10 to 7 degree prefix. Names and designations of decimal multiples and sub-multiples of physical quantities using powers, multipliers and prefixes, rules for their use
Prefix | Multiplier | International / Russian designation | Examples of using
iotta 10 24 Y / I
Zetta 10 21 Z / Z
Exa 10 18 E / E
Peta 10 15 P / P
Tera 10 12 T / T ( teraflops - a numerical assessment of the performance of graphic processors of modern computer video cards and game consoles, at 4K quality of the video stream, and in a specific computing system - the number of floating point operations per second).
Giga 10 9 G / Y (gigawatt, GW)
Mega 10 6 M / M (megaohm, MOhm)
Kilo 10 3 k / k (kg - kilogram, "decimal kilO", equal to 1000<грамм>). But, "binary kilo" in the binary system is equal to 1024 (two to the tenth power).
Hecto 10 2 h / g (hectopascals, normal atmospheric pressure at 1013.25 hPa (hPa) \u003d\u003d 760 millimeters of mercury (mmHg / mm Hg) \u003d 1 atmosphere \u003d 1013.25 millibars)
Dec 10 -1 d / d (decimeter, dm)
Santi 10 -2 s / s (one hundredth, 10-2 \u003d 1E-2 \u003d 0.01 - centimeter, cm)
Milli 10 -3 m / m (thousandth, 0.001 - millimeter, mm / mm). 1 mb (millibar) \u003d 0.001 bar \u003d 1 hectopascal (hPa) \u003d 1000 dyne per cm2
Micro 10 -6 μ / u / μ (ppm, 0.000 "001 - micrometer, micron, μm)
nano 10 -9 n / n - dimension in nanotechnology (nanometers, nm) and smaller.
Angstrom \u003d 0.1 nanometer \u003d 10 -10 meters (in angstroms - physicists measure the length of light waves)
Pico 10 -12 p / p (picofarad)
Femto 10 -15 f / f
Atto 10 -18 a / a
Zepto 10 -21 z / z
Iokto 10 -24 y / and
Examples:
5 km2 \u003d 5 (103 m) 2 \u003d 5 * 106 m2
250 cm3 / s \u003d 250 (10-2 m) 3 / (1 s) \u003d 250 * 10-6 m3 / s
Figure 1. Ratio of units of measure of area (hectare, weaving, square meter)
Dimensions in physics
Gravitational field
The value of the gravitational field strength (acceleration of gravity, on the surface of the Earth) is approximately equal to: 981 Gal \u003d 981 cm / s2 ~ 10 m / s2
1 Gal \u003d 1 cm / s2 \u003d 0.01 m / s2
1 mGal (milligal) \u003d 0.001 cm / s2 \u003d 0.00001 m / s2 \u003d 1 * 10 ^ -5 m / s2
The amplitude of lunisolar disturbances (causing sea tides and affecting the intensity of earthquakes) reaches ~ 0.3 mGal \u003d 0.000 003 m / s2
Mass \u003d density * volume
1 g / cm3 (one gram per cubic centimeter) \u003d 1000 grams per liter \u003d 1000 kg / m3 (ton, i.e. one thousand kilograms per cubic meter)
ball mass \u003d (4 * pi * R ^ 3 * density) / 3
M Earth \u003d 6 * 10 ^ 24 kg
M Moon \u003d 7.36 * 10 ^ 22kg
M Mars \u003d 6.4 * 10 ^ 23 kg
M Sun \u003d 1.99 * 10 ^ 30kg
A magnetic field
1 mT (millitesl) \u003d 1000 μT (microtesl) \u003d 1 x 10 ^ 6 nanotesl (gamma)
1 nanotesla (gamma) \u003d 0.001 microtesla (1 x 10 ^ -3 microtesl) \u003d 1 x 10 ^ -9 T (tesl)
1mT (millitesla) \u003d 0.8 kA / m (kiloampere per meter)
1Tl (Tesla) \u003d 800 kA / m
1000 kA / m \u003d 1.25 T (Tesl)
The ratio of the values: 50 μT \u003d 0.050 mT (magnetic induction in SI units) \u003d 0.5 Oersted (field strength in old CGS units - off-system) \u003d 50000 gammas (hundred-thousandths of an Oersted) \u003d 0.5 Gauss (magnetic induction in CGS units)
During magnetic storms, the amplitudes of variations in the geomagnetic field on the earth's surface can increase up to several hundreds of nanotesl, in rare cases - up to the first thousand (up to 1000-3000 x 10-9 T). A five-point magnetic storm is considered minimal, a nine-point one - the maximum possible.
The magnetic field on the Earth's surface is minimum at the equator (about 30-40 microtesl) and maximum (60-70 μT) at the geomagnetic poles (they do not coincide with the geographic and differ greatly in the position of the axes). In the middle latitudes of the European part of Russia, the values \u200b\u200bof the modulus of the total magnetic induction vector are within 45-55 µT.
Rapid Travel Overload Effect - Dimension and Case Studies
As is known from the school physics course, the acceleration of gravity on the Earth's surface is approximately equal to ~ 10 m / s2. The maximum, in absolute value, that an ordinary telephone accelerometer can measure - up to 20 m / s2 (2,000 Gal - twice the acceleration of gravity on the Earth's surface - "a slight overload of 2g"). What it really is, you can find out with the help of a simple experiment, if you sharply move your smartphone and look at the numbers received from the accelerometer (it is easier and clearer to see this in the graphs in the Android sensor testing program, for example - Device Test).
A pilot, without an anti-G suit, may pass out when the legs are unidirectional towards the side, i.e. "positive" overloads are about 8-10g if they last for several seconds or longer. When the overload vector is directed "towards the head" ("negative"), loss of consciousness occurs at lower values, due to a rush of blood to the head.
Short-term overloads when ejecting a pilot from a combat aircraft - can reach 20 units or more. With such accelerations, if the pilot does not have time to properly group and prepare, there is a high risk of various injuries: compression fractures and displacement of the vertebrae in the spine, dislocations of the limbs. For example, on variants of modifications of the F-16 aircraft, which do not have in the design of seats, effectively working limiters of the spread of the legs and arms, when ejection at transonic speeds - the pilots have very little chance.
The development of life depends on the values \u200b\u200bof physical parameters on the surface of the planet
Gravity is proportional to mass and inversely proportional. the square of the distance from the center of mass. at the equator, on the surface of some planets and their satellites in the solar system: on Earth ~ 9.8 m / s2, on the Moon ~ 1.6 m / s2, on Mars ~ 3.7 m / s2. The Martian atmosphere, due to insufficiently strong gravity (which is almost three times less than the Earth's), is weaker held by the planet - molecules of light gases quickly evaporate into the surrounding space, and mainly relatively heavy carbon dioxide remains.
On Mars, the near-surface atmospheric air pressure is very rarefied, about two hundred times less than on Earth. It can be very cold there and dust storms are frequent. The surface of the planet, on its sunny side, in calm weather, is intensely irradiated (since the atmosphere is too thin) with ultraviolet light. The absence of a magnetosphere (due to "geological death", due to the cooling of the planet's body, the inner dynamo almost stopped) - makes Mars defenseless against the streams of solar wind particles. In such harsh conditions, the natural development of biological life on the surface of Mars, in recent times - was probably only possible at the level of microorganisms.
Densities of various substances and media (at room temperature), for comparison
The lightest gas is hydrogen (H):
\u003d 0.0001 g / cm3 (one ten-thousandth of a gram in a cubic centimeter) \u003d 0.1 kg / m3
The heaviest gas is radon (Rn):
\u003d 0.0101 g / cm3 (one hundred ten-thousandths) \u003d 10.1 kg / m3
Helium: 0.00018g / cm3 ~ 0.2kg / m3
Standard density of dry air of the Earth's atmosphere, at + 15 ° С, at sea level:
\u003d 0.0012 grams per cubic centimeter (twelve thousandths) \u003d 1.2 kg / m3
Carbon monoxide (CO, carbon monoxide): 0.0012 g / cm3 \u003d 1.2kg / m3
Carbon dioxide (CO2): 0.0019 g / cm3 \u003d 1.9 kg / m3
Oxygen (О2): 0.0014 g / cm3 \u003d 1.4kg / m3
Ozone: ~ 0.002g / cm3 \u003d 2kg / m3
Density of methane (natural combustible gas used as household gas for heating and cooking):
\u003d 0.0007 g / cm3 \u003d 0.7 kg / m3
The density of the propane-butane mixture, after evaporation (stored in gas cylinders, used in everyday life and as fuel in internal combustion engines):
~ 0.002 g / cm3 ~ 2 kg / m3
The density of demineralized water (chemically pure, purified from impurities, by,
for example, distillation), at +4 ° С, that is, the highest water has in its liquid form:
~ 1 g / cm3 ~ 1000 kg / m3 \u003d 1 ton per cubic meter.
Density of ice (water in a solid state of aggregation, frozen at temperatures - less than 273 degrees Kelvin, that is, below zero degrees Celsius):
~ 0.9 g / cm3 ~ 917 kilograms per cubic meter
Density of copper (metal, in the solid phase, is in normal conditions):
\u003d 8.92 g / cm3 \u003d 8920 kg / m3 ~ 9 tons per cubic meter.
Other dimensions and quantities with a large number of significant digits after the decimal point can be found in the tabular applications of profile textbooks and in specialized reference books (in their paper and electronic versions).
Rules, translation tables:
Unit letters must be printed in roman type.
Exception - the sign raised above the line is written together
Right wrong:
It is not allowed to combine letter designations and names
Right wrong:
80 km / h 80 km / h
80 kilometers per hour 80 kilometers per hour
In the names of Arabic numbers, each digit belongs to its own category, and every three digits form a class. Thus, the last digit in the number denotes the number of units in it and is called, respectively, the units place. The next, second from the end, number denotes tens (tens place), and the third number from the end indicates the number of hundreds in the number - hundreds place. Further, the categories are repeated in turn in each class in the same way, denoting already units, tens and hundreds in classes of thousands, millions, and so on. If the number is small and does not contain tens or hundreds, it is customary to take them as zero. Classes group numbers in numbers of three, often in calculators or records between classes, a period or a space is put in order to visually separate them. This is to make it easier to read large numbers. Each class has its own name: the first three digits are the class of units, followed by the class of thousands, then millions, billions (or billions), and so on.
Since we are using the decimal system, the basic unit of measure for quantity is ten, or 10 1. Accordingly, with an increase in the number of digits in a number, the number of tens also increases 10 2, 10 3, 10 4, etc. Knowing the number of tens, you can easily determine the class and place of the number, for example, 10 16 is tens of quadrillion, and 3 × 10 16 is three tens of quadrillion. The decomposition of numbers into decimal components is as follows - each digit is displayed in a separate summand, multiplied by the required coefficient 10 n, where n is the position of the digit from left to right.
For example: 253 981 \u003d 2 × 10 6 + 5 × 10 5 + 3 × 10 4 + 9 × 10 3 + 8 × 10 2 + 1 × 10 1
Also, the power of 10 is used in writing decimal fractions: 10 (-1) is 0.1 or one tenth. Similarly with the previous paragraph, you can expand the decimal number, n in this case will indicate the position of the digit from the comma from right to left, for example: 0.347629 \u003d 3 × 10 (-1) + 4 × 10 (-2) + 7 × 10 (-3) + 6 × 10 (-4) + 2 × 10 (-5) + 9 × 10 (-6 )
Decimal names. Decimal numbers are read according to the last digit after the decimal point, for example 0.325 - three hundred twenty-five thousandths, where thousandths is the last digit 5.
Table of names of large numbers, digits and classes
| 1st class unit | 1st digit of the unit 2nd rank tens 3rd rank hundreds |
1 = 10 0 10 = 10 1 100 = 10 2 |
| 2nd class thousand | 1st digit units of thousand 2nd rank tens of thousands 3rd rank hundreds of thousands |
1 000 = 10 3 10 000 = 10 4 100 000 = 10 5 |
| 3rd grade millions | 1st digit unit million 2nd rank tens of millions 3rd rank hundreds of millions |
1 000 000 = 10 6 10 000 000 = 10 7 100 000 000 = 10 8 |
| 4th grade billions | 1st digit unit billion 2nd rank tens of billions 3rd rank hundreds of billions |
1 000 000 000 = 10 9 10 000 000 000 = 10 10 100 000 000 000 = 10 11 |
| 5th grade trillions | 1st rank unit trillion 2nd rank tens trillion 3rd rank hundreds trillion |
1 000 000 000 000 = 10 12 10 000 000 000 000 = 10 13 100 000 000 000 000 = 10 14 |
| 6th grade quadrillion | 1st digit unit of quadrillion 2nd grade tens of quadrillion 3rd rank tens of quadrillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 15 10 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 16 100 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 17 |
| 7th grade quintillions | 1st digit unit of quintillion 2nd rank tens quintillion 3rd rank hundreds of quintillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 18 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 19 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 20 |
| 8th grade sextillion | 1st rank unit of sextillion 2nd rank tens of sextillions 3rd rank hundreds of sextillions |
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 21 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 22 1 00 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 23 |
| 9th grade septillions | 1st rank unit of septillion 2nd rank tens septillion 3rd rank hundreds septillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 24 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 25 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 26 |
| 10th grade octillion | 1st digit of the unit of octillion 2nd digit tens of octillion 3rd rank hundreds of octillion |
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 27 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 28 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 29 |
Length and Distance Converter Mass Converter Bulk and Food Volume Converter Area Converter Volume and Cooking Units Converter Temperature Converter Pressure, Stress, Young's Modulus Converter Energy and Work Converter Power Converter Force Converter Time Converter Linear Velocity Converter Flat Angle Converter Thermal Efficiency and Fuel Efficiency Numeric Conversion System Converter of Information Quantity Measurement Currency Rates Women's Clothing and Shoes Sizes Men's Clothing and Shoes Sizes Angular Velocity and Speed \u200b\u200bConverter Acceleration Converter Angular Acceleration Converter Density Converter Specific Volume Converter Moment of Inertia Converter Moment of Force Converter Torque converter Specific calorific value (mass) converter Energy density and specific calorific value (volume) converter Temperature difference converter Coefficient converter Thermal Expansion Curve Thermal Resistance Converter Thermal Conductivity Converter Specific Heat Capacity Converter Thermal Exposure and Radiation Power Converter Heat Flux Density Converter Heat Transfer Coefficient Converter Volumetric Flow Rate Converter Mass Flow Rate Converter Molar Flow Rate Converter Mass Flux Density Converter Molar Concentration Converter Mass Concentration in Solution Converter absolute) viscosity Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Water vapor flux density converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound pressure level (SPL) converter Sound pressure level converter with selectable reference pressure Luminance converter Luminous intensity converter Illumination converter Computer graphics resolution converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Optical Power in Diopters and Focal distance Diopter power and lens magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Bulk charge density converter Electric current linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Converter electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBmW), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing Radiation Absorbed Dose Rate Converter Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay Radiation Converter. Exposure Dose Converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Prefixes Converter Data Transfer Typography and Image Processing Unit Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Calculating Molar Mass Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D. I. Mendeleev
1 nano [n] \u003d 1000 pico [n]
Initial value
Converted value
without prefix iotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci santi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yokto
Metric and International System of Units (SI)
Introduction
In this article, we will talk about the metric system and its history. We will see how and why it began and how it gradually turned into what we have today. We will also look at the SI system, which was developed from the metric system of measures.
For our ancestors, who lived in a world full of dangers, the ability to measure various quantities in their natural habitat made it possible to get closer to understanding the essence of natural phenomena, knowing their environment and gaining the opportunity to somehow influence what surrounded them. That is why people have tried to invent and improve various measurement systems. At the dawn of human development, having a system of measurements was no less important than it is now. It was necessary to carry out various measurements when building a house, sewing clothes of different sizes, preparing food and, of course, trade and exchange could not do without measurement! Many believe that the creation and adoption of the International SI system of units is the most serious achievement not only of science and technology, but also of the development of mankind in general.
Early measurement systems
In early systems of measures and number systems, humans used traditional objects to measure and compare. For example, it is believed that the decimal system appeared due to the fact that we have ten fingers and toes. Our hands are always with us - that is why since ancient times people have used (and still use) fingers for counting. And yet, we have not always used the base 10 system for counting, and the metric system is a relatively new invention. Each region has its own systems of units and, although these systems have much in common, most systems are still so different that converting units of measurement from one system to another has always been a problem. This problem became more and more serious with the development of trade between different peoples.
The accuracy of the first systems of measures and weights directly depended on the size of the objects that surrounded the people who developed these systems. It is clear that the measurements were inaccurate, since the "measuring devices" were not accurate in size. For example, body parts were commonly used as a measure of length; mass and volume were measured using the volume and mass of seeds and other small objects, the dimensions of which were more or less the same. Below we will take a closer look at such units.
Measures of length
In ancient Egypt, the length was initially measured simply elbows, and later with royal elbows. Elbow length was defined as the segment from the elbow bend to the end of the extended middle toe. Thus, the king's cubit was defined as the cubit of the reigning pharaoh. A model elbow was created and made available to the general public for everyone to make their own measures of length. This, of course, was an arbitrary unit that changed when a new reigning person took the throne. Ancient Babylon used a similar system with minor differences.
The elbow was divided into smaller units: palm, arm, grain (feet), and you (finger), which were represented respectively by the width of the palm, hand (with the thumb), foot and toe. At the same time, they decided to agree on how many fingers are in the palm (4), in the hand (5) and the elbow (28 in Egypt and 30 in Babylon). It was more convenient and more accurate than measuring the ratios every time.
Measures of mass and weight
Weights were also based on the parameters of various items. Seeds, grains, beans, and similar items were used as measures of weight. A classic example of a unit of mass that is still used today is carat... Now carats measure the mass of precious stones and pearls, and once the weight of carob seeds, otherwise called carob, was determined as carat. The tree is cultivated in the Mediterranean, and its seeds are characterized by a constant mass, so it was convenient to use them as a measure of weight and mass. In different places, different seeds were used as small units of weight, and larger units were usually multiples of smaller units. Archaeologists often find similar large weights, usually made of stone. They consisted of 60, 100 and other small units. Since there was no single standard for the number of small units, as well as for their weight, this led to conflicts when sellers and buyers who lived in different places met.
Volume measures
Initially, volume was also measured using small objects. For example, the volume of a pot or jug \u200b\u200bwas determined by filling it to the brim with small items of relatively standard volume - like seeds. However, the lack of standardization led to the same problems in measuring volume as in measuring mass.
Evolution of various systems of measures
The ancient Greek system of measures was based on the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian, and the Romans created their system on the basis of the ancient Greek. Then, by fire and sword and, of course, as a result of trade, these systems spread throughout Europe. It should be noted that we are only talking about the most common systems here. But there were many other systems of measures and weights, because exchange and trade were necessary for absolutely everyone. If in a given area there was no written language or it was not customary to record the results of the exchange, then we can only guess about how these people measured the volume and weight.
There are many regional variants of systems of measure and weight. This is due to their independent development and the influence of other systems on them as a result of trade and conquest. Different systems were not only in different countries, but often within the same country, where they had their own in each trading city, because the local rulers did not want unification in order to maintain their power. With the development of travel, trade, industry and science, many countries sought to unify the systems of measures and weights, at least in the territories of their countries.
Already in the XIII century, and possibly earlier, scientists and philosophers discussed the creation of a unified measurement system. However, only after the French Revolution and the subsequent colonization of various regions of the world by France and other European countries, which already had their own systems of measures and weights, a new system was developed, adopted in most countries of the world. This new system was decimal metric system... It was based on the base 10, that is, for any physical quantity, there was one basic unit in it, and all other units could be formed in a standard way using decimal prefixes. Each such fractional or multiple unit could be divided into ten smaller units, and these smaller units, in turn, could be divided into 10 even smaller units, and so on.
As we know, most of the early measurement systems were not based on the base 10. The convenience of the base 10 system lies in the fact that the number system we are used to has the same base, which makes it possible to quickly and conveniently convert from smaller units to large and vice versa. Many scientists believe that the choice of ten as the base of the number system is arbitrary and is associated only with the fact that we have ten fingers and if we had a different number of fingers, then we would probably use a different number system.
Metric system
At the dawn of the development of the metric system, human-made prototypes were used as measures of length and weight, as in previous systems. The metric system has evolved from a system based on material standards and depending on their accuracy to a system based on natural phenomena and fundamental physical constants. For example, the unit of time, the second, was originally defined as part of the tropical year 1900. The disadvantage of this definition was the impossibility of experimental verification of this constant in subsequent years. Therefore, the second was redefined as a certain number of radiation periods corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the radioactive cesium-133 atom at rest at 0 K. meter has been redefined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in a time span equal to 1/299 792 458 seconds.
The International System of Units (SI) was created on the basis of the metric system. It should be noted that traditionally the metric system includes units of mass, length and time, however, in the SI system, the number of base units has been expanded to seven. We will discuss them below.
International System of Units (SI)
The International System of Units (SI) has seven basic units for measuring basic quantities (mass, time, length, luminous intensity, amount of matter, electric current, thermodynamic temperature). it kilogram (kg) to measure mass, second (s) to measure time, meter (m) to measure distance, candela (cd) to measure luminous intensity, mole (abbreviation mol) to measure the amount of a substance, ampere (A) to measure electric current, and kelvin (K) for temperature measurement.
Currently, only the kilogram still has a human-made standard, while the rest of the units are based on universal physical constants or natural phenomena. This is convenient because the physical constants or natural phenomena on which the units are based are easy to check at any time; in addition, there is no danger of loss or damage to the standards. Also, there is no need to create copies of standards to ensure their availability in different parts of the world. This eliminates errors associated with the accuracy of making copies of physical objects, and thus provides greater accuracy.
Decimal prefixes
To form multiples and sub-multiples that differ from the base units of the SI system by a certain integer number of times, which is a power of ten, it uses prefixes attached to the name of the base unit. Below is a list of all the prefixes currently in use and the decimal factors they represent:
| Prefix | Symbol | Numerical value; here, commas separate the groups of digits and the decimal separator is a period. | Exponential notation |
|---|---|---|---|
| iotta | Th | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 24 |
| zetta | Z | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 21 |
| exa | E | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 18 |
| peta | P | 1 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 15 |
| tera | T | 1 000 000 000 000 | 10 12 |
| giga | D | 1 000 000 000 | 10 9 |
| mega | M | 1 000 000 | 10 6 |
| kilo | to | 1 000 | 10 3 |
| hecto | r | 100 | 10 2 |
| soundboard | yes | 10 | 10 1 |
| without prefix | 1 | 10 0 | |
| deci | d | 0,1 | 10 -1 |
| santi | from | 0,01 | 10 -2 |
| milli | m | 0,001 | 10 -3 |
| micro | mk | 0,000001 | 10 -6 |
| nano | n | 0,000000001 | 10 -9 |
| picot | p | 0,000000000001 | 10 -12 |
| femto | f | 0,000000000000001 | 10 -15 |
| atto | and | 0,000000000000000001 | 10 -18 |
| zepto | s | 0,000000000000000000001 | 10 -21 |
| yokto | and | 0,000000000000000000000001 | 10 -24 |
For example, 5 gigameters equals 5,000,000,000 meters, while 3 microcandela equals 0.000003 candela. It is interesting to note that, despite the presence of the prefix in the kilogram unit, it is the basic SI unit. Therefore, the above prefixes are used with the gram as if it were the basic unit.
At the time of this writing, there are only three countries that have not adopted the SI system: the United States, Liberia, and Myanmar. Traditional units are still widely used in Canada and the United Kingdom, despite the fact that SI is the official system of units in these countries. It is enough to go to the store and see the price tags per pound of goods (because it turns out cheaper!), Or try to buy building materials, measured in meters and kilograms. Will not work! Not to mention the packaging of goods, where everything is signed in grams, kilograms and liters, but not in whole, but translated from pounds, ounces, pints and quarts. Milk space in refrigerators is also calculated per half gallon or gallon, not per liter milk carton.
Do you find it difficult to translate a measurement unit from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.
Calculations for converting units in the converter " Decimal Prefix Converter»Are performed using the unitconversion.org functions.
Length and Distance Converter Mass Converter Bulk and Food Volume Converter Area Converter Volume and Cooking Units Converter Temperature Converter Pressure, Stress, Young's Modulus Converter Energy and Work Converter Power Converter Force Converter Time Converter Linear Velocity Converter Flat Angle Converter Thermal Efficiency and Fuel Efficiency Numeric Conversion System Converter of Information Quantity Measurement Currency Rates Women's Clothing and Shoes Sizes Men's Clothing and Shoes Sizes Angular Velocity and Speed \u200b\u200bConverter Acceleration Converter Angular Acceleration Converter Density Converter Specific Volume Converter Moment of Inertia Converter Moment of Force Converter Torque converter Specific calorific value (mass) converter Energy density and specific calorific value (volume) converter Temperature difference converter Coefficient converter Thermal Expansion Curve Thermal Resistance Converter Thermal Conductivity Converter Specific Heat Capacity Converter Thermal Exposure and Radiation Power Converter Heat Flux Density Converter Heat Transfer Coefficient Converter Volumetric Flow Rate Converter Mass Flow Rate Converter Molar Flow Rate Converter Mass Flux Density Converter Molar Concentration Converter Mass Concentration in Solution Converter absolute) viscosity Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Water vapor flux density converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound pressure level (SPL) converter Sound pressure level converter with selectable reference pressure Luminance converter Luminous intensity converter Illumination converter Computer graphics resolution converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Optical Power in Diopters and Focal distance Diopter power and lens magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Bulk charge density converter Electric current linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Converter electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBmW), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing Radiation Absorbed Dose Rate Converter Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay Radiation Converter. Exposure Dose Converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Prefixes Converter Data Transfer Typography and Image Processing Unit Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Calculating Molar Mass Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D. I. Mendeleev
1 kilo [k] \u003d 1E-06 giga [G]
Initial value
Converted value
without prefix iotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci santi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yokto
Metric and International System of Units (SI)
Introduction
In this article, we will talk about the metric system and its history. We will see how and why it began and how it gradually turned into what we have today. We will also look at the SI system, which was developed from the metric system of measures.
For our ancestors, who lived in a world full of dangers, the ability to measure various quantities in their natural habitat made it possible to get closer to understanding the essence of natural phenomena, knowing their environment and gaining the opportunity to somehow influence what surrounded them. That is why people have tried to invent and improve various measurement systems. At the dawn of human development, having a system of measurements was no less important than it is now. It was necessary to carry out various measurements when building a house, sewing clothes of different sizes, preparing food and, of course, trade and exchange could not do without measurement! Many believe that the creation and adoption of the International SI system of units is the most serious achievement not only of science and technology, but also of the development of mankind in general.
Early measurement systems
In early systems of measures and number systems, humans used traditional objects to measure and compare. For example, it is believed that the decimal system appeared due to the fact that we have ten fingers and toes. Our hands are always with us - that is why since ancient times people have used (and still use) fingers for counting. And yet, we have not always used the base 10 system for counting, and the metric system is a relatively new invention. Each region has its own systems of units and, although these systems have much in common, most systems are still so different that converting units of measurement from one system to another has always been a problem. This problem became more and more serious with the development of trade between different peoples.
The accuracy of the first systems of measures and weights directly depended on the size of the objects that surrounded the people who developed these systems. It is clear that the measurements were inaccurate, since the "measuring devices" were not accurate in size. For example, body parts were commonly used as a measure of length; mass and volume were measured using the volume and mass of seeds and other small objects, the dimensions of which were more or less the same. Below we will take a closer look at such units.
Measures of length
In ancient Egypt, the length was initially measured simply elbows, and later with royal elbows. Elbow length was defined as the segment from the elbow bend to the end of the extended middle toe. Thus, the king's cubit was defined as the cubit of the reigning pharaoh. A model elbow was created and made available to the general public for everyone to make their own measures of length. This, of course, was an arbitrary unit that changed when a new reigning person took the throne. Ancient Babylon used a similar system with minor differences.
The elbow was divided into smaller units: palm, arm, grain (feet), and you (finger), which were represented respectively by the width of the palm, hand (with the thumb), foot and toe. At the same time, they decided to agree on how many fingers are in the palm (4), in the hand (5) and the elbow (28 in Egypt and 30 in Babylon). It was more convenient and more accurate than measuring the ratios every time.
Measures of mass and weight
Weights were also based on the parameters of various items. Seeds, grains, beans, and similar items were used as measures of weight. A classic example of a unit of mass that is still used today is carat... Now carats measure the mass of precious stones and pearls, and once the weight of carob seeds, otherwise called carob, was determined as carat. The tree is cultivated in the Mediterranean, and its seeds are characterized by a constant mass, so it was convenient to use them as a measure of weight and mass. In different places, different seeds were used as small units of weight, and larger units were usually multiples of smaller units. Archaeologists often find similar large weights, usually made of stone. They consisted of 60, 100 and other small units. Since there was no single standard for the number of small units, as well as for their weight, this led to conflicts when sellers and buyers who lived in different places met.
Volume measures
Initially, volume was also measured using small objects. For example, the volume of a pot or jug \u200b\u200bwas determined by filling it to the brim with small items of relatively standard volume - like seeds. However, the lack of standardization led to the same problems in measuring volume as in measuring mass.
Evolution of various systems of measures
The ancient Greek system of measures was based on the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian, and the Romans created their system on the basis of the ancient Greek. Then, by fire and sword and, of course, as a result of trade, these systems spread throughout Europe. It should be noted that we are only talking about the most common systems here. But there were many other systems of measures and weights, because exchange and trade were necessary for absolutely everyone. If in a given area there was no written language or it was not customary to record the results of the exchange, then we can only guess about how these people measured the volume and weight.
There are many regional variants of systems of measure and weight. This is due to their independent development and the influence of other systems on them as a result of trade and conquest. Different systems were not only in different countries, but often within the same country, where they had their own in each trading city, because the local rulers did not want unification in order to maintain their power. With the development of travel, trade, industry and science, many countries sought to unify the systems of measures and weights, at least in the territories of their countries.
Already in the XIII century, and possibly earlier, scientists and philosophers discussed the creation of a unified measurement system. However, only after the French Revolution and the subsequent colonization of various regions of the world by France and other European countries, which already had their own systems of measures and weights, a new system was developed, adopted in most countries of the world. This new system was decimal metric system... It was based on the base 10, that is, for any physical quantity, there was one basic unit in it, and all other units could be formed in a standard way using decimal prefixes. Each such fractional or multiple unit could be divided into ten smaller units, and these smaller units, in turn, could be divided into 10 even smaller units, and so on.
As we know, most of the early measurement systems were not based on the base 10. The convenience of the base 10 system lies in the fact that the number system we are used to has the same base, which makes it possible to quickly and conveniently convert from smaller units to large and vice versa. Many scientists believe that the choice of ten as the base of the number system is arbitrary and is associated only with the fact that we have ten fingers and if we had a different number of fingers, then we would probably use a different number system.
Metric system
At the dawn of the development of the metric system, human-made prototypes were used as measures of length and weight, as in previous systems. The metric system has evolved from a system based on material standards and depending on their accuracy to a system based on natural phenomena and fundamental physical constants. For example, the unit of time, the second, was originally defined as part of the tropical year 1900. The disadvantage of this definition was the impossibility of experimental verification of this constant in subsequent years. Therefore, the second was redefined as a certain number of radiation periods corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the radioactive cesium-133 atom at rest at 0 K. meter has been redefined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in a time span equal to 1/299 792 458 seconds.
The International System of Units (SI) was created on the basis of the metric system. It should be noted that traditionally the metric system includes units of mass, length and time, however, in the SI system, the number of base units has been expanded to seven. We will discuss them below.
International System of Units (SI)
The International System of Units (SI) has seven basic units for measuring basic quantities (mass, time, length, luminous intensity, amount of matter, electric current, thermodynamic temperature). it kilogram (kg) to measure mass, second (s) to measure time, meter (m) to measure distance, candela (cd) to measure luminous intensity, mole (abbreviation mol) to measure the amount of a substance, ampere (A) to measure electric current, and kelvin (K) for temperature measurement.
Currently, only the kilogram still has a human-made standard, while the rest of the units are based on universal physical constants or natural phenomena. This is convenient because the physical constants or natural phenomena on which the units are based are easy to check at any time; in addition, there is no danger of loss or damage to the standards. Also, there is no need to create copies of standards to ensure their availability in different parts of the world. This eliminates errors associated with the accuracy of making copies of physical objects, and thus provides greater accuracy.
Decimal prefixes
To form multiples and sub-multiples that differ from the base units of the SI system by a certain integer number of times, which is a power of ten, it uses prefixes attached to the name of the base unit. Below is a list of all the prefixes currently in use and the decimal factors they represent:
| Prefix | Symbol | Numerical value; here, commas separate the groups of digits and the decimal separator is a period. | Exponential notation |
|---|---|---|---|
| iotta | Th | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 24 |
| zetta | Z | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 21 |
| exa | E | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 18 |
| peta | P | 1 000 000 000 000 000 | 10 15 |
| tera | T | 1 000 000 000 000 | 10 12 |
| giga | D | 1 000 000 000 | 10 9 |
| mega | M | 1 000 000 | 10 6 |
| kilo | to | 1 000 | 10 3 |
| hecto | r | 100 | 10 2 |
| soundboard | yes | 10 | 10 1 |
| without prefix | 1 | 10 0 | |
| deci | d | 0,1 | 10 -1 |
| santi | from | 0,01 | 10 -2 |
| milli | m | 0,001 | 10 -3 |
| micro | mk | 0,000001 | 10 -6 |
| nano | n | 0,000000001 | 10 -9 |
| picot | p | 0,000000000001 | 10 -12 |
| femto | f | 0,000000000000001 | 10 -15 |
| atto | and | 0,000000000000000001 | 10 -18 |
| zepto | s | 0,000000000000000000001 | 10 -21 |
| yokto | and | 0,000000000000000000000001 | 10 -24 |
For example, 5 gigameters equals 5,000,000,000 meters, while 3 microcandela equals 0.000003 candela. It is interesting to note that, despite the presence of the prefix in the kilogram unit, it is the basic SI unit. Therefore, the above prefixes are used with the gram as if it were the basic unit.
At the time of this writing, there are only three countries that have not adopted the SI system: the United States, Liberia, and Myanmar. Traditional units are still widely used in Canada and the United Kingdom, despite the fact that SI is the official system of units in these countries. It is enough to go to the store and see the price tags per pound of goods (because it turns out cheaper!), Or try to buy building materials, measured in meters and kilograms. Will not work! Not to mention the packaging of goods, where everything is signed in grams, kilograms and liters, but not in whole, but translated from pounds, ounces, pints and quarts. Milk space in refrigerators is also calculated per half gallon or gallon, not per liter milk carton.
Do you find it difficult to translate a measurement unit from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.
Calculations for converting units in the converter " Decimal Prefix Converter»Are performed using the unitconversion.org functions.
Nano, Fatos Fatos Thanas Nano Date of birth: September 16, 1952 Place of birth: Tirana Nationality: Albania ... Wikipedia
May mean: Fatos Nano, Albanian politician, former Prime Minister of Albania. "Nano" (from other Greek. Νᾶνος, nanos gnome, dwarf) is one of the SI prefixes (10 9 one billionth). Designations: Russian n, international n. Example: ... ... Wikipedia
Nano abacus nano-sized abacus developed by IBM scientists in Zurich (Switzerland) in 1996. Stable rows of ten molecules act like counting spokes. "Knuckles" are made of fullerene and are guided by a scanning needle ... ... Wikipedia
NANO ... [Greek. nanos dwarf] First part of compound words. Specialist. Introduces zn .: equal to one billionth of the unit indicated in the second part of the word (for the name of units of physical quantities). Nanosecond, nanometer. * * * nano ... (from the Greek nános ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Nano ... (gr. Nannos dwarf) the first component of the names of units nat. quantities, which serves to form the names of fractional units equal to the billionth (109) fraction of the original units, for example. 1 nanometer \u003d 10 9 m; abbreviated designations: n, n. New ... ...
NANO ... (from the Greek nanos dwarf) a prefix for the formation of the name of fractional units equal to one billionth of the original units. Designations: n, n. Example: 1 nm \u003d 10 9 m ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (from the Greek nanos dwarf), a prefix to the name of a unit of a physical quantity to form the name of a fractional unit equal to 10 9 of the original unit. Designations: n, n. Example: 1 nm (nanometer) \u003d 10 9 m. Physical encyclopedic dictionary. M.: ... ... Physical encyclopedia
- [gr. nanos - dwarf]. Prefix for the formation of the name of fractional units equal to one billionth of the original units. For example, 1 nm 10 9 m. Large dictionary of foreign words. Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
nano - nano: the first part of complex words, spelled together ... Russian spelling dictionary
nano - 10 Sep [A.S. Goldberg. The English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN nanoN ... Technical translator's guide
Books
- Nano-CMOS Circuits and Design at the Physical Level, Wong BP .. This systematic guide for developers of modern VLSI circuits, presented in one book, contains relevant information on the features of modern technologies ...
- Nano-felting. Basics of Craftsmanship, Aniko Arvai, Michal Vetro. We present to your attention a collection of ideas for creating amazing and original accessories using the "nano-felting" technique! This technique is different in that you do not just make felted ...
