Famous English inventors and their inventions. "the most famous British inventions"

Falyakhov Aidar, 8th grade student

Over the centuries and millennia, since Homo sapiens appeared, tools for hunting and labor were created, dwellings were built, and at the same time experience, knowledge and skills were accumulated, which were passed on from generation to generation.

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Scientific and practical conference

“First steps into science” for first and second grade students

education in the 2017-2018 academic year

Section “English language. Regional Studies"

"British inventions that changed the world"

Completed:

Falyakhov Aidar, 8th grade student

GBOU secondary school "OC" s. Deniskino,

Shentala district

Supervisor:

Shcherbakova Rosalia Anisovna,

English teacher

first qualification category

2017

1. Introduction
2. British inventions that changed the world
2.1. The most famous British inventions
2.2. Classification of inventions
2.3. The results of a survey of students from our school about Inventions
3. Conclusion
4. List of references and online sources
5. Applications

1. Introduction

British inventors have created many useful devices for humanity that make life more comfortable and varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there were not enough technical capabilities to implement all the ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life. Society has learned to “fly” and drive; telecommunication systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance. From cosmology to cloning, from water chlorination to the World Wide Web, British inventions in recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world. We cannot imagine our life today without electricity and household electrical appliances such as vacuum cleaners, coffee makers and many others. Our world is impossible without modern modes of transport: trains or planes. Many brilliant discoveries in science, such as penicillin, an asthma inhaler, and a defibrillator, have saved many lives.

While studying English, we became interested in the question of objects and inventions around us, the creators of which could be the British. I wanted to know what British inventions are used in modern lifeand what the students of our school know about it.

Goal of the work: Study the history of British inventions and discoveries.

To reveal the purpose of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :

1. Get acquainted with the history of British inventions.

2. Find out the appearance of inventions - where and when they were invented.

3. Classify the most famous inventions by method of application

4. Conduct a survey among school students

5. Draw conclusions about the knowledge gained

Object of studyare scientific discoveries and objects of everyday life.

Subject of researchare the inventions and discoveries of the British.

The following were used in writing this work: methods:

1. Study sources in search of information on this topic.

2. Generalization and synthesis of material.

3. Analysis of the information received.

Hypothesis Our research is based on the assumption that many of the objects named by students are the creation of British inventors.

Significance of this work: results works can be recommended for use in educational activities by both students and teachers.

2. British inventions that changed the world.

2.1. The most famous British inventions.

Many important inventions and discoveries were made in Great Britain. More than 70 British scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes. And with such people come great ideas, theories and inventions that have changed our modern world. Among them are a steam locomotive, a modern bicycle, a propeller and many others. Let's look at the most famous inventions in more detail.

Telephone. British scientist Alexander Bell was the first to patent a telephone in 1876, which was capable of transmitting sound over long distances. The most amazing thing is that this invention was constructed completely by accident. Beginning in 1873, Bell tried to build a harmonic telegraph with which 7 telegrams could be transmitted simultaneously. For this purpose, he used seven pairs of plates. Each such pair was tuned to its own specific frequency. During the next experiment, the wire of one plate was randomly welded to one contact. Bel's assistant, having failed to eliminate the small accident, began to make an indignant speech. At this time, Alexander Bell, working on the receiving mechanism, heard barely noticeable sounds of disturbance coming from the transmitter.

Thus, the first telephone was invented, which Bell called the “talking telegraph.” The Bell tube served in turn to transmit and receive human speech. Bell's telephone did not have a ringer, but it was later invented by Bell's colleague T. Watson (1878). The call to the subscriber was made through the handset using a whistle, and the range of this line did not exceed 500 meters.

A television. In 1926, Scottish inventor John Lougie Baird demonstrated a mechanical television. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 frames per second that are common these days. Today, Baird's TV may cause some irony. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, no one had succeeded in this before Baird.

Computer. The first "computing machine" was created by Charles Babbage in 1822. His idea was not to create a prototype of a modern computer, he simply wanted to build a machine that would calculate mathematical problems. Babbage was tired of human errors in solving mathematical problems, so he sought to create an error-free machine. This is why Charles Babbage is considered the inventor of the first computer. His “Babbage machine” was the first programmable analytical engine and, moreover, completely automatic. Computers today essentially do the same thing: read programs and execute them.

Antibiotics. Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming invented penicillin completely by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that, having gone to his family and returning a month later, he discovered mold fungi on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all colonies of staphylococci present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.

Nuclear physics. Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon, and many isotopes. It was also he who explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, and discovered the proton. Proved that the alpha particle is a helium nucleus.

Law of Universal Gravitation.Surely, even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their own laws. Actually, Newton in the book “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy"in 1687 referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a holistic mathematical model.

2.2. Classification of inventions.

The classification is based on the functional-industrial principle. Methods and devices that perform the same functions, produce the same products, or achieve the same effect are combined.

The main division in the classification is class. Classes are in turn divided into subclasses.

The purpose of classification of inventions is to distribute inventions into thematic headings to provide orientation in finding materials that meet the request.

The existing classifications of inventions use the following principles for subdividing concepts:

– subject-thematic, involves the classification of objects depending on their application in a particular branch of technology;

– the functional principle involves the classification of objects taking into account the identity of the main functions or the effect they produce, regardless of their industrial application;

– mixed principle.

All British inventions can be divided into 3 classes: objects of everyday life, discoveries in science and inventions in sports. Everyday objects have made our lives easier and more comfortable and varied. Discoveries in science have allowed us to better understand medicine, physics, biology and mechanics. While inventions in sports give us the desire to develop and test our physical strength, gain confidence and show our achievements to others.

Everyday life items can also be divided into subclasses: household items, food, children's games, clothing and transportation. We will look at some inventions in more detail.

Household items

Electric vacuum cleanerPatented by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth (1871−1955). Having noticed a device used on trains to blow dust off seats, he reasoned that it would be much more practical to suck up the dust. The viability of the idea was tested using a handkerchief. Booth placed it on the seat of the chair and tried to suck in as much dust as possible with his mouth. When he discovered that dust had collected on the bottom of the scarf, he knew the idea was working. The equipment was so bulky that it was transported by horses and placed outside the building, which had to be vacuumed. The hose was stretched out the window, its length reached 30 meters. A vacuum cleaner - first of all, it made the work of housewives easier.

Cardboard boxfor sale was first made in England in 1817 by Sir Malcolm Thornhill. Paper and cardboard are the most important packaging materials (more than 40% of commercial packaging). When paper ceased to be expensive to produce, wrapping paper began to be made - rough and dark for general use, and bright for gifts.

Vacuum coffee makerwas invented in 1840 by Scottish naval engineer Napier. In it, hot water passed through a layer of ground coffee and returned back to the water tank due to the resulting vacuum. Nowadays, such coffee makers are no longer used.

The first inventor to receive a patent for lawn mower , was the Englishman Edwin Beard Bading (1795-1846) in 1830. The basis of Bading's design was a device for cutting carpet pile, which he mounted on wheels. A model of Bading's first lawnmower is on display at the Science Museum in London. Lawn mowers had two cylinders one behind the other, and the rear cylinder transmitted power to the front one with the blades.

Food

Robert Henry Winborne Welsh inventedlollipopin 1919. Welsh began producing fudge based on a recipe borrowed from a candy store owner. In addition to fudge, the company produced caramel. One day, Welsh stuck a stick into unhardened caramel, and a new product emerged. It soon became popular among children and adults.

Invention of the sandwich, better known as sandwich belongs to John Montague, Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), who served as Foreign Secretary and Secretary of the Navy of the British Empire. Once, in 1762, he was playing cards, the game lasted the whole day, and since it was difficult to simultaneously play cards and eat at the table with a knife and fork, the count asked the cook to serve him two pieces of fried bread with a slice of roast beef between them. This way he could hold cards with one hand and eat with the other. It was a very convenient solution and since then the sandwich began its victorious march throughout the world.

Games for children

Puzzles were invented in England in 1761 by John Spilsbury. A London map dealer has come up with a new teaching aid - a “cut map”. He began gluing black-and-white engravings of geographic maps onto a luxurious, thin panel of Lebanese cedar and mahogany and cutting the resulting sandwich into small, intricately shaped pieces. Each such piece contained a little geographical information, and by collecting the necessary sections element by element, the student studied geography. Despite the high price (more than the monthly salary of an industrial worker), the new product was a huge success.

It is believed that a kaleidoscope invented by English physicist David Brewster. In 1816 he patented his kaleidoscope. During his experiments on the polarization of light, Brewster noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The pattern varied depending on the angle at which the mirrors were placed to each other, as well as on how many mirrors were used. Brewster originally created the kaleidoscope as a scientific instrument.

Cloth

Mac – a raincoat made of waterproof rubberized fabric. This raincoat owes its name to the Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh, who invented waterproof fabric in 1823. Mackintosh, while conducting another chemical experiment, accidentally smeared the sleeve of his jacket in rubber, and only after some time he noticed that it did not get wet. Of course, in this form the clothes would be unwearable, since the rubber was very sticky. However, the chemist improved the method of making waterproof fabric by combining two layers of fabric using a solution of rubber in kerosene, after which he patented his invention.

The fabric, which is known throughout the world under the name " tweed ", was widely used in Scotland and Ireland for centuries and was called "tweel". They say that in 1826, a London clerk, while accepting an order, made a typo and wrote down the name of this fabric as tweed, which was assigned to the fabric. In the 19th century, tweed became a popular fabric for clothing for walking in the countryside, hunting, fishing, and golf.

Jacket Norfolk appeared in the 1860s as clothing for sports, riding and hunting. They say that it began to be worn on the estate of the Duke of Norfolk, hence the name of this jacket. The Norfolk jacket is usually single-breasted, with three or four buttons and a belt at the waist. There are two folds on the back. And the front of the jacket is decorated with patch pockets, large enough to fit everything you need on a country walk or hunt. Typically the Norfolk jacket is made from tweed.

Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington inventedboots called Wellisfor walks in the countryside and hunting. He personally instructed his shoemaker. True, at that time boots were made of leather. But already in 1852, after the invention of a method for vulcanizing natural rubber, these boots began to be produced from rubber. Boots found a rebirth after the Second World War. The most popular color remains green. It was introduced by Hunter back in 1955.

Transport

Locomotive. The world's first steam locomotive was designed by English mining engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804. In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 men over a distance of 15 kilometers in 4 hours 5 minutes at a speed of about 8 km/h. Trevithick proved that a car with smooth wheels could successfully move on smooth metal rails. He continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.

In the 20s of the 19th century, George Stephenson made significant changes to the design of the steam locomotive. He also convinced the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton. In 1823, under the leadership of Stephenson, the world's first locomotive-building plant was founded, and just 2 years later a steam locomotive, named “Active,” left its gates. This unit could transport 80 tons of cargo, while George provided for the possibility of transporting people. At an average speed of 7.5 km/h, “Ektive” carried the world’s first passenger carriage with members of the commission that accepted the new steam unit. The maximum speed of the locomotive in some sections reached 39 km/h, an unheard-of mark for mechanisms moving with such a load at that time.

First metro linewas built in London (UK). It was only 3.6 km long and was launched 10 January 1863 of the year. In 1843, under the leadership of Isambard Brunel, it was openedThames tunnel. This discovery proved the convenience and reliability of the Underground Railroad. Then Charles Pearson in 1846 proposed to lay underground lines connecting the main railway stations of the city. There were 7 stations on the first metro line and the trip lasted 33 minutes. The carriages had gas lighting, which, according to the Daily Telegraph, was so bright that one could easily read a newspaper. On the opening day, 6 locomotives pulling 4 cars each departed every 15 minutes and made a total of 120 trips in both directions and transported 30 thousand passengers during this time. The convenience of this type of transportation exceeded all expectations, and in the same 1863, a decision was made to build a 30 km long ring line in London. It opened on 1 October 1868, joining the first line at South Kensington station. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to transfer from one underground route to another.

The first who thought to install traffic light at the intersection to regulate traffic, there was John Peake Knight, a Londoner and specialist in railway semaphores. The first traffic light he designed was installed in the British capital on December 10, 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Switching of signals was carried out manually using two semaphore arrows. In a horizontal position they signaled “stop”, and when lowered at an angle of 45° they signaled movement with caution. So that at night the signal given by the arrows could be identified, a rotating gas lamp was used, which shone red or green.

Discoveries in science

England and Scotland have been leading centers of the scientific revolution since the 17th century and have since produced famous scientists and engineers. Among the main scientists of the 17th-18th centuries, one can single out Isaac Newton, whose laws of motion are one of the foundations of modern science, in the 19th century it is worth remembering Charles Darwin, whose evolution theory natural selection is the basis of all modern biological science, and James Clerk Maxwell, who formulated the classicalelectromagnetic theory, as well as Stephen Hawking from more modern ones, who developed the basictheories in cosmology, quantum gravity and the study of black holes. Major discoveries of the 18th century include hydrogen , discovered by Henry Cavendish, 20th century - penicillin , discovered by Alexander Fleming and DNA structure , discovered by Francis Crick,cloning experiment, conducted by Keith Campbell. Major British engineering projects and inventions include those invented in the 19th centuryElectrical engine Michael Faraday incandescent lampJoseph Swan, as well as those invented in the 20th centuryjet engineFrank Whittleage. Don't forget about the Royal Society of London, one of the oldest scientific societies in the world, founded in 1660.

Inventions in sports

Modern badminton Indian origin, but the English officers became interested in this game. In 1860, Isaac Spratt published the book "Badminton Battledore - a new game", which described its first rules, and in 1875 the officers' club "Folkstone" was formed. In the 19th century in England, the game of badminton became especially popular in the family of the Duke of Beaufort. The Duke was a patron of the badminton association and the owner of the Front Hall, which still houses a remarkable collection of antique rackets and shuttlecocks.

Variant known today golf course appeared in Scotland. The modern version of the game of golf originated in Scotland. The first golf clubs were also created there. It was the Scots who became the authors of the first written rules of the game of golf, and also forever fixed the system and the number of holes - from now on and forever there are 18 of them.

Darts originated several centuries ago in the British Isles. Darts is still a traditional game in Great Britain.There is an assumption that the game originated among soldiers. The soldiers threw short arrows into the bottom of the barrel or the bottom of tree trunks. In dry wood, cracks usually spread apart, creating “Sectors.” The standard marking with sector 20 at the top was created in 1896 by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin.

2.3. Student survey results

our school about inventions

We conducted a survey among students in grades 5-11 at our school. 35 were interviewedstudents. Analysis of the data obtained showed:

3. Conclusion

Inventions have already become firmly established in people's lives, and every year there are more and more of them. For many they have already become an integral part of life. Inventions are almost always created solely so that a person can feel better, so that his work is simplified as much as possible, and his life improves. The development of modern technologies that significantly make human life easier is not as simple as it might seem, because a huge number of specialists are working on inventions who develop, test or improve all sorts of interesting things every day, many of these specialist inventors are British.

Studying the history of British inventions, you will notice that some inventions are outdated (the flywheel or the spinning machine) and have become history, others, such as television, a vacuum cleaner or a computer, have been modernized and are still in use today. Countless discoveries were lost in the whirlpool of time, others, not appreciated by their contemporaries, waited for recognition and implementation for tens and hundreds of years.

The inventions created by the British are a shining example of the inexhaustible creative potential that this nation possesses. Over the entire history of mankind, they have made a huge number of inventions, many of which are now perceived by us as something ordinary, but without which we cannot imagine our lives.

4. References

1. Biographies - the life history of great people [Electronic resource] //Alexander Graham Bell. - Access mode: www.tonnel.ru/

2. The most ridiculous inventions of the 19-20th century [Electronic resource] // Access mode: izobreteniya.com/index.php/comments/n_13/

Internet sources:

Annex 1

List of British inventions

What has been invented	Who invented	Year, place inventions
mechanical television	John Bayard	1924, Scotland
telephone	Graham Bell	1876, Scotland
computer	Charles Babbage	1822, England
worldwide web	Tim Bernes-Lee	1991, England
locomotive	Richard Trevithick	1804, England
triplane	John Stringfellow	1841, England
quad glider	Hiram Stevens Maxim	1894, England
glider	George Cayley Percy Sinclair Pilcher	1804, England 1895, England
flyer	George Cayley	1853, England
metro	Marc Isambard Brunel	1863, London
magnifying glass	Roger Bacon	1250, England
chronometer	John Harrison	1760, England
telescope	James Gregory	1663, Scotland
Digital Watch	Alexander Bain	1840, Scotland
safe	Joseph Bramah	1784, England
negative-positive process	William Henry Fox Talbot	1841, England
2-lens lens	John Herschel	19th century, England
Beaufort scale	Francis Beaufort	1806, England
law of the world gravity	Isaac Newton	1666, England
thermal (steam) engine	Thomas Newcomen John Colley	1705 England
Steam engine	James Watt	1782, Scotland
evolution theory	Charles Darwin	1859, England
water chlorination	William Cumberland Kruikmenk	18th century, England
penicillin	Alexander Fleming	1928, Scotland
asthma inhaler	Hiram Maxim	1901, England
elastic bandage	Stephen Perry	1845, England
defibrillator	Frank Pantridge	1965, Ireland
puzzles	John Spilsbury	1761 England
kaleidoscope	David Brewster	1816 England
balloon	Michael Forada	1824, England
lollipop	Robert Henry Winborne Welsh	1919, England
soda	Joseph Priestley	1767, England
sandwich	John Montague Sandwich	1762, England
cricket	Anglo-Saxons	16th century, England
football	English	19th century, England
rugby	William Webb Ellis	1823, England
tennis	Walton Clopton Wingfield	1860, Wales
badminton	English military	19th century, England
squash	English	19th century, England
golf	Scottish shepherds	1457, Scotland
darts	British hunters	1314, England
snooker	Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain	1938, England
hydraulic crane	William George Armstrong	1845, England
electromagnetic relay	Joseph Henry	1835, Scotland
steam pump	Thomas Severn	1698, England
mirror telescope	James Gregory	1663, Scotland
cell concept	Robert Hooke	1665, England
pneumatic tire	Robert William Thomson	1846, Scotland
diving suit	August Siebe	1819, England
raincoat	Charles Mackintosh	1823, Scotland
color photography	James Clerk Maxwell	1861, Scotland
turning-screw-cutting machine	Henry Maudsley	1800, England
logarithms	John Napier	1614, Scotland
logarithmic ruler	William Oughtred	1622, England
kickford cord	William Bickford	1831, England
door lock	Robert Barron	1778 England
incandescent lamp	Joseph Wilson Swan	1850, England
microphone	Charles Wheatstone	1827 England
turbojet engine	Frank Whittle	1930, England
transformer	Michael Faraday	1832 England
safety razor	William Henson	1847, England
coffee maker	Robert Napier	1840, Scotland
tin	Peter Durand	1810, England
can-opener	Robert Yates	1855, England
sulfur matches	John Walker	1827 England
mousetrap	Hiram Maxim	1854, England
laces	Englishman	1790 England
eraser	Joseph Priestley	1770 England
glasses	Edward Scarlet	1727 England
machine gun	Hiram Maxim	1883, England
spinning machine	Richard Arkwright	1769, England
traffic light	John Peak Knight	1868, England
printing house	William Caxton	1470, England
smallpox vaccine	Edward Jenner	1803, England
aerial bomb	Wallace Barnes	1942, England
home video camera	Acres Birt	1896, England
idea of contraception	Mary Stopes	1915, England
electric motor	Michael Faraday	1821, England
DNA	Rosalind Franklin	1953, England
cloning (Dolly the sheep)	Ian Wilmut	1996, Scotland
pyramidal kite	Alexander Bell	1901, Scotland
locomotive	George Stephenson	1814, England
vacuum cleaner	Hubert Cecil Booth	1901, England

Appendix 2

Eccentric inventions

Alarm clock from robbers

The anti-burglar alarm clock, invented in 1870, worked on the principle of a clock mechanism: it had to be wound all the way, cocked the lever and placed directly under the door. When an intruder tried to enter, the opening door would press down on the lever, pushing it down, after which a very loud and annoying bell would ring.

Gun in my wallet

There is no need to remind you that street robbers became the scourge of the second half of the 19th century, however, in extreme cases, even such a tiny pistol could protect your property, honor and life. You just need to place the elegant weapon in the secret compartment of an ordinary woman's wallet. The main disadvantage of such protection was that only one bullet fit into the mini-drum.

Massager

In the 30s of the 19th century, body massage was considered not a luxury, but a mandatory medical procedure necessary for healthy skin and good blood circulation. However, as it turned out, massage with this dynamo was neither particularly useful nor safe: the massager constantly shocked the user.

Toe-toe

In all likelihood, these socks were invented to protect the toes from the cold while saving on knitwear. .Finger. socks were produced in Britain during World War II and were expected to reduce the cost of hosiery by 80%.

Flashlight glasses

Invented in 1930, these glasses were equipped with two small battery-powered light bulbs and a long connecting wire. However, walking in these glasses in the rain was reminiscent of electrocution.

Eye Massager

In all likelihood, in the last century of one gadget. was not enough for body massage, so in the 1920s there was a need to develop a special device for massaging the eyeballs. This sophisticated mechanism had to be placed against the face, then a small lever had to be pressed to set in motion the rubber bellows, which released jets of cool air directly towards the eyeballs.

Mustache guard

The lucky owners of a luxurious mustache often had to experience some difficulties during lunch, and especially while absorbing some spicy soup. The only solution was to use special mustache guards. A spoon or mug with special recesses helped mustachioed men consume their contents in small sips without tarnishing their reputation.

Finger stretches for pianists

This mysterious device was developed in the 1910s to help musicians reproduce virtuoso passages by Stravinsky and Debussy. However, such a simulator had to be handled extremely carefully. Rumor has it that composer Schubert injured his hand while stretching on one of the early versions of the device.

Page turner

The page turner was also designed for musicians, around 1905. After fixing the metal bookmarks on the pages of interest, the sheets of the music book began to turn over automatically

Appendix 3

Questionnaire for students of the State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School "OTs" p. Deniskino

1) Do you know British scientists?

Not really

2) Name famous British scientists.

3) Name the three most important items in your daily life.

a) b) c)

4) What did the British invent?

answer options_______________________________________________

5) What discoveries did the British make?

answer options_______________________________________________

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION

State budgetary professional

educational institution of the Nizhny Novgorod region

"KRASNOBAKOVSKY FORESTRY COLLEGE"

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH WORK

"BRITISH INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD"

(In the discipline “English”)

Completed:

Muravyov Matvey Alexandrovich

2nd year student of 23 TEM groups

GBPOU NO "KBLK"

Supervisor:

Voronina Marina Vladimirovna

English teacher

highest qualification category

r.p. Red Buckies

2016

Content

1. Introduction

2. British inventions that changed the world

2.1. The most famous British inventions

2.2. Classification of inventions

2.3. The results of a survey of our college students about

inventions

3. Conclusion

4. List of references and online sources

5. Applications

1. Introduction

For centuries and millennia, since it appearedHomo sapiens were createdtools for hunting and labor were builthome and at the same time accumulatedexperience, knowledge and skills thatpassed down from generation to generation.

UK inventors created many useful devices for humanity, making life more comfortable and diverse. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries agolacked technical capabilitiesto realize all your ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.Society has learned to “fly” and drive; telecommunication systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance.From cosmology to cloning, from water chlorination to the World Wide Web, British inventions in recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world.We cannot imagine our life today without electricity and household electrical appliances such as vacuum cleaners, coffee makers and many others. Our world is impossible without modern modes of transport: trains or planes.Many brilliant discoveries in science, such as penicillin, an asthma inhaler, and a defibrillator, have saved many lives.

Learning English,we were interested in the question of objects and inventions around us, the creators of which could be the British.I wanted to know what British inventions are used in modern lifeand what our college students know about it.

Goal of the work: Study the history of British inventions and discoveries.

To reveal the purpose of the study, it is necessary to solve the followingtasks :

1. Get acquainted with the history of British inventions.

2. Find out the appearance of inventions– where and when they were invented.

3. Classify the most famous inventionsby method of application

4. Conduct a survey among college students

5. Do in conclusions about the acquired knowledge

Object of study are scientific discoveries and objects of everyday life.

Subject of research are the inventions and discoveries of the British.

The following were used in writing this work:methods :

1. Studying sources to find information on a given topic.

2. Generalization and synthesis of material.

3. Analysis of the information received.

Hypothesis Our research is based on the assumption that many of the objects named by students are the creation of British inventors.

Significance of this work: results work may berecommended for use in educational activities by both students and teachers.

2. British inventions that changed the world.

2.1. The most famous British inventions.

Many important inventions and discoveries were made in Great Britain. More than 70 British scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes. And with such people come great ideas, theories and inventions that have changed our modern world. These include a steam locomotive, a modern bicycle, a propeller, a multi-stage jet steam turbine, an electromagnet, stereo sound, an internal combustion engine, photography, antibiotics, in vitro fertilization, HTML, HTTP and many others. Let's look at the most famous inventions in more detail.

Telephone. British scientist Alexander Bell was the first to patent a telephone in 1876, which was capable of transmitting sound over long distances. The most amazing thing is that this invention was constructed completely by accident. Beginning in 1873, Bell tried to build a harmonic telegraph with which 7 telegrams could be transmitted simultaneously. For this purpose, he used seven pairs of plates. Each such pair was tuned to its own specific frequency. During the next experiment, the wire of one plate was randomly welded to one contact. Bel's assistant, having failed to eliminate the small accident, began to make an indignant speech. At this time, Alexander Bell, working on the receiving mechanism, heard barely noticeable sounds of disturbance coming from the transmitter.

A television. IN1926Scottish inventorJohn Logie Bairddemonstrated a mechanical TV. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 frames per second that are common these days. Today, Baird's TV may cause some irony. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, no one had succeeded in this before Baird.

Computer. The first "computing machine" was created by Charles Babbage in 1822. His idea was not to create a prototype of a modern computer, he simply wanted to build a machine that would calculate mathematical problems. Babbage was tired of human errors in solving mathematical problems, so he sought to create an error-free machine. This is why Charles Babbage is considered the inventor of the first computer. His “Babbage machine” was the first programmable analytical engine and, moreover, completely automatic. Computers today essentially do the same thing: read programs and execute them.

Antibiotics. Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming invented penicillin completely by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that, having gone to his family and returning a month later, he discovered mold fungi on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all colonies of staphylococci present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.

Nuclear physics. Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon, and many isotopes. It was also he who explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, and discovered the proton. Proved that the alpha particle is a helium nucleus.

Law of Universal Gravitation. Surely, even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their own laws. Actually, Newton in the book “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy" in 1687 referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a holistic mathematical model.

2.2. Classification of inventions.

The classification is based on the functional-industrial principle. Methods and devices that perform the same functions, produce the same products, or achieve the same effect are combined.

The main division in the classification is class. Classes are in turn divided into subclasses.

The purpose of classification of inventions is to distribute inventions into thematic headings to provide orientation in finding materials that meet the request.

The existing classifications of inventions use the following principles for subdividing concepts:

– subject-thematic, involves the classification of objects depending on their application in a particular branch of technology;

– the functional principle involves the classification of objects taking into account the identity of the main functions or the effect they produce, regardless of their industrial application;

– mixed principle.

Everyday life items can also be divided into subclasses: household items, food, children's games, clothing and transportation. We will look at some inventions in more detail.

Household items

Electric vacuum cleaner Patented by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth (1871−1955). Having noticed a device used on trains to blow dust off seats, he reasoned that it would be much more practical to suck up the dust. The viability of the idea was tested using a handkerchief. Booth placed it on the seat of the chair and tried to suck in as much dust as possible with his mouth. When he discovered that dust had collected on the bottom of the scarf, he knew the idea was working. The equipment was so bulky that it was transported by horses and placed outside the building, which had to be vacuumed. The hose was stretched out the window, its length reached 30 meters. A vacuum cleaner - first of all, it made the work of housewives easier.

Cardboard box for sale was first made in England in 1817 by Sir Malcolm Thornhill. Paper and cardboard are the most important packaging materials (more than 40% of commercial packaging). When paper ceased to be expensive to produce, wrapping paper began to be made - rough and dark for general use, and bright for gifts.

Vacuum coffee maker was invented in 1840 by Scottish naval engineer Napier. In it, hot water passed through a layer of ground coffee and returned back to the water tank due to the resulting vacuum. Nowadays, such coffee makers are no longer used.

The first inventor to receive a patent forlawn mower , was the Englishman Edwin Beard Bading (1795-1846) in 1830. The basis of Bading's design was a device for cutting carpet pile, which he mounted on wheels. A model of Bading's first lawnmower is on display at the Science Museum in London. Lawn mowers had two cylinders one behind the other, and the rear cylinder transmitted power to the front one with the blades.

Food

Robert Henry Winborne Welsh inventedlollipop in 1919. Welsh began producing fudge based on a recipe borrowed from a candy store owner. In addition to fudge, the company produced caramel. One day, Welsh stuck a stick into unhardened caramel, and a new product emerged. It soon became popular among children and adults.

Invention of the sandwich, better known assandwich belongs to John Montague, Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), who served as Foreign Secretary and Secretary of the Navy of the British Empire. Once, in 1762, he was playing cards, the game lasted the whole day, and since it was difficult to simultaneously play cards and eat at the table with a knife and fork, the count asked the cook to serve him two pieces of fried bread with a slice of roast beef between them. This way he could hold cards with one hand and eat with the other. It was a very convenient solution and since then the sandwich began its victorious march throughout the world.

Games for children

Puzzles were invented in England in 1761 by John Spilsbury. A London map dealer has come up with a new teaching aid - a “cut map”. He began gluing black-and-white engravings of geographic maps onto a luxurious, thin panel of Lebanese cedar and mahogany and cutting the resulting sandwich into small, intricately shaped pieces. Each such piece contained a little geographical information, and by collecting the necessary sections element by element, the student studied geography. Despite the high price (more than the monthly salary of an industrial worker), the new product was a huge success.

It is believed thatkaleidoscope invented by English physicist David Brewster. In 1816 he patented his kaleidoscope. During his experiments on the polarization of light, Brewster noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The pattern varied depending on the angle at which the mirrors were placed to each other, as well as on how many mirrors were used. Brewster originally created the kaleidoscope as a scientific instrument.

Cloth

Mac – a raincoat made of waterproof rubberized fabric. This raincoat owes its name to the Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh, who invented waterproof fabric in 1823. Mackintosh, while conducting another chemical experiment, accidentally smeared the sleeve of his jacket in rubber, and only after some time he noticed that it did not get wet. Of course, in this form the clothes would be unwearable, since the rubber was very sticky. However, the chemist improved the method of making waterproof fabric by combining two layers of fabric using a solution of rubber in kerosene, after which he patented his invention.

The fabric, which is known throughout the world under the name "tweed ", was widely used in Scotland and Ireland for centuries and was called "tweel". They say that in 1826, a London clerk, while accepting an order, made a typo and wrote down the name of this fabric as tweed, which was assigned to the fabric. In the 19th century, tweed became a popular fabric for clothing for walking in the countryside, hunting, fishing, and golf.

Jacket Norfolk appeared in the 1860s as clothing for sports, riding and hunting. They say that it began to be worn on the estate of the Duke of Norfolk, hence the name of this jacket. The Norfolk jacket is usually single-breasted, with three or four buttons and a belt at the waist. There are two folds on the back. And the front of the jacket is decorated with patch pockets, large enough to fit everything you need on a country walk or hunt. Typically the Norfolk jacket is made from tweed.

Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington inventedboots called Wellis for walks in the countryside and hunting. He personally instructed his shoemaker. True, at that time boots were made of leather. But already in 1852, after the invention of a method for vulcanizing natural rubber, these boots began to be produced from rubber. Boots found a rebirth after the Second World War. The most popular color remains green. It was introduced by Hunter back in 1955.

Transport

Locomotive. The world's first steam locomotive was designed by English mining engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804. In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 men over a distance of 15 kilometers in 4 hours 5 minutes at a speed of about 8 km/h. Trevithick proved that a car with smooth wheels could successfully move on smooth metal rails. He continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.

Firstmetro line was built inLondon(Great Britain). It was only 3.6 km long and was launched10 January1863 of the year. In 1843, under the leadership of Isambard Brunel, it was openedThames tunnel . This discovery proved the convenience and reliability of the Underground Railroad. Then Charles Pearson in 1846 proposed to lay underground lines connecting the main railway stations of the city. There were 7 stations on the first metro line and the trip lasted 33 minutes. The carriages had gas lighting, which, according to the Daily Telegraph, was so bright that one could easily read a newspaper. On the opening day, 6 locomotives pulling 4 cars each departed every 15 minutes and made a total of 120 trips in both directions and transported 30 thousand passengers during this time. The convenience of this type of transportation exceeded all expectations, and in the same 1863, a decision was made to build a 30 km long ring line in London. It opened on 1 October 1868, joining the first line at South Kensington station. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to transfer from one underground route to another.

The first who thought to installtraffic light at the intersection to regulate traffic, there was John Peake Knight, a Londoner and specialist in railway semaphores. The first traffic light he designed was installed in the British capital on December 10, 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Switching of signals was carried out manually using two semaphore arrows. In a horizontal position they signaled “stop”, and when lowered at an angle of 45° they signaled movement with caution. So that at night the signal given by the arrows could be identified, a rotating gas lamp was used, which shone red or green.

Discoveries in science

England and Scotland have been leading centers of the scientific revolution since the 17th century and have since produced famous scientists and engineers. Among the main scientists of the 17th-18th centuries, one can single out Isaac Newton, whoselaws of motion are one of the foundations of modern science, in the 19th century it is worth remembering Charles Darwin, whoseevolution theory natural selection is the basis of all modern biological science, and James Clerk Maxwell, who formulated the classicalelectromagnetic theory , as well as Stephen Hawking from more modern ones, who developed the basictheories in cosmology, quantum gravity and the study of black holes . Major discoveries of the 18th century includehydrogen , discovered by Henry Cavendish, 20th century -penicillin , discovered by Alexander Fleming AndDNA structure , discovered by Francis Crick,cloning experiment , conducted by Keith Campbell. Major British engineering projects and inventions include those invented in the 19th centuryElectrical engine Michael Faradayincandescent lamp Joseph Swan, as well as those invented in the 20th centuryjet engine Frank Whittleage. Don't forget about the Royal Society of London, one of the oldest scientific societies in the world, founded in 1660.

Inventions in sports

Modern badminton Indian origin, but the English officers became interested in this game. In 1860, Isaac Spratt published the book "Badminton Battledore - a new game", which described its first rules, and in 1875 the officers' club "Folkstone" was formed. In the 19th century in England, the game of badminton became especially popular in the family of the Duke of Beaufort. The Duke was a patron of the badminton association and the owner of the Front Hall, which still houses a remarkable collection of antique rackets and shuttlecocks.

Variant known todaygolf course appeared in Scotland. The modern version of the game of golf originated in Scotland. The first golf clubs were also created there. It was the Scots who became the authors of the first written rules of the game of golf, and also forever fixed the system and the number of holes - from now on and forever there are 18 of them.

Darts originated several centuries ago in the British Isles. Darts is still a traditional game in Great Britain. There is an assumption that the game originated among soldiers. The soldiers threw short arrows into the bottom of the barrel or the bottom of tree trunks. In dry wood, cracks usually spread apart, creating “Sectors.” The standard marking with sector 20 at the top was created in 1896 by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin.

2.3. Results of student survey

our college about inventions

We conducted a survey among 1st and 2nd year students of our college. 35 were interviewedstudents. Analysis of the data obtained showed:

3. Conclusion

4. References

1. Biographies - the life history of great people [Electronic resource] //Alexander Graham Bell. - Access mode: www.tonnel.ru/

2. The most ridiculous inventions of the 19-20th century [Electronic resource] // Access mode: izobreteniya.com/index.php/comments/n_13/

3. Rum Adrian R.W. Great Britain: Linguistic and Regional Dictionary./ Adrian R.U. Rum. – M.: Russian language, 2002. – 558 p.

4. Encyclopedia for children / Chapter. ed. M. D. Aksenova. - M.: Avanta+, 2000. - T. 14. Technology. - 688 s

Internet sources:

Annex 1

List of British inventions

What is invented

Who invented

Year, place

inventions

mechanical television

John Bayard

1924, Scotland

telephone

Graham Bell

1876, Scotland

computer

Charles Babbage

1822, England

worldwide

web

Tim Bernes-Lee

1991, England

locomotive

Richard Trevithick

1804, England

triplane

John Stringfellow

1841, England

four-glider

Hiram Stevens Maxim

1894, England

glider

George Cayley

Percy Sinclair Pilcher

1804, England

1895, England

flyer

George Cayley

1853, England

metro

Marc Isambard Brunel

1863, London

magnifying glass

Roger Bacon

1250, England

chronometer

John Garrison

1760, England

telescope

James Gregory

1663, Scotland

Digital Watch

Alexander Bain

1840, Scotland

safe

Joseph Bramah

1784, England

negative-positive process

WilliamHenryfoxTalbot

1841, England

2-lens lens

John Herschel

19th century, England

Beaufort scale

Francis Beaufort

1806, England

law of the world

gravity

Isaac Newton

1666, England

thermal (steam)

engine

ThomasNewcomen,

John Colley

1705, England

Steam engine

James Watt

1782, Scotland

evolution theory

Charles Darwin

1859, England

water chlorination

William Cumberland

Kruykmenk

18th century, England

penicillin

Alexander Fleming

1928, Scotland

asthma inhaler

Hiram Maxim

1901, England

elastic bandage

Stephen Perry

1845, England

defibrillator

Frank Pantridge

1965, Ireland

puzzles

John Spilsbury

1761, England

kaleidoscope

David Brewster

1816, England

balloon

Michael Forada

1824, England

lollipop

Robert Henry Winborne Welsh

1919, England

soda

Joseph Priestley

1767, England

sandwich

John Montague Sandwich

1762, England

cricket

Anglo-Saxons

16th century, England

football

English

19th century, England

rugby

William Webb Ellis

1823, England

tennis

Walton Clopton Wingfield

1860, Wales

badminton

English military

19th century, England

squash

English

19th century, England

golf

Scottish shepherds

1457, Scotland

darts

British hunters

1314, England

snooker

Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain

1938, England

hydraulic crane

William George Armstrong

1845, England

electromagnetic relay

Joseph Henry

1835, Scotland

steam pump

Thomas Severn

1698, England

mirror telescope

James Gregory

1663, Scotland

the concept of a cell

Robert Hooke

1665, England

pneumatic tire

Robert William Thomson

1846, Scotland

diving suit

1819, England

raincoat

Charles Mackintosh

1823, Scotland

color photography

James Clerk Maxwell

1861, Scotland

turning-screw-cutting

machine

Henry Maudsley

1800, England

logarithms

John Napier

1614, Scotland

logarithmic ruler

William Oughtred

1622, England

kickford cord

William Bickford

1831, England

door lock

Robert Barron

1778 England

incandescent lamp

Joseph Wilson Swan

1850, England

microphone

Charles Wheatstone

1827 England

turbojet

engine

Frank Whittle

1930, England

transformer

1832 England

safety razor

William Henson

1847, England

coffee maker

Robert Napier

1840, Scotland

tin

Peter Durand

1810, England

can-opener

Robert Yates

1855, England

sulfur matches

John Walker

1827 England

mousetrap

Hiram Maxim

1854, England

laces

Englishman

1790 England

eraser

Joseph Priestley

1770 England

glasses

Edward Scarlet

1727 England

machine gun

Hiram Maxim

1883, England

spinning machine

Richard Arkwright

1769, England

traffic light

John Peak Knight

1868, England

printing house

William Caxton

1470, England

smallpox vaccine

Edward Jenner

1803, England

aerial bomb

Wallace Barnes

1942, England

home video camera

Acres Birt

1896, England

idea of contraception

Mary Stopes

1915, England

electric motor

1821, England

DNA

Rosalind Franklin

1953, England

cloning (Dolly the sheep)

Ian Wilmut

1996, Scotland

pyramidal kite

Alexander Bell

1901, Scotland

8 2

locomotive

George Stephenson

1814, England

vacuum cleaner

Hubert Cecil Booth

1901, England

Appendix 2

Eccentric inventions

Alarm clock from robbers

Gun in my wallet

Massager

Toe-toe

Flashlight glasses

Invented in 1930, these glasses were equipped with two small battery-powered light bulbs and a long connecting wire. However, walking in these glasses in the rain was reminiscent of electrocution.

Eye Massager

Mustache guard

Finger stretches for pianists

Page turner

The page turner was also designed for musicians, around 1905. After fixing the metal bookmarks on the pages of interest, the sheets of the music book began to turn over automatically.

Appendix 3

Questionnaire for students of State Budgetary Educational Institution "KBLK"

1) Do you know British scientists?

Not really

2) Name famous British scientists.

3) Name the three most important items in your daily life.

a) b) c)

4) What did the British invent?

answer options_______________________________________________

5) What discoveries did the British make?

answer options_______________________________________________

Photo: Brian Snelson/Wikimedia Commons

ELASTIC BANDAGE

On March 17, 1845, English entrepreneur and inventor Stephen Perry patented an elastic bandage.
Perry observed workers on a rubber plantation: at the end of the workday, they wrapped their hands in strips of rubber, which gave their hands a chance to rest. This inspired Perry to invent a special bandage.
Images of the first elastic bandages have not survived, but it is obvious that these products looked approximately the same at all times. Perry sold 1 yard (91 cm) of elastic bandage for approximately 5-7 modern dollars.
Now an elastic bandage can be found in every medical kit. It is used for dressings, as well as to secure devices and bandages on the human body.
Elastic bandages are used to prevent injuries such as bruises, fractures, and stretch marks. Bandages are usually used by professional and amateur athletes.
In addition, the bandage is constantly used by people suffering from varicose veins. Elastic bandages are divided into woven and knitted, the former being more effective and durable.

STAPLER

The world's first stapler was handmade. It was made in the 18th century, not in Great Britain, but in France, especially for the office of King Louis XV. Each staple was marked with the insignia of the royal court. However, such luxury staplers could not be produced in sufficient quantities.
In the 19th century, paper began to be used in huge quantities and this forced the search for a simple and effective device for joining sheets of paper. In this regard, George McGill in 1866 invented a device for fastening sheets. This device was subsequently transformed into the modern stapler, and in 1997, inventor Christian Berger modernized the stapler into its current familiar guise.

Photo: SuperStock/Global Look Press

LOCOMOTIVE

The steam locomotive, that is, a steam carriage rolling on rails, was invented by the outstanding English engineer Richard Trevithick. Trevithick gained fame towards the end of the 18th century after he created light but powerful steam boilers. These boilers became the engine of the locomotive.
In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 men over a distance of 15 km in 4 hours 5 minutes. Trevithick continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.
In the 10s and 20s of the 19th century, George Stephenson made a significant contribution to this important cause, proposing several successful designs of steam locomotives. He also convinced the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton.
Thanks to the steam locomotive, railway transport appeared in the world. Steam locomotives played a huge role in the economic growth of a number of countries. Only by the middle of the 20th century did the steam locomotive give way to more advanced locomotives - diesel and electric locomotives.

Photo: l94/ZUMAPRESS.com/Global Look Press

TELEPHONE

Believes that the telephone was invented by British scientist Alexander Bell and patented in 1876. The phone is capable of transmitting sound over a long distance. The very first telephones were mechanical devices with a direct acoustic channel. Their operating principle was based on the propagation of sound vibrations in continuous media such as air, in contrast to modern electrical devices that use electromagnetic signals.
Alexander Bell was well versed in acoustics and was an expert in oratory, so he knew that sound travels due to compression and rarefaction of air. A special device (horn) must collect sound and direct it to a sensitive element - to the membrane. Bell produced light and thin membrane plates, the vibrations of which under the influence of the sounds of human speech were noticeable to the naked eye.
The Bell tube served in turn to transmit and receive human speech. Bell's telephone did not have a ringer, but it was later invented by Bell's colleague T. Watson (1878). The call to the subscriber was made through the handset using a whistle, and the range of this line did not exceed 500 meters.

Photo: Science Museum/Global Look Press

MAgnifying glass

It is believed that the magnifying glass was invented by an English scientist, a teacher at Oxford University, Roger Bacon. This happened in 1250. A magnifying glass is the simplest magnifying device. A magnifying glass has a magnifying glass that is convex on both sides. The first magnifying glasses visually magnified objects only 1.5-2 times. A modern hand-held magnifying glass magnifies objects 20 times, while a tripod magnifying glass magnifies them 25 times. Two magnifying glasses are inserted into the frame of a tripod magnifying glass, mounted on a stand, that is, a tripod. A table with a hole and a mirror is also attached to the tripod.
An ordinary magnifying glass is used by archaeologists, jewelers, surgeons and other specialists. In addition, it is necessary, for example, for philatelists. Bonists, or paper money collectors, use a UV-lit magnifying glass to check watermarks and signatures on banknotes.

FIRST COMPUTER

The British engineer and mathematician Charles Babbage (1791–1871) made a colossal discovery in the prehistory of computer computing - he invented the first computer, so to speak, the prototype of the modern computer. Babbage is rightfully considered the father of computing. His Analytical Engine, which he invented in 1834, had all the essential logical capabilities of modern PCs and was capable of performing calculations accurate to the 20th decimal place. Unfortunately, due to lack of funds, the computer project was never fully completed during the scientist’s lifetime.

A TELEVISION

In 1926, British inventor John Lowgie Baird demonstrated mechanical television for the first time in public. A special rotating disk was used to change the image. The picture had 30 vertical lines. Instead of the now common 24 frames per second, the speed of Baird's mechanical television was only 5 frames per second. And even such modest indicators were then a real breakthrough.

LOCOMOTIVE

The talented English engineer Richard Trevithick was already quite famous for his creation of powerful and lightweight steam boilers. However, real fame came to him after the invention of a steam cart rolling on rails. In one of the first tests, a locomotive to which five carriages were attached successfully transported ten tons of iron and seventy passengers over a distance of 15 kilometers. Richard Trevithick worked on steam locomotives until his death.

CAN-OPENER

The first can opener was invented in 1855 by British inventor Robert Yates. However, then his invention was not very popular. Soon, the American Erze Warnet introduced his own version of a can opener, which came in handy due to the rapidly increasing demand for canned beef.

MAgnifying glass

It is believed that the magnifying glass was invented in 1250 by the English scientist Roger Bacon, who at that time was teaching at Oxford University. The first magnifying glass was capable of magnifying objects only one and a half to two times. Modern hand-held magnifiers can visually magnify objects by 20 times, and a tripod magnifying glass by 25.

ELASTIC BANDAGE

The idea of creating a special bandage came to the mind of the English entrepreneur Stephen Perry while observing workers on a rubber plantation: at the end of the working day, they wrapped strips of rubber around their hands, giving them the opportunity to rest. This observation inspired Stephen Perry to invent the elastic bandage in 1845. Perry sold 1 yard (91 cm) of elastic bandage for the equivalent of today's $5 to $7.

Great Britain has given the world many influential scientists. Such people usually come up with great ideas, theories and inventions that can change the world forever. This ranking contains ten such British inventions.

10. United States of America.

A slightly controversial invention opens the list. The United States of America was formed when the British colonies in North America declared independence after an eight-year war with the colonizers.

The fact remains that the inhabitants of the colonies were British subjects until the victory in 1783 when they became independent Americans. By this logic, the USA at the time of its creation was a British invention :)

9. Almost every modern sport

The most popular sports in the modern world have their origins in Great Britain, at least in terms of standardization of rules. First of all, we are talking about football, cricket, rugby and tennis. Of course, the British were not the first to come up with the idea of chasing a ball around the field, but it was they who built the system of rules for most sports as we know it now.

8. Newton's laws

British Isaac Newton- one of the greatest physicists and mathematicians in the entire history of mankind. It was he who discovered the law of universal gravitation and established the three basic laws of motion.

7. Programmable computer

English mathematician and engineer Charles Babbage(1791–1871) is one of the most significant figures in the prehistory of computing. He is rightly called the father of computer technology. The analytical engine he invented in 1834, had all the essential logic capabilities of today's general purpose PCs.

6. World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is a distributed system that provides access to interconnected documents located on various computers connected to the Internet. The World Wide Web was invented in 1989 British scientist Tim Berners-Lee. He is also the author of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies.

5. Television

In 1926, Scottish inventor John Logie Bird demonstrated a mechanical television. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 that are common these days.

Today, Byrd's TV may be ironic to some. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, no one succeeded, but Bird did.

IN 1926 Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated a mechanical TV. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 that are common these days.

Today, Baird's TV may be ironic to some. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, no one had succeeded in this before Baird.

4. Steam locomotive

March 24, 1802 English inventor Richard Trevithick received the first patent for a steam locomotive.

Richard Trevithick experimentally proved that the frictional force of the smooth wheels of a steam locomotive on smooth rails is completely sufficient to move the locomotive even if it has to drag a train of loaded cars. Thus, he revolutionized the transportation industry.

3. Theory of evolution

Evolutionary theory of a British scientist Charles Darwin turned out to be truly revolutionary. The main work of the researcher is a book "Origin of Species", in which natural selection and variability are named as the driving forces of evolution. The scientist’s works became the foundation of modern biology.

2. Phone

Alexander Graham Bell born 3 March 1847 in Edinburgh. Alexander received a diploma in physiology from University College London. In 1871, Bell's family emigrated to the United States, where he founded a school for deaf children. In order to somehow help them, the scientist undertook to study the nature of vibrations. The results of Bell's research formed the basis for the future telephone. IN 1876 The first telephone session took place.