbs require the accusative case (who? what?) to express the direct object in affirmative sentences: And somehow I felt sorry for both the sparrow and the fly. Mom shortened the trousers herself.

But students, when they encounter the same verb in different sentences, often ask: “Which verb is this - transitive or intransitive?”

Consider, for example, the verb WRITE: Ivan writes well. Ivan writes a letter. In the first sentence, the verb “writes” is related to the subject, in the second sentence the verb actualizes the object. The first sentence refers to compatibility potential, and in the second sentence real. Conclusion: the verb WRITE in these sentences is transitive. Do not forget that the verbal category of transitivity/intransitivity is a constant feature and is always determined during morphological analysis.

Let's return to the question: can a verb be considered transitive if it does not have a direct object without a preposition in the sentence? Of course, it all depends on the context. In context, a transitive verb can acquire such shades of meaning that turn it into intransitive: I can hear well(that is, I have good hearing). Petya draws well and plays the guitar(that is, he can draw pictures, play music).

In such cases, verbs have the meaning “to be able to do what is expressed by the verb,” that is, they do not denote specific actions, but the properties (characteristics, abilities) of objects in relation to certain actions. With such verbs there is not and cannot be an addition, otherwise the indicated shade will disappear.

If the context conditions allow not to name the object to which the action is transferred, then it is possible to substitute a noun in the accusative case without changing the meaning: I listened (to his father’s story) and did not understand anything. We remember that in context, a transitive verb can be used without a direct object.

A transitive verb is involved in the creation, transformation, movement or destruction of some object ( build a house, fry meat, burn straw). This presupposes the presence of a “tool” that provides contact and increases the effectiveness of action. The body, an active part of the body, or a man-made tool can act as a tool: I dig the earth with a shovel, brush my teeth with a brush.

A small group of transitive verbs has the meaning of recognizing, feeling, perceiving, endowing an object with a sign, opening/closing, establishing contacts, possessing, communion ( find out the news, love music, hear singing, dress your brother, open your coat, glue the sheets of paper, steal money, pick an apple).

The verb will also be transitive in the genitive case when indicating a part of the object or when negating the action itself: drink juice, buy bread; didn't read newspapers, didn't receive money.

Let us now turn to intransitive verbs. They require an object only in oblique cases with or without prepositions: go to school, help a friend. Typically, intransitive verbs denote movement and position in space, physical or moral state: fly, get sick, suffer. A distinctive feature of intransitive verbs is the suffixes -SYA, -E-, -NICHA-(-ICHA-): to make sure, to become weak, to be greedy.

Will the verbs WEIGH, LIE, LIVE be transitive in the examples: weighs a ton, lies for a minute, lives for a week? We reason like this: nouns are in the Accusative case without a preposition, but are not direct objects, but adverbs of measure and time. Conclusion: these verbs are intransitive.

Some prefixes (re-, pro-, from-, obez-/obes-) are capable of turning intransitive verbs into transitive ones: work in an office - process a part, harm a neighbor - neutralize a neighbor.

To check your understanding of the topic, try completing several tasks.

Exercise 1.

Match the verbs with dependent nouns and determine their case:

Pour ______, recognize ______, enjoy ______, dilute ______, distribute ______, belittle ______, get carried away ______, shudder ______, be irritated ______, teach ______, expose ______, absorb ______, unite ______, bless ______, fly ______, jump ______, look out ______ .

Which of these verbs are combined with a noun in Vin.p. without an excuse?

Task 2.

Identify transitive or intransitive verbs. Place the letter P above transitive verbs, and the letter N above intransitive verbs.

Seeing a wolf means being afraid of a wolf; cut off bread - eat without bread; find out from a friend - meet a friend; to be afraid of an opponent - to defeat an opponent - to win against an opponent; know the rules - don't know the rules - stick to the rules; want water - drink water; collect mushrooms - not notice a mushroom - love mushrooms - read about mushrooms; measure the depth - beware of the depth - dive into the depths.

Task 3.

Transform phrases of intransitive verbs with indirect objects into phrases of transitive verbs with direct objects according to the example: take the elevator - use the elevator.

Do physics, get involved in sports, speak a language, get pigeons, talk about a trip, talk about a book.

How did you manage to do this?

Task 4.

Correct errors in the use of nouns:

insist on reconsidering the case, call for help, resign yourself to failure, explain the dangers of smoking, give all your strength to work, bow to his authority.

Task 5.

Correct errors in the use of verbs:

I put on my coat and hat and went for a walk. The students met the new teacher only during class. Mom cleaned the room and did the laundry. The kids were playing on the playground.

Literature

1. Ilchenko O.S. Aspects of studying the topic “Transitive and intransitive verbs” in grade VI / Russian language at school. - 2011. - No. 12.

2. Shelyakin M.A. Handbook of Russian grammar. - M.: Russian language, 1993.

, “responsible” for designating actions. It has not only changeable characteristics, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear when words are changed. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these constant features - transitivity.

In contact with

The concept of verb transitivity

Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct object, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less commonly, genitive case, which does not have a preposition.

This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a transition from the semantic side?

The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote “non-independent” actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are examples:

• To write (what?) a play, to serve (who?) a client, to not earn (what?) money are transitive verbs (simply “write” or “serve” is impossible, and “earn” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
• To sit (on what?) on a chair, to wash, to suffer (from what?) from an illness are intransitive verbs (you can simply “sit” or “suffer”).

Transition is what it is transfer of action from subject (subject) to object (called direct object).

In what cases should nouns be put?

Transitive verbs are able to control the object both in the form of the accusative case and in the form of the genitive case - in both cases without a preposition. But how do you know which of the two cases to use in each specific case?

The accusative is basic. The genitive addition takes on the form in the following cases:

1. If it means “a certain amount of something”: “drank water” (n.) - that is, some part of the poured liquid; but “drank the water” (vin. p.) - that is, all the water in a given vessel or reservoir.
2. In negative sentences, if the meaning “at all” is implied: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
3. In negative sentences, if there is an intensifying particle “nor”: “We have no idea.”

The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, and the genitive, on the contrary, strengthens it.

Important! Some nouns with transitive verbal forms acquire a genitive case form that differs from the main one: “I’ll take some sugar”, “not knowing the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water” (instead of “sugar”, “ford”).

How to determine the transitivity of a specific verb

How to determine transitivity? Problems often arise with this. The presence or absence of transitivity can be determined using the following method.

First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or to which you can ask the question “who?” or “what?”

If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct object; in front of us transition.

If the sentence is incomplete, the direct object may not be present, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask a question in the accusative case of the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (who? what?).” If you can’t ask such a question, then this intransitive: “Where have you been all week? “I was sick” (it is impossible to ask “who?” or “what?”).

Important! All reflexive and verb forms in the passive voice are not transitive, that is, those that have the suffix “-s” or “-sya”: it seems, washes, is located.

While observing this rule, you need to keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it must denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the accusative case without a preposition stands next to a verb and is related to it, but it cannot be transitive: “It takes an hour to drive,” “to live for a week.”

Transitivity of polysemous verbs

Verb forms of words can have multiple meanings. In this case, in the first meaning there is a transitive type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He is telling (what?) a lie” is transitive, but “the child is already speaking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) a march” is transitive, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.

In humorous texts, a situation is possible when the normally intransitive becomes transitive: “Drink vodka and misbehave with discipline.”

The comic effect is built on this; the verbs seem to acquire the meanings of those instead of which they are placed– “to hooligan” instead of “to violate”, etc.

Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms may have transitivity.

“Trade” is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, having the meaning of “price the price,” it was transitive: “To trade a horse.” This usage remains in folklore.

Differences between transitive and intransitive

Now you need to find out what is the difference between transitional from intransitive. First of all is its meaning. Transitional usually means:

1. Creation, modification or destruction of objects (built a house, reduced the dose);
2. Sensory perception of objects (I hear music, see the city);
3. Contacting an object without changing it (touched a wall, stroked a cat);
4. Attitude to the object (I love science fiction, I adore contrast showers).

It is also possible to distinguish the transitive by trying to form the passive from it. If it works, the verb is transitive; if it doesn’t work, it’s intransitive.

Collocations with transitive verbs always consist of a verb form and a direct object, sometimes a definition, circumstance may be included: cut down trees, drive a bus, find a pirate's treasure, learn a lesson quickly.

Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian

Learning Russian - types of verbs, examples

Conclusion

It is not so difficult to assign a verb form to any of the groups. One has only to remember that one should analyze to a greater extent the meaning of the main word and its dependent word, rather than the external form: the same verb in different contexts can be both transitive and intransitive.

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity of a verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we are talking about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young leaves of birch trees have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd of fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals, swims there every spring..