Which letter is the most common. The frequency of the use of letters in Russian

Look at the keyboard keys "F" and "J" and you will see small hooks. This is our guide to the world of touch typing.

Starting to study touch typing, I was faced with the feeling that something was wrong in our layout. It was a mismatch between the frequency of occurrence of letters in Russian and their location on the keyboard.

What do you think is the most common letter in Russian? And if you were on the "Field of Miracles", what letter would you name first of all? The most common letter is "O", and the least common is "F". There is not a single native Russian word that begins with the letter "F".

Here is a table of probability distribution of letters in Russian texts:

Probability	Probability	Probability	Probability

The letter "F" occurs 45 times less than "O", and occupies the same convenient place as "O". Who was the person who accepted this standard? You will find the answer to this question in the article The tragedy of the comma: "... think, a comma is much more common than a period, but meanwhile the comma is in upper case. This is not in any language of the world, except Russian ...".

After reviewing the table, you could see the following: in order to type blindly, you can learn the location of not all letters, but only, for example, 20 - they occur in more than 90% of cases. I do not believe that a person who often types cannot remember the location of the keys and work without looking at them. It's all about habit. Please note: in any service where paperwork is processed, operators look at the keyboard, although they type very quickly.

But I realized in drawing up the layout probability was taken into account. Only she was designed for those ... who prints while looking on the keyboard!!!

It is easy to notice that all the most frequently encountered letters are located in the field of direct visibility, and the less common ones are placed on the periphery.

With the English layout, things are a little worse:

touch typing programs. There are many of them, you can look at reviews at http://www.urikor.net. I chose Solo and Stamina. Decided to start with Solo. It turned out to be paid, but a demo was available. To complete 1! typing exercise 2 characters needed read more than 10 pages - a kind of "simulator" for speed reading.

And then they won’t let you through until you read everything and fulfill the standard. I was almost about to uninstall the program when I received an email from the Solo site, where they were interested in my progress. The letter was long, and I thought: "Well done, they learned to type quickly and write big letters to everyone."

But after examining the letter carefully, I realized that it was composed by a robot answering machine, although it was signed by a person. Now I understand why in the questionnaire I was asked so much about my interests and hair color. I deleted Solo.

I myself worked with the Stamina program. It is made with soul! You can even not deal with the program, but download it for the sake of one reference. This is the funniest quote ever!

How do I memorize keys?"fiwa" and "oldzh" you will learn quickly. Each finger with a letter. Total already 8! I taught them not in Stamina, but in the program from the site http://www.urikor.net. And then I memorized the movements themselves. For example, when learning touch typing, many people have difficulty with the letter "and". Having placed my fingers on "fiwa" and "oldzh", in order to press the "and" key, I need to make a full turn of the right index finger.

With such a turn, I can only hit the "and" key. For each finger, I memorized the following movements: "p" - left index to the left, "k" - up, "e" - up and to the right, etc.

Problems: since the layout is not optimized for touch typing, it turns out that similar letters are mirrored to each other, these are the keys "a" and "o", "k" and "r". And what is more interesting: exercises for the index fingers are given simultaneously!, i.e. learn simultaneously "a" and "o", "e" and "n", "p" and "r".

In my opinion this wrong - there is confusion in the brain. At least I get confused sometimes. When you learn touch typing, think about the movements - then it's hard to relearn. By the way, there is a problem with working on the keyboard for some women, because of long nails they press other keys.

And when I learned everything and decided that I would type blindly, the next one came stage - "laziness". Every day I had to type a lot and since the speed with peeping is faster, I was peeping all the time. After a couple of months, I defeated myself and glued all keys with stickers from video cassettes.

Attention: if you don't seal the keys, then habit will win you over. When I work on keyboards where letters are visible, I am tempted to peek. Now there is no turning back and this is the first article written completely blind.

Why do I need it. So far, I am deeply satisfied. The speed is still a little less than with peeping, and there are still errors, but already typing this article, I noticed how the speed increases and sometimes I forget, and then I look - it's printed. As if consciousness removes blocks.

It is interesting to watch how you learn yourself, because there will be no more such experience. Now I plan to learn how to play the piano. I even think that I know how to play (!), You just need to Remember.

P.S.
A year has passed. I type only blindly and at high speed. If you work at a computer, be sure to learn how to type blindly. It's easier than you think.
Here is a small note by Inna Igolkina about how she learned to type blindly.

Do you know that some letters of the alphabet are found in words more often than others ... Moreover, the frequency of vowels in the language is higher than consonants.

What letters of the Russian alphabet are most or least common in words used to write text?

Statistics is engaged in the identification and study of general patterns. With the help of this scientific direction, one can answer the above question by counting the number of each of the letters of the Russian alphabet, the words used, choosing an excerpt from the works of various authors. For their own interest and for the sake of boredom, everyone can do it on their own. I will refer to the statistics of an already conducted study ...

The Russian alphabet is Cyrillic. During its existence, it has gone through several reforms, which resulted in the formation of the modern Russian alphabetical system, which includes 33 letters.

o - 9.28%
a — 8.66%
e - 8.10%
and - 7.45%
n - 6.35%
t - 6.30%
p - 5.53%
c - 5.45%
l - 4.32%
c — 4.19%
k - 3.47%
n - 3.35%
m - 3.29%
y - 2.90%
e - 2.56%
I - 2.22%
s — 2.11%
b - 1.90%
h - 1.81%
b - 1.51%
d - 1.41%
th - 1.31%
h - 1.27%
yu - 1.03%
x - 0.92%
g - 0.78%
w - 0.77%
c - 0.52%
u - 0.49%
f - 0.40%
e - 0.17%
b — 0.04%

The Russian letter with the highest frequency in use is the vowel " ABOUT', as has been rightly suggested here. There are also characteristic examples, such as " DEFENSECAPABILITY"(7 pieces in one word and nothing exotic or surprising; very familiar to the Russian language). The high popularity of the letter "O" is largely due to such a grammatical phenomenon as full vowel. That is, "cold" instead of "cold" and "frost" instead of "scum".

And at the very beginning of words, the consonant letter “ P". This leadership is also confident and unconditional. Most likely, the explanation gives a large number of prefixes with the letter “P”: re-, pre-, pre-, pre-, pro- and others.

Letter frequency is the basis of cryptanalysis.

Wrote a funny php script. I drove through it all the texts on the Spectator for language. In total, 39110 different word forms are used in the texts. How many different words- is difficult to define. In order to somehow get closer to this figure, I took only the first 5 letters of the word and compared them. It turned out 14373 such combinations. With a big stretch, this can be called the vocabulary of "Spectator".

Then I took the words and examined them for letter frequency. Ideally, you should take some kind of dictionary, for the sake of completeness. It is impossible to drive away texts, only unique words are needed. In the text, some words are repeated more often than others. So, we got the following results:

o - 9.28%
a - 8.66%
e - 8.10%
and - 7.45%
n - 6.35%
t - 6.30%
p - 5.53%
c - 5.45%
l - 4.32%
c - 4.19%
k - 3.47%
n - 3.35%
m - 3.29%
y - 2.90%
e - 2.56%
i - 2.22%
s - 2.11%
b - 1.90%
h - 1.81%
b - 1.51%
g - 1.41%
th - 1.31%
h - 1.27%
yu - 1.03%
x - 0.92%
w - 0.78%
w - 0.77%
c - 0.52%
u - 0.49%
f - 0.40%
e - 0.17%
b - 0.04%

For those who go to the "Field of Miracles", I advise you to memorize this table. And call the words in that order. So, for example, it would seem that such a "usual" letter "b" is used less frequently than the "rare" letter "s". It is also necessary to remember that there are not only vowels in the word. And that if you guessed one vowel, then you need to start walking along the consonants. And besides, the word is guessed precisely by consonants. Compare: "** a** and * e" and "cf * vn * t *". In both cases, this is the word "compare".

And one more consideration. How did you learn English? Remember? E pen, e pensil, e table. What I see, I sing about. And the meaning? .. How often do you say the word "pencil" in normal life? If the task is to teach to speak as quickly and efficiently as possible, then it is necessary to teach accordingly. We analyze the language, highlight the most commonly used words. And we start learning from them. To more or less speak English, only one and a half thousand words are enough.

Another prank: to make words from letters randomly, but taking into account the frequency of occurrence, so that it looks like normal words. In the first ten "random" four-letter words, "donkey" popped up. In the next fifty - the words "rush" and "NATO". But, alas, there are a lot of dissonant combinations, such as "bltt" or "nrro".

Therefore, the next step. I broke all the words into two-letter combinations and started randomly (but taking into account the frequency of repetition) to combine them. Steel in large quantities will result in words similar to "normal". For example: “koivdiot”, “voabma”, “apy”, “depoid”, “debyako”, “orfa”, “poesnavy”, “ozza”, “chenya”, “rhetoric”, “urdeed”, “utoichi”, “Stykh”, “boots”, “gravda”, “ababap”, “obarto”, “eluet”, “larezy”, “myni”, “bromomer” and even “todebyst”.

Where to apply ... there are options. For example, write a generator of beautiful corporate playful names. For yoghurts. Like, "memoliso" or "utororerto". Or - the generator of futuristic verses "Burliuk-php": "opeldiy miaton, linoaz okmiaya ... deesopen odeson."

And there is another option. Need to try...

Some statistics on the use of Russian words:

The average word length is 5.28 characters.
The average sentence length is 10.38 words.
The 1000 most frequent lemmas cover 64.0708% of the text.
The 2000 most frequent lemmas cover 71.9521% of the text.
The 3000 most frequent lemmas cover 76.5104% of the text.
The 5000 most frequent lemmas cover 82.0604% of the text.

After posting, I received this email:

Hello Dmitry!
After analyzing the article “Language will bring you to Kyiv” and that part of it where you describe your program, an idea arose.
The script written by you seems to me intended absolutely not for the “Field of Miracles” to a greater extent, but for something else.
The first most reasonable use of the results of your script is to determine the order of letters when programming buttons for mobile devices. Yes, yes - it is in mobile phones that all this is needed.
I distributed it in waves ()
Further distribution by buttons:
1. All letters from the first wave go 4 buttons to the first row
2. All letters from the second wave are also on the remaining 4 buttons in the same first row
3. All letters from the third wave go there on the remaining two buttons
4. 4.5 and 6 waves go to the second row
5. 7,8,9 waves go to the third row, and the 9th wave goes completely (despite the apparent large number of letters) to the third row of the 9th button, so that the 10th button is left under all sorts of punctuation marks ( dot, comma, etc.).
I think everything is clear and so, without detailed explanations. But still, could you process with your script (including punctuation marks) the texts of the following content:
And then lay out the statistics? It seemed to me? that the texts reflect our modern speech as much as possible, and we both speak and write sms.
Thank you very much in advance.

So, there are two ways to analyze the frequency of repetition of letters. Method 1. Take a text, find unique (non-repeating) word forms in it and analyze them. The method is good for building statistics on the words of the Russian language, and not on the texts. Method 2. Do not look for unique words in the text, but go straight to counting the frequency of repetition of letters. We get the frequency of letters in the Russian text, and not in Russian words. To create keyboards and other things, you need to use this particular method: it is texts that are typed on the keyboard.

Keyboards should take into account not only the frequency of letters, but also the most common words (word forms). It is not so difficult to guess which words are the most commonly used: these are, firstly, official parts of speech, because their role is to serve always and everywhere, and pronouns, whose role is no less important: to replace any thing / person in speech (this, he, she). Well, the main verbs (to be, to say). Based on the results of the analysis of the texts listed above, I received the most “popular” words: “and, not, in, what, he, I, on, with, she, like, but, him, this, to, but, everything, her, was, so, then, said, for, you, oh, u, him, me, only, for, me, would, yes, you, from, was, when, from, for, still, now, they, said, already, him, no, was, she, be, well, not, if, very, nothing, here, herself, to, herself, this, maybe that, before, we, them, whether, were, are, than, or, her” and so on.

Returning to the keyboards, it is obvious that in the keyboard the letter combinations “not”, “what”, “he”, “on” and others should be as close as possible to each other, or if not close, then in some most optimal way. It is necessary to conduct research on exactly how the fingers move on the keyboard, find the most “comfortable” positions and place the most commonly used letters in them, not forgetting, however, about letter combinations.

The problem, as always, is the same: even if you manage to create a Unique Keyboard, what to do with millions of people who are already used to qwerty / yutsuken?

As for mobile devices... Probably, it makes sense. At the very least, the letters "o", "a", "e" and "and" must exactly be on the same key. Punctuation marks in order of frequency of use: , . - ? ! "; :)(

The frequency of the use of letters in Russian

Do you know that some letters of the alphabet are found in words more often than others ... Moreover, the frequency of vowels in the language is higher than consonants.

What letters of the Russian alphabet are most or least common in words used to write text?

The Russian alphabet is Cyrillic. During its existence, it has gone through several reforms, which resulted in the formation of the modern Russian alphabetical system, which includes 33 letters.

Letter frequency is the basis of cryptanalysis.

It is known that the alphabetic layout on the keyboard of a printing press or a PC is not composed randomly, but obeys certain rules. Thus, the most frequently used letters are located in the central part of the keyboard, and those that are less common are located along the edges. It is also known that vowels are used more often than consonants. This information was obtained using a special formula in the National Corpus of the Russian Language.

Most used vowels

Oddly enough, the letter "o" is the leader in the number of uses in written speech, both among vowels and among consonants. It is followed by "a" and "and", and after that consonants begin. According to experts, the frequency of using the letter "o" is one tenth of a percent, while the frequency of other vowels ranges from seven to eight hundredths of a percent.

Which letter is the most common. The frequency of the use of letters in Russian

Most used vowels

Most popular consonants