Топик на тему Ancient Egypt на английском языке. Презентация на тему "Древние цивилизации: Империя Инков" Рассказ о древней цивилизации на английском
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Celtic civilization was one of the vertices of the prehistory of Europe, this is the first known species of European culture. Their name "Celts" they received from the Greeks and the Romans called them Gauls . Celts - the direct descendants of the Indo-Europeans, as well as Russian and other Slavs. And where did the Indo-Europeans come from? Some researchers believe their homeland is Hyperborea - north country, some denied it, and put another hypotheses. The Celts came to Europe and settled on the islands long ago, long before Ellada was come the cradle of culture and art. In fact, the Celts marked the beginning of many tribes and cultures of Europe.
There are two versions of the Celts came from: 1) from the territory of today"s Iran, Afghanistan, northern India, and 2) from the North, with one of the islands - the cradle of Celtic civilization. Since the migration of Indo-Europeans had lasted for centuries, perhaps, both hypotheses are true. The earliest archaeological evidence associated with the Celts, date from the beginning of the third millennium BC. From about 500 BC Celts began to settle in Europe.
The Celts have a long and difficult road before appeared in Europe. Based on the results of excavations on the territory Russia, they started this great way from the southern Urals. After passing through the northern Black Sea coast, they moved further to the Baltic Sea, showed up in northern France, and only then, much later spread throughout Europe.
Not only is the commitment to the past and the inflexible character of the Celts have always been distinguished from other nations. The Celts saw the world differently than others. For them it was a fantastically beautiful, inhabited by countless fascinating creatures. Perhaps such a poetic vision of the world, they were required to druids - keepers of antiquity, priests, teachers, poets and predictors.
Druids, priests of the Celts, created a powerful organization, covering all habitat sof the Celts, and which had a huge political authority. This organization had no analogues among the religious organizations of the ancient and modern times. All of their religious ceremonies are held in the wooden groves. Druids are forbidden to write down their main teaching, that`s why we know so little about that. Mostly known for that part, which the Druids handed the youth.
The success of the expansion of the Celts in Europe is not only due their exceptional military virtues, but also new technologies. They brought to Europe the Iron Age and horse chariots, their weapons were more advanced, vehicles(including ships) - faster. Despite the minimum of written sources, largely abandoned by the Celts and other peoples, the Celts have left an imprint on world culture. The trouble of Celts, who moved to Europe, was that under the influence of the Druids, and they have an archaic clan-political organization and does not want to create a centralized state, for which they paid the price - they defeated the Romans.
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The British archaeologist Gordon Childe worked out a theory explaining how a culture transforms into a civilization.
Gordon Childe wrote that a civilization is characterized by the invention of writing, mathematics, monumental architecture, long-distance trade, wheeled carts irrigation technology and some other features.
Like ancient Egypt in Africa, the Mayan civilization in Central America deserves a special mention. There is no other country that has so many wonders.
The Mayan civilization was formed in 2000 B.C. and existed up to 250 A.D. it is known due to its writing, mathematics and astronomy.
The Mayans built stone cities with grand pyramid temples which were densely populated.
They made a complicated system of basins and reservoirs to collect water.
Their calendars can be used even nowadays.
They were hunters, gatherers and farmers. The main crops were cereals, vegetables and fruit. They used the cotton plant to make clothing. Mayans also kept cows, pigs, goats and sheep.
Hunting and fishing allowed them to make their diet more varied.
But still they couldn’t fight against nature, so one of the reasons that caused their collapse was the intense drought.
The Mayan culture played a great role in the history of mankind. Even nowadays we can see the sight of its culture. First of all, the descendants of ancient Mayans are not only Mayans who preserved their language and some traditions but some Spanish speaking people of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, their calendar-system is very exact though complicated and their writing-system is unique.
The modern religion of Mayans is a mixture of Christianity with some features of ancient Mayans whose main God was the Sun.
Сочинение на английском языке Древние цивилизации/ Ancient Civilizations с переводом на русский язык
На английском языке. Ancient Civilizations
It is known that there have been numerous ancient civilizations and empires throughout history. They have largely contributed to the development of science, technology, medicine and to the general prosperity of humans. I think that those ancient cultures are the foundation of who we are today. The Paleolithic Period was the earliest era of human development. People then didn’t worry about many things. They lived a simple life of sleeping, hunting and eating. But as time passed, humans have evolved. Soon, they could build some structures, make some clothing, survive in dangerous surrounding and even use herbal medications. People started seeking for immortality long ago, but were unable to attain it. It was written in the world’s first epic poem about Gilgamesh. One thing that united all ancient civilizations was the use of symbols or hieroglyphs in writing. Many ancient cultures made inscriptions on walls, rocks or trees to transfer information and to communicate in such way. Although the languages they used are mostly dead, some modern cultures still use hieroglyphs. For example, Hebrew and Arabic alphabets were derived from ancient civilizations. Mayan civilization is also an interesting example. They are considered to be the representatives of Mesoamerican region. The Maya people were known for their fully developed written language, distinct art, architecture, mathematical and astronomical systems. They even had an advanced calendar, which was used to track certain periods of time. Many ancient societies worshipped several idols, gods and goddesses. It is especially true about ancient Egyptians. They built huge temples for their beloved gods, sacrificed things, and erected pyramids. In conclusion, I’d like to add that being so different from us, ancient civilization cultures still used the same patterns of human behavior as modern societies do.
Перевод на русский язык. Древние цивилизации
Известно, что на протяжении всей истории существовало много древних цивилизаций и империй. Они внесли большой вклад в развитие науки, техники, медицины и к всеобщему процветанию людей. Я думаю, что эти древние культуры являются основой того, кем мы являемся сегодня. Период палеолита был самым ранним этапом развития человечества. Людей тогда не беспокоили многие вещи. Они жили простой жизнью: спали, охотились и ели. Но с течением времени, люди эволюционировали. Вскоре они могли уже строить сооружения, создавать одежду, выживать в опасном окружении и даже использовать лекарства на основе трав. Люди с давних времен искали бессмертия, но не могли достичь его. Об этом повествовала первая в мире эпическая поэма о Гильгамеше. Одна вещь, которая объединяла все древние цивилизации, это использование символов или иероглифов в письменной речи. Многие древние культуры оставляли надписи на стенах, камнях или деревьях, чтобы передавать информацию и таким образом общаться. Несмотря на то, что языки, которые они использовали, в основном уже мертвы, некоторые современные культуры до сих пор используют иероглифы. Например, иврит и арабский алфавит имеют древнее происхождение. Еще один интересный пример – это цивилизация Майя. Это были представители региона Центральной Америки. Майя славились своей полностью развитой письменностью, отличным искусством, архитектурой, математической и астрономической системами. У них даже был продвинутый календарь, который использовался для отслеживания определенных периодов времени. Многие древние общества поклонялись нескольким идолам, богам и богиням. Это особенно верно в отношении древних египтян. Они строили огромные храмы для своих любимых богов, занимались жертвоприношением и возводили пирамиды. В заключение я хотел бы добавить, что, даже отличаясь от нас, культуры древних цивилизаций все же использовали те же модели человеческого поведения, что и современные общества.
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The motto of the Incas
Ama llulla, ama suwa, ama qilla
(Не лги, не воруй, не ленись)
Inca oral history mentions three possible places of origin of their people. Three caves near Pacariqtambo, Lake Titicaca, or a place known as Tambo.
There is some debate about the number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak, with estimates ranging from as few as 4 million people, to more than 37 million.
Language
Since the Inca Empire lacked a written language, the empire"s main form of communication and recording came from quipus, ceramics and spoken Quechua, the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire
Religion
The Inca believed in reincarnation. Death was a passage to the next world that was full of difficulties. The Incas made human sacrifices.
Diorite Inca sculpture from Amarucancha.
Deities:
Pachamama – The Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha
Viracocha – Created all living things
Inca trade and coins
Weak development of the private exchange, trade, and the lack of any kind was the resellers - a feature of the Inca society, in contrast to the Aztecs.
In general, coins were not used in domestic trade, but in the outer shell had treatment mulu, coca leaves, clothing and copper hatchets
Progress
- In the Inca Empire had a developed transportation and irrigation networks;
- Roads;
- Mail ;
- Irrigation Inca;
- Water supply (lead-free);
- Metallurgy (silver and
- Ceramics;
- Medicine (penicillin)
Ancient Egypt, one of history"s first civilizations arose around the Nile River about 5,000 years ago. It lasted for over 2,000 years.
The Nile River was the centre of Ancient Egypt. The annual floods brought rich black soil to the banks of the Nile River and made it possible for farmers to grow crops. The river was also Egypt"s main transportation route.
The ancient Egyptians discovered many things. They invented the first kind of paper from the papyrus plant and were the first people to write in pictures, called hieroglyphs. But they became most famous for building stone structures, called pyramids, in which they buried their pharaohs. They still exist because the dry climate has preserved them for almost 5,000 years.
The people of ancient Egypt
The Egyptian population lived on both sides of the Nile valley and in the delta region. The ancient Egyptians had dark skin and dark hair. Most of them belonged to one of the three main classes. The upper class consisted of the pharaoh and his family, rich landowners, priests and doctors. Traders, merchants and craftsmen belonged to the middle class. Unskilled workers belonged to the lower class and worked on the fields of farms. Slaves were prisoners that the Egyptians took when they conquered foreign countries.
Daily life
Almost no other ancient culture gave women as many rights as Ancient Egypt. They could buy and sell land and goods, and even divorce their husbands. Still, the head of the family was the father. When he died his eldest son became its head.
Most Egyptians couldn"t read or write. Only a few upper class boys and girls went to special schools where they were taught to become scribes. Such scribes wrote official government documents.
Most boys became farmers and craftsmen. They followed their fathers and took on the same jobs. Girls were trained to become mothers and to give birth to children. They learned household chores from their mothers.
Bread made from wheat was the main source of food in Ancient Egypt. Richer families also had vegetables, fish and meat to eat. Middle and lower class people drank beer, the upper classes drank wine. Food was prepared on clay stoves.
Almost all Egyptians wore white clothes. Men wore skirts or robes and women wore skirts or dresses with shoulder straps. While most people went barefoot, richer people wore sandals on their feet. Women were very fond of wearing makeup. They painted their fingernails and put red powder on their lips. They also dyed their hair in many colours. Men and women liked wearing rings and other jewellery.
Egyptian houses were made of dried mud and had flat roofs. Poor people lived in simple huts while the richer people in the cities lived in buildings that had up to three floors. The houses had small windows to keep out the sun and help the house stay cool.
Ancient Egyptians did many different things in their free time. They liked to go swimming and fishing in the Nile River. Hunting crocodiles, lions and other wild animals were popular sports among ancient Egyptians.
Religion
The ancient Egyptians believed in several gods and goddesses. The most important god was the sun god Re (or Ra). People prayed to him for good harvests. The most famous goddess was Isis, who was seen as the ideal mother and wife. Her husband Osiris was the ruler of the dead.
Most Egyptians prayed at home. The gods and goddesses lived in great temples. One of the most famous is in Karnak. It consists of over 130 columns that are 25 meters high.
The Egyptians believed in life after death. They preserved people in mummies, so that their bodies would not decay. These mummies were then put into tombs or graves. Clothing, food and other items of their daily life were also put into the grave because the dead person might need them in their afterlife. Pictures of daily life were painted on the walls of such graves.
Work
Most ancient Egyptians were farmers. In a country that had almost no rainfall, Egyptian farmers depended on the Nile River. They built canals to bring water from the Nile River as far into their land as possible. They also prayed that the yearly floods would make their land fertile. The main crops were wheat and barley; some farmers produced dates, grapes and other fruits and vegetables.
Craftsmen had small shops and were very popular in Egypt. They made textiles, jewellery, bricks, pots and furniture. Building materials were limestone and sandstone that came from mines.
Travelling by boat on the Nile River was the main form of getting around. Early boats were made out of papyrus and moved by sticking poles into the water. Later on the Egyptians built sailing boats. On land people travelled with donkeys that could also carry food and other things.
Traders sailed to other neighbouring countries to get goods that they could not obtain in Egypt. They brought gold, ivory, skins, cattle and spices from Nubia, silver and wood from Syria and other areas of south-western Asia.
Architecture
Egypt"s pyramids are among the oldest buildings in the world. About 90 of them still stand on the Nile River. The three large pyramids at Giza belong to the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Great Pyramid is about 140 metres high and was built with over 2 million blocks of limestone. Next to it is the Great Sphinx, a masterpiece of Egyptian sculptors. It is a stone statue with the head of a person and the body of a lion.
