Features of temperament depend on. The influence of temperament on a person

Man has been an object of study since time immemorial. It is worth noting that the first attempt at creation was to distinguish four main types of temperament. And such ancient scientists and philosophers as Galena and Hippocrates had a hand in this. What are the types of temperament, a brief description of them and everything that a person needs to know about it, will be discussed later in the text.

Terminology, definition of concepts

Initially, you need to find out what it is actually about. It is important to clarify that terms such as "character", "types of temperament" should not be confused. They have completely different meanings. Temperament cannot characterize the content of a person (beliefs, attitudes, worldview), it is a certain dynamic side.

So, what is the totality of those characteristics of a person that characterize his emotional side, i.e. behavior and mental performance. If we approach the issue from a physiological point of view, then temperament is determined by a special type of higher nervous activity (HNI).

Before considering different types of temperament, it should be noted what is not included in:

Character.
Capabilities.

Temperament is the basis for the development of a person's character, it has a different effect on the methods of communication and personality behavior.

What exactly depends on a person's temperament

It should also be noted that there are a number of indicators that directly depend on a certain type of person's temperament. Let's consider them.

The intensity of mental processes (emotionality, volitional characteristics).
The rate of occurrence of various mental processes (the rate of perception, thinking, the time of concentration on one activity).
Monitoring of activity, its assessment.
Direction of activity (extrovert, introvert).
Disciplinary and behavioral interventions.

Types of temperament: a brief description

In modern science, there are four main types of temperament: phlegmatic and melancholic. And they all differ significantly from each other. The types of temperament can be briefly characterized by a person's special reaction to an obstacle that accidentally arises in his path.

So, a choleric person will sweep this obstacle out of his way very quickly and without inhibition. The sanguine person will think about how best to get around this obstacle. Phlegmatic people often do not notice various obstacles at all. And melancholic people just stop in front of obstacles and cannot move on.

A little about choleric people

Now I would like to separately consider all of the above types. After all, they differ significantly from each other. The first will be studied the type of temperament choleric.

Initially, it should be noted that this word comes from the Greek "chole", which means "red-yellow bile." Such people are not restrained in emotions, mobile, energetic, impetuous.

Positive aspects of the character of choleric people

The choleric type of temperament has both positive and negative qualities. Let's start with the pros.

Choleric people are straightforward, decisive. They always know what to do in a certain situation.
These people are fast, agile, and the work in their hands is in full swing.
Representatives of this type of temperament take on a new business without problems and fear. They do everything quickly, overcome various obstacles without difficulty.
Choleric people like to argue, to prove their case.
The facial expressions of such people are expressive. They, as they say, have everything written on their faces.
The speech of such people is lively, emotional. They can complement it with various hand and body movements.
Feelings in choleric people manifest themselves very quickly, they are always bright and emotionally colored.
Choleric people almost never take offense, they do not remember offenses.
Such a person falls asleep and wakes up quickly. Sleeps soundly.

Disadvantages of choleric temperament

The speed of the choleric person often flows into haste.
The movements are sharp, impetuous, often unbalanced and unrestrained.
Choleric people clearly lack patience.
Straightness can sometimes play a negative role. People are very often offended by the statements of choleric people.
Individuals with this type of temperament often provoke various kinds of conflict situations.
Choleric people are used to working in spurts. A sharp rise gives way to a decline in activity. And so in a circle.
These are people who are not afraid to take risks. That is why they often find themselves in uncomfortable situations.
Choleric people are superficial. They do not like to delve into the essence of the problem.
They are prone to mood swings.
Such people do not tolerate the mistakes of others.

Recommendation: people with a choleric type of character need to learn to restrain themselves. To do this, before making a decision or wanting to speak out, you must try to count to ten. This will help you calm down and, in a certain situation, do everything right.

Who are phlegmatic people?

What exactly is special and interesting for the phlegmatic type of temperament? So, initially it should be noted that this word came from the Greek "phlegm", ie "slime". These people are reliable, diligent, peaceful, thoughtful and not very talkative.

Dignity, positive aspects of phlegmatic people

What is good about the phlegmatic temperament type?

First of all, these are calm, reasonable and balanced people. They have endurance in any, even a conflict and controversial situation.
Such people are consistent in business. They are sure to bring everything started to its logical conclusion.
Their speech is measured, calm. No unnecessary movements or pronounced Such people speak little.
They adhere to a systematic approach in their work, they do not like to deviate from the order.
They are constant not only in relationships, but also in interests. They are most often monogamous. Their feelings are deep, but carefully hidden from the surrounding eyes.
These are reliable, unforgettable people who are very hard to piss off.

Negative sides of phlegmatic people

We continue to consider the types of temperament. A brief description of the negative aspects, i.e. the disadvantages of phlegmatic people are as follows:

They react poorly to external stimuli, therefore they accept new circumstances rather slowly.
Such people are not very emotional. Sometimes it is impossible to understand what exactly is going on in their soul.
They very slowly get involved in new work, and also switch from one activity to another.
It is rather difficult to adapt to a new environment. It is not easy to get along with new people.
It is worth noting that in the life of phlegmatic people there are quite a few patterns and stereotypes, which they strictly follow.

Advice for phlegmatic people: you need to develop such missing qualities as activity and mobility.

Sanguine - who is he?

What is interesting about the type of temperament of a sanguine person? It is also important to consider the origin of this term. Sangvis means blood in Latin. Such people are generally self-possessed, sociable, level-headed and practical. Positive sides of sanguine people:

Their mood is mostly good. But it can change dramatically.
All feelings in such people arise very quickly. However, they do not differ in depth.
Trouble, setbacks go through without any problems, quite easily.
Endurance and performance are at a high level.
Make new acquaintances without any problems. When communicating with new people, they do not experience discomfort, inconvenience, or fear.
Such people, even in the most difficult situations, restrain their emotions. They have a great sense of composure.
Speech is loud, hasty, yet clear. Facial expressions and gestures are bright, pronounced.
They are good organizers. They are persistent in their activities, they bring all matters to their logical conclusion.

Disadvantages of this type of temperament

Considering the features of types of temperament, it should be noted that sanguine people also have their negative sides:

They tend not to follow through. However, this is true only if the interest in the activity is lost.
Sanguine people do not accept monotonous work.
Such people often overestimate themselves and their capabilities.
These are people who change hobbies quickly. This applies to both interests and personal life.
In decisions, such individuals can be hasty, reckless.
The mood of sanguine people is unstable and prone to change.

Advice to such people: in order to achieve good results, they should not waste their time on trifles. It is also desirable to develop perseverance and accuracy.

Who are the melancholic?

It's finally time to consider the last type of temperament. Melancholic - what is he like? So, the term itself comes from the Greek "melain hole", which means "black bile". Such people are generally uncommunicative, withdrawn, anxious and often sullen. Let's consider their advantages:

Melancholic people are sensitive. However, this can also apply to faults such as temperament.
Such people put forward excessive demands on themselves, which makes them strive for the best.
They are tactful, restrained.
Melancholic people perfectly feel other people, their mood.
The emotions of such people are strong, deep, bright, constant.
They work calmly and efficiently. However, only in a familiar environment.

Disadvantages of melancholic people

So, let's find out the negative aspects of this type of temperament.

Again, heightened sensitivity and emotionality come to the fore.
Such people are very difficult to endure grievances, if they are upset, then for a long time.
Melancholic people are usually shy, shy, not inclined to communicate.
These are people who rarely laugh. They are mostly pessimistic.
They do not like anything new, they adapt for a long time in a new team. Change for them is something terrible, difficult.
They need to pause at work, as they tend to get tired quickly.
Their speech is quiet, weak. Facial expressions and gestures are practically absent.
These are tearful, tearful people.
In most cases, melancholic people are fearful, anxious and withdrawn.
In difficult moments, such people tend to get lost, they often give up in front of obstacles, not trying to get around them or remove them from the path.

Recommendations for melancholic people: for a normal life, shyness must be overcome. To do this, you must try to take part in various events as often as possible. You also need to make acquaintances, communicate more. It is also very important for such people to constantly improve their self-esteem.

Main components

It is imperative to consider the psychological types of temperament, i.e. those constituent moments on the basis of which this division occurs. So, these are the following nuances:

Sensitivity. This is the amount of external forces required for the manifestation of a reaction.
Reactivity. This is the level of response shown.
Activity. This is the same energy.
Rigidity and plasticity. This is a certain degree of adaptability to various kinds of external stimuli.
The rate of reaction. This is a special course of reactions and various mental processes (speed of speech, etc.).
Introversion or extraversion.
Emotional irritability.

It is these properties that made it possible to distinguish four main types of temperament that can be inherent in a person.

A few words about children

It is worth noting that it makes absolutely no sense to separately consider the types of temperament of children. After all, they are the same as described above. However, it must be clarified that as they grow older, the type of temperament can change. In childhood, one type may prevail, in adulthood - a completely different type. Most often, fundamental changes do not occur. So the temperament types of children are the same as those of adults. Kids are also choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. However, it is the type of upbringing that is important here. So, you need to look for a completely different approach to children of different temperaments. After all, their level of understanding and perception of information is significantly different.

On the purity of types

It is imperative to clarify that there are few people who have one clear type of temperament. Basically it is a tandem of two different types. One of them will be the leader, i.e. more thorough. The other is additional. Scientists also say that each person contains traits of all four types of temperament. But their concentration is completely different.

Finding out your type

Determination of the type of temperament is based on various tests and methods. It must be said that today there are a lot of them. So, this is a questionnaire in which there are a certain number of extremely simple questions. Their goal is to understand exactly how a person reacts to a particular situation.

When passing these tests, it is recommended to give quick and clear answers. No need to think about what to say or what to choose. We must act depending on those emotions that arise first. It must be remembered that there are no right or wrong questions in such questionnaires. There is no good or bad answer.

Why, in fact, do you need to know your type of temperament? Everything is simple here: in order to understand your strengths and weaknesses for subsequent work on your "I". It is also a necessary knowledge in the event that you have to communicate with different people. So, it must be remembered that a melancholic person cannot be required to perform tasks quickly, and calmness from a choleric person.

Tests

As mentioned above, the type of temperament is determined by means of various questionnaires.

Rusalov's test. It makes it possible to determine the dynamic properties of a person. It contains 150 questions. You need to answer quickly, without hesitation.
Belov's test. In this case, the person will be presented with 4 cards in turn. There will be written 20 properties that may be characteristic of a particular person. In each of them, a person should note what is characteristic of him.
But still the most popular is the Eysenck test. A person is asked 100 different questions that reflect a certain manner of behavior or reaction to a particular situation. If the statement, in the opinion of the subject, is correct, he puts a plus, if it is incorrect - a minus.
Through the Smirnov questionnaire, you can determine the polar qualities of character. For example, excitability and poise, extraversion and introversion, etc.

Hippocrates singled out 4 types of temperament - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic. However, in their pure form, they are rare, each person only gravitates towards one of them. During life, under the influence of social impact, education, lifestyle, health, manifestations of temperament can be smoothed out. In children, the signs of temperament are more distinct, they are easy to see if you observe the child's behavior for a while.

Let's talk in detail about each type of temperament. Let's talk about activities that are comfortable for children, taking into account their temperament.

Sanguine

Correct upbringing will form in the child an active attitude to learning, purposefulness.

Mobile, active activities are suitable for such a child. You can choose sports, dancing. Classes can be both individual and in a group, in a team. Perhaps, due to his activity, the child will be interested in many types of activities, he will want to study in several circles, studios at once. Let him do it, let him go from one section to another. The more skills he masters, the more inclinations they will receive incentives for development. A deeper immersion in the chosen activity can occur in subsequent years - in adolescence, adolescence.

Phlegmatic person

This is a calm and unhurried baby. He thoroughly thinks over his actions, shows persistence in achieving the goal. It is difficult for him to quickly navigate the situation, he does not like changes, prefers stability, remembers the acquired knowledge and skills for a long time. His mood is stable, he rarely loses his temper, enjoys communicating with the adults and peers around him.

Education can form such qualities as perseverance and perseverance in a phlegmatic child. Occupations that require painstaking and patience are suitable for him. If your child has a good ear for music, you can offer him music lessons. If he has an interest in drawing, sculpting, applique work - take up art with him.

Such a child may not like activities that require speed, instant reaction, quick adaptation. Therefore, from all types of sports activities, choose calm ones. These are swimming, ballroom and sports dances. There, the skill is formed by repeated repetition and individual work with a trainer.

Team games - football, handball, basketball, contact sports - boxing, fencing will not bring phlegmatic satisfaction, since they require quick reaction, the ability to understand a partner and an opponent and make decisions instantly.

Choleric

A choleric child is distinguished by imbalance, excitability, speed of actions, movements. It lights up quickly and also cools down quickly. Particularly uncomfortable for him will be laborious, monotonous, long-term activities. In communication with peers, he strives to be a leader, and is often a source of conflict.

With proper upbringing, a choleric child develops very important qualities: activity, initiative, enthusiasm, organizational and communication skills.

For a child with a choleric temperament, intensive, but not very long-term activities are suitable, where there is an opportunity to communicate with peers or compete with a rival. A passionate, risk-taking nature will feel at ease on a soccer field, volleyball or basketball court, or on a bike path. A choleric child will “light up” on the dance floor, in a musical group - where a powerful and short-term release of energy is required.

Activities that require painstaking, thoroughness, such as drawing, modeling, embroidery, beading, can quickly get bored with such a child. A difficult test for a choleric child will be loneliness, lack of communication with peers.

Melancholic

In children with a melancholic type of temperament, activity proceeds slowly, while they quickly get tired. If the child is urged on, actions are further slowed down. Slowly, but for a long time, the child is immersed in this or that emotional experience. A bad mood will not be fleeting, the sadness that has arisen surprises adults with its depth, strength, and duration. The child is anxious in unfamiliar surroundings, shy of strangers, avoids numerous contacts with peers.

In the process of upbringing, melancholic children develop softness, responsiveness, and sincerity.

For such a child, calm activities in a comfortable environment are suitable. Melancholic children enjoy reading books, watching educational programs, films, love to observe the nature around them, to explore it.

Their deep feelings and experiences can be revealed in artistic and literary creativity.

To determine the temperament of the child, use the questions that are presented in the "Diagnostics of abilities and interests" section. They will help you see signs of a type of temperament in the child's behavior.

Let's summarize

Temperament is an innate quality, do not try to fight it. Try to understand it and take it into account when choosing activities for your child.
There are no "bad" temperaments. Rudeness, aggressiveness, selfishness, a low level of culture are the result of poor upbringing.
Choose activities according to the child's inclinations, his behavior. Consider the strength and speed of the child's reactions, the stability and change of emotions, activity and fatigue, the need for communication.
Parents should not only broaden the baby's horizons, but also develop his abilities, expanding the understanding of various activities. It is important to offer the child those activities that suit him in temperament, according to his capabilities. Such activities will form his interests, inclinations, help to overcome insecurity and fear.

Basis of temperament

Each person is unique, differs in the ways of expressing emotions, feelings and reacts differently to what is happening in the surrounding reality. If one individual remains calm in any situation, then even the slightest trouble can lead another to despair. These features of human behavior largely depend on differences in the activity of the nervous system.

Temperament as a psychobiological basis of personality

A person's mental activity, which is characterized by its dynamic characteristics (pace, speed and intensity), is a temperament. It characterizes not a person's beliefs, views or interests, but its dynamism, therefore it is not an indicator of value.

The following components can be distinguished that determine the basis of temperament:

The general activity of a person's mental activity, which is expressed in the degree of the desire to act, to express oneself in various activities, to transform the surrounding reality. There are two extremes of general activity: on the one hand, passivity, inertia, lethargy, and on the other, impetuosity. Between these two extremes are representatives of different temperaments;
Motor or motor activity is expressed in the speed, intensity, sharpness, strength of muscle movements and speech of the individual, his mobility, talkativeness;
Emotional activity expresses the sensitive basis of temperament, that is, the susceptibility and sensitivity of the individual to emotional influences, her impulsivity.

Also, a person's temperament has an external expression and is manifested in activities, behavior and actions. On these grounds, one can judge about some of its properties. When they talk about temperament, they basically mean the mental differences in people associated with the intensity, depth and stability of emotions, impressionability, vigor of actions.

There are several theories that define the foundations of temperament. But with all the variety of approaches to this issue, most scientists recognize that this is a kind of biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being.

Physiological foundations of temperament

The first to introduce this term was the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who laid the foundation for the humoral theory. He explained the peculiarities of people's temperaments by various ratios of liquid substances in the body: blood, bile and lymph. If yellow bile predominates, this makes a person hot, impulsive or choleric. In mobile, cheerful people (sanguine people), blood predominates, and in calm and slow people (phlegmatic people), lymph prevails. Melancholic people are characterized by a sad and fearful disposition, and as Hippocrates argued, black bile predominates in them.

According to the constitutional theory, which was derived by Kretschmer and Zigo, the natural basis of temperament is determined by the characteristics of the general structure of the human body, as well as its individual organs. In turn, the physique of an individual depends on the course of endocrine processes in his body.

But the most reasonable was the neurological theory proposed by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. In his opinion, the physiological basis of temperament is a set of acquired characteristics and innate properties of the nervous system.

In this case, individual differences in nervous activity are manifested by the ratio of two main processes - excitation and inhibition, which have three important properties:

The strength of processes, which is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged or concentrated exposure to stimuli. This determines the endurance of the cell. The weakness of the nervous processes is evidenced by the high sensitivity or the transition of cells to a state of inhibition instead of excitation, when exposed to strong stimuli. This feature often forms the basis of temperament;
The balance of nervous processes is characterized by an equal ratio of excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes manifest themselves equally, in others, one of them predominates;
The mobility of nervous processes is a quick or slow change of excitation to inhibition and vice versa, when it is required by the conditions of life. Thus, in the event of sudden and sudden changes, mobility ensures the adaptation of the individual to the new environment.

Combinations of these properties, according to Pavlov, determine the type of the nervous system and are the natural basis of temperament:

Weak type, in which a person is not able to withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated arousal and inhibition. In a weak nervous system, cells have low efficiency. Although, when exposed to strong stimuli, high sensitivity is noted;
The strong balanced type is characterized by the imbalance of the basic nervous processes, the predominance of excitation over inhibition is distinguished;
Strong balanced mobile type - nervous processes are strong and balanced, however, their speed and mobility often lead to instability of connections;
Strong balanced inert type, in which the processes of excitation and inhibition are strong and balanced, but are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are always calm, it is difficult to piss them off.

Thus, the basis of temperament is the individual properties of the psyche, which reflect the dynamics of human mental activity. They manifest themselves regardless of his goals, motives, desires and remain practically unchanged throughout his life.

Teaching about temperament

Speaking of temperament, they usually mean the dynamic side of the personality, expressed in impulsivity and the pace of mental activity. It is in this sense that we usually say that such and such a person has a large or small temperament, given his impulsiveness, the impetuosity with which his drives manifest, etc. Temperament is a dynamic characteristic of the individual's mental activity.

For temperament, first, the strength of mental processes is indicative. In this case, it is not only their absolute strength at a given moment that is essential, but also how constant it remains, that is, the degree of dynamic stability. With significant stability, the strength of the reactions in each individual case depends on the changing conditions in which the person finds himself, and is adequate to them: a stronger external irritation causes a stronger reaction, a weaker irritation - a weaker reaction. In individuals with greater non-stability, on the contrary, strong irritation can - depending on the very changeable state of the personality - cause a very strong, then a very weak reaction; in the same way, the slightest irritation can sometimes cause a very strong reaction; a very significant event, fraught with the most serious consequences, can leave a person indifferent, and in another case, an insignificant reason will give a violent outburst: "reaction" in this sense is not at all adequate to the "stimulus".

Mental activity of the same force can differ in varying degrees of tension, depending on the relationship between the strength of a given process and the dynamic capabilities of a given personality. Mental processes of a certain intensity can be performed easily, without any stress in one person at one moment and with great stress in another person or in the same person at another moment. These differences in tension will affect the nature of the even and smooth, then jerky course of activity.

An essential expression of temperament is, further, the speed of the course of mental processes. From the speed or speed of the course of mental processes, it is also necessary to distinguish between their tempo (the number of acts in a certain period of time, depending not only on the speed of each act, but also on the size of the intervals between them) and the rhythm (which can be not only temporary, but also power ). When characterizing temperament, one must again bear in mind not only the average rate of the course of mental processes. For temperament, the characteristic amplitude of fluctuations from the slowest to the most accelerated rates is also indicative of a given personality. Along with this, it is also essential how the transition from slower to faster rates and vice versa - from faster to slower rates is made: in some it occurs, more or less evenly and smoothly increasing or decreasing, in others - as if in jerks , uneven and jerky. These differences can overlap: significant transitions in speed can be accomplished by a smooth and uniform increase, and on the other hand, relatively less significant changes in absolute speed can be performed by gusty jerks. These features of temperament are reflected in the entire activity of the individual, in the course of all mental processes.

The main manifestation of temperament is very often looked for in the dynamic features of a person's “reactions” - in the strength and speed with which he effectively responds to stimuli. Indeed, the central links in the diverse manifestations of temperament are those that express the dynamic characteristics not of individual mental processes, but of concrete activity in the diverse interrelationships of various aspects of its mental content. However, the sensorimotor reaction can in no way serve as an exhaustive or adequate expression of a person's temperament. For temperament, a person's impressionability and impulsiveness are especially important.

A person's temperament is manifested primarily in his impressionability, characterized by the strength and stability of the impact that the impression has on a person. Depending on the characteristics of temperament, the impressionability in some people is more, in others less significant; in some, as if someone, in the words of A. M. Gorky, “ripped off all the skin from the heart,” they are so sensitive to every impression; others - "insensitive", "thick-skinned" - very weakly react to the environment. For some, the effect - strong or weak - that makes an impression on them, spreads with a large, for others at a very low speed into the deeper layers of the psyche. Finally, for different people, depending on the characteristics of their temperament, the stability of the impression is also different: for some, the impression - even a strong one - turns out to be very unstable, while others cannot get rid of it for a long time. Impression is always individually different affective sensitivity in people of different temperaments. It is significantly associated with the emotional sphere and is expressed in the strength, speed and stability of the emotional response to impressions.

Temperament is reflected in emotional excitability - in the strength of emotional excitement, the speed with which it engulfs the personality - and the stability with which it persists. It depends on a person's temperament how quickly and strongly he lights up and how quickly he then fades away. Emotional excitability manifests itself, in particular, in mood, increased to exaltation or decreased to depression, and especially in more or less rapid mood swings, directly related to impressionability.

Another central expression of temperament is impulsiveness, which is characterized by the strength of motives, the speed with which they take possession of the motor sphere and turn into action, the stability with which they retain their effective strength. Impulsivity includes the impressionability and emotional excitability that determines it in relation to the dynamic characteristics of those intellectual processes that mediate and control them. Impulsivity is the side of temperament, which it is associated with striving, with the sources of will, with the dynamic force of needs as motives for activity, with the speed of the transition of motives into action.

Temperament manifests itself especially clearly in the strength, as well as the speed, rhythm and tempo of a person's psychomotor skills - in his practical actions, speech, expressive movements. The gait of a person, his facial expressions and pantomime, his movements, fast or slow, smooth or impetuous, sometimes an unexpected turn or movement of the head, the manner of looking up or downcast, viscous lethargy or slow fluency, nervous haste or powerful impetuosity of speech reveal to us some kind of aspect of personality, that dynamic aspect of it, which is its temperament. At the very first meeting, with a short, sometimes even fleeting contact with a person, we often immediately from these external manifestations get a more or less vivid impression of his temperament.

Since ancient times, it has been customary to distinguish four main types of temperaments: choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic. Each of these temperaments can be determined by the ratio of impressionability and impulsiveness as the main psychological properties of temperament. Choleric temperament is characterized by strong impressionability and great impulsivity; sanguine - weak impressionability and great impulsivity; melancholic - strong impressionability and low impulsivity; phlegmatic - weak impressionability and low impulsivity. Thus, this classical traditional scheme naturally follows from the ratio of the main features with which we endow the temperament, while acquiring the corresponding psychological content. The differentiation of both impressionability and impulsivity in strength, speed and stability, which we have outlined above, opens up opportunities for further differentiation of temperaments.

The physiological basis of temperament is the neurodynamics of the brain, that is, the neurodynamic ratio of the cortex and subcortex. The neurodynamics of the brain is in internal interaction with the system of humoral, endocrine factors. A number of researchers (Pende, Belov, partly E. Kretschmer, and others) were inclined to make both temperament and even character dependent primarily on these latter. There is no doubt that the endocrine gland system is included in the number of conditions affecting temperament.

It would be wrong, however, to isolate the endocrine system from the nervous system and turn it into an independent basis of temperament, since the very humoral activity of the endocrine glands is subject to central innervation. There is an internal interaction between the endocrine system and the nervous system, in which the leading role belongs to the nervous system.

For temperament, in this case, undoubtedly, the excitability of the subcortical centers, which are associated with the features of motility, statics and vegetation, is essential. The tone of the subcortical centers, their dynamics affect both the tone of the cortex and its readiness for action. Because of the role they play in the neurodynamics of the brain, subcortical centers undoubtedly influence temperament. But again, it would be completely wrong, by emancipating the subcortex from the cortex, to turn the former into a self-sufficient factor, into the decisive basis of temperament, as the currents strive to do in modern foreign neurology, which recognize the decisive importance for the temperament of the gray matter of the ventricle and localize the “core” of the personality in the subcortex, in the trunk apparatus, in the subcortical ganglia. The subcortex and cortex are inextricably linked with each other. Therefore, it is impossible to separate the first from the second. Ultimately, it is not the dynamics of the subcortex itself that is of decisive importance, but the dynamic relationship between the subcortex and the cortex, as I.P. Pavlov emphasizes in his theory of the types of the nervous system.

Pavlov based his classification of types of the nervous system on three main criteria, namely, strength, balance and lability of the cortex.

Based on these main features, as a result of his studies by the method of conditioned reflexes, he came to the definition of four main types of the nervous system:

Strong, balanced and agile - a lively type.
Strong, balanced and inert - calm, slow type.
Strong, unbalanced, with a predominance of excitement over inhibition - excitable, unrestrained type.
Weak type.

The division of the types of the nervous system into strong and weak does not lead to a further symmetrical subdivision of the weak type, as well as the strong one, according to the other two signs of balance and mobility (lability), because these differences, which give significant differentiation in the case of a strong type, turn out to be practically insignificant and do not give really significant differentiation.

I.P. Pavlov connects the types of nervous systems outlined by him with temperaments, comparing the four groups of nervous systems, to which he came by the laboratory, with the ancient classification of temperaments from Hippocrates. He is inclined to identify his excitable type with choleric, melancholic with inhibitory, two forms of the central type - calm and lively - with phlegmatic and sanguine.

The main evidence in favor of the differentiation of the types of the nervous system that he establishes, Pavlov considers various reactions with strong counteractions of irritable and inhibitory processes.

Pavlov's doctrine of the types of nervous activity is essential for understanding the physiological basis of temperament. Its correct use presupposes taking into account the fact that the type of the nervous system is a strictly physiological concept, and temperament is a psychophysiological concept and is expressed not only in motor skills, in the nature of reactions, their strength, speed, etc., but also in impressionability. in emotional excitability, etc.

The mental properties of temperament are undoubtedly closely related to the bodily properties of the body - both innate structural features of the nervous system (neuroconstitution) and functional features (muscle, vascular) tone of organic life. However, the dynamic properties of human activity are not reducible to the dynamic characteristics of organic life; with all the significance of the innate characteristics of the organism, in particular its nervous system, for temperament they are only the initial moment of its development, not separated from the development of the personality as a whole.

Temperament is not a property of the nervous system or neuroconstitution as such; he is a dynamic aspect of the personality that characterizes the dynamics of her mental activity. This dynamic side of temperament is interconnected with the rest of the life of the individual and is mediated by the specific content of her life and activities; therefore, the dynamics of a person's activity is not reducible to the dynamic features of his life activity, since that itself is determined by the relationship of the individual with the environment. This is evident when analyzing any side, any manifestation of temperament.

So, no matter how significant the organic basis of sensitivity, the properties of the peripheral receptor and central apparatus play in a person's impressionability, the impressionability is irreducible to them. Impressions that are perceived by a person are usually caused not by sensory stimuli acting in isolation, but by phenomena, objects, persons that have a certain objective meaning and cause a particular attitude on the part of a person due to his tastes, attachments, beliefs, character, worldview. Because of this, the very sensitivity or impressionability is mediated and selective.

Impressiveness is mediated and transformed by needs, interests, tastes, inclinations, etc. - by the whole relationship of a person to the environment and depends on the life path of the individual.

In the same way, the change in emotions and moods, states of emotional upsurge or decline in a person depends not only on the tone of the body's vital activity. Changes in tone, undoubtedly, also affect the emotional state, but the tone of vital activity is mediated and conditioned by the relationship of the individual with the environment and, therefore, by the entire content of his conscious life. Everything that has been said about the mediation of impressionability and emotionality by the conscious life of an individual is even more related to impulsivity, since impulsivity includes both impressionability and emotional excitability and is determined by their relationship with the power and complexity of the intellectual processes that mediate and control them.

Human actions are also irreducible to organic life activity, since they are not just motor reactions of the body, but acts that are aimed at certain objects and pursue certain goals. Therefore, they are mediated and conditioned in all their mental properties, including dynamic ones, characterizing temperament, by a person's attitude to the environment, goals that he sets for himself, needs, tastes, inclinations, beliefs that determine these goals. Therefore, it is in no way possible to reduce the dynamic features of a person's actions to the dynamic features of his organic life, taken in itself; the very tone of his organic life can be determined by the course of his activity and the turnover that it receives for him. The dynamic features of activity inevitably depend on the specific relationship of the individual with his environment; they will be alone in adequate conditions for him and others in inadequate ones. Therefore, attempts to give a doctrine of temperaments, proceeding only from a physiological analysis of nervous mechanisms, out of correlation in animals with the biological conditions of their existence, in humans, with the historically developing conditions of his social life and practical activity, are fundamentally wrong.

The dynamic characteristic of mental activity is not self-sufficient, formal; it depends on the content and specific conditions of activity, on the attitude of the individual to what he is doing, and to the conditions in which he finds himself. The pace of my activity will obviously be different in the case when its direction is forced to run counter to my inclinations, interests, skills and abilities, with the peculiarities of my character, when I feel myself in an environment alien to me, and in the case when I am captured and is fascinated by the content of my work and am in an environment that is in tune with me.

Liveliness, turning into playful agility or swagger, and regularity, even slowness of movements, taking on the character of sedateness or majesty in facial expressions, in pantomime, in posture, gait, human habits, are due to a variety of reasons, up to the mores of the social environment in which a person lives , and the social position that he occupies. The style of the era, the way of life of certain social strata determines to a certain extent the pace, in general, the dynamic characteristics of the behavior of representatives of this era and the corresponding social strata.

The dynamic features of behavior that go from the era, from social conditions, do not remove, of course, individual differences in the temperaments of different people and do not abolish the meaning of their organic features. But, reflected in the psyche, in the consciousness of people, social moments themselves are included in their internal individual characteristics and enter into an internal relationship with all their other individual characteristics, including organic and functional ones. In the real way of life of a particular person, in the dynamic features of his individual behavior, the tone of his life activity and the regulation of these features, which proceeds from social conditions (the pace of social and industrial life, morals, everyday life, decency, etc.), form an indecomposable unity of sometimes opposite but always interconnected moments. The regulation of the dynamics of behavior, proceeding from the social conditions of life and human activity, can, of course, sometimes affect only external behavior, without affecting the personality itself, its temperament; at the same time, the internal features of a person's temperament may also be in conflict with the dynamic features of behavior, which he outwardly adheres to. But, ultimately, the peculiarities of the behavior that a person adheres to for a long time cannot but leave their mark sooner or later - although not mechanical, not mirror, and sometimes even compensatory-antagonistic - on the internal structure of the personality, on its temperament.

Thus, in all its manifestations, temperament is mediated and conditioned by real conditions and the specific content of a person's life. Speaking about the conditions under which the temperament in an actor's play can be convincing, Ye. B. Vakhtangov wrote: “For this, an actor at rehearsals needs mainly to work to ensure that everything that surrounds him in the play becomes his atmosphere, so that the tasks roles have become his tasks - then the temperament will speak "from the essence." This temperament from the essence is the most valuable, because it is the only convincing and deceitful. " The temperament "from the essence" is the only convincing on the stage because this is the temperament in reality: the dynamics of mental processes is not something self-sufficient; it depends on the specific content of the personality, on the tasks that a person sets for himself, on his needs, interests, inclinations, character, on his "essence", which is revealed in the variety of the most important relationships for him with the environment. Temperament is an empty abstraction outside the personality, which is formed by completing its life path.

Being a dynamic characteristic of all manifestations of personality, temperament in its qualitative properties of impressionability, emotional excitability and impulsivity is at the same time the sensual basis of character.

While forming the basis of character traits, temperament traits, however, do not predetermine them. Being involved in the development of character, the properties of temperament undergo changes, due to which the same initial properties can lead to different properties of character, depending on what they are subordinated to - from behavior, beliefs, volitional and intellectual qualities of a person. So, on the basis of impulsiveness as a property of temperament, depending on the conditions of upbringing and the entire path of life, various volitional qualities can be developed in a person who has not learned to control his actions by thinking about their consequences, thoughtlessness, unrestraint, the habit of chopping off the shoulder can easily develop. act under the influence of passion; in other cases, on the basis of the same impulsiveness, determination will develop, the ability to go to the set goal without unnecessary hesitation and hesitation. Depending on a person's life path, on the whole course of his social, moral, intellectual and aesthetic development, impressionability as a property of temperament can in one case lead to significant vulnerability, painful vulnerability, hence to shyness and shyness; in the other, on the basis of the same impressionability, greater emotional sensitivity, responsiveness and aesthetic sensitivity can develop; in the third, sensitivity in the sense of sentimentality. The formation of character based on the properties of temperament is significantly associated with the orientation of the personality.

So, temperament is a dynamic characteristic of a personality in all its effective manifestations and a sensual basis of character. Transformed in the process of character formation, the properties of temperament pass into character traits, the content of which is inextricably linked with the orientation of the personality.

Influence of temperament

The dynamic characteristics of a person's character - the style of his behavior - depend on temperament. Temperament is the "natural soil" on which the process of formation of individual character traits, the development of individual human abilities takes place.

People achieve the same success in different ways, replacing their "weak" sides with a system of mental compensation.

Under the influence of life conditions, a choleric person may develop inertia, slowness, lack of initiative, and a melancholic person may develop energy and decisiveness. Life experience and upbringing of a person mask the manifestations of his temperament. But under unusual superstrong influences, in dangerous situations, previously formed inhibitory reactions can be disinhibited. Choleric and melancholic people are more prone to neuropsychic breakdown. Along with this, a scientific approach to understanding personality behavior is incompatible with the rigid binding of people's actions to their natural characteristics.

Depending on the living conditions and activities of a person, certain properties of his temperament may increase or decrease. Temperament, despite its natural conditioning, can be attributed to personality traits, since it combines the natural and socially acquired qualities of a person.

Foreign psychologists divide temperamental characteristics mainly into two groups - extraversion and introversion. These concepts, introduced by the Swiss psychologist C.G. Jung, mean the predominant orientation of individuals towards the external (extrovert) or internal (introvert) world. Extroverts are distinguished by their predominant appeal to the outside world, increased social adaptability, they are more conformable and suggestive (susceptible to suggestion). Introverts, on the other hand, attach the greatest importance to the phenomena of the inner world, they are uncommunicative, prone to increased introspection, have difficulty entering a new social environment, and are nonconformal and asuggestative.

Among the qualities of temperament, rigidity and plasticity also stand out. Rigidity - inertia, conservatism, the difficulty of switching mental activity. There are several types of rigidity: sensory - prolongation of sensation after the termination of the stimulus; motor - the difficulty of restructuring habitual movements; emotional - the continuation of the emotional state after the termination of the emotional impact; memory - reserving, obsession with memory images; thinking - the inertia of judgments, attitudes, ways of solving problems. The quality opposite to rigidity is plasticity, flexibility, mobility, adequacy.

The peculiarities of temperament also include such a mental phenomenon as anxiety - tension, increased emotional excitability in situations interpreted by the individual as threatening. Individuals with an increased level of anxiety tend to behave inappropriately to the degree of threat. An increased level of anxiety causes a desire to escape from the perception of threatening events, involuntarily narrowing the field of perception in a stressful situation.

So, a person's temperament determines the dynamics of his behavior, the originality of the course of his mental processes. Temperament determines the way a person sees, experiences events and their speech retransmission. Analyzing human behavior, one cannot but reckon with the "biological background" of human behavior, which affects the degree of intensity of individual personality traits.

The temperamental characteristics of a person act as the psychophysiological possibilities of his behavior. For example, the mobility of nervous processes determines the dynamic qualities of the intellect, the flexibility of associative processes; excitability - the ease of occurrence and intensity of sensations, the stability of attention, the power of capturing images of memory.

However, temperament is not a value criterion of the personality, it does not determine the needs, interests, and views of the individual. In the same kind of activity, people with different temperaments can achieve outstanding success due to their compensatory capabilities.

Not the temperament, but the orientation of the personality, the predominance of higher motives over the lower ones, self-control and self-control, suppression of the motives of the lower level to achieve socially significant goals determine the quality of human behavior.

Temperament structure

Temperament is a term derived from the Latin temperamentum (proper ratio of features) and tempero (mix in the proper ratio). To date, the problem of temperament has been studied in sufficient detail, and therefore in science there is a wide variety of definitions of this personality trait.

B.M. Teplov gave the following definition: "Temperament is a set of mental characteristics characteristic of a given person associated with emotional excitability, that is, the rapidity of the onset of feelings, on the one hand, and their strength, on the other."

Thus, it can be argued that temperament is a set of psychodynamic properties of the nervous system, a biological foundation on which a personality is formed.

Since the psyche is a property of the nervous system, the individual properties of the psyche, including the properties of temperament, are determined by the individual properties of the nervous system. Therefore, the first main feature of the properties of temperament is their conditioning by the properties of the nervous system, which constitute the physiological basis of temperament. Moreover, only one type of temperament depends on each type of the nervous system (with its specific properties).

The same dynamic features of mental activity depend on the ratio of emotional and volitional characteristics. This ratio is the characteristic feature that, since the time of Hippocrates, has been at the heart of the concept of temperament. Consequently, there are objective reasons to believe that the individual characteristics of the emotional-volitional sphere are the properties of temperament. This, however, does not mean that all the individual characteristics of the emotional-volitional sphere, and only them, are associated with temperament.

As a result of attempts at such an analysis, three main, leading, components of temperament were identified, related to the spheres of the general activity of the individual, his motor skills and his emotionality. Each of these components, in turn, has a very complex multidimensional structure and different forms of psychological manifestations.

The general mental activity of the individual is of the greatest importance in the structure of temperament. The essence of this component lies in the personality's tendency towards self-expression, effective development and transformation of external reality.

In terms of content, the second component is especially closely related to the first component of temperament - the motor, or motor, in which the qualities associated with the function of the motor (and especially the speech motor) apparatus play a leading role. Among the dynamic qualities of the motor component, such as speed, strength, sharpness, rhythm, amplitude and a number of other signs of muscle movement should be distinguished (some of them characterize speech motor skills).

The third main component of temperament is emotionality, which is an extensive complex of properties that characterize the characteristics of the emergence, flow and cessation of various feelings, affects and moods. Compared to other components of temperament, this component is the most complex and has a branched structure of its own. The main characteristics of emotionality are considered impressionability, impulsivity and emotional stability.

Impressiveness expresses the subject's sensitivity to emotionally significant influences.

Impulsiveness refers to the speed with which an emotion prompts action without prior thought or conscious planning. Emotional lability is usually understood as the rate at which one experience replaces another.

The main components of temperament form a single structure in human behavior, which makes it possible to limit temperament from other mental formations of the personality - its orientation, character, abilities, etc.

Manifestation of temperament

The difference in temperament between people is manifested in their activities. To achieve success in it, it is important that a person has control of his temperament, knows how to adapt it to the conditions and requirements of activity, relying on his strong properties and compensating for the weak ones. This adaptation is expressed in an individual style of activity.

An individual style of activity is an expedient system of methods and techniques for performing an activity that corresponds to the characteristics of temperament, ensuring its best results.

The formation of an individual style of activity is carried out in the process of training and education. In this case, the subject's own interest is required.

Conditions for the formation of an individual style of activity:

determination of temperament with an assessment of the severity of its psychological properties;
finding a combination of strengths and weaknesses;
creating a positive attitude towards mastering your temperament;
exercise in improving the strong properties and the possible compensation of the weak.

Temperament is also important for the choice of the type of activity. Choleric people prefer its emotional types (sports games, discussions, public speaking) and are reluctant to engage in monotonous work. Melancholic people willingly engage in individual activities.

It is known that in the process of study sessions, sanguine people, when learning new material, quickly grasp the basis, perform new actions, although with mistakes, they do not like long and careful work when mastering and improving skills. Phlegmatic people will not begin to perform new actions, exercises, if something is unclear in the content or technique, they are prone to painstaking, long-term work when mastering it.

For example, for athletes, there are temperamental differences in pre-start conditions. Sanguine and phlegmatic people before the start are mainly in a state of alertness, choleric people are in a state of starting fever, and melancholic people are in a state of starting apathy. At competitions, sanguine and phlegmatic people show stable results and even higher than in training, in choleric and melancholic people they are not stable enough.

Equally differentiated, in particular, taking into account the strength and balance of the nervous system of students, it is necessary to approach the use of various forms of pedagogical influences - praise, censure. Praise has a positive effect on the process of skill formation in all students, but the greatest impact on the "weak" and "unbalanced". Censure works most effectively on the “strong” and “balanced”, the least effective on the “weak” and “unbalanced”. Waiting for a grade for completing tasks has a positive effect on the “weak” and “balanced”, but less significant for the “strong” and “unbalanced”.

Thus, temperament, being dependent on the innate properties of the nervous system, manifests itself in the individual style of human activity, therefore it is important to take into account its characteristics when teaching and upbringing.

Taking into account the characteristics of temperament is necessary when solving basically two important pedagogical problems: when choosing a methodological tactics of teaching and a style of communication with students. In the first case, you need to help the sanguine person see the sources of diversity and creative elements in monotonous work, the choleric person - to instill the skills of special careful self-control, the phlegmatic person - to purposefully develop skills for quickly switching attention, the melancholic person - to overcome fear and self-doubt. Consideration of temperament is necessary when choosing a style of communication with students. So, with choleric and melancholic people, such methods of influence as individual conversation and indirect types of demands (advice, hint, etc.) are preferable. Censure in full view of the class will cause a conflict explosion in the choleric person, in the melancholic person - a reaction of resentment, depression, and self-doubt. When dealing with a phlegmatic person, it is inappropriate to insist on the immediate fulfillment of the requirement, it is necessary to give time to ripen for the student's own decision. A sanguine person will easily and with pleasure accept the remark in the form of a joke.

Temperament is the natural basis for the manifestation of the psychological qualities of a person. However, with any temperament, it is possible to form qualities in a person that are not characteristic of this temperament. Self-education is of particular importance here. In a letter to Olga Knipper-Chekhova, AP Chekhov wrote: “You ... envy my character. I must say that by nature I have a harsh character, I am hot-tempered, etc., etc., but I am used to holding myself, because it is not appropriate for a decent person to dissolve himself. "

Temperament is a combination of psychophysiological personality traits. Temperament is divided into 4 main types, which have their own characteristics and characteristics, which can briefly tell about a person.

Temperament test

To find out what type of people you are, we recommend taking a temperament test.

I am fussy and restless.

I am a cheerful person.

I am unrestrained and quick-tempered.

I am usually calm and cold-blooded.

I can be suspicious and suspicious.

I am harsh and straightforward in communication.

Sometimes I listen to someone inattentively, without delving into the essence of the story.

At work and in life, I follow a familiar pattern.

I am usually reasonable and careful.

I endure loneliness calmly.

I have high demands on myself and others.

I easily get involved in a new job, and also switch from one activity to another.

I am very resourceful in an argument.

I prefer to hide my thoughts from others.

I am neat and I love order in everything.

Even in difficult and unforeseen circumstances, I do not lose my composure.

It's easy to offend me.

I often take risks.

I usually fall asleep and wake up without difficulty.

I am condescending to jokes in my address.

Failure weighs me down.

Personality Type Test

Sanguine

Melancholic

Phlegmatic person

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General information

The concept of "temperament" was first introduced by the ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates. His theory of 4 types of personality is based on the predominance of a particular fluid in the body, or, as the scientist called it, "life juice".

Accordingly, based on this hypothesis, 4 main personality types were identified:

choleric - the predominance of bile (from other Greek chole - bile);
sanguine - the predominance of blood (from Latin sanguis - blood);
phlegmatic - the predominance of phlegm (from the other Greek phlegma - phlegm, "phlegm");
melancholic - the predominance of black bile (from other Greek melas chole - black bile).

Later, the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov emphasized not only the physiological characteristics of individuals, but also their similar mental characteristics. He noticed that each type of personality is characterized by a certain set of basic innate properties of the nervous system.

In addition, each type of personality is characterized by certain pronounced character traits and possible mental pathologies:

choleric - impulsivity and aggression, diseases - impulsive personality disorder;
sanguine - mobility, sociality, self-confidence, diseases - hypomania;
phlegmatic - social detachment, self-absorption, diseases - schizoid personality disorders;
melancholic - sadness, cowardice, depression, weakness, illness - anxiety personality disorder.

As a rule, it is customary to distinguish 3 areas of manifestation of temperament:

general activity level;
the level of emotionality;
features of the motor sphere.

General activity is expressed in the degree of human interaction with the surrounding world - both natural (nature) and social.

The motor, or motor sphere, determines the speed of reactions, the rate of speech, the speed and clarity of movements.

Emotionality is characterized by receptivity, sensuality and the speed of change in the emotional state and mood.

Typology and properties of temperament

In order to correctly draw up a psychological characteristic, it is necessary to take into account 9 basic properties of temperament.

Sensitivity is the threshold force of external influences that can cause a minimal reaction.
Reactivity is the number of reactions to an external stimulus.
Activity - determines how fast a person's actions (physiological and mental processes).
The ratio of activity and reactivity determines what motivates a person more: his own emotions or external factors and society.
Plasticity is a person's ability to adapt to a specific situation and adapt in life.
Rigidity - determines the inertia of a person and how much he is used to "go with the flow."
The rate of reaction is the speed of speech, facial expressions and gestures, the clarity of thinking and the speed of mental reactions.
- psychotypes that determine the source of energy: internally "I" or the external world.
Emotional irritability - speaks of how quickly certain reactions to any irritable factor arise.

Depending on how the combination of these factors develops, a person's temperament is determined.

Having put all the "puzzles" of personality types, the types of temperament can be briefly characterized as follows:

The sanguine person is fast and cheerful, hot and sociable. Such a person is "alive" - his actions can be ahead of thoughts, he easily puts up with minor troubles.
A phlegmatic person is unhurried in action, knows exactly what he wants from life. He is never in a hurry to go anywhere, even if he is catastrophically late. In work, he shows perseverance, often achieves success in his career.
Choleric is the most unbalanced of all types. Differs in frequent changeable mood and periodic breakdowns. It quickly lights up with a new case, but also quickly goes out.
Melancholic - constantly worried, very vulnerable and receptive to the opinions of others. Rarely shows others his true feelings, but he takes even minor defeats too close to his heart.

Description of types

Each of the personality types is special and individual. Next, we will consider a brief description, advantages and disadvantages of each type of temperament.

Sanguine

A personality type that is characterized by flexibility of thinking and compliance.

Anticipation of something new or unfounded fear of the future can speak of a good sixth sense. But it does not always "work like clockwork" - in the article "" you can find several tricky tricks for opening the "third eye".

A cheerful and active sanguine person quickly converges with people and knows exactly what he wants from life. Such a person cannot sit still and is extremely skeptical about repetitive work. A sanguine person quite easily switches from one type of activity to another, and almost always succeeds in any endeavors.

Such a person is easily given control over emotions, he easily meets new people and is always open to communication. Mimicry and speech are very expressive, the sanguine person loves and knows how to speak in public.

Advantages:

The sanguine type of temperament is distinguished by gaiety, energy, cheerfulness, responsiveness.
The mood tends to change frequently, but generally good mood prevails.
Feelings of affection, hostility, joy and grief arise quickly in sanguine people, but they are shallow.
Quickly grasps everything new and interesting.
Quickly switches from one activity to another.
He takes his failures and troubles easily.
Easily adapts to different life circumstances.
Possesses good performance and endurance.
He takes up any new business with enthusiasm.
It is distinguished by loud, hasty, but at the same time distinct speech, accompanied by active gesticulation and expressive facial expressions.
In communicating with new people, she does not feel fear and constraint.
Retains composure in stressful, critical situations.
He is able to defend himself reasonably and at the same time tries to normalize the situation.
Wakes up quickly and falls asleep.
Shows persistence in achieving the set task, goal.
Good organizer.

Flaws:

If a sanguine person loses interest in the business he has begun, then he leaves him without completing it.
They do not like monotonous work.
They tend to overestimate both themselves and their capabilities.
The sanguine type is characterized by instability in interests and inclinations.
For a person with a sanguine type of temperament, monotonous, everyday painstaking work is a burden.
Haste in decisions, rash decisions, not collected.
Unstable mood.
It is difficult to develop volitional qualities.

To achieve success in activities, sanguine people should not be scattered about trifles, they need to be purposeful, neat, diligent.

Phlegmatic person

Calm and measured, slow and absolutely balanced phlegmatic people are distinguished by their slowness and perseverance. They always clearly think over each of their actions, bring everything started to its logical conclusion. They are not used to giving in to difficulties and often become successful businessmen.

Feelings are not used to flaunting, for which they often receive the status of "cold" and "heartless". The mood of phlegmatic people is always stable, they rarely give in to provocations from outside.

Advantages:

The phlegmatic type of temperament is distinguished by calmness, composure, prudence, caution, patience, perseverance, poise and endurance, both in ordinary life and in a stressful situation.
Shows consistency and thoroughness in affairs, as a result of which the business started is brought to the end by him.
Persistent and persistent in achieving their goals.
Phlegmatic people have no inclination to affect.
Speech is calm, measured with pauses, without pronounced emotions, without gestures and facial expressions.
Phlegmatic people are not very talkative.
They are able to perform monotonous, long-term intense work.
Everything counts and does not waste energy.
He adheres to a systematic approach in his work.
They tend to adhere to a developed, habitual routine of life.
Complies with the regime with ease.
Possesses good endurance, which easily allows him to control his impulses.
Not vindictive.
He is condescending to the barbs expressed in his address.
Characterized by constancy in relationships and interests, often monogamous.
They love order and neatness in everything.
Reason prevails among phlegmatic people over feeling.
They have good contact with people of other temperaments.
Has a good memory.
Phlegmatic people are reliable people who are difficult to infuriate.
The feelings of phlegmatic people are deep, but carefully hidden from prying eyes.

Flaws:

Phlegmatic people are practically not susceptible to approval and censure in their address.
They react poorly to external stimuli, so they cannot quickly respond to new situations.
Stingy on emotions.
The facial expressions and movements of the phlegmatic are inexpressive and slow.
Comprehensive to the point of being boring.
He starts working slowly and just as slowly switches from one case to another.
Difficulty adapting to a new environment and slowly converging with new people.
There are many stereotypes and patterns in life.
They are not resourceful.

Phlegmatic people should develop the qualities that are lacking for him, such as: mobility, activity. Avoid the manifestation of such qualities as: inertia and lethargy.

Choleric

The choleric type of temperament is distinguished by decisiveness, initiative, straightforwardness. Mental processes proceed too quickly, which makes people with such a temperament somewhat unbalanced and harsh. They are often unrestrained and quick-tempered, easily lose their temper even over trifles.

In dealing with a choleric, one should be prepared for his irritability and impetuosity - people of this type can, in an emotional impulse, say nasty things that they will regret after a couple of seconds.

Advantages:

Agile and fast.
With enthusiasm he gets down to business, works on the rise, overcoming difficulties.
Almost always resourceful in an argument.
Forgiving and reckless.
Possesses expressive facial expressions.
Speech is lively, emotional.
Able to quickly make decisions and act.
Tirelessly strives for new things.
Falls asleep and wakes up quickly, sleeps soundly.
In a critical situation, he shows determination and pressure.
Feelings quickly arise and manifest themselves vividly.

Flaws:

Choleric is too hasty.
The choleric type of temperament is characterized by sharp, impulsive movements, restlessness, imbalance, a tendency to fervor.
Doesn't differ in patience.
In relationships and in communication with people, he can show sharpness and straightforwardness.
Can provoke conflict situations.
Stubborn, often capricious.
A sharp rise and a rapid decline in activity are characteristic, i.e. choleric works in jerks.
Sometimes he does not delve into the essence of the problem, glides on the surface, gets distracted.
Prone to risky behavior.
Choleric speech is fast, sometimes confused, passionate.
Aggressive, very hot-tempered and unstable.
Prone to sudden mood swings, nervous breakdowns.
When his energy reserves are depleted, his mood drops dramatically.
Intolerant of the mistakes and shortcomings of others.
Touchy.

Choleric people need to learn to restrain themselves, not to be arrogant. They might be advised to count to ten before reacting to the situation.

Melancholic

People with a weak nervous system are very vulnerable and vulnerable. They often take offense, take any criticism personally. Failures are very hard to bear, they reproach themselves for a long time for mistakes in life. They love to be pitied, looking for defenders among stronger personalities.

In the life of a melancholic, everything is always bad - even if there are many good people nearby, there is a good job and the house is full of prosperity, the melancholic will find a reason for sadness.

Everything new puts people of this type into a stupor - they are alien to spontaneous solutions to problems and if something goes wrong, it immediately throws melancholic people astray.

Advantages:

The melancholic type of temperament is characterized by increased sensitivity.
Melancholic people are capable of accepting approval and censure.
Makes high demands on himself and on the people around him.
Feel good about other people.
Under favorable conditions, they are restrained and tactful.
The emotional states and feelings of people of a melancholic type of temperament are distinguished by depth, duration and great strength.
Melancholic people are characterized by constancy and depth, acute susceptibility to external influences.
In a familiar and calm environment, people with a melancholic type of temperament feel calm and work very productively.

Flaws:

Melancholic people are distinguished from other types by their high emotional sensitivity.
They can hardly bear grief and resentment, outwardly this may not manifest itself in any way.
They keep their thoughts and experiences to themselves.
Even minor setbacks are very upset.
He is very shy, shy, vulnerable, secretive, indecisive, unsure of himself and his strength.
Always pessimistic, rarely laughs.
At the slightest failure, he experiences a feeling of depression and confusion.
Lost in unfamiliar surroundings.
The melancholic is embarrassed when dealing with new people.
Long adapts to the new team.
Has a small circle of close people.
Melancholic people have a tendency to loneliness, depression, suspicion, they withdraw and withdraw into themselves.
They get tired quickly, it is necessary to take pauses in work.
The melancholic type of temperament is characterized by weak, quiet speech up to a whisper, impressionability to tearfulness, excessive touchiness and tearfulness.
The slightest nuisance, a nervous environment at work can unbalance the melancholic.
Under unfavorable conditions, melancholic people are withdrawn, fearful, anxious.
Melancholic is the only type of temperament characterized by slight vulnerability and resentment.
Prefers to obey rules and authorities.
On the eve of important events, he is always overly worried and worried.
What the choleric person sweeps away on his way, the phlegmatic person will not notice, the sanguine person will bypass - it becomes an obstacle for the melancholic. He gets lost, gives up, it is at such moments that he needs the sympathy and support of family and friends.

In terms of self-improvement and self-realization, melancholic people need to be more active, engage in organizational activities in order to feel their importance, confidence and increase self-esteem. This is also facilitated by physical education and sports, gymnastics.

Type compatibility

The types of temperaments and character leave a special "imprint" on the relationship of people. In addition, personality traits introduce some variety in the behavioral responses of all sociotypes and are reflected in their worldview.

When one partner suppresses the feelings and desires of the other, certain difficulties arise. In the article "" you can learn more about all the complexities of such relationships.

It can be very difficult for people with different temperaments to understand each other - their desires, aspirations and rhythms of life are fundamentally different. But, despite the individuality, certain tendencies are visible in the relationship of some types.

Choleric - phlegmatic
One of the most successful combinations - the phlegmatic person is able to balance the "violent" choleric person, if necessary, put him in his place. In addition, in his work, a phlegmatic person complements a more hysterical choleric person, directs him in the right direction and often takes responsibility for himself.
Melancholic - sanguine
A good-natured and open sanguine person will easily console a whiny and pessimistic melancholic. He will become for him the "light at the end of the tunnel" and will happily try to fill his depressed comrade with vital energy. The compatibility of these personality types is extremely successful - the melancholic will periodically help the sanguine to get rid of the "rose-colored glasses", and he, in turn, will make the melancholic's life brighter and more fun.
Choleric - sanguine
A rather complex combination, so an unbalanced and irrational choleric person will greatly annoy a logical sanguine person. In addition, such a couple cannot avoid frequent quarrels on the basis of "pulling the blanket" - each will try to take the leading position in the duet.
Phlegmatic - melancholic
The saddest couple - none of the partners feels the vitality, both rarely go out and are not used to communication. Their relationship is very difficult - they rarely understand each other's desires and often complain about others.

If temperaments don't match well, partners should follow simple guidelines.

In the tandem choleric - melancholic, choleric people need to restrain themselves more, and melancholic people do not take everything so personally and try to abstract themselves from difficulties.
Once in a phlegmatic - sanguine union, phlegmatic people need to try to express their feelings more openly and directly and not be so persistent and unapproachable in their behavior, and sanguine people need to try to be more consistent in business and more reliable in their promises. Otherwise, it will be difficult for them to cope with the growing irritability of their partner.

If people have a similar type of nervous system, then the most favorable is the interaction of two phlegmatic or melancholic, somewhat worse - two sanguine people and completely bad - two choleric people.

Interesting to know! Phlegmatic people are the most balanced people, it is difficult to piss them off.

Melancholic people are impressionable, very vulnerable and touchy, but they are quite compliant and inclined to compromise in order to achieve peace of mind. Sanguine people are independent and emotional, but quick-witted. Noticing that a looming conflict can take a serious turn, they easily compromise to restore balance in the relationship.

The most difficult thing is to maintain a balance in relationships for straightforward, excitable and unrestrained choleric people who, in their statements and actions, often cannot stop in time and therefore can offend others without wanting to.

Any person wants to better understand his essence, find out what he is.

To do this, you can learn about types of temperament and their psychological characteristics.

What is temperament?

Temperament- these are the individual characteristics of a person that determine his behavior and mental processes.

Temperament properties are converted into traits.

There are 4 main types of temperament.:

... He is imperturbable, rather stingy with the manifestation of feelings. Emotionally stable and balanced. Differs in persistence and perseverance.
... Impulsive, fast, passionate. His mood changes with great speed. Often addicted to something, but quickly burns out.
... A lively, hot person. He also often changes his mood, but his psyche is stable. Easily puts up with troubles and setbacks.
... This is a person who is constantly worried, pondering something. Very impressionable and easily injured.

About 4 types of person's temperament in this video:

What characterizes a person as a person?

People are very versatile. And to characterize a person as a person it is best to use several traits at once:

temperament;
character;
capabilities;
motivation.
character.

Each of these features allows reveal a person from a certain side... Therefore, only their combination is capable of conveying all personality traits.

Learn about the positive traits of a person's character from ours.

Classification and varieties of character traits

In psychology, there are two main approaches to the classification of character traits.

Character traits are directly related to mental processes, respectively, they can be divided into:

Strong-willed... This includes activity, determination, perseverance, organization, independence, self-control, perseverance and others.
Emotional... They include impressionability, responsiveness, impetuosity, indifference and others.
Intellectual... Here you can name curiosity, resourcefulness, quick wit, erudition, and so on.

Character traits are associated with the orientation of the personality. Allocate:

What is personality? Scientific view:

Psychotypes - a general characteristic

Human psychotypes also form emotional and psychological characteristics. They are laid in the process of education and socialization of the individual.

Let's consider them in more detail in accordance with various classifications.

What are the types of character?

According to Jung

Jung proposed the following character classification:

What are the negative character traits? you will find on our website.

According to Fromm

According to Fomm's classification, the following types of character are distinguished:

According to Freud

Freud identifies the following types:

Oral... This includes people who talk a lot, constantly gnaw something, constantly smoke.
Typical features of this type include manipulativeness or passivity, admiration or envy, gullibility or suspicion, optimism or pessimism.
Anal... They are distinguished by neatness, accuracy, flexibility of thinking, punctuality. They can also be called secretive, stubborn, aggressive.
Phallic... Their typical traits are elegance or a penchant for simplicity, vanity or self-loathing.
Genital... Differs in good mental health, efficiency, full adaptation and socialization.

According to Kretschmer

The psychologist Kretschmer associated character with a person's physique. Allocated 3 types:

Asthenics... People with weak muscles, thin, with long legs and arms, an elongated face. They do not adapt well to change, are stubborn and withdrawn.
Athletics... People with strong muscles, tall. They cannot stand change, are unimpressed and calm.
Picnics... People prone to overweight, short, with expressionless facial features. They adapt well to changes, actively express emotions, and are sociable.

Typology of character in psychology

In psychology, character is interpreted using a five-factor model. It includes the following factors:

Openness to new things. Reflects the attitude towards change, the search for new experience. High scores for this characteristic are among inquisitive, active people with unusual thinking.
Low scores for down-to-earth people with limited interests and stereotypical thinking.
Consciousness... Reflects the degree of education and motivation of a person. A purposeful, organized, reliable, neat person has high scores. Low scores for people who are lazy, careless, careless.
Extroversion... Reflects the degree of activity, the intensity of interpersonal interactions. Extroverts get a high score - people are sociable, easy-going, quick-tempered and superficial. A low score for introverts - thoughtful, withdrawn, serious people.
Benevolence... Reflects a person's attitude towards others. A gullible, good-natured, generous person has high scores. Irritable, suspicious, rude people get low scores.
Neuroticism... Reflects emotional stability, a person's fitness for life. Anxious, emotionally tense, insecure people get high scores. Low scores are balanced, calm, self-confident people.

Personality and types of people: How to determine character by appearance?

General character traits can also be determined by the appearance of people: men and women. To do this, pay attention to the following:

Manner of dress... She can express demonstrativeness, a desire to stand out, or, conversely, shyness and indecision.
Accessories... If there are too many of them, then this may indicate expressiveness and vanity. Their absence can express the straightforwardness and simplicity of a person.
Gestures and facial expressions... Active gesticulation is inherent in expressive people. Meager and indecisive gestures indicate a person's insecurity and constriction.

In psychology, there are many classifications that describe the temperament and character of a person. But rarely are there pure types, mostly a person is on the verge of several.

Determination of a person's character by appearance:

Imagine the average person. He, like everyone around him, is a personality full of worldview and individual traits. He is remembered by those around him for his amazing charm, infects with optimism and conquers with eloquence. How did this person get this description? Some will say that this is his temperament. And they will be right. And others will answer that it's all about his character. And they will be right too. So what are the differences between character and temperament? Let's see if these concepts have anything in common.

The character and temperament of a person

The relationship between temperament and character has been studied by various scientists for many years. As a result, 4 main opinions appeared regarding the relationship between these two concepts:

Temperament is identified with character.
Temperament is opposed to character.
Temperament is recognized as an element of character.
Temperament is considered the primary nature of character.

If we consider the scientific interpretation of concepts, then the distinguishing features of temperament from character become more noticeable:

Temperament- This is a set of properties of the psyche that affect human behavior and activities. Memory, the speed of thinking, the degree of concentration and the rhythm of activity are all responsible for the human nervous system, which is considered to be the fundamental factor in the formation of one of the types of temperament. There are 4 of them:

choleric- people of this type are characterized by the mobility of the nervous system. Such people are often unbalanced. They instantly lose their temper and also quickly become calm;
sanguine- the owners of this type of temperament are open and sociable, but their attitude to the world is superficial. They quickly become attached and also quickly become indifferent to everything that surrounds them;
phlegmatic- people with this type of temperament have been awarded the title of the most calm and calm. They are diligent in business, unhurried and unperturbed;
melancholic- this type includes vulnerable and often withdrawn individuals. They are constantly subject to fear and indecision.

Character- unlike temperament, it is a set of qualities that are manifested in relation to objects and objects of the surrounding world. Character is also determined by the work of the psyche, but unlike temperament, which is given to a person by nature, it is formed and modified during life. The character of a person is influenced by such factors as society, upbringing, profession, etc.

Many psychologists have tried to give any precise classification of the character. However, the connection between temperament and character did not allow making the characteristic pure, and now such types of character as strong-willed, rational and emotional are continuously associated not only with the influence of society, but also with innate natural personality traits.

In addition, character can be classified by the presence of various traits in it:

attitude towards oneself (selfishness, pride, humiliation);
attitude towards people around (tolerance, rudeness, responsiveness, etc.);
attitude to activity (energy, perseverance, laziness);
attitude towards things around (stinginess, accuracy).

Thus, the peculiarities of temperament and character lie in the fact that they are often confused, calling the inborn personality traits as manifestations of the psyche and vice versa, characterizing the traits acquired in society as individual properties of the nervous system.

In fact, differentiating these two concepts can be quite simple. The relationship between temperament and character can be represented as follows:

Temperament and character will always be confused with each other. However, in tandem, they create an integral personality that can always be assessed from the outside. And the main thing is that her innate qualities are always in harmony with the acquired ones.