In what century was the block born. Brief biography of A.A.
Alexander Alexandrovich Blok was born on November 28, 1880 in St. Petersburg. His father was a lawyer, in addition to that he was a teacher at the University of Warsaw. Mother - Alexandra Beketova, was the daughter of the rector of one of the St. Petersburg universities. Soon after the birth of Alexander, the parents broke off their relationship and the son began to live with his mother. Soon, the mother remarried officer F.F. Kublitsky-Piottukha, the family began to live in the guards barracks.
In 1889 he began to study at the Vvedenskaya gymnasium. When he went abroad in 1897 to one of the German resort towns, he experienced his first crush on Ksenia Sadovskaya. A year later, after graduating from high school, he fell in love with Lyubov Mendeleeva, who in the future became his wife. Blok entered the Faculty of Law, but later changed his mind and began studying at the Faculty of History and Philology, from which he graduated in 1906.
The poet's literary path began in childhood. At the age of 10, young Blok began publishing his own handwritten journals. From the age of 16 he attended a theater group, but he was practically not given roles. In 1901 he released his first collection of poems "Poems about a Beautiful Lady", which was written in the genre of symbolism. Over the years, his work has evolved, and he began to raise such topics as the social life of a person ("City" 1904-1908), religiosity ("Snow Mask" 1907), philosophy of life ("Scary World" 1908-1916), patriotism ("Homeland "1907-1916)
After receiving higher education, Alexander Blok traveled a lot abroad, sometimes living there for months. It is characteristic that he spoke negatively about France and other European countries. The poet did not like the culture and customs of these countries.
The February and October revolutions had a significant impact on the work and life of the Bloc. He had ambiguous thoughts about these events, but unlike other artists, he not only did not oppose the new government, but also supported it in every possible way, although later it seemed to him a mistake. The difficult financial situation and constant exhaustion negatively affected the health of Blok and he began to get sick. The new government, represented by the Politburo, refused to give permission to leave for Finland in order to start treatment there. On August 7, 1921, Alexander Blok died of prolonged inflammation of the heart. His funeral was attended by many famous personalities in Petrograd. In 1941, his ashes were again buried at Literatorskie Mostki at the Volkovskoye cemetery.
Biography and creativity
In 1880, on November 28 (16), a son was born into a cultural St. Petersburg family of nobles Alexander Blok and Alexandra Beketova. The boy was named Sasha. Family happiness did not last long, the parents soon parted. Sasha's mother remarried and Blok grew up with his stepfather.
The family of the future poet spent the winter in their native Petersburg, and in the summer they went to Shakhmatovo. The estate of Andrei Nikolaevich Beketov, Blok's maternal grandfather, became for Sasha a window into the wonderful world of Russian nature.
The boy rode on horseback, disappeared for hours in the garden and was happy to tinker with various domestic animals. So from early childhood, Sasha learned to feel and love his native land.
The first experience of versification took place at the age of five. And at the age of nine, Blok entered the gymnasium. From an early age, Sasha was not indifferent to reading, and he himself became interested in publishing. The ten-year-old Blok published a couple of issues of the handwritten magazine Ship, and at the age of 14, together with his brothers, he published Vestnik.
In 1898, after studying at the gymnasium, Alexander decides to devote his life to the study of law. But after studying for three years in the walls of St. Petersburg University in law, he became carried away by ancient philosophy, and moved to the Faculty of History and Philology.
The beginning of the twentieth century, Blok met in the creative circle of prominent literary men of our time. Fet, Solovyov, Merezhkovsky, Gippius, Bryusov took a twenty-year-old talented young man into the arms of cultural Petersburg.
Blok was passionately carried away by Russian symbolism. The first poems were published by the publishing house "New Way", later the poet's works were published by the almanac "Northern Flowers".
The Mendeleevs were the Beketovs' neighbors. The daughter of the great scientist-chemist, Lyubov Dmitrievna, became for the poet not only a beloved girl, but also a muse. In 1903 Mendeleeva became his wife.
Block at the very beginning of his amazing creativity. In the same year, his poetic cycle "Poems about the Beautiful Lady", dedicated to his wife, was published. The poet, filled with love, presents a woman as a wonderful spring of light and purity, admires the great power of true love, capable of uniting the whole world in one person.
The events of 1905-1907 and the First World War pressed the poet's lyrical mood. The block thought about the problems of society, he is worried about the embodiment of the creator's theme against the background of existing reality. The homeland in the poet's work is like a loving wife, from which patriotism acquired individuality and depth.
1909 was a tragic year for the Blok family. The father and newborn child of Alexander Alexandrovich and Lyubov Dmitrievna died. At the same time, the poet conceived the poem "Retribution", the work on which was never completed.
What was happening in Russia darkly echoed the poet's personal experiences, but Blok sincerely believed in the bright future of his native country.
1916 became the year of military service for the poet. He did not take part in hostilities, he served as a timekeeper.
Blok met the 1917 revolution with the hope of a change for the better. The excitement lasted at least a year, presenting the public in 1918 with the controversial poem "The Twelve", the article "The Intelligentsia and the Revolution" and the poem "Scythians".
With these works, the poet showed that he accepted Bolshevik Russia and was ready to live and work in the renewed country.
This allowed the new government to fully exploit the name of the famous poet. The poet no longer belonged to himself.
Heart pains, asthma, nervous disorders have become constant companions of the poet, loaded with everyday hardships, financial problems and constant work.
Blok tried to get permission to travel to Finland to rest and improve his health, especially since in 1920 he fell ill with scurvy.
Gorky, Lunacharsky and Kamenev asked for the poet. But the petition was approved too late. On August 7, 1921, Alexander Blok died.
Very briefly by dates
On November 16, 1880, the writer was born in the city of St. Petersburg. Born into a cultural family of a professor and a writer.
In 1889 he was sent to a gymnasium, graduated in 1898.
Blok also graduated from the Institute of the Faculty of Law and History and Philology.
Blok began to write his first poems at the age of five. As a teenager, he was engaged in acting.
At 23, he married the daughter of the scientist Mendeleev, L.D. Mendeleeva. There was a quarrel with Andrei Bely because of Mrs. Mendeleeva.
In 1904, a collection of poems by Alexander Blok was born and it was called "poems about a beautiful lady."
Blok and his wife, after a few years, managed to relax in Spain and Germany.
During the period of his creative activity, he was adopted by the "academy" society. Where were the wealthy, in the future well-known creative figures.
Blok's most famous work is “night, street, lamp, pharmacy”.
The dawn of the writer came in 1912-1914. The block has mostly not traveled. He worked this time in a publishing house.
The block was very sick. He was not released for treatment abroad. So in the end, in the poor and hunger, the writer died in 1921 from heart disease.
Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important thing.
Other biographies:
- Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury, the famous author of science fiction books, whose books have been translated into more than 40 languages \u200b\u200bof the world, was born on August 22, 1920 in Waukegan, Illinois, USA, in the family of a telephone line fixer and a Swedish immigrant
He amazed everyone with his irrepressible faith in the future of Russia and people. A loving and suffering person to embrace the immensity, a person with a broad soul and a tragic life. Blok's life and work deserve attention for their completeness and touchingness.
Biography of the poet
Blok Alexander Alexandrovich, born 1880, November 28. Place of birth - Petersburg. His parents: father - A.L. Blok, worked as a lawyer at a university in Warsaw, mother - A.A. Beketova, daughter of a famous botanist.
The boy's parents divorced even before his birth, so he could not grow up in a complete family. However, the maternal grandfather A.N. Beketov, in whose family Alexander grew up, surrounded the child with due care and attention. Gave him a good education and a start in life. A.N. Beketov was the rector of the university in St. Petersburg. The highly moral and cultural atmosphere of the surrounding environment left its mark on the formation of the Bloc's worldview and upbringing.
Since childhood, he has a love for the classics of Russian literature. Pushkin, Apukhtin, Zhukovsky, Fet, Grigoriev - these are the names on whose works little Blok grew up and joined the world of literature and poetry.
Poet training
The first stage of education for Blok was a gymnasium in St. Petersburg. After graduating from it in 1898, he entered the St. Petersburg University in the department of lawyers. Finishes legal studies in 1901 and changes direction to history and philology.
It is at the university that he finally decides to delve into the world of literature. Also, this desire is supported by the beautiful and picturesque nature, among which the estate of his grandfather is located. Growing up in such an environment, Alexander forever absorbed the sensitivity and subtlety of the worldview, and reflected this in his poems. From that time on, Blok's creativity began.
Blok maintains a very warm relationship with his mother, his love and respect for her is boundless. Until his mother's death, he constantly sent her his works.
External appearance
Their wedding took place in 1903. Family life was complex and ambiguous. Mendeleeva was expecting great love, as in novels. The block also offered moderation and tranquility of life. The result was his wife's passion for his friend and like-minded person, Andrei Bely, a symbolist poet who played an important role in the work of Blok himself.
Lifetime work
Blok's life and work developed in such a way that, in addition to literature, he took part in quite everyday affairs. For example:
"Poems about the Beautiful Lady";
"Unexpected joy";
"Snowy Night".
"On the Kulikovo field".
"Retribution", which he wrote well.
was an active participant in dramatic productions in the theater and even saw himself as an actor, but the literary field attracted him more;
for two years in a row (1905-1906) the poet is a direct witness and participant in revolutionary meetings and demonstrations;
maintains his column of literature review in the newspaper "Golden Fleece";
from 1916-1917 pays a debt to the Motherland, serving near Pinsk (engineering and construction squad);
is a member of the Bolshoi leadership;
upon arrival from the army, he gets a job in the Investigative Commission of an extraordinary nature for the affairs of the tsarist ministers. He worked there as an editor of the verbatim record until 1921.
Blok's early work
Little Sasha wrote his first poem at the age of five. Even then, he could read the makings of a talent that needed to be developed. What Blok did.
Love and Russia are two favorite themes of creativity. Blok wrote a lot about both. However, at the initial stage of development and realization of his talent, he was most attracted by love. The image of a beautiful lady, which he was looking for everywhere, captured his entire being. And he found the earthly embodiment of his ideas in Lyubov Mendeleeva.
The theme of love in Blok's work is revealed so fully, clearly and beautifully that it is difficult to dispute it. Therefore, it is not surprising that his first brainchild - a collection of poems - is called "Poems about the Beautiful Lady", and it is dedicated to his wife. When writing this collection of poems, Blok was greatly influenced by the poetry of Solovyov, whose student and follower he is considered.
In all the poems there is a feeling of Eternal femininity, beauty, naturalness. However, all expressions and phrases used in writing are allegorical, unrealistic. The bloc is carried away in a creative impulse to "other worlds".
Gradually, the theme of love in the work of Blok gives way to more real and urgent problems surrounding the poet.
The beginning of frustration
Revolutionary events, discord in family relations, and the crashing of dreams of a clean and bright future for Russia make the Blok's work undergo obvious changes. His next collection is titled "Unexpected Joy" (1906).
More and more he makes fun of the Symbolists, to whom he no longer considers himself, more and more cynical about the hopes for the best ahead. He is a participant in revolutionary events, who is completely on the side of the Bolsheviks, considering their cause to be right.
During this period (1906) his trilogy of dramas was published. First "Balaganchik", after some time "The King in the Square", and at the end of this trio experiences bitter disappointment from the imperfection of the world, from their disappointed hopes. In the same period, he was fond of the actress N.N. Volokhova. However, he does not receive reciprocity, which adds bitterness, irony and skepticism to his poems.
Andrei Bely and other earlier like-minded people in poetry do not accept the changes in Blok and criticize his current work. Alexander bloc remains adamant. He is disappointed and deeply saddened.
"Trilogy of Incarnation"
In 1909, Blok's father dies, with whom he does not have time to say goodbye. This leaves an even greater imprint on his state of mind, and he decides to combine his most striking works in his opinion into one poetic trilogy, which he gives the name "Trilogy of Incarnation".
So the work of Blok in 1911-1912 was marked by the appearance of three collections of poems that bear poetic names:
A year later, he published a cycle of love poems "Carmen", wrote the poem "Nightingale Garden", dedicated to his new hobby - the singer L.A. Delmas.
Homeland in the work of Blok
Since 1908, the poet has positioned himself no longer as a lyricist, but as a glorifier of his homeland. During this period, he writes poems such as:
"Autumn Wave";
"Autumn Love";
All these works are imbued with love for the Motherland, for their country. The poet simultaneously shows two sides of life in Russia: poverty and hunger, piousness, but at the same time savagery, unbridledness and liberty.
The theme of Russia in the work of Blok, the theme of the homeland is one of the most fundamental in his entire poetic life. For him, the Motherland is something alive, breathing and feeling. Therefore, it is too difficult for him, the events of the October Revolution that are taking place are too difficult for him.
The theme of Russia in the work of Blok
After revolutionary trends take over his entire spirit, the poet almost completely loses the lyrics and love in his works. Now the whole meaning of his works is directed towards Russia, his homeland.
Blok personifies his country in poetry with a woman, he makes her practically tangible, real, as if he humanizes. Homeland takes on such a large-scale significance in Blok's work that he never writes about love anymore.
Believing in the Bolsheviks and their truth, he experiences a cruel, almost fatal disappointment for him when he sees the results of the revolution. Hunger, poverty, defeat, mass extermination of the intelligentsia - all this forms in the minds of Blok an acute hostile attitude towards the Symbolists, towards the lyrics, and forces from now on to create works only with a satirist, poisonous mockery of faith in the future.
However, at the same time, his love for Russia is so great that he continues to believe in the strength of his country. In the fact that she rises, shakes herself off and will be able to show her power and glory. The creativity of Blok, Mayakovsky, Yesenin is similar in this.
In 1918, Blok wrote the poem "The Twelve", the most scandalous and loud of all his works, which caused a lot of rumors and talk about it. But the critic leaves the poet indifferent, the incipient depression begins to absorb his entire being.
Poem "Twelve"
The author began writing his work "The Twelve" in early January. On the first day of work, he did not even take a break. His notes say: "Shakes inside." Then the writing of the poem was suspended, and the poet managed to finish it only on January 28.
After the publication of this work, Blok's work changed dramatically. It can be briefly characterized as follows: the poet lost himself, stagnation set in.
The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem was recognized by everyone in different ways. Someone saw in her support for the revolution, a mockery of symbolistic views. Some, on the contrary, have a satirical bias and a mockery of the revolutionary order. However, Blok himself, when creating the poem, had both in mind. It is contradictory, like his mood at the time.
After the publication of The Twelve, all the already weak ties with the Symbolists were severed. Almost all close friends turned away from Blok: Merezhkovsky, Vyach, Prishvin, Sologub, Piast, Akhmatova and others.
By that time, he was disappointed in Balmont himself. Thus, Blok remains practically alone.
Post-revolutionary creativity
The revolution was over, and the bitterness of disappointment with the Bolshevik policy grew and intensified. Such a cut between what was promised and what was done as a result of the revolution became unbearable for Blok. Blok's work can be briefly characterized during this period: nothing is written.
As they will later write about the death of the poet, "he was killed by the Bolsheviks." And indeed it is. The bloc was unable to overcome and accept such a discrepancy between the word and deed of the new government. I could not forgive myself for the support of the Bolsheviks, for my blindness and short-sightedness.
Blok is experiencing the strongest discord within himself, completely goes into his inner experiences and torments. The consequence of this is disease. From April 1921 to early August, the poet's illness did not let go, tormenting him more and more. Only occasionally emerging from half-oblivion, he tries to console his wife, Lyubov Mendeleev (Blok). On August 7, Blok died.
Where the poet lived and worked
Today, the biography and work of Blok captivate and inspire many. And the place where he lived and wrote his poems and poems turned into a museum. From the photographs we can judge the situation in which the poet worked.
You can see the appearance of the estate in which the poet spent his time in the photo on the left.
The room in which the poet spent the last bitter and difficult minutes of his life (photo below).
Today, the poet's work is loved and studied, admired, recognized for its depth and integrity, singularity and brightness. Russia in the work of Blok is studied in school, essays are written on this topic. This gives every right to call the author a great poet. In the past he was a symbolist, then a revolutionary, and at sunset he was simply deeply disappointed in life and power as an unhappy man with a bitter, difficult fate.
In St. Petersburg, a monument has been erected that perpetuates the name of the author in history and pays tribute to his undeniable talent.
Born on November 16 (28), 1880 in St. Petersburg in a highly cultured family (father is a professor, mother is a writer).
In 1889 he was sent to the second class of the Vvedenskaya gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1898. Then he was educated at St. Petersburg University, where he studied first at the Faculty of Law, and then at the Faculty of History and Philology. By the way, his grandfather A.N. Beketov.
Creation
In the biography of Blok, the first poems were written at the age of five.
At the age of 16, Alexander Blok was engaged in acting, trying to conquer the stage.
In 1903, Blok married the daughter of the famous scientist D.I. Mendeleev - L. D. Mendeleeva. Andrei Bely was also very in love with her, on this basis he and Alexander Blok had a conflict.
The following year, Blok's poems were first published, published in a collection called "Poems about a Beautiful Lady."
In 1909, Blok and his wife went to rest in Italy and Germany. For the work of that period, Alexander Alexandrovich Blok was admitted to the "Academy" society. In which Valery Bryusov, Mikhail Kuzmin, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Innokenty Annensky have already consisted.
In short, Blok's work contains several directions. For his early works, symbolism is characteristic. Further poems by Blok examine the social position of the people. He deeply experiences the tragic fate of mankind ("The Rose and the Cross", 1912), then comes to the idea of \u200b\u200bobligatory retribution (cycle "Retribution" 1907-1913, cycle "Yamba" 1907-1914).
One of Blok's most famous poems is "Night, Street, Lantern, Pharmacy".
Blok also took an interest in children's literature, wrote many poems, some of them were included in the collections for children "All year round" and "Fairy tales" (both - 1913)
The last years of life and death
During the revolution, Blok did not emigrate, he began to work in the publishing house of the city of Petrograd. The revolutionary events in St. Petersburg were reflected in the biography of Alexander Blok in poems, poems ("The Twelve", 1918), articles.
Before his death, the poet was often ill. Upon request to leave the country for medical treatment and subsequent application
Blok Alexander Alexandrovich (1880-1921) - Russian poet and writer, playwright and publicist, literary critic and translator. His work belongs to the classics of Russian literature of the twentieth century.
Parents
The poet's father, Alexander Lvovich, had German roots in his family, he was a lawyer by education, worked as an assistant professor at the Department of State Law at the University of Warsaw.
The boy's mother, the translator Alexandra Andreevna, had purely Russian roots, she was the daughter of the famous academician, rector of St. Petersburg State University A.N. Beketov. Her family name was Asya and they loved her incredibly, firstly, because she was the youngest, and secondly, for kindness, affection and a very cheerful character. Most of all, Asya loved literature, especially poetry, perhaps this love was then passed on to the future poet at the genetic level.
Blok's parents met at a dance evening. Asya made a strong impression on Alexander Lvovich, he fell in love and began in every possible way to look for a meeting with the girl, he often visited the Beketovs' house, where receptions were held on Saturdays. The relationship between Asya and Alexander Lvovich developed quite quickly, at the beginning of 1879 they were married in the university church. The groom was 9 years older than the bride; on the day of the wedding, they immediately left for Warsaw.
Alexander Lvovich loved his wife madly, but in life he turned out to be a despot and a tyrant, his love alternated with torment and bullying. Their first child was born dead. The woman was desperately grieving and dreamed of giving birth to her second baby as soon as possible.
When Asya was pregnant for the second time, she and her husband came to St. Petersburg to defend his dissertation. They immediately settled in her parents' house. Having received another degree, Alexander Lvovich Blok returned to Warsaw alone. His wife's parents persuaded him to leave his wife with them, because at the eighth month of pregnancy it is not safe to be cowardly on trains.
In the house of his grandfather Beketov, Alexander Blok was born. The boy was large and well-built, from the first day of his life he became the center of attention in the family. The father was immediately informed in Warsaw about the birth of his son. When he arrived in St. Petersburg for the Christmas holidays and stayed with the Beketovs, then his entire despotic character was revealed to them. Everyone understood that Asya was hiding from her parents how she actually lived with her husband.
Alexander Lvovich left alone again, it was decided that the wife, weakened by childbirth, with her tiny son would remain in the parents' house until spring. But she never returned to her husband in Warsaw, her father insisted that her daughter and grandson stay in St. Petersburg.
The kid was restless and capricious, sometimes they could not rock him for several hours. He fell asleep only in the arms of his grandfather, who walked with his grandson in his arms and at the same time was preparing for lectures at the university.
Sashenka started walking and talking late, but every summer he spent in the village of Shakhmatovo made him healthier. By the age of three, the boy was so pretty that passers-by could not walk by without looking back at the child.
The future poet inherited in his character exactly the features of both his father and mother. On the line of Blocks, Alexander got the mind, depth of feelings and the strongest temperament. But along with these harsh features, Beket's sides were also present in him, Alexander Blok was very generous, kind and childishly trusting.
Childhood
The boy grew up spirited and interesting, but very self-willed, it was almost impossible to dissuade or accustom him to anything, his mother often had to punish Sasha.
Until the age of three, they could not find a suitable nanny for him. But then the nanny Sonia appeared, who had a special relationship with the child. Little Blok adored her, most of all he liked it when the nanny read aloud to him Pushkin's fairy tales.
He was very fond of playing, while he absolutely did not need comrades, he was so fond of the game himself that he could run around the rooms all day, depicting people, horses, conductors. In addition to games and nanny tales, he had another strong hobby - ships, he painted them in different forms and hung them around the house, this passion remained with him for life.
In the fourth year of his life, the boy first visited abroad with his mother and nanny, in Trieste and Florence, where he swam a lot in the sea and sunbathed.
From there we returned to his beloved village Shakhmatovo. As a child, Blok explored all the surroundings here, and later he will display this place in his poem "Retribution". He knew where mushrooms are found, lilies of the valley and forget-me-nots bloom, where you can pick up a whole basket of wild strawberries.
Little Sasha was madly in love with animals, yard dogs, hedgehogs, even insects and earthworms aroused his admiration. At the age of five, he dedicated his first poems to a gray bunny and a domestic cat.
His own father, Alexander Lvovich, came to Russia for the holidays, visited his son, but did not cause the boy much sympathy. The Senior Bloc was more concerned with getting his wife back, but she persistently asked for a divorce. Until he decided to marry again in Warsaw, he refused to divorce.
And already in 1889, when Alexander Blok was nine years old, my mother married the lieutenant of the grenadier regiment Kublitsky-Piottukh for the second time. She took her husband's surname, the son remained Blok.
They moved to the Bolshaya Nevka embankment, there was a new apartment in the regimental barracks, where they lived for 15 years. The stepfather did not have much love for his stepson, but he did not hurt him either. The boy made friends with the neighboring children, together they skated when Nevka was covered with thick ice. At home, he was engaged in drawing and sawing, he especially liked to bind books.
Gymnasium and University
In 1889, Sasha entered the Vvedenskaya gymnasium to study. The study could not be called smooth, arithmetic was given the worst, he was very fond of ancient languages.
As a high school student, he was uncommunicative, did not like unnecessary conversations, often retiring, wrote poetry.
Already at the age of ten, he wrote two issues of the magazine "Ship". And in the last years of the gymnasium, together with his cousins, he began to publish a handwritten journal "Vestnik". Grandfather occasionally helped his grandchildren illustrate the magazine. This edition contained poetry and prose of the young Blok, puzzles and riddles, translations from French and even a small play "A Trip to Italy". In one of the numbers, a fairy tale was published where beetles and ants became the protagonists. Blok mostly wrote humorous poems, but he also had a very touching poem dedicated to his mother.
Blok was not fond of reading too much in his gymnasium years, but his favorite poets and writers were:
- Zhukovsky and Pushkin;
- Jules Verne and Dickens;
- Cooper and Mine Reid.
In his senior years, Blok became interested in theater, recited Shakespeare, enrolled in a theater group, and even had several roles in performances.
In 1897, Alexander with his mother and aunt went to Germany, where his mother was undergoing treatment. Here his first love happened. Ksenia Mikhailova Sadovskaya was a secular, beautiful and pampered lady of 37 years old, the mother of a family. The young man was struck by her bottomless blue eyes, passion captured him and gave him poetic inspiration.
The beauty was the first to lure an inexperienced guy. Every morning he bought and gave her roses, they rode alone in a boat, and, of course, Blok dedicated his most touching poems to her that a young poet in love could only write. He signed them by the "mysterious K. M. S."
Returning to Russia, in 1898 Alexander graduated from the gymnasium. He immediately became a law student at St. Petersburg University. After three years of study, he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology, choosing the Slavic-Russian department. In 1906, the poet graduated from the university.
Family life
In 1903, Alexander married Mendeleev's daughter Lyubov.
They met a long time ago, during the summer holidays in the village where the Mendeleevs' estate was located next to Beketovskaya. He was then 14 years old, and Lyuba - 13, they walked and played together. Their second meeting took place when Blok had just graduated from the gymnasium, this time the young people made a completely different impression on each other.
While studying at the university, Blok often visited the Mendeleevs' home, at that time his poems appeared, which later were included in the collection "Poems about the Beautiful Lady," he dedicated to their future wife Lyubov.
In the year of marriage, another significant event in the life of the poet took place, his poems began to be published in the magazine "New Way" and in the almanac "Northern Flowers". Blok's work was quickly appreciated both in St. Petersburg and in Moscow.
After the wedding, the young Blocks lived in the house of his stepfather, went to Moscow for a while, and in the summer they left for Shakhmatovo. Here they began to equip their own family nest with their own hands. Alexander respected physical labor very much, he even wrote in his poems about how he loves any job - “what to put down the stove, what to write poetry”. The blocks arranged a gorgeous garden, built a sod sofa in it, and often received guests. They were such a beautiful sunny couple among the wildflowers that they were even called Princess and Tsarevich.
They were for each other the strongest love of all life. But their marriage turned out to be rather strange. Blok considered his wife the embodiment of Eternal femininity and did not admit that he could make carnal love with her. He had other women, Lyuba also had an affair with the actor Konstantin Lavidovsky, from whom she became pregnant. Blok, who had been ill in his youth, could not have children, therefore he received the news of his wife's pregnancy with joy that God would give them, free birds, a child. But this happiness was not destined to come true, the boy who was born died, having lived only eight days. Blok endured this loss very hard and often visited the boy's grave.
At the end of his life, the poet will say that there were two loves in his life - Lyuba and everyone else.
Creation
In 1904, the Grif publishing house published the first book of the Bloc, Poems about the Beautiful Lady.
The years 1906-1908 were marked by special success and the growth of Blok's writers. He passed through all the events of the 1905 revolution, he himself took part in demonstrations, which was reflected in a number of his works. One after another his books are published:
- "Unexpected joy";
- "Snow mask";
- "Land in the Snow";
- "Lyric Drama".
In 1909, the poet traveled to Germany and Italy, the result of this trip was the collection "Italian Poems".
In 1912 he wrote the drama "The Rose and the Cross", which was appreciated by V. Nemirovich-Danchenko and K. Stanislavsky, but this play was never staged.
In 1916, Blok served in the active army, he was assigned to Belarus in the engineering units of the All-Russian Zemsky Union. During the service, he learned about the revolution that had taken place, which at first he perceived with mixed feelings, but did not emigrate from the country.
During this period, there are such famous collections of poetry as "Night hours", "Poems about Russia", "Beyond the past days", "Gray morning".
Since 1918, Alexander was hired to serve in the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry, which investigated the illegal actions of officials. Here he worked as an editor.
The revolutionary events entailed a deep creative crisis and depression for the poet. After the works "Twelve" and "Scythians" he stopped writing poetry, in his words, "all sounds have stopped."
Sickness and death
From 1918 to 1920, Blok worked a lot in various positions in committees and commissions. He was terribly tired, as the poet himself said, “they drank me,” his health began to decline. Several illnesses have worsened at once: cardiovascular insufficiency, asthma, scurvy, neurosis. On top of that, the family was in a difficult financial situation.
In the middle of the summer of 1921, the poet began to have problems with his mind: he either fell into unconsciousness, then returned to life again. All this time, his wife Lyuba looked after him. Doctors suspected he had cerebral edema.
On August 7, 1921, the poet Alexander Blok died in the presence of his wife and mother. He was buried at the Smolenskoye cemetery, and in 1944 his ashes were reburied at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
The Alexander Blok Museum-Reserve was opened in Shakhmatovo, where a monument to the poet and his Beautiful Lady was erected.
The boy was sent to the St. Petersburg Vvedenskaya gymnasium, which he graduated in 1898.
In 1898, Alexander Blok entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, but in 1901 he transferred to the historical and philological faculty, from which he graduated in 1906 in the Slavic-Russian department.
Since the early 1900s, Alexander Blok became close with the Symbolists Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius in St. Petersburg, with Valery Bryusov and Andrei Bely in Moscow.
In 1903, the first collection of the Bloc's poems "From Dedications" appeared in the journal "New Way" directed by the Merezhkovskys. In the same year in the almanac "Northern Flowers" a cycle of poems was published under the title "Poems about the Beautiful Lady" (the name was suggested by Bryusov).
The events of the 1905-1907 revolution, which exposed the spontaneous, catastrophic nature of life, played a special role in shaping the Blok's worldview. In the lyrics of this time, the theme of "elements" became the leading theme - images of a blizzard, blizzards, motives of the people's freemen, vagrancy. The Beautiful Lady is replaced by the demonic Stranger, the Snow Mask, the schismatic gypsy Faina. The block was published in the Symbolist journals "Questions of Life", "Libra", "Pass", "Golden Fleece", in the latter since 1907 he led the critical section.
In 1907, the Bloc's collection "Unexpected Joy" was published in Moscow, the cycle of poems "Snow Mask" in St. Petersburg, in 1908 in Moscow - the third collection of poems "Earth in the Snow" and the translation of Grillparzer's tragedy "Foremother" with an introductory article and notes. In 1908 he turned to the theater and wrote "lyrical dramas" - "Balaganchik", "The King on the Square", "The Stranger".
A trip to Italy in the spring and summer of 1909 was a period of "revaluation of values" for Blok. The impressions he made from this trip were embodied in the cycle "Italian Poems".
In 1909, having received an inheritance after the death of his father, he for a long time freed himself from worries about literary earnings and focused on major artistic plans. In 1910 he began to work on the great epic poem "Retribution" (was not completed). In 1912-1913 he wrote the play "The Rose and the Cross". After the publication of the collection Night Hours in 1911, Blok revised his five books of poetry into a three-volume collection of poems (1911-1912). During the poet's lifetime, the three-volume edition was reprinted in 1916 and 1918-1921.
Since the fall of 1914, Blok worked on the publication of The Poems of Apollo Grigoriev (1916) as a compiler, author of an introductory article and commentator.
In July 1916, during the First World War, he was drafted into the army, served as a timekeeper for the 13th engineering and construction squad of the Zemsky and City Unions near Pinsk (now a city in Belarus).
After the February Revolution of 1917, Blok returned to Petrograd, where, as an editor of stenographic records, he became a member of the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate the crimes of the tsarist government. The materials of the investigation were summarized by him in the book "The Last Days of the Imperial Power" (1921).
The October Revolution provokes a new spiritual rise of the poet and civic activity. In January 1918, the poems "The Twelve" and "Scythians" were created.
After "The Twelve" and "Scythians" Alexander Blok wrote comic poems "in case", prepared the last edition of the "lyrical trilogy", but did not create new original poems until 1921. During this period, the poet made cultural-philosophical reports at the meetings of Wolfila - Free Philosophical Association, at the School of Journalism, wrote lyrical fragments "Neither Dreams nor Reality" and "Confessions of a Pagan", feuilletons "Russian Dandies", "Compatriots", "Answer to the question about red stamp ".
A huge amount of what was written was associated with the official activities of the Bloc: after the October Revolution of 1917, for the first time in his life, he was forced to seek not only literary earnings, but also civil service. In September 1917, he became a member of the Theater and Literary Commission, from the beginning of 1918 he collaborated with the Theater Department of the People's Commissariat for Education, in April 1919 he moved to the Bolshoi Drama Theater. At the same time he worked as a member of the editorial board of the publishing house "World Literature" under the leadership of Maxim Gorky, since 1920 he was the chairman of the Petrograd branch of the Union of Poets.
Initially, Blok's participation in cultural and educational institutions was motivated by beliefs about the duty of the intelligentsia to the people. But the discrepancy between the poet's ideas about the "purifying revolutionary element" and the bloody everyday life of the advancing regime led him to disappointment in what was happening. In his articles and diary entries, the motive of the catacomb existence of culture appeared. Blok's thoughts about the indestructibility of true culture and the "secret freedom" of the artist were expressed in his speech "On the appointment of a poet" at an evening in memory of Alexander Pushkin and in the poem "To the Pushkin House" (February 1921), which became his artistic and human testament.
In the spring of 1921, Alexander Blok asked to be issued an exit visa to Finland for treatment in a sanatorium. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), at a meeting of which this issue was considered, refused to allow Blok to leave.
In April 1921, the poet's growing depression turned into a mental disorder, accompanied by heart disease. On August 7, 1921, Alexander Blok died in Petrograd. He was buried at the Smolensk cemetery, in 1944 the poet's ashes were transferred to Literatorskie mostki at the Volkovskoe cemetery.
Since 1903, Alexander Blok was married to Lyubov Mendeleeva (1882-1939), the daughter of the famous chemist Dmitry Mendeleev, to whom the cycle "Poems about the Beautiful Lady" was dedicated. After the poet's death, she became interested in classical ballet and taught the history of ballet at the Choreographic School at the Kirov Opera and Ballet Theater (now the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet). She described her life with the poet in the book "And the story and fables about Blok and about myself."
In 1980, in the house on Dekabristov Street, where the poet lived and died for the last nine years, the museum-apartment of Alexander Blok was opened.
In 1984, in the Shakhmatovo estate, where Blok spent his childhood and youth, as well as in the neighboring Boblovo and Tarakanovo estates of the Solnechnogorsk District of the Moscow Region, the State Museum-Reserve of D.I. Mendeleev and A.A. Block.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
