Laboratory in computer science. Laboratory work in computer science

Subject: Number systems

Target: Gain practical skills in converting numbers from one number system to another.

Main content of the work

Write a program that converts numbers from one SS to another and vice versa.

Theoretical information

The computer works with information specified by numbers presented in the form of special codes in the number system (SS) adopted for this computer.

SS is a set of techniques for naming and designating numbers. There are non-positional (Roman) and positional SS. In positional SS, any number is depicted as a sequence of digits, the quantitative value of which depends on the place (position) each of them occupies in the number. The number of different digits used to represent numbers in a positional SS is called its base. That is, if k digits are used, then the base SS will be k.

The number can be represented as follows:

a n-1 a n-2 . . . a i. . . a 1 a 0 , a -1 a -2 . . . a -m

integer part fractional part

n digits m digits

Positions renumbered in this way are called ranks. Each of the digits can take one of the values k-1>= a i >=0 . k is used for the quantitative value of each of the digits of a number.

a n-1 * k n-1 + a n-2 * k n-2 +. . .+a i* k i +. . .+ a 1* k 1 + a 0 k 0 + a -1 k -1 +a -2 k -2+ . . .+a -m k -m

Positional systems are convenient because they allow you to write large numbers using a relatively small number of characters. Another advantage is the ease of performing arithmetic operations on numbers written in these systems.

Depending on the basis of the SS, we can distinguish:

1) Decimal SS. It uses 10 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

2) Binary SS. It uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.

3) Octal SS. It uses 8 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.

4) Hexadecimal SS. It uses 16 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

The smallest number that can be used as a base SS is the number 2. The corresponding SS base is binary. The convenience of this system lies in its extraordinary simplicity. There are only two digits in it, 0 and 1. The disadvantage is that you have to use a lot of characters to write even small numbers.

Octal and hexadecimal SS are used in computing because converting from binary SS to octal and hexadecimal SS is easier than converting to decimal. With octal and hexadecimal SS, you can write a long number using fewer characters than in binary SS.

Converting numbers from one SS to another

1. Translation of integers.

To convert an integer from one SS to another you need:

1) Divide this number by the base of the new SS to obtain the whole quotient. The resulting remainder (including 0) will be the low-order digit of the number in the new SS.

2) The resulting quotient must be divided again by the base of the new SS. The remainder of this division will be the next digit of the number. The division is performed until the result of the division is 0.

3) The recording of the received digits of a number in the new SS is performed from the end (i.e., in the reverse order of their calculation).

1) convert 672 10 to octal SS.

1)672 8 2) 84 8 3) 10 8 4) 1 8

64 84 8 10 8 1 0 0

The result will be 1240 8 .

2) convert 127 10 to binary SS.

1) 127 2 2) 63 2 3) 31 2 4) 15 2

12 63 6 31 2 15 14 7

5) 7 2 6) 3 2 7) 1 1

The result will be 1111111 2 .

2. Converting real numbers

When converting real numbers from one SS to another, the integer part of the number is translated separately (see the algorithm described above), and the fractional part is translated as follows:

The number is multiplied by the base of the new SS. The integer part of the result will be the first digit of the fractional part of the number in the new SS.

The fractional part of the result is again multiplied by the base of the new SS, etc.

The process continues until the specified accuracy is achieved.

Converting x=0.2 10 to binary SS

0.2*2=0.4=0+0.4 (0)

0.4*2=0.8=0+0.8 (0)

0.8*2=1.6=1+0.6 (1)

0.6*2=1.2=1+0.2 (1)

If the base of the old and new SS are connected by the relation p=q k (8=2 3, 16=2 4), then the transfer from one SS to another is simplified. In order to convert a number from SS with base p to a number in SS with base q, it is necessary to represent each digit in the first number using a number in SS with base q, and the number of digits must be equal to k.

To use this rule, you need to know the table of equivalents.

To convert a number from hexadecimal SS to binary, just use the table to replace the digits of the number with the equivalent values in binary SS. For example:

C93 16 = 1100 1001 0011 2

Inverse transformations are performed similarly.

Converting numbers from octal SS to binary and back is done in exactly the same way, only three-digit sequences are used to write numbers in binary SS. For example

453 8 = 100 101 011 2

This rule can also be used when converting numbers from decimal SS to binary. If you use octal or hexadecimal SS for such a translation, the number of division operations performed, and, consequently, the number of possible errors, is reduced.

For example:

Convert 156 10 to binary SS.

1) convert the number to hexadecimal SS

We got 9C. Now we write this number using binary SS. Result.

(Cbd flow – 1 course)

Lab 1: Entering and Editing in Writer (OpenOffice.org) 3

Processor setup 3

Typing 3

Formatting 5

Find and replace operations 6

Applying styles 7

Exercises for independent work 8

Test questions on the topic: 8

Lab 2: Embedding Objects in a Document 8

Working with tables 8

Creating drawings and diagrams 9

Methods for embedding objects prepared in other applications 10

Image adjustment 11

Editing formulas 11

Automatic numbering of objects 11

Exercises for independent work 12

Test questions on the topic: 12

Laboratory work 3. Preparing a document for printing 12

Spell check 12

Installing headers and footers 13

Creating footnotes and endnotes 13

Page numbering 13

Test questions on the topic: 14

Lab 4: Calculation in Calc 14

Using formulas 17

Inserting functions 18

Design of table 19

Test questions on the topic: 19

Lab 5. Business Graphics 19

Building a diagram 19

Editing a chart 20

Exercises for independent work 20

Test questions on the topic: 21

Lab 6: Some OpenOffice.org Calc 21 Features

Date and time 21

Logic functions 22

Math functions 23

Test questions on the topic: 24

Laboratory work 7. Statistical data processing 24

Numerical characteristics of the sample 24

Lab 8: Functions Using Criteria 25

Mathematical functions. SUMIF function 28

Lab 9: Processing Lists in CALC 34

Creating a list 34

List sorting 35

Search using standard filter 35

Automatic data filtering 35

Advanced filtering 36

Lab 1. Entering and editing in the Word Processor Writer (OpenOffice.Org)

Download the Word Processor Writer (OpenOffice.org) using Start / Programs / Writer (OpenOffice.org).

Download help system . Check out the help system: its structure is the same as that of the help for the Windows operating system.

Consider the elements of the Writer window. Using the View menu, set display mode – Page layout, ensure availability rulers (if necessary, connect them using the menu View). Try other display modes like using the menu View, and using the buttons in the lower left part of the window: the purpose of each button can be determined by the tooltip. Check for two panels – Standard And Formatting. If other panels are installed, disable them (View / Toolbars). Install scale images 100% (View / Zoom / 100% / OK or the Zoom field with a drop-down list in the standard toolbar).

For installation operating parameters word processor, select Tools/Options. /OpenOffice.Writer In tab View check the commands for checkboxes Show graphic objects And Tooltips, and all teams Window(status bar, vertical ruler, scroll bars); on the tab Are common set the units of measurement – centimeters, on the tab Spelling disable commands Automatically check spelling And Automatically check grammar– these checks slow down the work, they can be carried out when the document is finalized. On the tab Preservation select Autosave every 10 minutes. Review the settings on the other tabs. To implement the settings made, click the OK button.

Page settings configured using menu Format / Pages and, where the sheet size and orientation, margins and other parameters can be set. Using the appropriate dialog tabs Page settings, set the paper size to A4, orientation – portrait, margins – 20 mm on all sides, then click OK.

LABORATORY WORKS IN INFORMATION SCIENCE

FOR THE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MATHEMATICS

(stream Mbd, Mkbd – 1 course)

Lab 1: Entering and Editing in Writer (OpenOffice.org) 3

Processor setup................................................... ........................................................ .......... 3

Typing................................................ ........................................................ ............................ 3

Formatting........................................................ ........................................................ .................... 5

Search and replace operations................................................................... ........................................................ ..... 6

Lists........................................................ ........................................................ .................................... 6

Applying styles........................................................ ........................................................ ................ 7

Exercises for independent work.................................................... .............................. 8

Test questions on the topic:.................................................. ................................................. 8

Laboratory work 2. Embedding objects in a document.................................................... ................ 9

Working with tables........................................................ ........................................................ ................. 9

Creation of drawings and diagrams.................................................... ........................................................ ...... 9

Methods for embedding objects prepared in other applications.................................... 10

Image settings......................................................... ........................................................ ....... eleven

Editing formulas........................................................ ........................................................ ...... eleven

Automatic numbering of objects................................................... ........................................................ .... 12

Exercises for independent work.................................................... ............................ 12

Test questions on the topic:.................................................. ............................................... 12

Laboratory work 3. Preparing a document for printing.................................................... ............ 13

Spell check................................................................ ........................................................ ..... 13

Installing headers and footers................................................... ........................................................ .... 13

Creating footnotes and endnotes.................................................................... ...................................... 13

Pagination................................................ ........................................................ ............. 13

Seal................................................. ........................................................ ................................... 14

Test questions on the topic:.................................................. ............................................... 14

Lab 4: Calculation in Calc.................................................... ....................................... 15

Using formulas........................................................ ........................................................ ........ 17

Inserting functions........................................................ ........................................................ .................. 18

Table design............................................................. ........................................................ .......... 19

Test questions on the topic:.................................................. ............................................... 19

Laboratory work 5. Business graphics................................................. .......................................... 20

Constructing a diagram................................................... ........................................................ ....... 20

Editing a diagram................................................................ ........................................................ 20

Exercises for independent work.................................................... ........................ 21

Test questions on the topic:.................................................. ........................................... 21

Lab 6: Some OpenOffice.org Calc Features.................................................... .... 22

Date and time............................................... ........................................................ ........................... 22

Logic functions................................................... ........................................................ .......... 23

Mathematical functions................................................... ........................................................ ... 24

Test questions on the topic:.................................................. ............................................... 24

Laboratory work 7. Statistical data processing.................................................... ............ 25

Numerical characteristics of the sample................................................................... ........................................... 25

Laboratory work 8. Functions using criteria.................................................... ............ 26

Mathematical functions. SUMIF function............................................................... 28

Lab 9. Processing lists in CALC.................................................... .................... 34

Creating a list........................................................ ........................................................ ................... 34

Sorting the list................................................... ........................................................ ............... 35

Search using a standard filter................................................................... ........................... 35

Automatic data filtering................................................... ........................................................ ..... 36

Advanced filtering................................................................... ........................................................ .... 36

Laboratory work 10. Basics of working in the BASE DBMS.................................................... ................... 37

Database creation............................................... ........................................................ .......... 37

Changing the database......................................................... ........................................................ ...... 39

Query Processing................................................ ........................................................ .............. 40

Test questions on the topic:.................................................. ........................................... 40

Lab 1: Entering and Editing in Writer (OpenOffice.org)

Processor setup

Download the Word Processor Writer (OpenOffice.org) using Start / Programs / Writer (OpenOffice.org).

Download help system . Check out the help system: its structure is the same as that of the help for the Windows operating system.

Consider the elements of the Writer window. Using the View menu, set display mode – Page layout, ensure availability rulers (if necessary, connect them using the menu View). Try other display modes like using the menu View, and using the buttons in the lower left part of the window: the purpose of each button can be determined by the tooltip. Check for two panels – Standard And Formatting. If other panels are installed, disable them (View / Toolbars). Install scale images 100% (View / Zoom / 100% / OK or the Zoom field with a drop-down list in the standard toolbar).

For installation operating parameters word processor, select Tools/Options. /OpenOffice.Writer In tab View check the commands for checkboxes Show graphic objects And Tooltips, and all teams Window(status bar, vertical ruler, scroll bars); on the tab Are common set the units of measurement – centimeters, on the tab Spelling disable commands Automatically check spelling And Automatically check grammar– these checks slow down the work, they can be carried out when the document is finalized. On the tab Preservation select Autosave every 10 minutes. Review the settings on the other tabs. To implement the settings made, click the OK button.

Typing

In the formatting panel, check the settings: style - Ordinary, font (typeface) – Times New Roman, size font size – 10. In the work area, enter the text below using the appropriate alignment buttons: centered (for address), justified (for the body of the text), aligned to the right (last name). Printing a dot with the Russian layout - by pressing the rightmost key in the bottom row (sign?), a comma - the same key when pressed Shift. To skip a line, use the enter key Enter.

For removal erroneously entered text, use the delete keys Backspace or Delete. Typically, a word processor operates in insert mode , when a newly entered character expands the already entered characters. IN replacement mode, Newly entered characters replace previously entered ones. To enable or disable the replacement mode, double-click on the indicator ZAM in the status bar.

Writer allows you to automate some typing operations. Repeated words can be saved as autotext , and they will then be entered by the first characters or special designation. For example, add the word “Computer Science” to AutoText. To do this, follow these steps: type the word Computer Science in the text and copy it to the clipboard, then select the Edit \ AutoText menu, enter the copied word Computer Science from the clipboard into the AutoText panel, make sure the category is checked standard, click on the button autotext, select Create Text from the pop-up menu, then click the button add. Now start entering this word in the text you are typing - the computer will automatically offer to insert the corresponding word; To insert, just press the key Enter.

Writer also corrects some common errors in a similar way: it produces autocorrect . For example, the incorrectly entered word bulletin will be automatically replaced with the correct word - bulletin. You can set up autocorrect using the Tools / AutoCorrect / Replace menu. Configure the replacement of III characters with the text “Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich”. On the menu autocorrect review the list of such corrections and add new words to it.

Enter the text (ignoring the paragraph boundaries, they will be changed later):

Dear Ivan Petrovich!

I inform you that on March 10 at 10.00 in the conference hall of the open joint-stock company "Integral" the next meeting of creditors will be held with the agenda:

Approval of changes to the external management plan of OJSC Integral.

You must have with you:

passport or identity card

power of attorney

act of reconciliation of your company's accounts with OJSC "Integral"

External manager of OJSC "Integral"

A.A.Alexandrov

When editing a document, sometimes you need to clearly see where the keys are pressed. Enter, how many times the spacebar was pressed, etc. – that is, to see special non-printable characters. The button is used for this Non-printing characters in the standard toolbar (¶). Click this button and view the symbols and placement of such symbols. Disable the button Non-printing characters.

Formatting

Selecting a text fragment, as already noted, is done by dragging it with the mouse. For highlighting a separate line silks are made to the left of the line, single word – double click on the first letter of this word . Select paragraph the entire paragraph can be clicked to the left of the beginning of the paragraph. Try all these selection methods.

moved or copied via the clipboard either to any place in the active document or to another document. Use any of the previously discussed methods: buttons Cut, Copy, Insert; corresponding context menu or menu commands Edit; keyboard shortcuts: Ctrl+X- cut out, Ctrl+C– copy to clipboard, Ctrl+V– paste from the buffer. When moving a fragment over a short distance, another method is more convenient: place the mouse pointer in the selected area (pointer type is an arrow) and drag the fragment with the left mouse button to the desired location (the pointer changes appearance - now it is an arrow with a rectangle at the bottom). In a similar way, a fragment can be copied: the same actions are performed when the key is pressed Ctrl.

The selected fragment can be deleted by pressing the delete key Delete. Copy by dragging a fragment of the second sentence " at 10.00" to any other place on the same line. Delete the copied fragment.

Select all prepared text. Change the font size to 12.

To install left and right text boundaries use markers on the ruler. For installation paragraph indentation (indent the first line in a paragraph) you can press the tab key Tab. The amount of indentation can be adjusted using the appropriate marker on the horizontal ruler.

Set the line spacing using the menu Format / Paragraph tab – Indents and spacing, to the value one and a half. See what other types of line spacing are available to you. You can also set line spacing using the corresponding buttons on the toolbar formatting. Find these buttons, select a paragraph of text, and try out different line spacing values.

Review the different ways to align text in a paragraph: left, right, center, justified, using the appropriate buttons in the formatting bar or paragraph settings menu.

To fine-tune paragraph parameters, you can use the menu Format / Paragraph tab – Indents and spacing. Find on the tab the text alignment setting, its style (main text); indentation set for the specified paragraph:

ü Left. This is the indentation of an entire paragraph to the left of the text border;

ü On right. This is the indentation of an entire paragraph to the right of the text border;

ü Before. This is the indentation of an entire paragraph down from the previous paragraph;

ü After. This is the indentation of an entire paragraph upward from the following paragraph.

Select the paragraph starting with the words “I inform you” and set the left indent to 1cm, the right indent to 1cm, the space before the paragraph to 1cm, the space after the paragraph to 1cm. Look how the text has changed.

Select the first line as a fragment and format it in a different font and font size using the toolbars and context menu. Set a sparse font for this line, use the menu to do this Format / Symbol. Look through all the possible settings reflected in the tabs of this menu and find the character spacing setting. Set the font to 3 point sparsity. Look how the spelling of the line has changed. Try setting the font type to condensed.

For cancellations erroneous actions, use the button Cancel in the standard toolbar: it undoes the last action performed. If it is necessary to cancel several actions, they can be highlighted in the list, opened using the arrow to the right of the button Cancel and canceled by pressing this button once. An erroneously canceled operation can be restored using the button Return. Move the first sentence of the document anywhere by dragging with the mouse. Cancel this action using the button Cancel.

Find and replace operations

Let's assume that there is a mistake in the name of the organization: OJSC is not called "Integral", but, for example, "Interval". How can I make changes without retyping the wrongly typed word every time? Use the Edit/Replace menu. In the dialog box, enter the word Integral in the Find field, and the word Interval in the Replace field (to activate the desired field, click on it with the mouse). Click Find Next, then Replace. If you are sure that everything needs to be replaced, click the appropriate button.

Lists

The easiest way to design a list is to use the buttons on the formatting toolbar. Select two agenda items in the prepared document as a block: arrange them in the form numbered list . To do this, click on the button numbered list in the format bar.

Complete the list of documents that you need to have with you in the form bulleted list : highlight the corresponding three lines and click on the button Markers. If you are not satisfied with the appearance of the markers, you can change them using the Format / Markers and Numbering menu (or a similar context menu) and select one of the available options. Using the tab Images You can select other markers. List indentation can be adjusted using the buttons Decrease/Increase indent.

Using the same menu, you can organize and multilevel list . To do this, in the Format / List menu you can configure the type of levels of the created list, the type of their numbering, indents and other parameters. Next, create a regular numbered list, where all the numbering will be of the same level. Next, use the TAB key on the keyboard or the buttons Decrease/Increase indent We move to the desired level at each point.

You can use the Bullets and Numbering panel to make changes to lists.

Suppose that in a sequence of automatically numbered paragraphs you need one paragraph without numbering, as in the example:

1) first paragraph

2) second paragraph

third paragraph without numbering

3) fourth paragraph

This can be done in the following ways:

Method 1: number all paragraphs without exception; then place the cursor before the third paragraph and press the key , to erase one character from the right. The paragraph loses its number.

Method 2: number all paragraphs without exception; then place the cursor in front of the third paragraph and click on the Numbering icon in the toolbar. The paragraph loses its number and text indentation.

Method 3: Number paragraphs 1 and 2 using the Numbering icon in the toolbar. Next, go to paragraph 4, select Format – Markers and numbering – Settings tab and set the number 3 in the initial value counter.

Create three lists and in each, try each of the ways to exclude an element from the general list.

Save the created document.

Applying styles

You can format each paragraph separately, but for a large document this takes a lot of time. Therefore, all modern office packages simplify this procedure through the use of styles. A paragraph style determines the formatting of both the paragraph itself (indents, spacing, alignment, etc.) and the formatting of characters in the paragraph (font, size, etc.).

To set a paragraph style, place the cursor on it and click on the Styles and Formatting button in the toolbar or select Format / Styles from the menu. Next, select the desired style from the list.

To change an existing style, select it in the Styles and Formatting button window, right-click and select menu Change.

To create your own paragraph style, select text generated according to your requirements in the text. Open the Styles and Formatting menu and click the button Create style from selection.

Create your own paragraph style and demonstrate its use.

Review the PARAGRAPH and CHARACTER menu settings again by calling them up using the context menu or from the FORMAT window menu. Try out all the possible settings in them and learn how to format text using them.

Create a new document (Create button) with page parameters - A4 format, orientation - portrait, left and right margins of 3 cm, top and bottom - 2 cm; type the text of the Lists section in it. Place the title in the center. Make two copies of the text in the same document. In the first copy, change the font type (typeface) and its size. Set sparse character spacing. Increase the margins on the left and right. In the second copy, change the single line spacing to double. Set the interval before the second paragraph to 1 cm, after it - 2 cm.

Create a file of four paragraphs of text, for each paragraph set your own font, style, line spacing and text alignment. Highlight individual words in the text by setting their style - bold, italic, underline. Add three lists to the text: bulleted, numbered, and multilevel. Save the document as Lists in the My Documents folder.

To view a Notice document, click its name in the Window menu: this menu command allows you to activate any of the documents loaded in Writer and arrange them all at once on the screen using the Arrange All item. If necessary, you can change the location of windows by resizing windows by dragging their borders and moving them to the desired position behind the title bar. Arrange the Announcement and List document windows in different ways.

Security questions on the topic:

1. Setting page parameters;

2. Setting autotext and autocorrect;

3. Setting the text font;

4. Setting the parameters of the paragraph;

5. Document style, create your own style.

Creating drawings and diagrams

The drawing can be created using a graphics editor and embedded in the document. Simple drawings and diagrams are often more convenient to prepare using the built-in tools of a word processor. Connect the drawing toolbar View / Toolbars / Drawing (or the Drawing button in the standard toolbar).

Draw a structural diagram of the Faculty of Economics and Mathematics. Select AutoShapes / Basic Shapes / Rounded Rectangle, drag the mouse pointer from the upper left to the lower right corner of the drawn rectangle, release the mouse button (the drawn shape remains selected: there are square markers at its corners and the middle of the sides), select Action / Align / Distribute / Align Center: The rounded rectangle will appear exactly in the center of the document. To edit the contour line of a rectangle, select it and click the Line Type button: select the desired type. Without removing the selection, click on the Caption button, and then inside the shape type the text: Faculty of Economics and Mathematics. Select the text of the inscription and format it: center it, select the appropriate font type and size.

Below the rounded rectangle, by analogy, draw two identical ovals (you can directly use the Oval button in the Drawing panel): in one, enter the inscription Directions and Specialties, in the other - Departments. To align the ovals, select both shapes (to do this, hold down the Shift), do Action: Align Top (this will align the ovals to the top edge of the page), and then drag them to the desired position with the mouse; re-center if necessary. Draw arrows between the rounded rectangle and each of the ovals: click the Arrow button and drag the mouse from the beginning of the arrow at the rounded rectangle to its end at the oval. To format an arrow, use the Line Type button.

Under each of the ovals, draw in the form of rectangles a list of relevant structures, for example, for the departments: Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Economics and Management, Economic Theory, CAD, Higher Mathematics.

If an action is performed incorrectly, use the Cancel button; the selected object can be deleted by pressing a key Delete.

Image Adjustment

An embedded picture can be moved: after selecting it with a mouse click, it is dragged to any location in the document. To change the size of a picture, drag one of its borders by the corresponding square ( resize marker ). Try these steps on the embedded drawing.

Various image adjustment methods are possible using the Images toolbar or the context menu. Install this panel and try out the capabilities of its tools: changing contrast and brightness. The most important image adjustment tool is the button that provides flow around a picture embedded in a document with text: at the top and bottom of the picture, around the frame, along the contour, etc. Enter any text (for example, copy the text from the Notice file), overlay the previously built-in clipart on it and try out different wrapping options. If necessary, use the context menu / Wrap.

Editing formulas

To enter simple formulas, the Style / Subscript or Superscript (degree) menu options are sufficient. In the new file, enter the formula y i ¹a+b x 3 (To enter the inequality sign and Greek letters, use insertion of symbols: check the Symbol font setting, click on the appropriate symbol, then click the Insert button; after entering all the necessary symbols, click Close. To enter the index and degree, press the desired letter keys on the keyboard, highlight letter and set Subscript or Superscript. x And y put it in italics.

To enter more complex formulas, use a special formula editor (menu Insert / Object / Formula). Enter the relationship for the normal distribution function

To do this, download the formula editor and enter the left side of the formula from the keyboard in the usual way. To enter a fraction before an integral, use the Fraction and Radical Templates; to enter Greek letters, use the lowercase Greek letters button. Similarly, select suitable templates for the integral, powers, and infinity symbol. Use your mouse to navigate between formula fields. If necessary, redefine the style and character sizes. To finish entering the formula, click outside of it. If you need to edit the formula, double-click on it.

Automatic numbering of objects

Objects that require numbering include: pictures, formulas and tables. Let's consider the continuous numbering of figures in the text. In the context menu of the inserted picture, select Title. The numbering style and separator are set in accordance with the document formatting requirements. After this, the drawing automatically receives the next number. To link to a picture in the text, write a link like “as shown in the picture”, select the main menu command Insert – Cross reference. In the dialog box, select the field type Pictures and the picture we need. After clicking the Insert button, the picture number is written to the cursor position. When adding or deleting pictures, the numbers change automatically.

It is most convenient to number pictures without text wrapping around them.

Number the three figures and insert references to them in the text.

Exercises for independent work

In your file, insert a table with the results of your last session: discipline, date of delivery, grade. Swipe sorting(data ordering) tables according to the alphabet of disciplines, by delivery dates, by grades received (Table / Sorting...). Add a new row Total to the table and, under the column with grades, calculate your total score using the sum function (toolbar Table \ Sum). Insert a corresponding note into the amount cell (Insert \ Note). Find out the details of these operations yourself using the help.

Control questions

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College APPROVED Deputy Director for Academic Affairs: Ponomareva L.F. ______________ 2016 Guidelines for organizing and conducting laboratory work for students in the academic discipline Computer Science and ICT 02/15/07 Automation of technological processes and production 02/21/02 Drilling oil and gas wells 02/21/03 Construction and operation of gas and oil pipelines and gas and oil storage facilities Ufa 2016 2 APPROVED by the Methodological Cycle Commission (name of the commission) Protocol No. ________ dated “_________________” 2016. Developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary General Education in the academic discipline Informatics and ICT of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary Vocational Education by profession/specialty Chairman of the MCC ________________ /_____________ Deputy Director for SD _________________/ L.F. Ponomareva Full name Compiled by: Shaibakova L.M. Lecturer GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College. 3 Explanatory note 1. Main goals and objectives 1. Students perform laboratory work and practical assignments for the purpose of: systematization, formation of skills, practical experience in accordance with the requirements for the results of mastering the discipline, professional module and on the basis of the list of formed competencies established by the work program discipline, professional module; generalizations, theoretical knowledge; improving the ability to apply acquired knowledge in practice, realizing the unity of intellectual and practical activity; development of intellectual skills among future specialists: oil workers, power engineers, etc.; developing, when solving assigned tasks, such professionally significant qualities as independence, responsibility, accuracy, and creative initiative. consolidation of the acquired deepenings, 2. When conducting laboratory work (practical classes), the study group can be divided into subgroups if its number is at least 16 people. 3. Division into subgroups when conducting laboratory work is carried out: in general education, general professional, MDK, modules 4. The list of disciplines for which division into subgroups is carried out is reflected in the annual curriculum, annually approved by the director of the college. 2. Rules for conducting laboratory work and reporting requirements 1. Students are not allowed to be present in the computer science classroom: in outer street clothes (if there is a working wardrobe); with food, drinks, etc. 2. Cell phones must be set to silent or turned off during laboratory sessions. 3. Students who are more than 5 minutes late are not allowed to attend classes. 4. Only students who have been instructed in the Safety Rules and strictly follow them are allowed to perform laboratory work. 5. ATTENTION! If the Safety Rules are violated, the student is suspended from performing laboratory work and retakes the Safety Rules. 6. Laboratory work is performed individually, in exceptional cases in groups of two. 7. Laboratory work time is 2 hours. Homework after laboratory classes - writing a report. 8. A necessary condition for admission to the current lesson is: readiness to defend the previous completed laboratory work (having a fully completed report on it) and the presence of preparation 4 for the upcoming laboratory work (knowledge of the theoretical foundations, methods of carrying out work, order of execution, etc.) . 9. ATTENTION! The scope of laboratory work in terms of the number of tasks performed and individual exercises can be changed by the teacher. 10. Laboratory work can only be started with the permission of the teacher after receiving general instructions at the workplace. 11. When conducting laboratory work, it is prohibited to: lean on computer tables, as well as place foreign objects on them; violate the rules and procedures for conducting laboratory work, 12. ATTENTION! Failure of students to comply with the requirements set out in this paragraph entails their removal from laboratory work. 13. Turning the computer on and off is carried out only with the permission of the teacher. 14. The laboratory report must be individual, i.e. be provided for defense by each student. 15. In general, a report on laboratory work should contain: a title page (see paragraph Appendix No. 2); statement of the topic and purpose of the work; content of the work performed; answers to security questions; conclusion about the work done; An example of a report is in Appendix No. 1. 16. Design: in writing (black ink) on A4 paper, on one side of the sheet. 17. A student who, for some reason, did not complete laboratory work on time, should know that: he has the right to practice laboratory work; Laboratory work is carried out at a time specially allocated for these purposes. 3. Evaluation criteria: The student receives the maximum number of “excellent” points if: he gives correct formulations, precise definitions, concepts of terms; can justify his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers the teacher’s additional questions aimed at determining the student’s degree of understanding of this material; The report is prepared in accordance with the requirements, all necessary calculations, tables, and figures are present. The student receives a “good” grade if: the task is presented incompletely but correctly; 12 minor errors were made in the presentation, which he corrects after the teacher’s remark; gives correct formulations, precise definitions, concepts of terms; can justify his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers the teacher’s additional questions aimed at determining the student’s degree of understanding of this material. 5 The student receives a “satisfactory” grade if: the task is presented incompletely but correctly; 1 significant error was made during presentation; knows and understands the main provisions of this topic, but admits inaccuracies in the formulation of concepts; does not present the task in a logical and consistent manner; finds it difficult to answer the teacher’s questions. The student receives an “unsatisfactory” grade if: the task is not fully presented; During the presentation, significant errors were made, i.e. if it does not meet the requirements established by the teacher for this type of work. 6 Laboratory work No. 1 Topic: Information resources of society. Educational information resources. Working with software Goal: learn to use educational information resources, search for the necessary information with their help; master methods of working with software. THEORETICAL INFORMATION The concept of “society information resource” (ISR) is one of the key concepts of social informatics. The widespread use of this concept began after the publication of Gromov’s book by G.R. in 1984. "National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation." “An information resource is knowledge presented in project form,” such a brief and insufficiently strict definition was proposed by Professor Yu.M. Kanygin. Thus, information resources are knowledge prepared for appropriate social use. The concept of IRO, accumulated in a knowledge society, can be considered in the narrow and broad sense of the word. IRO in the narrow sense of the word is knowledge that is already ready for expedient social use, that is, knowledge alienated from its carriers and materialized. IRO in the broad sense of the word includes all knowledge alienated from its carriers and included in information exchange, existing both in oral and materialized form. The concept of resource is defined in the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegova as a reserve, a source of something. As for information resources, this concept is relatively new. It is just beginning to enter the life of modern society, although in recent years it has become increasingly used not only in scientific literature, but also in social and political activities. The reason for this, of course, is the global informatization of society, in which the particularly important role of information and scientific knowledge is increasingly being realized. To classify information resources, the following most important parameters can be used: the subject of the information stored in them;   form of ownership – state (federal, subject of the federation,    municipal), public organizations, joint stock, private; accessibility of information – open, closed, confidential; archival, scientific and technical;belonging to a specific information system - library, source of information - official information, media publications, statistical reporting, results of sociological research; 7  purpose and nature of information use – mass regional, departmental;  form of information presentation – text, digital, graphic, multimedia; Type of storage medium – paper, electronic.  By educational information resources we will understand text, graphic and multimedia information, as well as executable programs (distributions), that is, electronic resources created specifically for use in the learning process at a certain level of education and for a certain subject area. When working with educational resources, concepts such as subject and object of these resources appear. We will classify subjects of information activity as follows:     subject creating objects (all users of the educational system - teacher, student); the subject using the objects (all users of the educational system); a subject administering objects, that is, providing an environment for working with objects of other subjects (network administrators); a subject that controls the use of objects by subjects (engineers). Educational electronic resources include:          educational materials (electronic textbooks, teaching aids, abstracts, diplomas), educational materials (electronic methods, training programs), scientific and methodological materials (dissertations, candidate's works), additional text materials and illustrative materials (laboratory work, lectures), testing systems (tests - electronic knowledge testing), electronic full-text libraries; electronic periodicals in the field of education; electronic tables of contents and annotations of articles of periodicals in the field of education, electronic archives of issues. PROGRESS Task No. 1. 1. Download the Internet. 2. In the search bar, enter the phrase “directory of educational resources.” 3. List which sections include educational resources on the Internet. 4. Describe any three. Task No. 2. Using the Universal Reference Encyclopedia, find answers to the following questions: 8 1. indicate the time of approval of the Gregorian calendar. 2. what is the diameter of Saturn. 3. indicate the lethal sound level. 4. what is the boiling point of iron. 5. what is the melting point of iodine. 6. indicate the speed of revolution of the Earth around the Sun. 7. what is the mass of Jupiter. 8. Which mountain is the highest in Africa? 9. What is HTTP? 10. indicate the years of the reign of Ivan III. 11. indicate the years of the reign of Catherine II. 12. when was Blaise Pascal born? 13. indicate the years of N.S. Khrushchev’s reign. 14. in what year was the first wooden bicycle invented? Task No. 3. Answer the questions: 1. What do you understand by information resources? 2. List the parameters for classifying information resources. 3. What is meant by educational information resources? 4. What can be classified as educational electronic resources? Evaluation criteria: tasks completed correctly and in full; answers to control questions are clear and meaningful; the report was submitted on time. 9 Laboratory work No. 2 Topic: Discrete (digital) representation of text, graphic, audio and video information. Goal: to study ways of presenting text, graphic, audio and video information, to learn how to write numbers in various number systems. Discrete representation of information: encoding a color image in a computer (raster approach). Presentation and processing of sound and video images. THEORETICAL INFORMATION All information that a computer processes must be represented in binary code using two digits 0 and 1. These two characters are usually called binary digits or bits. Using two numbers 0 and 1 you can encode any message. This was the reason that two important processes must be organized in a computer: encoding and decoding. Coding is the transformation of input information into a form that can be perceived by a computer, that is, binary code. Decoding is the process of converting data from binary code into a form that can be understood by humans. From a technical implementation point of view, using the binary number system to encode information turned out to be much simpler than using other methods. Indeed, it is convenient to encode information as a sequence of zeros and ones if we imagine these values as two possible stable states of an electronic element: 0 – absence of an electrical signal; 1 – presence of an electrical signal. These conditions are easy to distinguish. The disadvantage of binary coding is long codes. But in technology it is easier to deal with a large number of simple elements than with a small number of complex ones. The methods of encoding and decoding information in a computer, first of all, depend on the type of information, namely, what should be encoded: numbers, text, graphics or sound. Analogue and discrete coding method A person is able to perceive and store information in the form of images (visual, sound, tactile, gustatory and olfactory). Visual images can be saved in the form of images (drawings, photographs, etc.), and sound images can be recorded on records, magnetic tapes, laser discs, and so on. Information, including graphic and audio, can be presented in analog or discrete form. With analog representation, a physical quantity takes on an infinite number of values, and its values change continuously. With a discrete representation, a physical quantity takes on a finite set of values, and its value changes abruptly. 10 Conversion of graphic and sound information from analogue to discrete form is carried out by sampling, that is, splitting a continuous graphic image and a continuous (analog) sound signal into separate elements. The sampling process involves encoding, that is, assigning each element a specific value in the form of a code. Sampling is the conversion of continuous images and sound into a set of discrete values in the form of codes. Encoding images You can create and store graphic objects on your computer in two ways - as a raster image or as a vector image. Each type of image uses its own encoding method. Coding of raster images A raster image is a collection of dots (pixels) of different colors. A pixel is the smallest area of an image whose color can be set independently. In the process of encoding an image, its spatial sampling is performed. Spatial sampling of an image can be compared to constructing an image from a mosaic (a large number of small multi-colored glasses). The image is divided into separate small fragments (dots), and each fragment is assigned a color value, that is, a color code (red, green, blue, and so on). For a black and white image, the information volume of one point is equal to one bit (either black or white - either 1 or 0). For four colors – 2 bits. For 8 colors you need 3 bits. For 16 colors – 4 bits. For 256 colors – 8 bits (1 byte). The quality of the image depends on the number of dots (the smaller the dot size and, accordingly, the greater their number, the better the quality) and the number of colors used (the more colors, the better the quality of the image encoded). In order for an image to be formed on the monitor screen, information about each dot (dot color code) must be stored in the computer’s video memory. Let's calculate the required amount of video memory for one of the graphics modes. In modern computers, the screen resolution is usually 1280x1024 pixels. Those. total 1280 * 1024 = 1310720 points. With a color depth of 32 bits per pixel, the required amount of video memory is: 32 * 1310720 = 41943040 bits = 5242880 bytes = 5120 KB = 5 MB. Raster images are very sensitive to scaling (zooming in or out). When a raster image is reduced, several neighboring points are converted into one, so the visibility of fine details of the image is lost. When you enlarge the image, the size of each dot increases and a step effect appears that can be seen with the naked eye. Coding of vector images A vector image is a collection of graphic primitives (point, line, ellipse...). Each primitive is described by mathematical formulas. Coding depends on the application environment. The advantage of vector graphics is that files storing vector graphic images are relatively small in size. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality. Binary audio coding The use of computers for audio processing began later than numbers, texts and graphics. Sound is a wave with continuously changing amplitude and frequency. The greater the amplitude, the louder it is for a person; the greater the frequency, the higher the tone. Sound signals in the world around us are incredibly diverse. Complex continuous signals can be represented with sufficient accuracy as the sum of a certain number of simple sinusoidal oscillations. Moreover, each term, that is, each sinusoid, can be precisely specified by a certain set of numerical parameters - amplitude, phase and frequency, which can be considered as a sound code at some point in time. In the process of encoding an audio signal, its time sampling is performed - a continuous wave is divided into separate small time sections and for each such section a certain amplitude value is set. Thus, the continuous dependence of the signal amplitude on time is replaced by a discrete sequence of volume levels. Each volume level is assigned a code. The more volume levels are allocated during the encoding process, the more information the value of each level will carry and the better the sound will be. The quality of binary audio encoding is determined by the encoding depth and sampling rate. Sampling frequency – the number of signal level measurements per unit time. The number of volume levels determines the encoding depth. Modern sound cards provide 16-bit audio encoding depth. In this case, the number of volume levels is N = 216 = 65536. 12 Presentation of video information Recently, the computer is increasingly used to work with video information. The simplest way to do this is to watch movies and video clips. It should be clearly understood that processing video information requires a very high speed of the computer system. What is the film from a computer science point of view? First of all, it is a combination of sound and graphic information. In addition, to create the effect of movement on the screen, an inherently discrete technology for quickly changing static images is used. Studies have shown that if more than 1012 frames change in one second, then the human eye perceives the changes in them as continuous. PROGRESS. Task No. 1. Using a character table, write down a sequence of decimal numeric codes in Windows encoding for your full name. The symbol table is displayed in the MS Word editor using the command: Insert tab Symbol Other symbols → → In the Font field, select Times New Roman, in the From field, select Cyrillic. For example, for the letter “A” (Russian capital) the character code is 192. Example: I V A N O V A R T E M 200 194 192 205 206 194 192 208 210 197 204 13 PETROVICH 207 197 210 208 206 194 200 215 Task No. 2. Using the standard NOTEBOOK program, determine which phrase in Windows encoding is specified by a sequence of numeric codes and continue the code. Launch NOTEPAD. Using the additional numeric keypad while pressing the ALT key, enter the code and release the ALT key. The corresponding symbol will appear in the document. 0255 0243 0247 0243 0241 0252 0226 0211 0210 0221 0202 0239 0238 0241 0239 0229 0246 0232 0224 0235 0252 0237 0238 0241 0 242 0232 fill in the top line with the name of the specialty 14 Task No. 3. Fill in the blanks with numbers: KB KB KB = = = byte byte byte = = = bit bit bit Task No. 4. Convert the decimal number to the binary number system and check: 1. 2. Task No. 5. Answer the questions: 1. What is information? 2. List the properties of information. 3. What types of information do you know? 4. Give examples of analog representation of graphic information. 5. What is a pixel? 6. What is a number system? 7. Write a rule for converting decimal numbers to binary code. 8. List the units of measurement of information. 15

Laboratory in computer science. Laboratory work in computer science

Main content of the work

Theoretical information

Converting numbers from one SS to another

(Cbd flow – 1 course)

Lab 1. Entering and editing in the Word Processor Writer (OpenOffice.Org)

Processor setup