A rainbow at home experience. How to make a rainbow at home, or the decomposition of white light into a spectrum

On a gloomy autumn day, you just want to please yourself with something bright and unusual. You will be surprised, but sometimes colored paper can work wonders if you approach it creatively. So, let's begin. For a rainbow, you will need seven colors of paper, scissors, cotton wool (it will make two pretty clouds), a stapler, glue, silver beads and threads or fishing line.

First you need to cut seven strips of the same width, but slightly different in length (approximately 6-7 mm).

We fasten the strips with a stapler on one side.

Then we align the edges on the other side and get a rainbow blank.

Now you need to make cotton wool clouds. The secret is to lightly wet your fingers with water and form two clouds that stick to the ends of the rainbow.

Now it's the droplet turn. We will cut them out of blue paper as shown in the photo. We need three droplets.

We fix a silver bead at the bottom of the thread. We glue the three cut out droplets together, not forgetting to glue the thread along the middle.

That's it, our rainbow is ready. You can give it to someone, or you can simply hang it to a chandelier or on a window and rejoice.

Also, I can throw in a few more ideas for a rosy mood.

Why does such a beautiful, and even colored picture appear in the air? We looked for the answer to this question in encyclopedias. Here's what we learned. You can only see a rainbow if the sun and the rain curtain are located on opposite parts of the sky, and you have your back to the sun. A phenomenon like a rainbow can be observed in the spray of fountains, waterfalls.

Consider the colors of the rainbow. Colored stripes differ in brightness, but their sequence is always the same - each color has its own place strictly assigned to it. The larger the raindrops, the brighter the rainbow. If the drops are small, the rainbow seems pale, barely noticeable. The sequence of colors in a rainbow is easy to remember if you learn the phrase: "Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting." In this phrase, the first letter of each word is the same as the first letter of the color name! Each Hunter (Red) (Orange) Desires (Yellow) to Know (Green) Where (Blue) Sits (Blue) Pheasant (Purple).

Getting a rainbow at home

To prove that you can get a rainbow at home, we ran several experiments.

First experience

Equipment: soap solution, hollow tube.

We've inflated a soap bubble. We turned it so that the sun's rays fell on the surface. The ball “played” with all the colors of the rainbow. The experience turned out. It is very simple to implement.

Second experience

Equipment: a basin filled to the brim with water; a mirror installed at an angle in the water; light source (sun or table lamp).

On a sunny day, they put a basin of water near the window and lowered a mirror into it. The mirror "caught" a ray of light, as a result of the refraction of the ray in the water and its reflection from the mirror on the wall or on the ceiling, a rainbow appeared.

The third experience

Equipment: plate of water, nail polish, toothpick.

A drop of varnish was dropped into the water. A thin film has formed on the surface of the water. It was carefully removed with a toothpick. The varnish film plays with all colors, resembling the wings of a dragonfly. Experience does not require sophisticated equipment, this is its advantage. But to see a good rainbow, the film needs to be quite large.

Chapter 3. Is it possible to draw a rainbow with three colors?

If the question is asked, then it is possible. It remains to try on paper.

Took some paper for drawing

Took watercolor paints (multicolor)

I tried to mix some paints.

I immediately removed the black and brown paint aside, as they are too dark. Mixed different colors for a long time. I asked the library and realized that I needed yellow, blue, red paint. By mixing these colors one by one, I get a rainbow.

Conclusion

A rainbow is an amazing natural phenomenon that leaves no one indifferent, causes joy, delight, admiration. Now we know how you can improve your mood. To do this, you need to create your own “home” rainbow. And this can be done at any time.

Working on this topic, we studied the literature, conducted experiments.

The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the materials received can be used by teachers and kindergarten teachers when conducting lessons and classes to familiarize themselves with the world around them.

Secrets of the colorful arc

There is a belief that a treasure can be found at the foot of the rainbow. The sight of a multi-colored semicircle in the sky evokes pleasant and even mystical feelings in people, a desire to admire it. But do we all know about the rainbow? Let's consider the little-known external properties of this phenomenon, if not completely unknown.

Rainbows are observed in atmospheric clouds, rain curtains, fog, waterfalls, fountains and other places where there is a thickness of water droplets that are suspended in the air or are in a state of falling. Effective observation is carried out from 9-00 to 18-00 at different times of the year, but always in sunny weather.

There are two rainbows: the first and the second, which have the form of concentric rings (circles) or their fragments (arcs), and are sometimes accompanied by the phenomena described in the literature as a halo and gloria. Under certain conditions, three phenomena can be observed simultaneously: a halo, a gloria, and two rainbows. You can find the optimal location between the waterfall and the Sun and observe these phenomena at the same time many times.

You can often see a rainbow in the evening, when the Sun has already touched the horizon, and less often in the morning. Few pay attention to the fact that the plane of the rainbow at this time is inclined towards the observer and it seems that the sunbeam is perpendicular to the plane of the rainbow. The solar disk at this moment is behind the observer's head or below the head. Interestingly, when one day a narrow cloud on the horizon covered the edge of the solar disk, part of the rainbow arc disappeared.

A rainbow is an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere that looks like a multi-colored arc against the sky. Observed when the sun's rays illuminate a curtain of rain on the side of the sky opposite the Sun. The center of the rainbow is in the direction of a straight line that passes through the solar disk and the observer's eye, that is, at a point opposite to the Sun.

The arc of a rainbow is a part of a circle circumscribed around this point with a radius of 42 degrees. The sequence of colors in it is the same as in the solar spectrum, with most often located on the outer edge of the red color, and on the inner edge - purple. From the side of the inner edge, secondary colored arcs are sometimes visible, which are located next to the main arc. When the Sun is on the horizon, the rainbow looks like a semicircle, as the Sun rises, the inner part of the rainbow arc decreases, and when the Sun is 42 degrees, the rainbow disappears. A phenomenon similar to a rainbow can be observed in the spray of fountains and waterfalls. The appearance of a lunar rainbow is also possible from an artificial light source. A second rainbow with an angular radius of 52 degrees and a reversed arrangement of colors is often observed.

The first rainbow theory was given by Descartes in 1637. A more accurate theory was carried out in 1836 by the English astronomer John Ere and developed by the Austrian geophysicist I.G. Perter at the end of the 19th century. This theory is based on the calculation of the phenomena of diffraction and interference that accompany the collision of a sunbeam with a lattice that forms water droplets.

A similar explanation of the rainbow has passed into many publications, including school textbooks, and no one questions this statement. Many popular articles have been written on the topic of rainbows and other atmospheric light phenomena. Therefore, at one time an attempt was made to generalize all information on this topic in order to create a kind of starting point for the study and subsequent research of optical phenomena in the atmosphere.

G. Minnart in 1958 wrote the book "Light and color in nature", which combined all existing theories on the theme of the rainbow. In the future, many popular and scientific books were written on this topic, but none of them supplemented this unified theory with anything new.

After getting acquainted with the theory of the rainbow and other optical phenomena in the atmosphere (halos, crowns, glorias, and others), a number of questions immediately arise. Descriptions of individual phenomena and their explanations give rise to such contradictions, due to which some conclusions fully or partially deny each other. Some descriptions can be questioned. The question arises: has the rainbow phenomenon been fully described? Therefore, it may be necessary to create one universal theory to explain all optical phenomena in the atmosphere, in which there should be a single approach to the study of all phenomena.

www. from-ua. com. Petr Kondratenko

Every person at least once in his life admired the appearance of a rainbow that appears after a rain and is interested in the appearance of a rainbow. I wanted to know more about what a rainbow is.

The rainbow hung with a multi-colored yoke,
Dipping one end into the green ocean ...
M.Rysakov

Every person at least once in his life admired a natural miracle - a rainbow.

Many have probably noticed that the rainbow, as a rule, appears after rain.

I have seen a rainbow many times, and this phenomenon has always delighted me. Last summer, my parents and I walked around the city. The weather was sunny, but suddenly it started to rain: warm, fine drizzling. It stopped as quickly as it began, and literally immediately we all saw a rainbow in the sky.

I wanted to know what a rainbow is and how it appears.

Purpose of the study:determine what is the connection between rain, sun and the appearance of a rainbow, and whether it is possible to get a rainbow at home.

Object of study- a natural phenomenon rainbow.

Subject of study- the origin of the rainbow.

Research objectives -find answers to the following questions:

1. How does a rainbow appear?
2. Does the rainbow only appear on sunny days or can it be seen at night?
3. Can you get a rainbow at home?

The hypotheses put forward:

1. Suppose a rainbow appears only on a sunny day after rain.
2. Suppose it is impossible to see a rainbow in nature at night.
3. Suppose you can get a rainbow by replacing the sun's rays with an artificial light source.

Basic methods: study of literature, observation, experiment.

Everyone likes the rainbow - both children and adults. Its colorful overflows attract the eye, but its value is not limited to just aesthetics: it is also a great way to interest a child in science and turn the knowledge of the world into an exciting game! To do this, we suggest that parents conduct several experiments with their children and get a real rainbow right at home.

In the footsteps of Newton

In 1672, Isaac Newton proved that ordinary white is a mixture of rays of different colors. "I darkened my room," he wrote, "and made a very small hole in the shutter to let in sunlight." On the path of the sunbeam, the scientist placed a special triangular glass - a prism. On the opposite wall, he saw a multi-colored strip, which he later called the spectrum. Newton explained this by the fact that the prism decomposed white light into its constituent colors. Then he placed another prism in the path of the multi-colored beam. With this, the scientist re-collected all the colors into one ordinary sunbeam.

To repeat the experience of a scientist, you do not need a prism - you can use whatever is at hand. In fine weather, place a glass of water on a table near a window on the sunny side of the room. Place a sheet of plain paper on the floor near the window so that the sun's rays fall on it. Dampen the window with hot water. Then change the position of the glass and sheet of paper until a small rainbow plays on the paper.

Rainbow from the looking glass

The experiment can also be carried out both in sunny and cloudy weather. It requires a shallow bowl of water, a small mirror, a flashlight (if there is no sun outside the window) and a sheet of white paper. Submerge the mirror in water, and place the bowl itself so that the sun's rays fall on it (or direct the beam of a flashlight to the mirror). Change the angle of inclination of objects if necessary. In the water, the light should refract and break into colors, so that a small rainbow can be “caught” with a sheet of white paper.

Chemical rainbow

Everyone knows that soap bubbles are rainbow colored. The thickness of the walls of the soap bubble changes non-uniformly, constantly moving, so its color is constantly changing. For example, at a thickness of 230 nm, the bubble turns orange, at 200 nm it turns green, and at 170 nm it turns blue. When, due to the evaporation of water, the wall thickness of the soap bubble becomes less than the wavelength of visible light, the bubble stops shimmering with the colors of the rainbow and becomes almost invisible before bursting - this happens when the wall thickness is about 20-30 nm.

The same thing happens with gasoline. This substance does not mix with water, therefore, being in a puddle on the road, it spreads over its surface and forms the thinnest film that creates beautiful iridescent stains. We owe this miracle to the so-called interference - or, more simply, the effect of light refraction.

Music rainbow

Interference causes iridescent play on the surface of CDs. This, incidentally, is one of the easiest ways to "get" a rainbow at home. In the absence of the sun, both a table lamp and a flashlight will do, but in this case the rainbow is less bright. By simply changing the angle of the CD, you can get a rainbow stripe, a circular rainbow, and restless rainbow bunnies on a wall or any other surface.

Besides, what is not a reason to teach a child the basics of musical literacy? After all, initially Newton distinguished only five colors in a rainbow (red, yellow, green, blue and purple), but then he added two more - orange and purple. Thus, the scientist wanted to create a correspondence between the number of colors in the spectrum and the number of notes of the musical scale.

Projector night light

If a temporary solution is not enough for you, you can make a rainbow at home "completely" - for example, using such a miniature projector. It projects a rainbow onto the walls and ceiling - even at night, even on a cloudy day, when there is a lack of invigorating colors ... The projector can work in two modes: all colors together, or each separately. On the eve of the New Year holidays, this is perhaps a good idea for a gift for a child or just a creative person.

Window suspension

Another version of the “rainbow without worries” (which, however, can be enjoyed only during daylight hours, and only in sunny weather) is the so-called rainbow disc, made using modern laser technologies. A glass prism measuring 10 centimeters in diameter is enclosed in a chrome plastic case. It is attached to the window with a suction cup and, transforming sunlight, projects it onto the walls, floor and ceiling of the room. There are 48 color lines in total: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple and all in between.

Flip book with 3D effect

In the last few years, books have begun to appear with interesting and unusual effects - for example, "flip-books" with running pictures. Many of us are familiar with this technology from our own childhood: we drew pictures on the margins of a notebook, and then revived them, quickly flipping through the pages. A book based on this fun was created by Japanese designer Masashi Kawamura. If you quickly flip through it, you can see a volumetric rainbow!

If desired, you can make a similar hand-made rainbow with your own hands, and at the same time visually demonstrate the animation effect to the child. To do this, you need to print on paper or draw squares of rainbow colors on each page of your notebook. In total, you need 30-40 sheets. It is important to take into account that on the one side of each page you need to draw them in the usual sequence, and on the other - in the opposite, otherwise you will not get a rainbow.

A rainbow to touch

And one more fun way to get a rainbow that will brighten any modern interior without taking away a centimeter of space and filling it with a rainbow glow. To do this, Mexican designer Gabriel Dawe suggests using skillfully stretched sewing thread. With such an installation, of course, you have to tinker for an hour or two, but the result is worth it. It is not for nothing that the artist's works were a huge success in many countries, including the USA, Belgium, Canada and Great Britain.

It is believed that our rainbow is seven-colored. I was curious to know that other countries don't think so.

As it turned out, not all peoples have 7 colors in the rainbow. Some have six, in particular in America, and there are those who have only 4. In general, the question is not at all simple, as it might seem at first glance

And as often happens on the vast expanses of the Internet, an article was found on this topic. It is written so interesting that I could not resist and decided to republish it at home so that everyone could get acquainted with it.
The phrase "every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits" is known to everyone from childhood. This mnemonic technique, the so-called acrophonic method of memorization, is designed to memorize the sequence of the colors of the rainbow. Here, each word of the phrase begins with the same letter as the name of the color: each \u003d red, hunter \u003d orange, etc. In the same way, those who at first got confused about the sequence of the colors of the Russian flag realized that the abbreviation KGB (from the bottom up) was suitable for its description and no longer confused it.
Such mnemonics are assimilated by the brain at the level of so-called “conditioning” rather than just learning. Considering that people, like all other animals, are terrible conservatives, then any information that has been stuck in the head since childhood is very difficult for many to change or even simply blocked from a critical approach. For example, Russian children from school know that there are seven colors in a rainbow. This is jagged, familiar, and many sincerely wonder how it turns out that in some countries the number of colors in the rainbow can be completely different. But the seemingly unquestionable statements “there are seven colors in a rainbow”, as well as “there are 24 hours in a day”, are only products of human fantasy, having nothing to do with nature. One of those cases when arbitrary invention becomes "reality" for many.

The rainbow has always been seen in different ways in different periods of history and in different peoples. Three primary colors were distinguished in it, and four, and five, and as many as necessary. Aristotle singled out only three colors: red, green, purple. The Australian Aboriginal Rainbow Serpent was six-color. In Congo, the rainbow is represented by six serpents - according to the number of colors. Some African tribes see only two colors in the rainbow - dark and light.

So where did the notorious seven colors in the rainbow come from? This is just that rare case when the source is known to us. Although Roger Bacon explained the phenomenon of the rainbow by the refraction of the sun's rays in raindrops back in 1267, only Newton thought of analyzing the light and, refracting a beam of light through a prism, he first counted five colors: red, yellow, green, blue, violet (he called it purple ). Then the scientist looked closely and saw six flowers. But the believer Newton did not like the number six. Not otherwise than demonic obsession. And the scientist "spotted" one more color. The number seven suited him: the number is ancient and mystical - there are seven days of the week, and seven deadly sins. The seventh color Newton fancies indigo. So Newton became the father of the seven-colored rainbow. True, his very idea of \u200b\u200bthe white spectrum, as a collection of colored ones, at that time was by no means to everyone's liking. Even the eminent German poet Goethe was outraged, calling Newton's assertion a "monstrous assumption." After all, it cannot be that the most transparent, purest white color turned out to be a mixture of "dirty" colored rays! But nevertheless, over time, the scientist had to be admitted.

The division of the spectrum into seven colors stuck, and the following memo appeared in English - Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (In - for blue indigo). And over time, they forgot about indigo and there were six colors. So, in the words of J. Baudrillard (albeit said on a completely different occasion) "the model has become the primary reality, hyperreality, turning the whole world into Disneyland."

Now our "magical Disneyland" is very diverse. Russians hoarsely will argue about the seven-colored rainbow. American children are taught the six primary colors of the rainbow. English (German, French, Japanese) too. But it's still more difficult. Besides the difference in the number of colors, there is another problem - the colors are not the same. The Japanese, like the British, are convinced that there are six colors in the rainbow. And they will be happy to name them: red, orange, yellow, blue, blue and purple. Where did the green go? Nowhere, it is simply not in Japanese. The Japanese, rewriting Chinese characters, lost the green character (in Chinese it is). Now in Japan there is no green color, which leads to funny incidents. A Russian specialist working in Japan complained that he once had to look for a blue (aoi) folder on his desk for a long time. Only green was in a prominent place. Which the Japanese see is blue. And not because they are color blind, but because their language does not have such a color as green. That is, it seems to be there, but it is a shade of blue, like we have scarlet - a shade of red. Now, under external influence, there is, of course, the green color (midori) - but from their point of view, this is such a shade of blue (aoi). That is, not the main color. So they get blue cucumbers, blue folders and a blue traffic light.

The British will agree with the Japanese on the number of colors, but not on the composition. The English do not have blue in their language (and in other Romance languages \u200b\u200bas well). And since there is no word, then there is no color. They, of course, are also not color blind, and they distinguish blue from blue, but for them it is just "light blue" - that is, not the main one. So the Englishman would have looked for the mentioned folder even longer.

Thus, the perception of colors depends only on the specific culture. And thinking in a particular culture is highly dependent on language. The question of "colors of the rainbow" is not from the realm of physics and biology. It should be dealt with by linguistics and even more broadly by philology, since the colors of the rainbow depend only on the language of communication, there is nothing a priori physical behind them. The spectrum of light is continuous, and its arbitrarily selected areas ("colors") can be called whatever you like - with the words that are in the language. There are seven colors in the rainbow of the Slavic peoples only because there is a separate name for blue (in comparison with the English) and for green (in comparison with the Japanese).

But the problems of colors do not end there either, life is still more confusing. In the Kazakh language, for example, the rainbow is seven-colored, but the colors themselves do not coincide with the Russians. The color that is translated into Russian as blue is a mixture of blue and green in Kazakh perception, yellow is a mixture of yellow and green. That is, what is considered a mixture of colors among Russians is considered an independent color among Kazakhs. American orange is not our orange at all, but often rather red (in our understanding). By the way, in the case of hair color, on the contrary, red is red. It is the same with the old languages \u200b\u200b- L. Gumilev wrote about the difficulties of identifying flowers in Turkic texts with Russians, for example, "sary" - it can be either the color of gold or the color of leaves, because occupies part of the "Russian yellow" range and part of the "Russian green".

Colors also change from time to time. In the Kiev collection of 1073 it is written: "In the rainbow, the properties are scarlet, and blue, and green, and crimson." Then, as we see, in Russia, four colors were distinguished in the rainbow. But what are these colors? Now we would understand them as red, blue, green and red. But it was not always so. For example, what we call white wine was called green wine in ancient times. Crimson could mean any dark color, even black. And the word red was not a color at all, but originally meant beauty, and in this sense it was preserved in the combination "red maiden".

How many colors are there really in a rainbow? This question is almost meaningless. The wavelengths of visible light (in the range of 400-700 nm) can be called what colors are convenient - they, waves, are not warm or cold because of this. In a real rainbow, of course, there is an infinite number of "colors" - a full spectrum, and you can select any number of "colors" from this spectrum (conventional colors, linguistic, those for which we can come up with words).

An even more correct answer would be: not at all, in nature there are no flowers at all - only our imagination creates the illusion of color. R.A. Wilson liked to quote an old Zen koan about this: "Who is the Master who makes the grass green?" Buddhists have always understood this. The same Master creates the colors of the rainbow. And he can create them in very different ways. As someone noted: "Steelworkers distinguish a lot of shades in the transition from yellow to red ..."

The same Wilson also noted this moment: “Did you know that the orange is 'in reality' blue? It absorbs blue light that passes through its skin. But we see an orange as “orange”, because there is no orange light in it. Orange light reflects off the skin and hits the retinas of our eyes. The "essence" of the orange is blue, but we don't see it; in our brains the orange is orange, and we see it. Who is the Master who makes the orange orange? "

Osho wrote about the same: “Each ray of light consists of seven colors of the rainbow. Your clothes are red for one strange reason. They are not red. Your garments absorb six colors from the beam of light - all except red. Red is reflected back. The other six are absorbed. Because red is reflected, it gets into other people's eyes, so they see your clothes as red. This is a very contradictory situation: your clothes are not red, which is why they appear red. " Note that for Osho, the rainbow is seven-colored, although he already lived in "six-colored" America.

From the point of view of modern biology, a person sees three colors in a rainbow, since a person perceives shades with three types of cells. Physiologically, according to modern concepts, healthy people should distinguish three colors: red, green, blue (Red, Green, Blue - RGB). In addition to cells that only respond to brightness, some cones in the human eye are sensitive to wavelength. Biologists have identified three types of color-sensitive cells (cones) - the same RGB. Three colors are enough for us to create any shade. The rest of the infinite number of different intermediate shades is completed by the brain, based on the ratios of the irritation of these three types of cells. Is this the final answer? Not really, this is also just a convenient model (In "reality" the eye's sensitivity to blue is much lower than to green and red).

Thais, like us, are taught at school that there are seven colors in a rainbow. The veneration of the number seven arose in ancient times due to the knowledge of the seven celestial bodies known to him then (the moon, the sun and five planets). Hence the seven-day week appeared in Babylon. Each day corresponded to its planet. This system was adopted by the Chinese and spread further. The number seven eventually became almost sacred, each day of the week had its own god. The Christian "six-day" with an additional weekend Sunday (in Russian, it was originally called "week" - from "not to do") spread throughout the world. So it is unlikely that Newton could have "discovered" a different number of colors in the rainbow.

But in everyday life, the number of perceived colors among Thais depends on where they live. The city will soon have an official number - seven. And in the provinces - in different ways. Moreover, the colors of the rainbow can differ even in neighboring villages. For example, in some settlements in the northeast, there are two orange colors "catfish" and "sed". The second word means something like "more orange". As in the case, say, with the Chukchi, who have more different names for white in their language, since they have long distinguished shades of white snow, the selection of a separate color by the Thais is not accidental. In those places, a beautiful dokjan flower grows on trees, the color of which is different from the usual orange color.