Regional nature management. Russia as a system: Comprehensive characteristics of the environmental management system Regional and local environmental management systems

Studying the structure of the regional environmental management system, one should analyze the types of resource use, production, social and technological spheres. In the structure of the environmental management system, all elements are closely interconnected with each other and the environment.

Production is one of the elements of the structure of nature management. By exploiting natural resources, consuming energy and generating pollution and waste, the manufacturing sector is among the most important causes of environmental degradation.

One of the most important objectives of industrial policy is to create the basis and conditions for a strong, innovative and competitive industrial sector, thus guaranteeing its stability.

It is now clear that green industry is not a luxury but a necessity. Many manufacturing sectors take responsibility for preserving the environment and natural resources. Thus, production becomes not only part of the problem of protecting natural resources, but also part of its solution.

The second element of the structure closely related to production is production technology. At the present stage of development, society everywhere has faced the task of greening agricultural machinery, its optimal coordination with natural processes.

The problem of greening technology may seem insoluble, because over the long years of industrial development, too one-sided inertia in the development of technology in an environmentally carefree regime has been accumulated, and the transition to a qualitatively new regime seems to be simply impracticable. In addition, the measures taken so far for the greening of technology do not radically solve the problem, but only delay its additional solution. The fight against pollution of the natural environment by production is carried out mainly through the construction of treatment facilities, and not by changing the existing production technology. However, these measures alone are not enough to solve the problem.

First, treatment facilities are usually very expensive, cumbersome (occupy large areas) and cannot keep up with the growth of enterprises and the change in technology in their capabilities.

Secondly, the operation of the wastewater treatment plant is unreliable. It is not always effective enough, especially if we take into account the growing stringency of the maximum allowable level (MRL) and, in addition, the possibility of accidents in treatment systems with all the ensuing consequences for the environment and people is not excluded.

The need to equip modern production with treatment facilities should be considered only as a stage, albeit a very important one, on the way of improving environmental management. Simultaneously with this stage, it is necessary to move on to the next, more important and radical stage - the restructuring of the very type of production technology. It is necessary to move to waste-free production with the fullest possible utilization of the entire complex of substances entering the production and household system of agricultural production.

Eco-friendly technology (eco-technology) is quite possible. Its creation is the most urgent task of mankind, and this process will constitute the main content of the new scientific and technological revolution. The restructuring of production technology on an ecological basis is the next stage in improving environmental management after using traditional technologies.

The next element that is included in the environmental management system is the social sphere.

It can be characterized by the following indicators:

population - number, distribution, natural increase, migration, employment structure;
improving the standard of living, including the preservation of the quality of the environment;
health protection - public welfare, life expectancy, acclimatization, adaptation, nutrition;
living conditions, work, rest;
spatial forms of settlement - a region, a city.

Health protection, increasing the duration of human life, assessing the possibility of human adaptation to changing environmental conditions, ensuring appropriate living conditions, work, travel, recreation are the main tasks of the problem of harmonious development of the social sphere.

In recent years, more attention has been paid to protecting human health. There is a slight increase in the number of sanatoriums, so for the period from 1998 to 2002. it was almost 20%. The cost of living has noticeably increased over the period under study - by 393.2%, this is primarily due to an increase in price increases.

The natural environment and the social sphere are closely related. The negative social consequences associated with the pollution of the biosphere are manifested: in the deterioration of public health, deterioration of working and rest conditions of workers, an increase in noise levels, gas pollution, smoke in industrial premises and places of residence of the population, deterioration of the general well-being of people, the disappearance or decrease in the number of wild animals and plants. ...

Table 1. The main socio-economic characteristics of the Stavropol Territory

The last element of the system is the suitable climatic conditions.

Climate is the most volatile component in nature. However, climate variability and its possible fluctuations are still definitely unpredictable. And since climatic conditions determine many natural processes, planning for the development of agriculture, hydropower and other tasks of national economic importance, the issues of climate formation and trends in climate fluctuations and changes, both on a global and local scale, are given a lot of attention by meteorologists and climatologists of all the world.

Natural and climatic conditions play an important role in agriculture. Thus, heavy rains and winds, frost and drought damage both agriculture and natural resources in general.

Human influence on natural and climatic conditions can occur as a result of his economic activities: deforestation, plowing of vast areas, reclamation activities, etc. Forests play an important role in land conservation. The volume of reforestation on the lands of the state forest fund decreased in 2002. compared to 1998. by 83.1%. On inconvenient lands of agricultural formations and other land users created: 83 hectares - anti-erosion forest plantations, 99 hectares of pasture-protective forest plantations, 20 hectares of field-protective forest belts. The volume of work carried out by forestry enterprises for protective afforestation has sharply decreased due to the insolvency of agricultural enterprises. Protective forest belts and other afforestation are in an unsatisfactory condition and are actually being destroyed due to lack of protection.

The termination of works on protective afforestation can lead to the death of young plantations, and the curtailment of works on the creation of protective plantations - to the fact that erosion and deflationary processes on soils will receive further irreversible development.

Changing the surface of the earth, a person, first of all, affects its reflectivity, which can lead to a change in the radiation balance. The change in moisture turnover occurs as a result of intensive irrigation, which reduces the flow of water into the ocean and increases evaporation.

After analyzing, we see a strong connection between the elements in the structure of the environmental management system. So, the level of technical equipment creates the possibility of rational use of natural resources, increasing the total power of people in their impact on the natural environment. But this possibility becomes reality only when superimposed on favorable social conditions, which must also be sufficiently rational. In this case, the increase in the mediation of the interaction of society and nature with the growth of technical equipment, improvement of production, and social conditions does not lead fatally to a deterioration of the environment. The main thing is to ensure the unity of people's interests on the basis of the commonality of the main goals of social development.

Bibliographic reference

Azhmuratova M.A. STRUCTURE OF THE REGIONAL SYSTEM OF NATURAL MANAGEMENT IN AIC // Advances in modern natural science. - 2004. - No. 3. - S. 98-100;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=12431 (date accessed: 04/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Short description

Since 1988, the work on the formation of the economic mechanism of nature management has noticeably intensified. This was facilitated by the creation of special services - committees for the protection of nature at the federal, republican, regional, regional, city and district levels. The Union and Russian committees for nature protection began to develop regulatory and methodological documents on the introduction of payments for environmental pollution. At the same time, the payment standards included the costs associated with partial compensation for damage arising from environmental pollution. However, the novelty of the problem, the lack of elaboration of a number of methodological issues, as well as opposition from the industrial ministries required the approval of these proposals.

Introduction 3
Classification of environmental management systems 5

environmental management systems 7
Environmental management 13
Economic principles of environmental management in the region 17
Environmental management in the region in the new economic conditions 17
Ways to rationalize environmental management systems 18
Rational use of natural resources 19
State control over nature protection and use of natural resources 28
Conclusion 29
List of sources used 30

Attached files: 1 file

Introduction 3

Classification of environmental management systems 5
Organizational structure and functions

environmental management systems 7

Environmental management 13
Economic principles of management

environmental management in the region 17

Environmental management in the region

in new farming conditions 17

Ways to rationalize environmental management systems 18
Rational use of natural resources 19
State control over nature protection and use of natural resources 28

Conclusion 29

List of sources used 30

Introduction

Currently, the rationalization of environmental management systems is of great importance for the relationship between society and the natural environment. That is why it is important to optimize human pressure on each level of these systems, and for this it is necessary to analyze the features of each of them and draw up the main ways and programs of rationalization.

Therefore, in my term paper, I tried not only to reveal the essence of each system, but also to find the relationship between them.

Let's start with what are environmental management systems? A.G. Emelyanov gives the following definition:

Environmental management systems are historically established forms of human interaction with the natural environment, due to the characteristics of this environment and the socio-economic structure of society. They are formed under the influence of a complex of factors: the natural resource potential of the territory, the geographical, socio-economic, cultural and historical conditions of the regions. Combinations of these factors determine a wide variety of environmental management systems in the direction of their specialization, organization of production, the magnitude of the anthropogenic load on natural complexes, the size and ecological state of territories.

It follows that the system of nature management is an interaction, which means that this issue can be considered in the context of environmental management. The ways of managing the territories / resources / parts of the structure of which it consists also depend on the features of the system.

Since the environmental management system is a “society-nature” system, it becomes important not only the environmental impact of man on the environment, but the economic component of this impact.

Therefore, it is necessary to mutually adapt society to nature, in an economically profitable consumption of resources with minimal harm to nature.

In the past ten years, trends in the active use of economic methods for regulating environmental protection and the use of natural resources have begun to form in the Russian economy. First of all, this is evidenced by the introduction of payments for environmental pollution and the use of natural resources, as well as the creation of appropriate funds for the formation and use of funds from collected payments.

Such mechanisms have already existed in the international practice of environmental management and have proved their effectiveness. The main methodological principle for setting pollution charges was the “polluter pays” principle. The corresponding regulatory and methodological framework was brought under this principle, proceeding from it, the issues of management and control were resolved.

Classification of environmental management systems

In connection with the definition given at the beginning of the course work, a number of classifications of environmental management systems are proposed, which are created taking into account

a) the dominant branch of economic activity;

b) the peculiarities of the territorial structure of environmental management systems;

c) the hierarchical level of the territorial structure;

d) the degree of adaptability or destructiveness of environmental management systems in relation to the natural environment

On the basis of the first feature, two groups of environmental management systems are distinguished. One of them is associated with nature, which acts as a source of objects of labor and consumption, as a means of their production (agricultural, forestry, water management, land reclamation, mining, recreational systems, etc.). The second group is formed by the systems of nature management, connected with nature indirectly - through the resources withdrawn from it. They are closely related to the processing industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and construction industries, etc.)

By processing huge masses of extracted natural materials, they

generate large amounts of waste and use nature as

a repository for this waste.

According to the peculiarities of the territorial structure, due to the nature of the relationship of economic activity with nature, four main groups of environmental management systems can be distinguished:

1. Background systems that are widely used geographically

genus as productive land (agricultural, forestry

military, commercial, land reclamation, water management,

recreational, etc.), are closely related to the zonal properties of natural

environment and need to preserve and develop the necessary

reproducing properties of natural landscapes.

2. Large focal systems form areal, nodal or

group types of nature management industries, extractive, use

processing and processing natural material (mining,

energy, metallurgy, timber processing, etc.). In those landscapes where

they are located, in addition to reserves of extracted raw materials, important

have a relief and soils, the possibility of water supply and water purification, i.e.

that is, the landscape for them is the place of functioning of large engineering

facilities and disposal of mass production waste.

3. Focal nature management systems are associated with the location

settlements and use recycled material

childbirth for the production of the so-called "final" product. Wherein,

as a rule, less stringent requirements are imposed on nature as to

production location, but there are problems with processing

4. Disperse systems for which a certain combination

natural properties of the landscape - the main condition for their placement in

this place. Includes some types of recreation, wildlife management,

scientific research of natural objects, balneology, especially fine

and precision manufacturing in a number of industrial areas. Such species

activities are more closely related to the characteristics of natural

conditions and are maximally interested in their preservation.

An example of a specialized (background and focal) nature

additional use can be formed on the basis of the following

economic systems: large mineral-resource provinces and individual deposits of minerals, large water

economic complexes, industrial forests, etc.

The formation of special types of environmental management of urbanization

bathroom territories (cities and industrial-urban agglomerations), with

a high degree of concentration of large-scale industry, energy

technical objects, urban development, transport network, are determined

as centers of large and small focal nature management. Also use

uses the term "residential" nature management.

For ease of use, the following are most often distinguished.

the main branches of nature management:

Exploitation of mineral resources (extraction of useful

digging, or subsoil use);

Water use;

Exploitation of soil resources (agriculture, urban

construction, waste storage, etc.);

The exploitation of biotic resources (forestry, fish

fishing, hunting, etc.)

Exploitation of recreational resources;

Specially protected natural areas.

Summing up, we can state that all human action

to one degree or another is an element of nature

as it is carried out in a unified system -

biosphere and uses its natural resources and conditions.

Organizational structure and functions of the environmental management system

In our country, to date, a certain system of environmental management has been formed, represented by the aggregate activities of special organizations, industry, departmental institutions and aimed at implementing measures for the protection, use, and reproduction of natural resources and objects. This system performs specific functions and has its own characteristics.

1) The process of direct use of natural resources is associated with the receipt of products and this is the sphere of material production.

2) At the same time, the national economic system of nature management performs social, environmental functions (improvement of working conditions, everyday life, people's living, and personal development).

3) The basis for the functioning of the national economic system of environmental management is the state plan for the economic and social development of the country. Since 1975, a special section "Nature protection and rational use of natural resources" has been planned in the system of the state plan for economic and social development.

The existing environmental management system combines the following 5 integrated state subsystems:

1) Monitoring and control over the state of the natural environment;

2) Information and technical and economic subsystem associated with the processing and analysis of data (monitoring);

3) Use, protection, reproduction of natural resources (production and non-production spheres of the national economy);

4) Research of relationships in the system "social production - natural environment";

5) Planning and management of natural resources.

The system of environmental management itself is constantly being improved, this process develops and takes place in accordance with the laws on environmental management (the Constitution, laws and legislative acts, decrees, decisions).

The elements of the national economic system of nature management are interconnected, interdependent, complement each other, but at the same time, each link, each subsystem performs specific functions and solves its own range of tasks.

PLAN

Introduction

2. The system of control and management bodies.

2.1. Federal bodies of environmental control and management.

2.2. Environmental management bodies in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

2.3. Environmental monitoring.

2.4. Environmental and natural resource legislation.

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

It is fundamentally important that the problems of environmental protection and rationalization of nature management, having an interdisciplinary nature and affecting the interests of not only living, but also future generations of people, involve the use of economic instruments in conjunction with state and socio-political methods. The management mechanism plays an important role in ensuring the environmental safety of production and consumption processes, as well as in the sustainable functioning of the sphere of nature management and environmental protection.

Taking into account the increasing importance of international and global sections of environmental issues, environmental safety and environmental management in the Russian Federation is carried out at the federal and regional levels of organization and management decision-making. For the purposes of environmental management, administrative and legal, economic (including market), financial and credit, socio-political, moral and psychological tools and incentives are interconnected.

This paper discusses the role and importance of administrative and legal methods in the mechanism of environmental management and environmental safety, as well as: what are the features of nature management and environmental protection as a management object, and what is the composition of the main tools used for these purposes, what is the structure of environmental control and management of Russia, and how the principle of separation of powers is implemented in the environmental sphere and the democratization of managerial decision-making is ensured. An assessment of the effectiveness of the environmental and ecological management system operating in Russia is given, which represents the legal basis for the use of natural resources and environmental safety and how the primacy of the norms of international environmental law should be understood. After analyzing the management system, taking into account the real environmental situation, an assessment of the role of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the formation of the legal framework for environmental protection is given. And also, what are the main components that form the system of environmental standards and regulations, how the “price” of an environmental standard is determined, how national and international standards are interconnected. How are environmental measures coordinated and coordinated in a market economy, how the target environmental program differs from the directive plan, and what needs to be done in Russia as a matter of priority to improve the efficiency of the environmental management mechanism.

1. Concept and structure of nature management mechanism.

Environmental management mechanism and environmental safety is an integral set of methods and management tools, with the help of which the processes of nature management are organized, regulated and coordinated in conjunction with production and socio-economic processes, the proper level of environmental safety of production and consumption is ensured, the quality of the environment is reproduced as a specific good.

The mechanism of management of any area of economic activity, as follows from the general theory of management, can be implemented and function effectively in the unity of such basic functions as organization, planning, forecasting, regulation, accounting and control.

The mechanism of environmental management is an integral link of the system of economic management as a whole, having a structure similar to the latter, principles and targeting for the consistent implementation of market reforms and the approval of economic approaches to management.

The main links of the mechanism for managing natural resources and environmental safety are a set of administrative, control and economic instruments, whose specific composition is presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Administrative and control management tools

environmental management and environmental safety

1. Environmental and natural resource legislation

2. Environmental monitoring

3. Environmental standards and regulations:

Standards and limits for emission (discharge) of pollutants by stationary and mobile sources of pollution;

Water intake and forest use limits;

Quotas for the extraction of biological resources;

Attendance standards for specially protected areas;

Norms for shooting game animals, collecting wild plants;

Prohibitions on the placement of polluting activities in specific places, the use of toxic substances and heavy metals.

4. Licensing of economic activities:

Associated with the impact on the environment and human health;

Providing environmental monitoring and control.

5. Environmental certification (labeling)

6. EIA and ecological expertise of projects

7. Environmental audit

In the aggregate of economic instruments for the use of natural resources and environmental protection, it is necessary to single out the collateral system, which, in particular, represents payments established by law or as a result of voluntary agreements. These payments are collected on purchases of potentially hazardous items and returned when used products are returned. This mechanism is used as a kind of guarantee of a high level of recycling of the product itself or its packaging. Tab. 2

Economic instruments for environmental protection and nature management

Market indicative instruments:

Natural resource payments and payments for environmental pollution;

Market prices for natural resources entering the economic turnover;

Mechanism for the sale and purchase of rights to environmental pollution;

Collateral system;

Intervention in order to correct market prices and support producers (including in the markets for recyclable waste);

Methods of direct market negotiations and other methods of self-regulation;

Voluntary environmental agreements between environmental control authorities and enterprises, as well as between the enterprises themselves-users of natural resources.

Financial and credit instruments:

Forms and instruments of financing environmental protection measures;

Environmental credit facility, loans, subsidies, etc.

Accelerated depreciation regime for environmental protection equipment;

Environmental and resource taxes;

Environmental risk insurance system.

In recent years, the pledge principle has also begun to be used in relation to durable goods, including car bodies, freezers and refrigerators, and some types of electronic equipment.

Taking into account the experience of many countries, the most actively used are payments for natural resources (resource payments and payments for environmental pollution), as well as financial and credit instruments (Table 2). Market interventions are usually carried out in the form of subsidizing market prices, for example, for raw materials resulting from recycling. The need for such subsidies and support to producers arises when prices prevailing in the market do not cover the costs of recycling. Another example of market intervention is the provision of guarantees to manufacturers, either helping to form or facilitate the functioning of some environmentally oriented market sector (for example, supporting the production of environmental protection equipment, environmental controls, etc.).

At the same time, specific methods for the implementation of the main functions of management, the choice of organizational structures and mechanisms are largely determined by features of the control object... The main features of the sphere of nature management and environmental protection as an object of management are as follows:

The infrastructural nature of the products in this area (the quality of the natural environment, its ecosystems and resources) and the services it provides (environmental protection, resource conservation, ensuring the environmental safety of production and consumption). All sectors of the economy and business entities need the products of this area, respectively, and the methods of environmental management should also apply to the economy as a whole, be methods of managing what is today called the big economy;

The duration of the main reproduction processes as a result of the intertwining of their economic and natural sides, which determines the significant time gap between the costs and the results obtained for nature protection and nature restoration, as well as a high degree of uncertainty and risk that accompanies many management decisions;

A special combination of public and private systems of property rights as a consequence of the belonging of many objects of nature management to public environmental goods and resources of joint use;

The specificity of the combination of market and administrative and control management tools, predetermined by the presence of numerous market failures in the field of nature management and environmental protection;

Relatively (with other sectors of the economy), the higher role of the state and its institutions in the mechanism of management of natural resources and environmental protection, as a result, is an urgent need to process special mechanisms (including socio-political) that neutralize the negative aspects of state influence on this area.

The mechanism for managing natural resources and environmental protection is based on some institutional framework, which is formed by:

The system of property rights, including property rights to environmental benefits, natural resources and environmental infrastructure;

A set of environmental control and management bodies (national, regional, local).

Property relations (primarily property relations) for environmental benefits, natural resources and environmental infrastructure facilities are determined by the legislation in force in each specific country, the central link of which is, as a rule, the Constitution. In Russia, according to Art. 9, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, land and other natural resources are used and protected as the basis of the life of the peoples living in a particular territory. Art. 42 enshrines the right of every person to a favorable environment and to compensation for damage caused to his health and property. Art. 9, paragraph 2 proclaims the right of citizens and legal entities to private ownership of land and other natural resources. And, further, in accordance with Art. 72, the issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources, as well as nature management, environmental protection and environmental safety are under the joint jurisdiction of the Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation. The specification of these constitutional norms and the establishment of a certain regime of property rights is carried out in the relevant natural resource legislation, a more detailed analysis of which is given below.

2. The system of bodies for control and management of natural resourceseat.

2.1. Federal bodies of environmental control and management.

In Russia, according to the asserting democratic approaches, the system of environmental control and management bodies is based on such an important principle as the separation of powers. All four branches of government are represented at the federal level - presidential, legislative, executive, as well as judicial(fig. 1) . Similar principles of democratic governance are implemented in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but with the only difference that the highest officials of such are the governors, and in the republics that are part of the Russian Federation - the presidents of the corresponding republican formations.

Among the powers presidential branch includes the development of the initial principles of a nationwide environmental policy, as well as legal support for environmental protection and nature management. In accordance with the current Russian Constitution, the President not only has the right to initiate legislation, but also approves (or rejects) the laws adopted by the deputies, after which they come into force (or do not come into force), and also has the right to prepare his own decrees. The Security Council of the Russian Federation functions as part of the presidential branch of power, and within its framework - Interdepartmental Commission on Environmental Safety, which prepares proposals for the solution of fundamental issues of environmental protection and nature management.

These include issues related to the prevention and elimination of emergencies characterized by especially severe environmental consequences, including at sea and in the water basins of Russia, with the safe disposal of radioactive waste, ensuring the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from international conventions and treaties, etc. ...

Legislative (representative) branch authorities represented in Russia by a bicameral parliament - the Federal Assembly, which prepares and adopts environmental legislation... Legislators participate in the regulation of natural resource use and environmental protection also through the inclusion of environmental norms in economic, criminal and administrative legislation, including the Civil, Criminal and other codes. The State Budget, adopted by both chambers of parliament, has a significant impact on environmental protection and ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. In this case, the structure of its income and expenses, the tax base, including environmental and resource taxes, the list of federal environmental programs included in the budget, the conditions and level of financing of the system of authorities and management in the field of natural resources and environmental protection, etc., are of direct importance. etc.

By participating in the legislative and rule-making process, MPs reflect the diverse preferences of voters for a particular set of public goods, including environmental ones. The result of this activity is actually realizable a nationwide environmental policy, reflecting the balance of interests of various social strata, socio-political and economic structures, their ideas about the degree of priority of social problems, as well as support by an appropriate legal framework and material and financial resources.

Executive branch presented specialized bodies of state environmental control and management, which are part of the Government of the Russian Federation. The activities of each of the federal executive bodies are determined by a special Regulations which sets:

Functions and tasks of the relevant federal body in the specific area of environmental protection and ensuring environmentally safe and sustainable use of natural resources;

The procedure for its interaction with other departments;

Internal (usually territorial) structure.

A number of federal agencies of general competence also participate in the mechanism for regulating nature management and environmental safety. Among them are Gosstandart of the Russian Federation, Goskomstat of the Russian Federation (information and statistical support along with other departments of environmental management), the State Customs Committee (SCC) of the Russian Federation (control over compliance with the requirements of international treaties and environmental safety when goods cross the state border), the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (control over compliance with fire hazard measures - Fire Department).

At the federal level, the system of specially authorized bodies of power and management of natural resources and environmental safety can be divided into three interrelated links (Fig. 1). The following is an analysis of the departments performing complex coordinating functions.

Rice. one. Organizational management system for environmental protection and nature management v anium.

Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (MNR of Russia) carrying out:

Development and implementation of state policy in the field of environmental protection and nature management and coordination in this area of similar functions of other ministries and departments;

Management of the state subsoil fund and the state water fund;

Observation of the state of the subsoil and monitoring of water bodies;

Licensing of use subsoil, licensing of water use;

Control over the fulfillment by nature users of the terms of license agreements (including in order to prevent unauthorized use of subsoil and water bodies).

The Ministry of Natural Resources, like many other bodies of environmental control and management, creates territorial (basin) subdivisions, inspections, etc. in the constituent entities of the Federation. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 17, 2000 No. 867 "On the structure of federal executive bodies", organizations were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. StateCommittee of the Russian Federation on Environmental Protection (Goskomekologiya) and the Federal Forestry Servicedevelopment of Russia. At the same time, a significant part of the functions of the abolished departments was assigned to the subdivisions of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Due to the fact that the new regulation on the Ministry of Natural Resources is still being prepared, its additional functions can be determined taking into account the tasks that were previously solved by these departments. So, for State Committee for Ecology the main functions were as follows:

Cross-sectoral coordination and regulation in the field of environmental protection;

State ecological control;

State ecological expertise; monitoring of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment;

Monitoring of flora and fauna (except for forests);

Licensing of the export of biological resources and import of waste, as well as all other types of activities with waste, etc.

A lot of work was also carried out by territorial (in each of the constituent entities of the Federation) bodies of this Committee, including the formation of a regulatory and instructive-methodological base for environmental control and management in the field. As well as agreeing with the enterprises - users of natural resources the standards for the permissible man-made load on the corresponding natural environment and providing them with the appropriate emission permits (permits for permissible emissions (discharges) of pollutants into the environment and standards for waste disposal), etc.

Concerning Federal Forestry Service of Russia (Rosleskhoz), then she previously carried out control, regulatory and licensing functions in the field of forest management in the country. Taking into account the special biospheric role of forests, this service participated in monitoring the state of the natural environment as a whole, and also controlled and regulated the use of objects of the animal world and their habitat. Specifically, the main tasks of Rosleskhoz were:

Implementation of the main directions of the state forest policy;

Organization and provision of rational, multi-purpose and continuous forest management, reproduction and protection of forests, as well as preservation and enhancement of the environment-forming and other useful properties of forests;

Ensuring the preservation of natural complexes of special nature conservation, scientific, recreational importance, as well as biodiversity;

Improvement of economic and other methods of forestry management;

Monitoring compliance with the requirements of forestry legislation, etc.

Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) solves the following as the main tasks:

Monitoring the state and pollution of the natural environment as a whole and its most important resources (including the atmosphere, surface waters, marine environment, soil, near-earth space), including space monitoring of the state of natural objects;

Assessment of climate change.

Into the group resource and sectoral departments, which are in charge of managing the effective use, reproduction and protection of individual natural resources now include only two departments: the Federal Land Cadastre Service of Russia (Roszemkadastr) and the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Fisheries (Goskomrybolovstvo of Russia).

Main functions Roszemkadastra are:

Implementation of state policy in the field of rational land use, conservation and reproduction of soil fertility;

Organization and implementation of works related to land reform, land privatization and registration of land ownership;

Carrying out land management works, maintaining the state land cadastre and monitoring of lands, creating a data bank on federal and other lands, etc.

In competence State Fisheries Committee of Russia located:

Regulation, use, protection and reproduction of fish stocks, as well as regulation of fishing;

State control over the observance of standards and rules for the protection of fish stocks, their registration, the establishment of norms for the permissible catch of fish and other biological resources;

Determination of standards for the purity of waters of fishery reservoirs;

issuance of permits (licenses) for fishing, sports and amateur, scientific research fishing, etc.

To bodies performing predominantly control and supervisory functions, refers

Sovereignstate sanitary and epidemiological service RF, included in the system of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Its main tasks are:

Organization and maintenance of the state system of sanitary and hygienic monitoring, including observation, assessment and forecasting of public health in connection with the state of the environment;

Participation in the development of targeted and territorial programs to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, as well as preparation of proposals for programs to improve the human environment;

Development and approval of sanitary norms, rules and hygienic standards;

organization and implementation of sanitary and hygienic and epidemiological expertise, state control over compliance with the requirements of the sanitary legislation of Russia.

Important tasks in the field of ensuring the safe operation of subsoil and industrial safety are performed by the Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of Russia (Gosgortekhnadzor). Control over compliance with the requirements of the legislation in terms of the safe use of nuclear energy and materials, radioactive substances, state supervision over the organization and state of accounting and storage of such materials and substances is carried out by the Federal supervision of Russia on nuclear and radiation safety (Gosatomnadzor). The Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters is responsible for ensuring the management of environmental safety as an integral part of overall security. (Russian Emergency Situations Ministry). The organizational structure of management of each of the listed federal departments is usually built according to the administrative-territorial principle with the formation of appropriate divisions (committees, inspections, etc.) either in the constituent entities of the Federation, or in larger districts (for example, within the North-West). Taking into account the ongoing reform of the country's administrative-territorial structure and the allocation of seven federal districts, a number of functions for environmental control and management are also expected to be centralized and coordinated at this level.

In the field of environmental protection and natural resource use, along with the presidential, legislative and executive bodies of power and management, and judicial branch. In accordance with the current legislation in Russia, criminal liability is provided for committing environmental crimes, administrative - for environmental offenses and civil - for causing harm to the natural environment and public health. Of fundamental importance was the adoption in 1996 of the new Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Section IX of which is devoted to crimes against public safety, public health and environmental crimes. The most common criminal offenses registered after the adoption of the new Criminal Code of the Russian Federation include illegal fishing and other types of mining, illegal hunting and logging, as well as pollution of water bodies and atmospheric air, characterized by severe environmental consequences. Examples of environmental offenses that entail administrative and civil liability are:

Emission (discharge) of harmful substances in excess of the established standards;

Failure to comply with the rules for the operation of treatment facilities, damage or destruction of natural objects (including agricultural land);

Violation of fire safety rules in forests, etc.

However, experts draw attention to the fact that the amount of funds recovered by the courts from the perpetrators of pollution, as a rule, is extremely insignificant, being an order of magnitude or more, lower than the actual damage caused to the environment and public health.

2.2. Environmental management bodies in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the federal structure of Russia, important functions in the field of environmental management and control over the rational use of natural resources are performed by territorial subdivision of federal executive bodies. In addition, in the constituent entities of the Federation there are executive agencies, performing these functions in conjunction with solving the problems of social and economic development of the region. Analysis of the environmental management system and environmental safety at the regional level is important, since it is at this level that interaction with enterprises that use natural resources and have an impact on the environment, as well as with the population, is carried out.

Let us consider the structure of regional management bodies for environmental management and environmental safety using the example of St. Petersburg (Fig. 2) as an independent subject of the Russian Federation. However, taking into account the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 17, 2000 "On the structure of federal executive bodies", this scheme may be amended.

The provisions(functions, powers, etc.) of regional divisions of federal specially "authorized bodies are approved by the relevant federal specially authorized body in accordance with the legislation and the federal Regulations on its activities. Thus, among the comprehensively coordinating bodies, regional divisions of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia ( departments and committees), exercising environmental control and control in the field of rational use of natural resources, including:

Control over the activities of enterprises on the priority list of ~ major environmental pollutants;

Control over compliance with legislation in waste disposal and the formation of unauthorized dumps;

Regulation and control of compliance by enterprises with environmentally safe permissible levels of emissions, discharges of pollutants and waste generation;

Coordination of plans for environmental protection measures and environmental passports of enterprises.

The structure, formation procedure, powers, organization of the work of committees, directorates and departments within the Administration are determined by the order of the head of the Administration of the subject of the Federation. In the city of St. Petersburg, the main tasks of the specialized Department for Environmental Protection are:

Coordination of environmental protection activities of various economic entities, regardless of their departmental subordination;

Organization of complex environmental protection works, development and participation in the implementation of environmental protection programs;

Issuance of permits for the right to use natural resources, for the emission and discharge of hazardous substances, placement, processing and storage of hazardous waste;

Ensuring the completeness and accessibility of information on the environmental situation.

Fig. 2. Environmental Management Bodiesand environmental safety at the level of a constituent entity of the Federation

(on the example of St. Petersburg).

Environmental management and environmental safety includes and local level (city, administrative region, etc.), the importance of which objectively increases in the context of strengthening democratic approaches to governance. At the same time, in Russia, due to the transitional nature of socio-economic development, the incompleteness of political and legal reforms and the reform of the country's administrative-territorial structure, the role and importance of local self-government bodies in the field of environmental regulation have not been finally determined. Taking into account the experience of countries with developed democratic traditions, as well as taking into account the specifics of Russia and the first results of market and political reforms, it is possible for local self-government bodies to consolidate the following main functions:

Operational monitoring of the state of the environment;

rationalization of nature management, creation and maintenance of favorable living conditions for the population;

Participation in the development and control over the implementation of targeted regional environmental programs;

Participation in environmental expertise of investment projects;

Financial and organizational support of activities included in the corresponding regional plans and programs, etc.

At the same time, local self-government bodies must solve various problems of environmental and natural resource management from an integrated standpoint, as well as in close connection with the solution of other socio-economic tasks assigned to them, including measures for the improvement and landscaping of territories, the organization of collection and disposal of household waste, development of health care institutions, physical culture and sports, etc.

2.3. Environmental monitoring.

The effectiveness of environmental protection and nature management largely depends on the quality and completeness of environmental information. Part of the data required for environmental management is concentrated in the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Information comes, in particular, as a result of enterprises filling out an environmental passport, mandatory statistical reporting forms (2 TP air, 2 TP Vodkhoz, 2 TP toxic waste and a number of others). The complexity and originality of environmental management necessitate the availability of other databases, including those received through environmental monitoring.

Environmental monitoring is a certain system of observation, assessment, forecasting of the state of the environment and information support for the preparation and management decision-making process. Among main tasks environmental monitoring include:

Monitoring the sources and factors of anthropogenic (technogenic) impact on the state of the environment;

Monitoring the state of the natural environment and the processes occurring in it under the influence of anthropogenic factors;

Assessment of the actual state of the natural environment;

forecast of changes in the state of the natural environment under the influence of anthropogenic factors and assessment of the predicted state of the natural environment;

Providing relevant environmental information in a user-friendly form and communicating it to management decision makers.

Until recently, several departmental monitoring systems functioned in the Russian Federation. Among them:

Forestry Monitoring Service of the Federal Forestry Service;
- Service for monitoring water bodies and geological environment of the Ministry of Natural Resources;

Service for Agrochemical Observations and Monitoring of Agricultural Land Pollution
State Committee for Land Resources and Land Management;

Service for sanitary and hygienic monitoring (including observation, assessment and forecasting of public health in connection with the state of the environment) of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision;

Environmental Monitoring Service of Roshydromet;

Services for monitoring sources of anthropogenic impact on the state of the environment and specially protected natural areas of the State Committee for Ecology.

The existence of several departmental systems of environmental monitoring in the case of their isolated uncoordinated work (as was the case in Russia until recently) cannot but lead to fragmentation of information, and hence to a decrease in its quality about an integral natural object, which is the natural environment. In addition, with this order, the inefficiency of spending very scarce management funds is obvious.

Currently, work is underway in the country to create Unified state systemwe are environmental monitoring (EGSEM), within the framework of which the organizational and financial efforts of departmental monitoring systems should be combined (in order to monitor the state of the environment in general and a comprehensive ecosystem assessment of this state, including an assessment of the health status of the population). At the same time, EGSEM is included in the system of global monitoring of the natural environment.

The creation of the EGSEM is a complex multi-stage process that covers the formation of the corresponding territorial subsystems. Today, both at the federal and regional levels, an exchange of information is being established between departmental services performing specialized tasks in the field of monitoring and controlling the state of individual elements of the natural environment. Regional information and analytical centers have been created, which make it possible to efficiently process the relevant information.

2.4. Environmental and natural resource legislation.

The modern legal framework for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in Russia has been formed since the beginning of the 90s of the XX century. The system of environmental law can be divided into 2 blocks:

1. Environmental legislation and legislation on environmental safety.

2. Natural resource legislation.

First block form the law of the Russian Federation “On environmental protection” (1991), as well as other legislative acts, both adopted in the development of the main sections of this law, and regulating relations in areas related to environmental protection and environmental safety. These, for example, are the following laws of the Russian Federation: “On Environmental Expertise” and “On the Use of Atomic Energy” (1995), “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities” and “On Licensing of Certain Types of Activities” (1998), “On Sanitary epidemiological well-being of the population "and" On the protection of atmospheric air "(1999), etc.

Natural resource legislation, for example, includes the following laws: "Water Code of the Russian Federation", "On the rates of deductions for the reproduction of mineral resources" (1995), "On land reclamation" (1996), "Forest Code of the Russian Federation" (1997), "On production and consumption waste" and “On payments for the use of water bodies” (1998), “On the State Land Cadastre” (1999), etc.

The process of formation of the legal framework for environmental protection and nature management cannot be considered complete; there are many legal voids in this area. Currently, a significant block of bills is undergoing the stage of development and discussion. It includes projects designed to complete the process of forming a set of natural resource laws. These, in particular, include: “On the flora”, “On the procedure for licensing the use of subsoil”, “On the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation”, “On fishing and protection of aquatic biological resources”, etc. Clarifications that need to be made in the Land code of the Russian Federation. The main subject of discussion is the issue of the admissibility of real economic turnover (purchase, sale, mortgage, etc.) of agricultural land, as well as the rights to land of foreign legal entities and individuals.

Among the bills aimed at protecting the environment and ensuring environmental safety include: “On environmental insurance”, “On environmental safety”, “On radioactive waste management”, “On state policy in the field of environmental education of the population”, etc. For legal support of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is of great importance not only the intensity of legislative activity, but also its content. All environmental and natural resource laws should proceed from general conceptual ideas, be interconnected or, as experts say, codified. It is necessary that they serve as an adequate legal basis not only for administrative and control, but also for economic approaches to environmental protection.

Given the global nature of many environmental problems, along with national legislation, are of great importance international treaties and conventions. According to Art. 5 of the Federal Law “On International Treaties of the Russian Federation” and in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation, along with generally recognized principles and norms of international law, are an integral part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those provided for by law, then the rules of international treaties are applied. Thus, in environmental practice, a transition is ensured to the observance of the principle of priority of international agreements over national legislation. This also achieves the harmonization of national legislation with generally recognized international standards for environmental protection and nature management. Russia is a party to many international treaties and agreements in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, since the orientation of national environmental legislation towards the best world standards, requirements, rules increases the effectiveness of environmental protection activities.

In Russia there is also greening related branches of legislation by taking into account environmental standards and environmental safety standards in them. Thus, the Federal Law “On Protection of Consumer Rights” (1996) contains norms aimed at ensuring the safety of goods, works and services for the environment. The federal law “On trade unions, their rights and guarantees of activity” (1996) regulates the participation of trade unions in the formation of state environmental programs, safety expertise of designed and operated mechanisms, in the development of regulations governing environmental safety issues.

The modernization of the economic mechanism of environmental protection should be served by the new Tax Code, in the case of a more complete reflection of environmental and resource factors. The financial basis for environmental protection is provided with adequate reflection of the corresponding costs and expenses for the reproduction of natural resources in the expenditure side of the budget approved by the Law "On the Federal Budget of the Russian Federation" (for the current year). The provision of the required level of product safety for the environment, life, health and property is subject to the inclusion of a relevant norm in the Federal Law “On Certification of Products and Services” (1993, as amended and supplemented from 1995, 1998).

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and taking into account the transitional socio-economic and political conditions, significant legal force is characterized by Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. Presidential Decrees covering the field of environmental protection and nature management, in particular, include: "On the state strategy of the Russian Federation on environmental protection and sustainable development" (dated 04.02.1994, No. 236), "On the concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development ”(dated 01.04.1996, No. 440) and others.

A distinctive feature of most Russian laws is that they do not act as direct legal acts. Important elements of the mechanism for their implementation - regulations of federal executive authorities(decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, instructions of various ministries, etc.), and for regional laws - the corresponding acts of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These regulations relate to various aspects of ensuring environmental safety and rational use of natural resources, including issues related to the organization and conduct of environmental expertise, environmental monitoring and licensing, the establishment and collection of natural resource and emission payments, the activities of specially authorized bodies of environmental control and management, etc. P. Such documents include, for example, the Instruction of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Levies on the Application of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Payment for Land" (2000), which is of great importance for all business entities.

3. System of environmental standards and regulations, licensing and certification.

The system of standards and norms applied for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a set of interrelated restrictions and requirements for the quality of the environment, as well as requirements for production, technological and organizational and managerial processes, products and services, through which the environmental safety of the population is guaranteed and production, the preservation of the genetic fund is ensured, as well as the rational use and reproduction of natural resources in the context of sustainable development of economic activity.

In Russia, the fundamental approaches to the regulation of the quality of the natural environment and the establishment of environmental standards are defined in a number of federal laws "On environmental protection". The norms of the "Nature Protection" system, which are called environmental standards, are approved by specially authorized bodies of environmental control and management, the sanitary-epidemiological service, as well as the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology (Gosstandart). The main areas of application of environmental standards and regulations are environmental control, forecasting, programming and planning of environmental and natural resource activities, environmental expertise, etc.

In modern conditions, environmental standards and regulations represent a very complex system of indicators. The main groups of these indicators are as follows.

1. Indicators of the critical level of impact on humans and natural systems, going beyond which, in terms of its medico-biological (hygienic), socio-economic and environmental consequences, modern science considers absolutely unacceptable. These indicators should act as strict, strictly mandatory conditions for the fulfillment of design, economic planning and other tasks.

2. Indicators that determine the order of zoning of various regional formations... Zoning establishes the type of use of territories, as well as determines their functional purpose and restrictions on use. Territorial zoning, as well as compliance with the restrictions on the use of the territories of individual zones, is a prerequisite for ensuring a dynamic ecological balance and sustainable use of natural resources. So, in accordance with the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (1998), the following are distinguished the mainfunctional areas: public and business, industrial, engineering and transport infrastructure, recreational, agricultural use, special purpose, military facilities. Subject to restrictions on conducting economic (including urban planning) activities, zones are also distinguished: specially protected natural areas, sanitary and sanitary protection, water protection zones and coastal protection zones, sanitary protection of water supply sources, occurrence of minerals, environmental emergencies and ecological disasters, with extreme natural -climatic conditions, etc.

3. Environmental quality standards- are dynamic, i.e. they are valid for a certain time interval, which can be stipulated by law. After it expires, they change - as a rule, in the direction of tightening.
In addition, they are differentiated according to separate functional territorial zones. In this case, the main object of standardization is the indicators of the impact of economic activity on natural-territorial complexes, elements and resources of the natural environment, as well as e human health. Environmental quality standards, in turn, are subdivided into a number of varieties:

- maximum permissible concentration (MPC) standards harmful substances (chemical, toxic), as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances in various natural environments (atmospheric air, water bodies, soil). A significant part of these standards are sanitary and hygienic. Their observance is intended to ensure the necessary level of safety and harmlessness to human health of environmental factors and conditions of his life.

- nNorms that determine the requirements for the quality of drinking water. In Russia, these are the sanitary rules and regulations (SanPiN). These requirements are established using indicators that determine the maximum permissible content of bacteria, gases, organic and inorganic substances in drinking water. ), petroleum products, surfactants, nitrates, DDT and other substances.

- standards of maximum permissible levels (MPL) anthropogenic impacts and maximum permissible loads (MPL) on the environment and human health. The first of them are the remote control for the impact of radiation, noise pollution, vibration, magnetic fields on public health (for example, in Russia, for residential areas, the permissible level of noise exposure in the daytime corresponds to 55 decibels, at night - 45 decibels; on transport highways - 65 decibels. decibel). The establishment and observance of the PDN is necessary in the formation of the TPK, the development of industry, agriculture, the construction and reconstruction of various economic facilities. PDN and determine the level of permissible anthropogenic impact on both individual natural resources and natural complexes, which does not lead to a violation of the ecological balance. They are a kind of complex standards for the quality of the environment and are subdivided into sectoral and regional PDN (an example is the developed standards of maximum permissible impacts on the ecosystem of Lake Baikal). Their observance is essential for the sustainable functioning of ecosystems and territorial-production complexes. The types of PDN are standards (limits) of permissible forest use, norms for shooting game animals, quotas for catching fish resources, etc.

- nstandards of sanitary and protection zones are installed to protect water bodies and water supply sources, specially protected natural areas, resort and health-improving zones in order to protect them from harmful technogenic and anthropogenic influences, as well as around landfills for the disposal of toxic waste. In Russia, special zones with a width of 100 to 500 m have been identified for the protection and improvement of the hydrological regime, as well as the improvement of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and their coastal territories (for example, in order to protect fishery reservoirs from the ingress of chemicals used in agriculture, a 200-meter security zone is established, where the use and storage of chemical products is prohibited).

4. Emission standards - standards for maximum permissible emissions (MPE) and discharges (PDS) harmful substances, as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances that pollute the atmospheric air, water and soil. This group includes placement standards various waste , including toxic and radioactive, standards (limits) of water use(drainage) etc. Emission standards are directly related to the quality standards of the natural environment, ie. with MPC. At the same time, MPC, assessing the state of various natural environments from the sanitary-hygienic and ecological aspects, cannot serve as a direct regulator of their qualitative characteristics. This task is fulfilled by the MPE indicators (MPD, waste disposal standards), which are set for specific sources of pollution and have a direct impact on the environmental aspects of their activities.

At the same time, the following important rule is observed, which can be explained by the example of standardization of atmospheric air pollution. MPEs are set for each source of pollution, provided that emissions of harmful substances from the source and from the totality of sources of a city or other settlement, taking into account the prospects for the development of industrial enterprises and the dispersion of harmful substances in the atmosphere, do not create a surface concentration that exceeds their MPC for the population, plant and animal the world.

If the concentration of harmful substances in the air of cities and other settlements already exceeds the MPC, and the MPE values for objective reasons cannot be achieved by enterprises, for such enterprises it can be established temporarily agreed emission of harmful substances(ВСВ). At the same time, the need for a gradual reduction in the indicators of emissions of harmful substances to values that ensure compliance with the MPE is stipulated. According to the current procedure in Russia, draft standards for emissions, discharges of pollutants, as well as waste disposal are developed by the enterprises (institutions, organizations) themselves. At the same time, along with the features of production and technological processes, the profile of the enterprise, etc. suggestions from local authorities and the public should also be taken into account. Indicators of MPE (MPD), waste disposal standards are approved by specially authorized bodies in the field of environmental protection (as a rule, regional environmental committees), as well as by the bodies of the sanitary and epidemiological service in accordance with their competence. One enterprise may have not one, but several sources of emissions (discharges). Therefore, MPE (MPD) are not established for the enterprise as a whole, but for specific sources of emissions (discharges) based on their inventory.

5. Environmental requirements for products, established (like the previous standards) taking into account the system requirements for environmental safety. Thus, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” (Art. 32), environmental requirements for products must ensure compliance with the standards for maximum permissible environmental impacts during the production, storage, transportation and use of products. Most countries regulate the content of chemicals in food. Relevant recommendations are developed by both national environmental authorities and the UN Food and Agriculture Commission (FAO), as well as a WHO expert group. There are permissible levels of emission of harmful substances from polymeric materials into the media in contact with them (water, air, food).

In Russia, in recent years, a lot of work has been carried out to update this group of standards. The work on updating this group of environmental standards, their harmonization with international standards is of particular importance for increasing the competitiveness of Russian goods in the foreign market, especially taking into account the prospects for the country's accession to the WTO and closer interaction with EU countries. Environmental indicators of the quality and safety of finished products must fully comply with international requirements. Taking into account the signing by Russia of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol, control over the production of products containing ozone-depleting substances (freons), which were previously widely used in the production of refrigerators, air conditioners, polymer materials, etc., is also relevant. In fulfillment of obligations arising from these international agreements, Russia approves national quotas for the production of ozone-depleting substances, organizes (previously under the control of the State Committee for Ecology and its territorial divisions) work on the transition to the production of ozone-friendly substances and the use of appropriate technologies. The import into the Russian Federation (and export from the Russian Federation) of products containing ozone-depleting substances is also regulated in a centralized manner.

6. Standards for environmental quality management systems at enterprises. In international practice, several series of standards of this type are used. Among them: EMAS (in the European Union) and ISO 14000. On the basis of the latter in 1998, Russia adopted a similar domestic series of standards GOST R ISO 14000. The peculiarity of these standards is that the object of regulation here is not individual environmental characteristics of products or technological processes, but in general the organizational and managerial process at the enterprise. Thus, the required level of environmental safety and compliance with environmental requirements are guaranteed all the way: from product development, supply of raw materials and equipment, recruitment and training of personnel, the production process itself, and further - the sale of products and the safe disposal of used products.

Licensing of nature use in general terms, this is the granting of the right to conduct economic activities with the necessary permission. In Russia, in the field of environmental economics, two main types of activities are subject to licensing:

Associated with the impact (direct or indirect) on the natural environment, its resources and human health;

Activities providing environmental monitoring and control.

Thus, licensing is an important element of environmental control and management of rational use of natural resources, a means of accounting for users of natural resources and communicating to them the requirements contained in environmental legislation, the system of environmental standards and regulations. The license is a permit document, which fixes the conditions for the use (consumption) of natural objects, specific restrictions on the technogenic (anthropogenic) impact on certain natural environments, resources and ecological systems, payments for nature use, as well as professional and other requirements for persons exercising environmental control and monitoring.

Currently, the implementation of many types of activities for the use of natural resources and the impact on the state of the natural environment requires a special license. In a similar way, the use of subsoil occurs, including the drilling of wells for the use of underground water, processing, transportation and storage of hydrocarbons. As well as activities for the disposal of production and consumption waste, geodetic and cartographic activities (including those related to the compilation of a land cadastre), etc. The list of these activities is contained in the Regulation on licensing certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection approved by the Government of the Russian Federation (No. from 26.02.1996).

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities” (1998) and the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities” (dated 11.04.2000), adopted for its implementation, federal specially authorized bodies have the right to issue licenses and conclude corresponding license agreements. environmental protection and nature management (in particular, the Ministry of Natural Resources, Gosgortekhnadzor, etc.).

Some of the types of activities are licensed with the subsequent conclusion of agreements jointly by the territorial subdivision of the federal specially authorized body for environmental protection and nature management and the executive authorities of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation (for example, the procedure for licensing and concluding water use agreements in the city of St. Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the City Administration). The territorial bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources also issue special permits for the emission (discharge) of pollutants and waste disposal.

In recent years, the procedure for issuing licenses for competitive basis, which is intended to increase the degree of justification for their issuance, as well as to receive higher revenues to the budget for the right to obtain licenses. The quality of the concluded license agreements is also of great importance. So, in the case of subsoil use, it is important that they fully reflect the requirements of the integrated extraction and processing of mineral raw materials, the prevention of environmental pollution, and the implementation of compensatory environmental measures.

Environmental certification in countries with developed environmental legislation and an established system of environmental control and management is of great importance. In general, certification is an established (usually by law) procedure for confirming the conformity of products and waste generated during its production, as well as potentially hazardous industries and technological processes, with environmental standards, norms and other requirements for environmental safety, rational use of natural resources and protection of public health.

In practice, as a rule, it is applied obligatory and voluntary certification... The procedure for environmental certification in Russia is determined by the Federal Law “On Certification of Products and Services”. In accordance with this Law, the State Standard of Russia is registered in the State Register of the System of Mandatory Certification for Environmental Requirements (Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated 01.10.96 No. 66-A). The organization and implementation of mandatory certification for compliance with environmental requirements before the reorganization in 2000 of the system of environmental control and management bodies were entrusted to the State Environmental Committee of Russia. This Committee, together with Gosstandart, prepared the main regulatory documentation in force in Russia in this area. ... Objects of certification according to environmental requirements in Russia are:

Enterprises and production (including experimental);

Products, the use of which may be accompanied by damage to the environment;

Waste from production and consumption, as well as the procedure for handling them;

environmental management systems.

A special place in this system is given to the certification of environmental safety of enterprises of the defense industries. , which is regulated by the relevant Orders of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia (No. 459 dated 01.11.96 and No. 71 dated 25.02.97). The objects of compulsory certification in this case are galvanic production, production of printed plates, technochemical processes, foundry, welding and assembly-welding production, paint and varnish, optical and some other types of production.

The main tasks the country's environmental certification system are:

Implementation of mandatory environmental requirements of environmental legislation in the conduct of economic activities;

Introduction of environmentally friendly industries, technological processes and equipment;

Compliance with environmental safety requirements and prevention of environmental pollution (during placement, processing, transportation, liquidation and disposal of production and consumption waste, as well as during the production, operation and disposal of various types of products);

Preventing the import of environmentally hazardous products, waste, technologies into the country;

Promoting the integration of the country's economy into the world market and fulfilling Russia's international obligations in the field of environmental quality management.

At the same time, the establishment of the status ecological certificate and ecological mark of conformity, provides a guarantee on the part of specially authorized federal environmental control bodies of compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation, environmental safety standards and rational use of natural resources. Such a guarantee can be used by an enterprise as a means of gaining competitive advantages both in the domestic and international markets.

4. Program-target method in environmental management and environmental safety.

The program-target method is an integral part of the block of administrative and control management tools, and at the same time it fully meets the market principles, allowing to coordinate various aspects of environmental protection activities of the subjects of the environmental management process independently operating in the market environment.

In the early years of market reforms in Russia, an attempt was made to abandon planning as such. This was justified only to the extent that in previous years rigidly centralized and directive approaches to management were dominant, replacing the achievement of real environmental results with reports on the fulfillment of planned targets issued from above. However, gradually, including under the influence of the documents of the 2nd UN World Conference on Environment and Development, it became clear that in a market economy, environmental protection needs certain forms of coordination, in the formulation and achievement of balanced current and long-term goals. For the development of a modern environmental planning apparatus, the documents of a series of international conferences held in the 90s of the heads of environmental departments, member countries of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) were of great importance. These forums have been called Ministerial Conferences on the Environment.

Thus, at the 2nd Ministerial Conference on the Environment, held in Lucerne (1993) the “Environmental Action Program for Central and Eastern Europe” was adopted, containing recommendations for the development of environmental policies in countries with economies in transition and the development of national action plans for the protection of the environment on its basis.

In Sofia (1995), the 3rd Ministerial Conference “Environment for Europe” approved the “Environmental Program for Europe” prepared by the UNECE Committee on Environmental Policy (CEP). It represents, in essence, a long-term pan-European plan for the environment and sustainable development, including a system of necessary measures in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

In Denmark 1998 the 4th Ministerial Conference “Environment for Europe” summed up the first results of the implementation of the Environmental Action Program (EAP) for the CEE countries in accordance with the decisions of the conference in Lucerne (1993), as well as reviewed the implementation of the Environmental Program for Europe, adopted at the conference in Sofia (1995).

Recommendations of international conferences are actively used in planning environmental activities at the subregional, national and local levels. As a result, target environmental programs (TEP) are becoming the leading instrument for the practical implementation of the national policy in the field of environmental protection, as well as the planning and coordination of environmental protection measures in Russia (following most of the developed countries).

Target environmental program is a system (complex) of production, socio-economic, organizational and economic, research and other activities, coordinated in terms of resources, performers and timing of implementation and ensuring effectivesolution of the set target tasks in the field of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection .

A distinctive feature of targeted programs is their complexity, which is adequate to the very nature of most environmental problems, as well as to the object of targeted management - the sphere of nature management and environmental protection. At the same time, each of the environmental programs, based on its target orientation, is designed to solve a specific, priority at a given time, for a given region, sector of the economy, etc. problem.

The place and role of the ESC in the mechanism of environmental management and environmental safety can be seen in Fig. 3.

In Russia main eventsgo the following types of CEP:

Programs aimed at easing environmental tension in the so-called problem regions or zones of ecological disaster (one example is the target program for improving the environmental situation and the population of the Orenburg region);

Targeted programs of technical and technological orientation (for example, CEP “Waste”);

Programs of predominantly organizational and managerial content (for example, CEP “Creation of an automated system for maintaining the state land cadastre”).

Rice. 3. Schematic diagram of planning and programming

nature management and environmental safety.

The starting point for planning and programming is the development and approval of the "Federal Concept for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development" as a document reflecting a normative-value approach to a balanced solution of socio-economic problems and problems of preserving a favorable environment and natural resource potential, in order to meet the needs of present and future generations of people.

This concept serves as the basis for the development State Strategy for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development, representing a long-term (ten-year, broken down into five years), forecast of a comprehensive solution to the problem of balanced socio-economic development of the country and improving the state of the environment. Within the framework of this document, the main directions of the restructuring of the national economy and the placement of productive forces are also being worked out, taking into account the observance of the requirements of sustainable development and environmental safety. The preparation of the State Strategy is based on the principle of a sliding planning horizon, when its indicators are updated every year, and targets are extended for the next period. In Russia, the first version of the State Strategy was developed for the period 1996-2005.

On the basis of the State Strategy, as an integral stage of its implementation, two-three-year National action plans for environmental protection of the Russian Federation. A fourth action plan is currently being implemented, covering the period from 1999 to 2001. Each such action plan consists of two interrelated parts:

Systems of federal environmental programs , serving the priorities of the plan;

List of bills, the adoption of which is necessary for regulatory support of the implementation of programs.

At the next stage of planning and programming of environmental protection and natural resource use, it should be established share of environmental parameters in the system macroeconomic indicators (GDP, GNP, federal budget expenditures, gross investments, etc.). Without this, it is impossible to support the implementation of environmental plans and programs with the necessary material and financial resources. The system of environmental standards is also closely related to the resources allocated for nature conservation purposes.

Environmental forecasting and programming at the federal level serves as the starting point for development in various regions of the country and sectors (branches) of the economy similar management documents, namely: regional (sectoral) concepts, strategies and action plans for environmental protection and sustainable development, ensuring their implementation by a variety of funding sources.

Financing of program activities along with budgets (federal and regional) can be carried out at the expense of environmental funds (from federal to regional and local), funds for the reproduction of natural resources, credit sources, subsidies, grants, including international financial institutions, insurance funds, etc.

And finally should be developed environmental strategies and environmental action plans, combined with measures resource saving. Their implementation can be coordinated with the participation of enterprises in the implementation of federal (regional, sectoral) environmental programs.

For the normative and legal support of environmental forecasting and programming, the timely formation of not only environmental and resource legislation, but also the addition and amendment of the legal framework of the modern economy as a whole is of great importance. Speaking about this second aspect of the problem, we note the importance of the adoption of a new edition of the Federal Law “On State Forecasting and Programs of Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation”. This law should create a legal mechanism for regulating the economy in market conditions, determine the priority criteria for the selection of target federal programs, the procedure and sources of their funding, responsibility for failure to implement program measures, etc.

Development and implementation of targeted environmental programs in the regions can be of various levels and purposes. Along with the federal EECs financed from centralized federal sources, in the regions and at the local level it is also advisable to develop targeted environmental programs on a democratic basis and from an integrated standpoint. These programs should form the action plans of regional administrations on environmental protection and sustainable development and be linked to the concept and strategies of environmentally friendly sustainable socio-economic development adopted in the region.

The sequence of stages in the development and implementation of regional environmental programs, taking into account foreign experience, recommendations of special international conferences, as well as the above-discussed planning and programming concept in a simplified version is presented as follows (Fig. 4.).

Rice. 4. The sequence of stages of development and implementation of the EEC of the region.

However, in the regions (both in the constituent entities of the Federation and in the localities), modern approaches and principles of environmental planning are far from being fully used. For example, in St. Petersburg, the list of promising measures in the field of environmental protection and nature management, although it has been reflected in long-term regional programs (for example, in the 1997-2005 program "Clean City" ), nevertheless, cannot be considered as measures that fully comply with modern principles of environmental protection and SD planning.

The most important tasks include the following:

Overcoming the continuing separate approach to planning the ecological and socio-economic development of the city;

Ensuring the fullest possible participation of all the main “target groups” of natural resource users (including business structures, local authorities, the population, non-governmental organizations, etc.) in the preparation and implementation of environmental programs;

Improving the quality of substantiation of the effectiveness and priority of measures included in regional environmental plans;

Control over the consistent implementation of measures included in the long-term ESC, ensuring the implementation process with the necessary funding sources, including the regional budget.

“Local agenda forXXIcentury ”as a tool for balanced socio-economic and environmental managementsocio-economic and environmental management.

An increasing role in ensuring integrated socio-economic and environmental management, balancing and taking into account the interests of all stakeholders and, on this basis, implementing the principles of sustainable development, belongs to local authorities and self-government. Taking this into account, as well as under the influence of international communities, both in theoretical and practical terms, the mechanism of substantiation and implementation of the so-called “Local Agenda for the 21st Century” is being worked out, which is assessed as an important guarantee of the sustainable future of cities, municipalities, as well as everything in general. of humanity in the new century. A number of Russian regions and municipalities (including the Kingisepp District of the Leningrad Region and the Primorsky District of St. Petersburg), with the assistance of international funds, have joined this activity, designed to radically change the mechanisms for making and implementing management decisions at the local level.

Within the framework of this approach, sustainable development is considered as a long, controlled and democratic process of changing society at the global, regional and local levels, aimed at improving the quality of life for the present and future generations. It is a process in which all sectors of the local community (industry, energy, transport, various social groups and levels of the urban community) should be involved. And in its course, it is necessary to create real mechanisms for the integration of environmental protection and the effective use of natural resources in other significant types of social, economic, cultural and political activities of municipalities.

The key principles of Local Agenda 21 are:

Interrelation of social, economic and environmental aspects;

Intersectoral approach to management and decision-making;

Integration;

Partnership;

Broad participation, encouragement of innovation and initiatives;

agreement, consensus.

The formation of the MPD-21, as in the case considered by us in the previous subparagraph (see Fig. 4.5), has as one of the starting steps collection of information characterizing the social,ecological and economic development of the region and identifying on this basis priority problems for the region. Further, in the course of a broad democratic discussion, taking into account the opinions and interests of all potential participants, YHRM objectives and strategy their achievements.

The organizational system for managing the development and implementation of the MPD-21 at the level of the urban (rural) district is presented in the following form (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Organizational management system MPD-21 at the level of the city (regional) district.

At the same time, various forms of involving the public in the discussion of key problems for the region are used, including sociological polls, questionnaires, the organization of permanent seminars on SD, the periodic release of TV programs, etc. This ensures, as the creators of the MPD-21 for the Kingisepp district emphasize, the approval of a new form of dialogue between the district administration, industry, science, business, public organizations, the local population, which allows various interests to be taken into account in the decision-making process and contributes to the achievement of mutual understanding on the directions of development of specific territories.

The strategic goals of the YHRM are, in turn, the basis on which the system is being developed. prospective and current action plans for their implementation. The most important part of these action plans are programs, aimed at solving priority socio-ecological and economic problems of the region. The goals, objectives and content of these programs are determined by the problems of a particular region. For example, a list of programs covering the problem of waste management may include: organizing a system for the separate collection of solid household waste, organizing a system for separate processing of solid waste, preventing the formation of unauthorized landfills and eliminating existing ones, organizing the collection and processing of specific waste (fluorescent lamps, car bodies, medical waste, etc.). For each of these programs, the circle of participants and sources of funding should be determined.

The mechanism for the implementation of the MPD-21 presupposes the use, along with institutional levers, of administrative, legal, organizational, technical and information tools. A general prerequisite for the transition in cities (municipalities) to sustainable, environmentally friendly forms of socio-economic development is the implementation of a set of measures for the reconstruction and modernization (and, if necessary, the creation of anew) of modern enterprises and organizations of environmental infrastructure, including water treatment and disinfection stations. water, sewers and municipal wastewater treatment plants, etc. It is also important to establish stations that provide comprehensive environmental monitoring, including monitoring the quality of water in open reservoirs and in water supply networks, monitoring soil pollution, especially along roads and railways.

Conclusion

And in conclusion, after considering all the issues on this topic, it is necessary to list the basic conditions necessary for the successful application of modern planning methods in the field of environmental management.

1. Macroeconomic and political stability as a minimum prerequisite for the practical implementation of Action Plans, CEP, MPD, etc. To neutralize possible negative processes accompanying the transition to a market economy, including a partial loss of control in a number of areas, it is necessary to develop democracy and civil society initiative.

2. Availability of a clear and well-developed legal framework and an efficient institutional system, including clarity and certainty of property rights to natural resources and other movable and immovable property, as well as an effective mechanism for their protection. This premise, in turn, is of key importance for overcoming the multiplicity and inconsistency of federal and regional environmental plans and programs, their focus on short-term ones to the detriment of long-term interests and goals, neutralizing negative manifestations of political lobbying of narrow corporate interests under the guise of priority national environmental problems.

3. An active search for internal and external sources of funding for the CEP, MPD, etc. Many countries, such as China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Poland have created special funds to accumulate revenues from taxes, fines and sanctions for environmental pollution, as well as voluntary donations for such programs.

4. During pea4U3aifuu environmental plans and programs emphasize the use of market-based economic instruments that stimulate the development of environmentally friendly and resource-saving production, create favorable conditions for voluntary, flexible and innovative measures, as well as ensure wider participation and responsibility of all segments of the population ... The implementation of the CEP (MPD) cannot rely only on command and control principles, which are mostly effective only in the short term, their application is often expensive and can hinder effective economic development.

5. Pressure from the public, all potentially interested groups, active support and participation of the population. Determination of the plan of priority measures and the sources of their financing at the regional level should be the result of a decentralized democratic negotiation process between the initiators of the creation of the CEP (MPD) and all its potential participants - government bodies, commercial banks, joint-stock companies, parties, public organizations, etc. The results of such a negotiation process should be specific agreements (contracts) that determine the sources of funding and fix the mutually assumed obligations and sanctions for their violation.

6. Ensuring access of the population and the scientific community to information on the state of the natural environment, the level of environmental safety of production and consumption, as well as to information on the social and environmental decisions taken by representative and executive bodies as a prerequisite for continuous control and monitoring of the results of the ESC implementation.

List of used literature:

B.V. Erofeev Environmental law // M., 1998.

National Action Plan for Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation

The main regulatory legal acts of St. Petersburg in the field of environmental protection, nature management and environmental safety

// ed. N. D. Sorokin. SPb., 2000.

Environmental protection, nature management and environmental safety in St. Petersburg for 1980-1999 // ed. A.S. Baeva, I. V. Sorokin. SPb., 2000.

Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K. Environmental Economics and Environmental Management // SPb., 1999.

Pakhomova N.V., Shveidel A.G. External and internal environment of environmental insurance of enterprises // Problems of insurance in the aspect of national security. SPb., 1998.

V.F. Protasov, A.V. Molchanov Ecology, health and nature management in Russia

Tsaregorodtsev G.A., Senokosov L.I., Petrupin V.V. User fees

natural resources // M., 1998

Environmental legislation of the Russian Federation. In 2 volumes.

// ed. N. D. Sorokina, E.L. Titova. SPb., 2000.

Yandyganov P.Ya., Yandyganov P.Ya. Environmental management in the region;

theory, methods, practice // Yekaterinburg, 1999.

Control nature management (4)
Abstract >> Accounting and audit
... management nature management and their relationship to environmental management practices. 2.1. Nature management... A crisis nature management. 2.2. Control nature management in the conditions of natural forms of management. 2.3. Nature management ...
Control nature management in Russia
Coursework >> Ecology
Work By Discipline " Nature management" on the topic of: Control nature management in Russia Tula 2006 ... Law on the economic mechanism nature management... Chapter 2 Methods management nature management in Russia 2.1 Economic incentives ...
Improvement of the mechanism management nature management in areas contaminated with radionuclides
Thesis >> Ecology
1 appendix. NATURE USE, ECONOMIC MECHANISM NATURE USE, CONTROL NATURE USE, NATURE USE ON RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINATED AREAS, IMPROVEMENT OF THE MECHANISM MANAGEMENT

The totality of the region's natural resources, as well as the industries that use them, forms a system, the properties of which are emergent, that is, they represent something more than just the sum of the properties of the constituent categories. Such a system can be abundant or poor in the entire totality of resources necessary for society; it can provide one resource in abundance, but absolutely not have others. It goes without saying that such asymmetry or, conversely, the balance of natural conditions largely predetermines not only the sectoral specialization of the economic complexes functioning in them, but also the more general properties of the socio-economic system of the region, including its stability - the ability to preserve itself under changes in external conditions. ... The imbalance of resources creates a certain internal tension in the system - it deharmonizes the economic complex. However, in conditions of deficit, it has some features, and in conditions of excess, fundamentally different. This section is devoted to the analysis of these features. Its purpose is to give an integral idea of the most general properties of the environmental management system that has developed today in the regions of Russia.

Integral resource potential and its use

The presence of primary characteristics for the main categories of natural resources and their use makes it possible to solve the problem of a comprehensive assessment of the resource potential of the regions. The synthesis of integral indicators was carried out on the principles of superposition of several maps, taking into account weight coefficients reflecting the limiting value of the resource for the economic complex of the country as a whole (in descending order - mineral, fuel, forest, agricultural, climatic, ecological, water and hydropower) and the number of people employed in the use and processing of different types of resources for each region.

In terms of the complex of resources, the richest regions of the country include the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Sakhalin Oblast (Map 1).

This indicator is slightly lower in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Yamalo-Nenets and Komi-Permyatsky Districts, the Tomsk Region, and the Jewish Autonomous Region. Finally, the Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk regions, Komi, Udmurtia, as well as a group of black earth regions - Kursk, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Oryol, Tambov and Ulyanovsk regions can be classified as resource-rich regions.

The Caspian group of Russian regions, primarily Kalmykia, as well as Dagestan and the Astrakhan region, is distinguished by the minimum resource endowment. The level of scarcity of natural resources is close to the last two regions in the northern regions - Taimyr, Koryak and Nenets autonomous districts, Murmansk and Magadan regions, as well as Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Buryatia and Tuva. It is characteristic that both in the leading group and among the outsiders there are both old, historically developed for a long time, and sparsely populated regions of recent development. Moreover, the regions, the current economic situation and the political orientation of the population of which are directly opposite, have a similar resource potential. This indicates the absence of any pronounced patterns in the distribution of resource potential across the country.

In terms of integral intensity of resource potential use, the leading group is also headed by the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Map 2).

The use of resources by economic complexes of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Orenburg and Kostroma Regions, Moscow and Karachay-Cherkessia is somewhat less intense. The volume of specific consumption of natural resources per capita is even lower in Komi, Irkutsk and Tver regions, St. Petersburg. This list differs from the previous one by a larger share of regions whose socioeconomic position during the acute phase of the crisis was relatively favorable, which indicates that it is not enough just to have a resource, it is necessary to be able to use it useful.

Principles for assessing the structure of environmental management

Data on various groups of natural resources and volumes of their use allow in general form to solve the problem of quantitative assessment of the structural diversity and adaptive capabilities of the system of natural resource use in the regions according to the algorithms set forth in the Appendix. A result similar in meaning is also obtained by comparing the resource potential and the intensity of its use according to the models described at the beginning of the chapter. At the same time, the environmental management system, which has a minimum imbalance, is the most harmonious and, in the accepted terminology, is qualified as a core, and regions with a significant imbalance - as a periphery. The prevailing type of imbalance (underutilization of rich resources or intensive exploitation of the poor) makes it possible to classify the use of the peripheral type of natural resources as a crisis or conservative subtype. The final results of the classification of Russian regions according to the severity of nuclear and peripheral properties, performed by complementary methods, can be presented in the form of a kind of diagram of the state of regional environmental management systems in the coordinates of diversity - adaptive stability. Structural complexity grows along the vertical axis from top to bottom - from extremely monotonous regions to extremely diverse in terms of nature management types. Regions are placed along the horizontal axis from left to right in the order of the best balance of the structure of nature management, reflecting an increase in their adaptive stability. Both this and all similar tables in subsequent chapters are analogs of the abstract scheme given in the theoretical Appendix, and differ only in that they are built on real factual data. It follows from the theory that the elements that make up an integral system should be located in the field of the diagram as an arrow-shaped group. Naturally developing systems consist of subsystems with nuclear, conservative and crisis properties, and the number of subsystems with the most pronounced features of these types of structure should be small. Intermediate states close to the average should prevail. Hence the increased density of elements (regions) in the center of the table and thinning rays going to the three extreme states. In a perfectly balanced system, a three-rayed star should have the correct shape, in real ones, deviations in one direction or another are inevitable, and the more deviations, the less balanced the system is.

Balancing nature management in different regions

Evenkia, Gorny Altai, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug of Chuvashia and Mari-El are distinguished by a significant imbalance between the rich natural potential and the low level of its use, as well as the excessive diversity of the low-power nature management system. The environmental management system in Yakutia, Udmurtia, Mordovia, Kaluga, Jewish, Amur and Kamchatka regions, Tuva and Ingushetia is slightly more balanced in terms of the diversity and completeness of resource use. The environmental management system of almost all regions of this group belongs to the crisis type of the periphery.

Problems of the opposite nature - excessive monotony and monotony of the nature management complex (properties of a conservative periphery); significant use of poor or vulnerable natural potential is typical for the Orenburg region, the Azov-Caspian regions (Rostov, Astrakhan regions, Dagestan, Kalmykia, Stavropol Territory). The next group in terms of severity of contradictions is made up of the northern regions with developed industry (Murmansk and Magadan regions, Chukotka, Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets districts) or those located in the zone of its influence (Taimyr district).

In regions with poor natural resources, the structure of natural resource use is mostly characterized by low diversity. Balanced interaction with the environment of economic complexes of such regions as Kalmykia, Dagestan, Astrakhan region is possible only on the basis of a limited range of effective forms of nature management. To a somewhat lesser extent, this applies to the South Urals, northern Taimyr and Nenets districts, Murmansk and Magadan regions.

With a shortage of most resources, combined with their intensive use (Caucasus, Ciscaucasia), the most viable are flexibly managed, mainly private, forms of economic management in nature management. Typically, such regions have a limited number of types of highly specialized farms, of which the largest are usually the most efficient. As an example, one can cite the agriculture of Kalmykia, which is represented almost exclusively by sheep breeding, or agriculture in the Orenburg region, where you cannot go round the lands of one state farm, sometimes even in a day. It is characteristic that almost all of the above regions are located in conditions of high natural instability, significant fluctuations in atmospheric humidity and river runoff volumes.

The systems of nature management in Kalmykia, Dagestan, Orenburg and Astrakhan regions (agriculture, mineral extraction and water use) are characterized by the maximum level of use of scarce natural resources and structural monotony.

The most balanced, harmonized with the available natural resources is the system of nature management in the Nizhny Novgorod and both metropolitan regions, in Bashkiria, Ryazan, Smolensk, Vologda regions, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory. In these regions, stable proportions have developed between the reserves and the intensity of the use of different types of resources. The use of natural resources is carried out in the most comprehensive way, there are industry leaders, but other enterprises are also quite developed. In the economic structure, there is a place for diversified enterprises, and single-industry, and narrowly specialized nature users.

Resource self-sufficiency of regions

It is obvious that the regions supplying a key resource for the needs of the entire country are distinguished by a high level of integration into the all-Russian economic space. Equally integrated is the position of the regions, the resource provision of which is largely due to other territories of Russia. Thus, both the interregional sale of surplus resources and the need to cover their deficit by importing are factors in the integration of regions into a single state. At the same time, it is of particular interest to identify the most self-sufficient regions of the country, the system of nature management in which allows for an autonomous existence with a minimum import and export of resources.

The resource self-sufficiency of the regions is calculated through the need of each region in the import of products from the natural resource management sectors (in% of the total demand for material resources) and the excess of the extraction of natural resources over intraregional needs (in% of the total production of goods), the sum of these indicators reflects the degree of involvement of the region's economy in the interior. Russian exchange of natural resources, and the degree of resource self-sufficiency is characterized by the amount of production that is not associated with either the import or export of natural resources. Thus, it becomes possible to objectively assess the real potential of the sovereignty of individual regions, due to the low level of integration into the all-Russian resource space.

In the Sakhalin, Arkhangelsk regions and in the Norilsk industrial area, the degree of resource self-sufficiency of material production reaches 85 percent. About 80 percent is the value of this indicator in the Koryak District, Kamchatka, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad and Murmansk regions, the Komi Republic, Taimyr District, Primorsky Territory and the northern part of Khabarovsk. Typically, most of these regions are coastal. On the opposite flank in terms of the degree of integration into the all-Russian resource space are Evenkia, Kalmykia, Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, the inner regions of Yakutia, Kuzbass, Moscow, Lipetsk, Oryol, Ryazan oblasts, Kabardino-Balkaria. The level of resource self-sufficiency of the industrial complexes of these regions, which does not depend on external supplies, is 55-58% of the total commodity mass. With the exception of Yamal, not a single region from this list has a direct access to the external border of the country.

However, for Yamal, the border position is only nominal, since the entire transport system of this region operates through the continental regions - there is not a single functioning seaport on the peninsula, even such as the Yenisei Games and Dudinka, which open a window to the outside world for the Norilsk industrial area.

It is obvious that the high self-sufficiency of coastal regions with a high diversity of natural resources and the increasing role of interregional interactions in continental ones is a particular case of the general trend, which was considered earlier on the example of independent states. Hence it follows that it is the coastal regions from among the listed ones that need increased attention of the federal authorities as real candidates for isolation from Russia. In fact, during the collapse of the USSR and in subsequent integration processes, the same pattern is observed. The first to split off were the Baltic republics, which even today are distinguished by an extremely low degree of integration into the post-Soviet economic space. Of the CIS countries, the greatest trends towards integration today are distinguished by landlocked and located mainly on the plains (low diversity) Belarus and Kazakhstan. On the contrary, Ukraine, which has its own ports and a high diversity of territory, as well as the mountainous republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, suffer significantly less from the consequences of sovereignty.

The severity of resource depletion problems

Traditionally, the category of non-renewable resources includes fuel and mineral resources, the geological terms of the formation of deposits of which significantly exceed the terms of the existence of civilization. However, the classification of water, ecological and forest resources as renewable is quite problematic today, since the actual rates of their withdrawal in many cases exceed the time of renewal. From the considered list, only climatic, hydropower and agricultural resources can be unambiguously considered as renewable, since the existing technology of their use is characterized by almost complete cyclical renewability.

A comprehensive assessment of the severity of the problems of depletion of natural resources is based on a comparison of the intensity of use and potential reserves. High production volumes with low reserves serve as the criteria for disadvantage for the group of non-renewable resources. For renewable resources, such a criterion is considered a low level of production with a high potential for its annual growth. The integral index was constructed using the same set of weighting factors as in the integral assessment of the resource potential.

The most alarming situation with the depletion of natural resource potential is developing in the south of the European part of Russia, in the Stavropol and Krasnodar regions, Kalmykia, Chechnya, Rostov, Volgograd, Saratov, Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions.

This conclusion confirms the above conclusion about the danger of the forthcoming cyclical deterioration of the climatic and water situation for the economy and society of these regions. Without the creation of effective mechanisms for optimizing nature management in the Ciscaucasia and the Lower Volga, drought and the beginning of a fall in the level of the Caspian can provoke an aggravation of an already difficult socio-economic situation here. Of the northern regions, the most dangerous is the situation in the Murmansk region.

The most favorable situation is with the conservation of resources in Evenkia, Altai, Koryaksky, Nenetsky, Komi-Permyatsky districts, Yakutia, Sakhalin and Tomsk regions. The situation can also be considered satisfactory in the Kamchatka, Kaluga, Pskov, Amur regions and in Udmurtia.

PP could not be the same in different historical times and in societies at different levels of development 6 ... There are also undoubted differences in the use of natural resources in different sectors of the economy. 7 ... Well, and what we started with, the use of natural resources is not the same across the regions.

Thus, at any given moment in a certain place, nature management has its own distinctive features.

Based on the definition of nature management, it can be argued that such differences are of a systemic nature. Indeed, andnature and society are systems ... The interaction of systems in the process of reproduction, and not just contact, should also have a systemic character. The system should be in the sphere of the relationship between society and nature and be distinguished by the above properties.

Taking into account the foregoing, the environmental management system can be defined as follows.

Environmental management system - it is a form of organization of social reproduction of the processes of interaction between society and nature that has historically developed in a certain territory.

Any system can be splitinto subsystems according to the similarity of its elements (for example, taxonomy of species or sectoral division) and byterritorial principle (when heterogeneous but interacting elements are combined into a system due to territorial proximity).

As a result, there are two hierarchical structures in environmental management systems: sectoral and territorial.We will not be directly interested in the sectoral nature management, but the influence of territorial factors on the sectors will inevitably have to be touched upon.

3.1. Territorial structure

Let's start with the territorial hierarchy.

The use of natural resources combines natural and social elements and processes; accordingly, it is forced to focus on both natural and social territorial hierarchies. As a whole, they are analyzed only in the theory of the geographic shell of the Earth.

Its hierarchy includes:

global level with global environmental management systems;

several regional levels and regional environmental management systems. The number of regional levels can be different both depending on objective factors and the goals of allocation, but more on this in other topics;

local level. What is meant by this is also a debatable issue and we will discuss it separately.

Whatever the hierarchical level of the territorial system of nature management, it must retain general structural features that distinguish it from systems distinguished by other (non-territorial) characteristics.

If we again turn to the definition of environmental management and take into account that we are talking about territorial systems, then we will see thatthe formation of environmental management systems should be influenced by three groups of factors :

natural-geographical , since we are talking about interaction with nature;

socio-economic since nature management is carried out in the interests of people, and interests are formed by the conditions of social reproduction;

cultural and historical , due to the undoubted influence of the historical and cultural situation on the socio-economic and other aspects of the life of society.

In order not to be unfounded, let us analyze the main channels of influence of each of the factors on the emergence and development of environmental management systems. If, according to Commoner, “everything is connected with everything” in ecosystems, then it is the same in environmental management systems. A change in each of the factors, to a greater or lesser extent, changes all the others.

Natural and geographical factors create the originality of environmental management systems through:

the uniqueness of the combination of natural resources on the territory;

natural living conditions of people;

ecological capacity and sustainability of landscapes.

Let's consider each of the directions of influence.

1. By definition, "a combination of natural resources" - these are sources of natural resources of various types, located on a certain integral territory and united by actual or prospective joint use. The obvious thing: the absence of a resource, at least, excludes its use in a given territory, which means it affects the sectoral structure of the economy. If there were no steppes on the territory now occupied by Mari El, then steppe nomadic cattle breeding could not exist here, and an appropriate culture could not form. If now there is no nickel in our depths, for example, it is difficult to expect that a nickel industry will appear here. This dangerous industry will not exist, and there will be no accompanying environmental problems.

The availability of certain resources in itself creates favorable preconditions for the emergence of extractive and processing industries that use them.

Continuing on the ITR. The natural resources that the territory has at its disposal are mainly soil and climatic resources suitable for some branches of agriculture and non-nomadic animal husbandry, forest, water and some widespread mineral resources. What do we see among the leading industries in the primary sector? Agriculture and logging and processing industries based on them (food industry, woodworking, pulp and paper). What environmental problems are associated with the work of these industries, how to counteract them? The answer to these questions leads to the socio-economic (managerial) elements in the environmental management system.

Thanks to different sets of natural resources in different territorial combinations, an appropriate sectoral structure is formed, ties are established between different sectors due to territorial proximity, and territorial production complexes arise, covering whole resource cycles or their larger or smaller links.

2. Natural living conditions even in modern conditions remain the most important factor determining population density. As studies of population migration in the USSR show, despite the stimulation of the settlement of the northern regions, the population gradually shifted towards more climate-friendly territories. The same trends are observed in the United States. In turn, the high population density is accompanied by the same high burden on the environment, in particular, a large amount of solid waste.

A large population stimulates the development of non-resource-intensive industries in the secondary and tertiary sectors. This forms the sectoral structure containing a higher proportion of the final, less environmentally hazardous, stages of the resource cycles.

The traditionally high population density with a shortage of land and other resources gives rise to the need for their economy and legal regulation of their use and distribution. Obviously, this is a completely different culture of nature management than in areas with a low population density. Russian peasants practiced slash-and-burn agriculture much longer than European, not to mention Chinese and Indian.Accordingly, the extravagance of nature management is in the Russians' blood.

3. Ecological capacity is a very strong limitation of the development of irrational systems of nature management. There are many historical examples, which were partially studied in the course of social ecology, when irrational use of natural resources led to the death of civilizations. Not such a dramatic, but fresh example is the tragedy of the Aral Sea, which led to the disappearance of the regional environmental management system that has developed around this sea.

The low resilience of ecosystems limits the potential pressure, for example, in the North compared to forest-steppe regions. The nickel plant in Norilsk almost completely destroyed the tundra around it. A similar plant in the Orenburg region also causes a lot of troubles, but the ecosystem can withstand them and can endure a few more industries.

Environmental restrictions have manifested and continue to exert their influence not only at the regional and local levels, but can also have a global character. Past and current environmental crises confirm this. However, not all of them are to blame for people. Some of the crises were caused by natural climate change. This forced us to change the usual systems of nature management.

Socio-economic factors ... The construction of environmental management systems depends on them due to:

the level of socio-economic development;

the sectoral structure of the economy;

infrastructural development of the territory;

the nature of the settlement systems;

organization of environmental management systems.

1. The influence of the level of development on environmental management systems in general is associated with technical progress, accompanied by a change in technological methods of production and stages of socio-ecological development. Undoubtedly, the nature of interaction with nature in the appropriating and industrial economy is fundamentally different.

But even in our time, technical socio-economic inequality persists.In some regions of the world, relics of the previous stages of development are preserved, some are moving to the post-industrial level.But even within one stage, inequality is noticeable.

Differences in the levels of development even within one stage affect such macroeconomic indicators as the ratio of accumulation and consumption, the proportion of personal and industrial consumption, the need for resources, incl. energy and material consumption, etc. Hence the different nature of environmental problems.

2. The sectoral structure of the economy is important mainly at the regional and local levels. From the point of view of resource use and environmental consequences of management, the most importantthe ratio of the industries of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. For example, the economic potential of the Kemerovo region is less than that of the Moscow or Nizhny Novgorod region, but the ecological situation there is noticeably sharper precisely because of the predominance of resource industries. It is clear that the entire environmental management system should be different here. If in the central industrial regions the main problems are associated with the reduction of discharges and emissions from the manufacturing industry and vehicles, as well as household waste, then in the mining regions it should be more about the integrated use of resources, land reclamation, etc.

It is also impossible to approach with one yardstick to the agrarian and industrial regions, etc.

3. The higher the provision of the region with infrastructure, the more active the economic life in it, and hence the resource use. The development of any territory begins with the construction of roads. As Russian and foreign experience shows, not only the economy, but also the population prefers to move to where the infrastructure is better. It is characteristic that even in the Soviet planned economy, with great difficulty and not always it was possible to force the branch ministries to build enterprises in underdeveloped regions. They were preferred to be placed where there were roads, power lines, communications, etc.

The transport infrastructure makes the space more permeable and concentrates anthropogenic and man-made pressure in more convenient places. For example, meat is now imported to Russia from Brazil and Australia. If transport were not so cheap, the fields that are now abandoned would have to be sown with forage crops. As a result, Brazil is switching to intensive farming systems, and part of Russian lands is changing from agricultural nature management to forestry.

4. The development of transport is also associated with the formation of settlement systems. The change in the stages of urbanization fundamentally affects the use of territories.Space polarization occurs. Intensive use of natural resources is concentrated in agglomerations, and extensive in inter-agglomeration spaces.It becomes possible to territorially separate man-made and natural landscapes.

5. Management of nature management, at least in a primitive form in the form of customs, has always existed. As the ecological crisis aggravates, it becomes an indispensable element of environmental management systems, and the nature of interaction with the environment increasingly depends on it.The unfavorable environmental situation in many regions of Russia is not least due to the fact that our environmental management system has actually been destroyed and is a conglomerate of departments with poorly defined and delimited functions, which, moreover, is in a situation of constant "reforms".

The situation in the developed countries of the world looks like a contrast, where environmental problems in the late 60s - early 70s. 20th century were in many ways even sharper than ours now. But a reasonably built environmental management system made it possible to normalize and even improve the situation. It is clear that it was necessary to make significant adjustments to the entire system of environmental management up to the elimination of "dirty" industries as in Japan.

Among the cultural and historical factors, the most important are:

the goals of the development of society;

traditions of attitude to nature and nature management;

history of nature management.

1. Goal-setting is the most important difference between man and animal. This also applies to the goals of society in relation to interaction with nature.It makes no sense to comment on this in detail as a whole, since the corresponding topic has been thoroughly discussed in social ecology.It is only worth mentioning here thatnuances in setting goals can exist within the same culture, incl. and regionally. For example, when carrying out work on the assessment of specially protected natural areas, it became clear that the local and non-local population had different attitudes towards them. The same tendencies can be traced in conflicts around plans for the transformation of nature. So in Chuvashia, the attitude towards the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station is rather positive, and in Mari El - negative.

2. Traditions in relation to nature in different religious and national cultures were also discussed in the course on social ecology.Despite globalization and hence the unification of customs, cultural differences continue to play a prominent role.For example, Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake, has begun to degrade catastrophically, despite efforts to prevent industrial effluents from entering it. As it turned out, the main contribution to the pollution was made by surfactants contained in synthetic detergents used by the population. The government has appealed to the population living in the lake basin to switch to soap. What the population did. But this is the Japanese population.

Everyone can easily imagine how the Russian population will behave in a similar situation. The Russian government is also not accustomed to asking the population for something. It would have imposed fines for the use of surfactants if it would have bothered about the situation at all, and the population would have begun to invent ways to avoid sanctions. Nature would be in the background altogether.

3. Historical evolution has created modern nature. In this sense, modern nature management is entirely dependent on the historical process. For example, the modern nature of China or Western Europe has little to do with the wild nature of these places. And the environmental management systems are focused on what we have now.

The disasters at the nuclear power plants in Chernobyl and Fukushima have greatly worsened the attitude towards the use of atomic energy. This caused changes in the structure of energy consumption, and has already affected, and will affect the use of natural resources in energy-producing regions. At the same time, the use of natural resources in the Chernobyl trail had either to be completely stopped or significantly limited.

These are just small examples, but it is possible to find traces of the historical past in modern nature management in almost any developed territory. It would seem, what does the Cheremis Wars of the 16th century have to do with the case? But if not for them, the Mari would not have been prohibited from engaging in blacksmithing and settling in cities, and how would the craft and economy develop in our area?